NorthSide Regeneration Project white paper - Education, by Missouri Wonk
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Transcript of NorthSide Regeneration Project white paper - Education, by Missouri Wonk
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7/30/2019 NorthSide Regeneration Project white paper - Education, by Missouri Wonk
1/19
www.mowonk.com 1
NORTHSIDE EDUCATION
NorthSide: Education
Therearemanydifferentwaystomeasurethe
progressofaregion,however,themost
importantmaybetheeducationofitscitizens.
Educationhasthecapacitytoreducepoverty,
preventcrime,enhancehealth1,andcreate
economicandotheropportunitiesforsociety.
Oneofthereasonsthatgovernmenthelpsfund
educationisbecauseofthepositive
externalitiesassociatedwithitseffects.TheCityofSt.Louisrecognizedasmuchin1835
whentheLegislatureauthorizedthepeopleof
St.Louis-asitwasboundedin1812-who
ownedlotstoselltothetownCommons,atract
ofabouttwothousandacresofmostbeautiful
grounds,andtoappropriatenine-tenthstothe
improvementofthestreetsofthecityandone-
tenthtothesupportofPublic
Schools(Shepard,114).Withintwoyears,St.
Louisestablishedtwoschoolhouses,onefor
malesandanotherforfemales,andestablished
ataxfortheirfunding(Shepard,114).
Initsbeginnings,theschoolsystemwas
underfundedandevenchargednon-impoverishedstudentstendollarsperyearto
takepartinitsservices.Theschoolsystem
graduallyphased-outthischargeandfocused
itseffortsonincreasingparticipationinthe
schoolsystembyfamiliesofallincomelevelsin
thecity,anattempttoeliminatethestigma
Summary
Onthemeasureofeducation,theNorthSidepopulationhasbothasigniQicantlyhigher
proportionthatlacksahighschooldegreeandamuchlowerproportionthathasacollege
degreewhencomparedtothepopulationsofSt.LouisCity,theSt.LouisMetropolitanarea,or
Missouri.TheareaalsosuffersfromahighschooldropoutratethatissigniQicantlyhigherthan
theotherthreeareas.ThesestatisticsareinspiteofthefactthatNorthSidestudentsenrolledin
publicschool,onaverage,accountformoremoneyonaperpupilbasisthanstudents,on
average,enrolledintheSt.LouisCitySchoolDistrict,thepublicschoolsintheSt.Louis
Metropolitanarea,orpublicschoolsinMissouri.
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NORTHSIDE EDUCATION
associatedwithpublicschools,whichinthe
mindsofthemoreafQluentinthecityatthe
timewereviewedasaformofcharity.The
schoolsystemwassuccessfulinachievingthis
goalbythestartoftheCivilWar(Troen,11-16).Between1880and1940,enrollment
ofallages5through18increasedsigniQicantly,
especiallyamongchildrenages12through18
(Troen,201).
Inthelatterpartofthenineteenthcentury,St.
LouisPublicSchoolsbecametheenvyofthe
nation;thisreputationcontinuedthroughthe
Qirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury.Nearits
apex,theSt.LouisPublicSchoolSystemboastedatotalof139elementaryschools2and
12highschoolsduringthe1959-1960school
year;27oftheelementaryschoolswere
locatedintheNorthSidearea3ofSt.Louis(St.
LouisPublicSchools1959,19-25).Sincethen,
manyofthepublicschoolsshuttheirdoors;
currently,only47elementaryschoolsarestill
open,asignofthedecliningpopulationinthe
city5
;ofthisnumber,onlysixschoolsarestillopenintheNorthSidearea.
WhatwasoncetheprideofSt.Louishasmost
recentlyfallenunderstatecontrolforfailure
tomeetstate-designatedbenchmarksof
educatingitsenrollees;onlyveryrecentlyhas
theschooldistrictreceivedprovisional
accreditation5.Censusdatafromthe
2006-2010AmericanCommunitySurveycan
provideasnapshotofhowthepopulationsofMissouri,theSt.Louismetropolitanarea6,and
theNorthSideareaofSt.Louismeasure
againstthekeyindicatorsofeducation
attainment,schooldropoutrates,and
spendingbyfederal,state,andlocal
governmentswhencomparedtoSt.LouisCity,
theSt.Louismetropolitanarea,andthestate
ofMissouri.
EducationAttainment
Forpurposesofanalyzingeducational
attainment,MissouriWonkcreatedtheQive
categoriesofeducationattainmentlisted
below:
Elementaryschool(0-8years); Somehighschool,nodiploma; HighschoolgraduateorGED
equivalent; Somecollege;and Collegegraduateormore.
Thedatawereorganizedsothatthosewho
hadcompletedjust8thgradeorlesswereput
intheElementarySchool(0-8years)
category,thosewhowenttohighschoolbut
didnotreceiveadiplomaorGEDwereadded
intheSomeHighSchool,NoDiploma
category,thosewhodidgraduatefromhigh
schoolorreceivedaGEDwereplacedintheHighSchoolGraduateorGEDcategory,those
whohadcompletedsomecollegeorreceived
anAssociatesdegreewereplacedinthe
SomeCollegecategory,andthosewhowere
collegegraduatesorcompletedschooling
beyondcollegewereplacedintheCollege
GraduateorMorecategory.Thisresultsin
thedatacontainedinTable1.
FromthedatainTable1,thereissigniQicant
differencebetweentheeducationattainment
oftheNorthSideareaandtheSt.Louis
metropolitanareaorthestateofMissouri.
Theproportionofpeoplewhohavelessthana
highschoolgraduateeducationinthe
NorthSideisapproximatelytwoandone-half
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NORTHSIDE EDUCATION
timestheshareofresidentswhohavethesamelevelofeducationattainmentinMissouri
andthreetimestheproportionofpeoplein
theSt.Louismetropolitanarea.Yet,the
statisticisreversedforthoseresidentsinthe
NorthSidewhohavegraduatedfromcollege.
Whilejust10.5%oftheNorthSidepopulation25yearsorolderhasacollegedegreeormore,
approximatelytwoandone-halftimesthat
amount,morethan25%,haveacollegedegree
ormoreinthestateofMissouri;nearlythree
timestheproportionofpeopleintheSt.Louis
Table1:2010NorthSideArea,St.LouisCity,St.LouisMetroArea,and
MissouriEducationAttainmentforPersons25+YearsofAge
Year
Elementary
School
(0-8years)
SomeHigh
School,No
Diploma
HighSchool
Graduateor
GED
SomeCollege
College
Graduateor
More
NorthSide 10.18% 25.24% 28.49% 25.90% 10.20%
STLCity 6.16% 13.27% 27.09% 26.58% 26.89%
STLMetro 3.75% 7.76% 26.46% 29.48% 32.54%
Missouri 4.66% 9.18% 32.57% 28.54% 25.05%
Source:AmericanCommunitySurvey2010,5-yearestimates
Graph1:2010PercentageofAge25+WithoutaHighSchoolDegree
0.00%$
5.00%$
10.00%$
15.00%$
20.00%$
25.00%$
30.00%$
35.00%$
40.00%$
NorthSide$ STL$City$ STL$Metro$Area$ Missouri$
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NORTHSIDE EDUCATION
Graph2:PercentageofAge25+WithaCollegeDegree
metropolitanareaandnearlytwicethe
proportioninSt.LouisCityhavethatlevelof
educationattainment.
HighSchoolDropoutRate
Anotherkeymeasureineducationisthe
proportionofschoolagekidsthatdropoutof
highschool.TheAmericanCommunitySurvey
previouslydiscussedprovidesinformationon
thenumberof16-19yearoldpersonsinthe
areaofanalysiswhoareneitherenrolledin
schoolnorhavegraduatedfromhighschool.
MissouriWonkanalyzedthisdataforthe
NorthSidearea,theCityofSt.Louis,theSt.
Louismetropolitanarea,andthestateof
Missouri.Theresultsoftheanalysisare
containedinTable2.
Thereisastarkdifferencebetweenthehigh
schooldropoutrates,asreportedbythe
AmericanCommunitySurvey,when
comparingtheNorthSideareatotheSt.Louis
metropolitanareaortothestateofMissouri
hasawhole.IntheNorthSidearea,
approximately10%moreofthe16-19year
oldsdropoutofhighschoolthanintheSt.
LouismetropolitanareaorMissouri.
Additionally,thestatisticsshowthatthehigh
schooldropoutrateoftheNorthSideareais
morethan50%higherthanintheCityofSt.
Louis.
0.00%$
5.00%$
10.00%$
15.00%$
20.00%$
25.00%$
30.00%$
35.00%$
NorthSide$ STL$City$ STL$Metro$Area$ Missouri$
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NORTHSIDE EDUCATION
Graph3:2010HighSchoolDropoutRate
Year
Persons16-19neitherenrolledinnor
graduatedfromHighSchool
Persons16-19yearsoldProportionofpersons
16-19thatareHighSchoolDropouts
NorthSide 177 1,115 15.9%
STLCity 1,920 18,661 10.3%
STLMetroArea 6,355 113,062 5.6%
Missouri 22,819 345,137 6.6%
Source:AmericanCommunitySurvey2010,5-yearestimates
Note:Thehighschooldropoutrates7
asreportedinthechartaboveaccountforall16-19yearoldsregardlessofwhattypeofschooltheyattendorattended;itincludespublicschool,private
school,andcharterschoolgraduatesornon-graduates.Onaverage,about95.6%ofthose
enrolledinhighschoolintheNorthSideattendapublicschool(ACS2010,5-yearestimates).
Table2:2010HighSchoolDropoutRate
0.00%$
2.00%$
4.00%$
6.00%$
8.00%$
10.00%$
12.00%$
14.00%$
16.00%$
18.00%$
NorthSide$ STL$City$ STL$Metro$Area$ Missouri$
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NORTHSIDE EDUCATION
ThetaskofdetermininghowmuchK-12
educationfundingisbeingexpendedona
speciQiclandarea,asub-groupofalargerschooldistrict,bringsaboutnumerous
challengesgiventhatadelineationofthe
studentsattendingaschooldistrict,along
withtheirhomeaddressesandother
identifyingtraits,isnotpubliclyavailable.
Inordertoascertainthetotalandper-pupil
K-12educationexpendituresassociatedwith
theNorthSideprojectarea,MissouriWonk
culledthemostrecent2010censustractdata
fortheNorthSideprojectarea,whichincluded
informationonthenumberofpersonswithin
certainagegroupswhowereenrolledin
publicschool. 8Aftersomeminimal
adjustments,9thecensusdatadisplayed3,141
NorthSideprojectarearesidents,aged5-18,
whoreportedattendingpublicschool.The
censusdataforthecityasawholeshowed
39,183residents,aged5-18,whoreportedattendingpublicschool.However,when
MissouriWonkcomparedthecensusreport
Qigureof39,183citystudentsattendingpublic
schooltotheactualenrollmentQiguresofthe
districtandthecitycharterschools,the
numbersdidnotcorrespond,astheSt.Louis
PublicSchooldistrictandcitycharterschools
reportedtoDESEatotalofonly34,544
studentsenrolledinthecityschooldistrict
andcharterschools.Thereareseveral
possiblereasonsforthislackofalignmentin
thedata.
First,thereareinherentproblemswiththe
accuracyofself-reporteddata,suchasthe
census,asmultiplescientiQicstudies10have
shownthatsubjectstendtoreport
informationthatreQlectspositivelyonthem.Inthiscase,whenaparentisaskedhowmany
oftheirchildrenarecurrentlyattendingpublic
school,someparentsmaychoosetoreport
thatachildwhorecentlydroppedoutof
schoolisstillattendingschool.Second,the
censusdataandtheactualenrollmentdata
aretwoseparatemeasureswithdissimilar
inputsanddifferentdatacollection
techniques.Consideringtheinherent
disparityinthetwosetsofdata,itmaybe
moretroublingifbothmeasureswereto
somehowproduceanidenticalnumberof
enrolledstudents.
However,whiletheaforementioned
justiQicationsprovidealegitimatebasisto
anticipatedissimilarenrollmentnumbers
whencomparingcensusdatatoactualschool
enrollmentstatistics,avariationof4,639studentsintuitivelyappearedtoolargetobe
explainedbytheaforementionedreasons.
However,whenMissouriWonkincludedthe
studentsparticipatingintheVoluntary
InterdistrictChoiceCorporation(VICC)
program,which,aspartoftheMetropolitan
AreaDesegregationProgram,facilitatesthe
transferofcitystudentstosuburbanschool
districtsandsuburbanstudentstocitymagnet
schools,thedifferenceincensusandschoolenrollmentnumberswasmuchmore
reasonable.Theactualnumberofcity
studentswhotransferredtocountyschoolsin
2010was5,870.11WhiletheVICCstudents
shouldbeenumeratedinthecensusdata
GovernmentSpendingonEducation
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NORTHSIDE EDUCATION
enrolledinpublicschoolmeasure,those
samestudentswouldnotbeenrolledintheSt.
LouisPublicSchooldistrictoracitycharter
school.WhenincludingtheVICCstudents
whoresideinthecitybutattendapublic
schooloutsideofthecity,therespective
enrollmentnumbersderivedfromthecensus
dataandtheactualenrollmentstatisticsfrom
theschoolsdivergedbyapproximately1,000
students,areasonabledisparityconsidering
theinherentvariationbuiltintothedifferent
datasources12.
Aspreviouslydiscussed,thecensusdata
generatedatotalof3,141NorthSideprojectarearesidents,aged5-18,whoreported
attendingpublicschool.Thecensusdatafor
thecityasawholeshowed39,183residents,
aged5-18,whoreportedattendingpublic
school,ahigherQigurethantheenrollment
statisticsofthecityschools,whichwas
reportedtobe34,544.Sincetherestofthis
studyutilizedtheofQicialschooldistrictdata
forallothermeasures,butthecensusdata
wasnecessarytodetermineinformationspeciQictotheNorthSideprojectarea,
MissouriWonkconvertedthecensus
enrollmentdatausingtheofQicialschool
enrollmentQiguresbyapplyingaratioof
8.02%,sincethe2010censusdatashowthat
theNorthSideprojectareacomprised
approximately8.02%13ofthecityresidents
whoreportedattendingpublicschool.For
purposesofquantifyingeducationfundingamountstotheNorthSideprojectarea,
MissouriWonkappliedthis8.02%ratiotothe
enrollmentnumbersofthecityschools
(34,544)toderiveanestimated2,769
NorthSideprojectarearesidentstudents
attendingthecityschooldistrictorcity
charterschools.MissouriWonkisawarethat
thisestimateismostlikelylowerthanthereal
enrollmentnumber,whichwouldhavethe
effectofloweringthetotalestimated
expendituresassociatedwiththeNorthSide
projectarea,butwouldnotimpacttheper-
enrolledQigureforthearea.14Witha
reasonableestimateforthenumberof
NorthSideprojectareastudentsattending
publicschool,MissouriWonkwasthenableto
produceanestimateoftheexpenditures
associatedwiththeNorthSideprojectarea
students.
Whilethetotalrevenuereceivedbyaschooldistrictisderivedfromvariedandoften
complexsources,twoidentiQiablestreamsof
revenuearedrivenpurelybythenumberand
concentrationoflowincomestudentsthata
schooldistrictserves:FederalTitle1andthe
FreeandReducedLunchweightingfactorin
thestateFoundationFormula.Forthe
purposesofthisstudy,MissouriWonk
assumednootherspecialcharacteristicsother
thanpovertyforthestudentsresidingintheNorthSideprojectarea.Thereisnoreasonto
assume,andnoknowndatatosupport,the
notionthatstudentsresidingintheNorthSide
projectareawouldhavehigherorlower
instancesofdisabilitiesorEnglishasasecond
languageidentiQicationthanthestudentsof
thecitydistrictasawhole,thereforeMissouri
Wonkfoundnobasisforadjustingexpenditure
dataassociatedwiththeNorthSideprojectareastudentsfromsourcessuchasIDEAor
TitleIII.However,thereisabundantandclear
quantitativeevidencetosupporttheassertion
thatstudentsresidingintheNorthSideproject
arealiveinhouseholdsreportingsigniQicantly
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NORTHSIDE EDUCATION
lowerincomesthanthestudentpopulationof
thecityasawhole.
Toquantifythishypothesis,MissouriWonk
comparedincomedatafromthe2010census
oftheNorthSideprojectareaandthecityasawhole.15Whiletheaverageincomeofthecity
was$47,256in2010,theaverageincomeof
theNorthSideprojectareawasonly
$27,176.27,adifferenceof-42.49%.16Since
boththeTitleIdistributionformulaandthe
FreeandReducedLunchPupilcountinthe
statefoundationformulaescalatespayment
amountstodistrictspurelybasedonpoverty,
MissouriWonkappliedthe42.49%povertyratiototheper-enrolledpupilamountsofthe
studentsresidingintheNorthSideproject
area.
FortheFreeandReducedLunchweighting
factorfromthestatefoundationformula,
MissouriWonkQirstderivedthetotalrevenue
receivedbytheSt.LouisPublicSchooldistrict
andthecitycharterschoolsasaresultofthe
FreeandReducedLunchPupilCount.Todeterminethisamount,MissouriWonk
dividedthetotal2010stateformulapayment
totheSt.LouisPublicSchoolDistrictandcity
charterschools($150.8million17)bythetotal
WeightedAverageDailyAttendance
(40,69418)ofthedistrictandcharterschools
combined,andthenmultipliedthisquotient
by4,400.24.(The4,400.24Qigurewasderived
bystartingwiththetotalfreeandreduced
countforthedistrictandcitycharterschools
of28,710.4019,thensubtractingthethreshold
amountof11,109.4620,andQinallymultiplying
thisdifferenceby.25,whichistheFreeand
Reducedweightingfactor21).
Theresultofthiscalculationshowsthetotal
staterevenuereceivedbytheSt.LouisPublic
Schooldistrictandthecitycharterschoolsas
aresultoftheFreeandReducedLunchPupil
Counttobeapproximately$16.3million.22
This$16.3millionQigurewasthenadjusted
fromWeightedAverageDailyAttendancedata
toenrollmentdatainordertoconformtothe
enrollmentnumbersutilizedthroughoutthis
study,asthecensustractinformationutilized
toapproximatethenumberofpublicschool
studentsresidingintheNorthSideproject
areawasenumeratedbymeansofenrollment
Qigures,nottheWeightedAverageDaily
Attendancedatautilizedbythestatefoundationformula.Toaccomplishthis
adjustment,MissouriWonkdividedthe$16.3
millionattributabletotheFreeandReduced
LunchcountbytheenrollmentQigureof
34,544inordertoderiveaper-enrolled
studentvalueof$471.84attributabletothe
FreeandReducedLunchPupilCount.The
povertyratioof42.49%wasthenappliedto
thisper-enrolledstudentQigure,whichadded
$200.49tothe$471.84city-widenumberfor
eachstudentresidingintheNorthSideproject
area,resultinginatotal$672.33per-enrolled
studentfromtheNorthSideprojectareaasa
directresultoftheFreeandReducedLunch
Pupilcount.
ThesamemethodologyusedtoadjusttheFree
andReducedLunchmonieswasthenapplied
totheTitleIrevenuestream,astheTitleIrevenuedistributionisbasedonthenumber
andconcentrationofpoorstudentsthata
schooldistrictserves.In2010,theSt.Louis
PublicSchoolDistrictandcitycharterschools
received$40.8MillioninTitle1revenues23.
This$40.8MillioninTitle1revenuewasthen
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NORTHSIDE EDUCATION
dividedbythecombinedenrollmentQigures
forthedistrictandcitycharterschoolsof
34,544inordertoobtainaper-enrolled
studentvalueof$1,182.44attributabletothe
Title1revenuestream.Thepovertyratioof
42.49%wasthenappliedtothisper-enrolled
studentQigure,whichadded$502.42tothe
$1,182.44citywidenumberforeachstudent
residingintheNorthSideprojectarea,
resultinginatotal$1,684.85per-enrolled
studentfromtheNorthSideprojectarea
resultingfromtheTitle1revenuestream.
AlternateNorthSideProjectArea
Calculation
Asdiscussedearlier,MissouriWonkconverted
thecensusenrolledinpublicschooldata
thatshowedatotalof3,141NorthSideproject
arearesidents,aged5-18,attendingpublic
schoolbecausethecensusdatasuggested
largerenrollmentnumbersthantheactual
enrollmentstatisticsreportedbythecity
schooldistrictandcitycharterschools.Since
therestofthisstudyutilizedtheofQicialschooldistrictdataforallothercalculations,
MissouriWonkconvertedthecensus
enrollmentdatausingtheofQicialschool
enrollmentQiguresbyapplyingaratioof
8.02%(explainedabove)forpurposesof
quantifyingeducationfundingexpendituresof
theNorthSideprojectarea.Whilethislower
enrollmentnumbermostlikelyunder-
representstheactualnumberofNorthSide
projectarearesidentsattendingpublicschool
(someofwhomarenodoubtenrolledin
countyschoolsaspartoftheVICCprogram)
andthereforeunder-representsthetotalK-12
educationexpenditureassociatedwiththe
NorthSideprojectarea,thelowerenrollment
numberwouldnotaffecttheper-enrolled
pupilQigurereportedfortheNorthSideproject
area.
WhileMissouriWonkismorecomfortable
withtheestimatedtotalexpenditureQigureoftheNorthSideprojectareausingthepared
downenrollmentQiguresderivedfromthe
8.02%ratio,speciQicallybecauseitconverts
theenrollmentnumberstocorrespondwith
themethodologyanddatautilizedthroughout
thestudy,onecouldmakeanargumentfor
applyingthehigherenrollmentQigures
deriveddirectlyfromthecensusforpurposes
ofcalculatinganalternatetotalK-12educationexpenditurefortheNorthSide
projectarea.WhenMissouriWonkapplied
thishigherenrollmentQigureof3,141(instead
ofthelower,ratio-driven2,769enrollment
Qigure)thetotalestimatedNorthSideproject
areaK-12educationexpenditurefromall
sources(local,state,andfederal)increased
from$45,250,599to$51,327,414.
However,this$51.3Millionestimateismostlikelyoverstatedforafewreasons.First,this
higherenrollmentQigureisdisconnectedfrom
theotherfactorsintheequation,allofwhich
werederivedfromtheactualstatistics
reportedbytheschools.Second,themost
likelyreasonforthedivergenceinthe
enrollmentnumbersisthefactthatthousands
ofcitystudentsareattendingcountyschools
bymeansoftheVICCprogram.Theincreased
revenueassociatedwithlowincomestudents
enrolledinthecityschools(wherethat
studentispartofaconcentrationoflow
incomestudents)willbelesspronounced
whenthatsamestudentattendsacounty
schooldistrictthatmostlikelydoesnotenroll
enoughlowincomestudentstobringthe
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NORTHSIDE EDUCATION
countyschoolovertheFreeandReduced
Lunchweightingfactorthresholdinthestate
fundingformulaorthehighconcentrationof
povertydeQinitionsoftheTitleIprogram,
againbreakingfromtheotherwisesound
assumptionsofthisstudysmethodology.
Inreality,thetotalestimatedNorthSide
projectareaK-12educationexpenditurefrom
allsources(local,state,andfederal)ismost
likelyhigherthantheratio-driven
$45,250,599estimateandlowerthanthe
alternatecensus-driven$51,327,414
approximation.
SpendingbyArea
NorthSide:
In2010,anestimated2,769studentresidentsoftheNorthSideprojectareawereenrolledin
K-12publicschool.24ThetotalestimatedNorthSideprojectareaK-12educationexpenditure
fromallsources(local,state,andfederal)was$45,250,599.Theestimatedper-enrolledpupil
amount25fortheNorthSideprojectareawas$16,341,whichcanbebrokendownas:$7,535
fromlocalrevenuesources;$4,589fromstatesources;and$4,217fromfederalsources.26
St.LouisCity27:
In2010,34,544studentsinthecityofSt.LouiswereenrolledinK-12publicschool.Thetotal
citywideK-12educationexpenditurefromallsources(local,state,andfederal)was$540
Million28.Theper-enrolledpupilamountforthecitywas$15,639,whichcanbebrokendown
Table3:PerPupilSpendingbyLevelofGovernment
AreaLocalFundingper
Pupil
StateFundingper
Pupil
FederalFunding
perPupil
TotalFundingper
Pupil
NorthSide $7,835 $4,589 $4,217 $16,341
St.LouisCity $7,535 $4,389 $3,715 $15,639
STLMetro $9,663 $2,983 $1,325 $13,972
Missouri $7,083 $3,628 $1,856 $12,567
Source:Seemethodologyaspreviouslydescribedinthisanalysis
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NORTHSIDE EDUCATION
as:$7,535fromlocalrevenuesources;$4,389fromstatesources;and$3,715fromfederal
sources.
TheSt.LouisMetropolitanArea29:
In2010,285,292studentsintheSt.LouismetropolitanareawereenrolledinK-12publicschool.ThetotalregionalK-12educationexpenditurefromallsources(local,state,andfederal)was$4
Billion.30Theper-enrolledpupilamountfortheregionwas$14,174,whichcanbebrokendown
as:$9,405fromlocalrevenuesources;$3,153fromstatesources;and$1,614fromfederal
sources.
Missouri
In2010,889,541MissouristudentswereenrolledinK-12publicschool.ThetotalstatewideK-12
educationexpenditurefromallsources(local,state,andfederal)was$11.2Billion.31Theper-
enrolledpupilamountforthestateaswholewas$12,567,whichcanbebrokendownas:$7,083
fromlocalsources;$3,628fromstatesources;and$1,856fromfederalsources.
Graph4:StateSpendingPerPupil
$0##
$500##
$1,000##
$1,500##
$2,000##
$2,500##
$3,000##
$3,500##
$4,000##
$4,500##
$5,000##
NorthSide# St.#Louis#City# STL#Region# Missouri#
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Graph5:TotalSpendingPerPupil
Table4:TotalEducationSpendingbyLevelofGovernment
AreaTotalLocal
Funding
TotalState
Funding
TotalFederal
Funding
TotalFunding
(AllSources)
NorthSide $21,696,251 $12,707,607 $11,677,485 $45,250,599*
St.LouisCity32 $260,281,399 $151,609,166 $128,327,193 $540,217,758
STLMetro $2,683,251,556 $899,588,052 $460,567,228 $4,043,657,023
Missouri $6,300,779,126 $3,227,336,816 $1,651,030,080 $11,179,146,023
*Asdiscussedpreviously,thisnumbercouldbeashighas$51,327,414Source:Pleaseseemethodologyaspreviouslydescribedinthisanalysis
$0##
$2,000##
$4,000##
$6,000##
$8,000##
$10,000##
$12,000##
$14,000##
$16,000##
$18,000##
NorthSide# St.#Louis#City# STL#Region# Missouri#
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Summary
Onthemeasureofeducation,theNorthSidepopulationhasbothasigniQicantlyhigher
proportionthatlacksahighschooldegreeandamuchlowerproportionthathasacollege
degreewhencomparedtothepopulationsofSt.LouisCity,theSt.LouisMetropolitanarea,or
Missouri.TheareaalsosuffersfromahighschooldropoutratethatissigniQicantlyhigherthan
theotherthreeareas.ThesestatisticsareinspiteofthefactthatNorthSidestudentsenrolledin
publicschool,onaverage,accountformoremoneyonaperpupilbasisthanstudents,on
average,enrolledintheSt.LouisCitySchoolDistrict,thepublicschoolsintheSt.Louis
Metropolitanarea,orpublicschoolsinMissouri.Thisinformationissummarizedinthegraphs
below.
0.00%$
5.00%$
10.00%$
15.00%$
20.00%$
25.00%$
30.00%$
35.00%$
40.00%$
NorthSide$ STL$City$ STL$Metro$Area$ Missouri$0.00%$
2.00%$
4.00%$
6.00%$
8.00%$
10.00%$
12.00%$
14.00%$
16.00%$
18.00%$
NorthSide$ STL$City$ STL$Metro$Area$ Missouri$
$0##
$500##
$1,000##
$1,500##
$2,000##
$2,500##
$3,000##
$3,500##
$4,000##
$4,500##
$5,000##
NorthSide# St.#Louis#City# STL#Region# Missouri#
$0##
$2,000##
$4,000##
$6,000##
$8,000##
$10,000##
$12,000##
$14,000##
$16,000##
$18,000##
NorthSide# St.#Louis#City# STL#Region# Missouri#
PercentageofPopulationWithoutaHigh
SchoolDegreeHighSchoolDropoutRate
StateSpendingonPublicEducation TotalSpendingonPublicEducation
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NORTHSIDE EDUCATION
Data,Sources,andArea
Relyingoncensusdatafrom1970-2010,MissouriWonkcanshowhowthedemographicsofthe
populationhavechangedfortheNorthSidearea6.Theareaoffocusinthisanalysisisthe
geographicregionencompassedbycensustractscensustracts1115,1202,1212,1257,1266,
1271,and1275ofthe2010census.Theareaisshownbelow.
Figure1:NorthSideArea2010CensusTracts
Source:MapproducedwithGeolyticssoftware,ACS2006-2010Interface.
Note:NumbersabovedenotecensustractnumbersusedbyUnitedStatesBureauofthe
Census.
1202
1266
1257
1271
1275
1212
1115
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NORTHSIDE EDUCATION
Figure2:NorthSideAreainContextofSt.LouisCity
Source:MapproducedwithGeolyticssoftware,ACS2006-2010Interface.
Note:TheareashownhighlightedinredstripesdesignatestheNorthSide
Area.
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NORTHSIDE EDUCATION
1NationalBureauofEconomicResearchhttp://www.nber.org/digest/mar07/w12352.html
2Includingbranches.3JustasintheprecedingpaperrelatingtothehistoryanddemographicsoftheNorthSideregion
inSt.Louis,theareaincludescensustracts1115,1202,1212,1257,1266,1271,and1275ofthe
2010decennialcensus.4CharterschoolsalsocurrentlyofferanalternativetotheSt.LouisPublicSchoolsystem.5Bock,Jessica.StateBoardGivesProvisionalAccreditationtoSt.LouisPublicSchools.
PublishedontheSt.LouisPostDispatchwebsiteonOctober16,2012.Retrievedfromtheworld
widewebathttp://www.stltoday.com/news/local/education/state-board-gives-provisional-
accreditation-for-st-louis-public-schools/article_27dc696e-596a-5c4f-a5ad-e5c8d224971f.html
onOctober23,2012.6Forpurposesofthisanalysis,theSt.LouismetropolitanareaincludesSt.LouisCity,St.Louis
County,St.CharlesCounty,JeffersonCounty,andFranklinCounty.7ThisratevariessubstantiallyfromthenumbersreportedbytheSt.LouisCitySchoolDistrict,
whichreporteda17.5%dropoutratein2010(DESEDistrictReportCard2012).However,the
methodofcalculatingdropoutsplusthefactthattherateisforalltypesofschools,publicand
private,likelyaccountsforthedifference.Thenumbers,however,areusefulforcomparinghigh
schooldropoutratesofdifferentareas,asthemethodologyofthecensusisconsistent
throughoutallareas.8AmericanCommunitySurveydatafromtheGeolyticsACS2006-2010Interface
9The18and19agegroupforAttendingPublicSchoolwasdividedinhalftobetterreQlectK-12attendance.10Forexample:Cook,T.D.,&Campbell,D.T.(1979).uasi-experimentation:Designandanalysis
issues.Boston,MA:HoughtonMifQlinCompany.11VoluntaryInterdistrictChoiceCorporationBoardMeetingHighlights,November19,2010.
http://www.choicecorp.org/BH1110.pdf12Countyresidentsattendingcitymagnetschoolswasapproximately173in2010,anegligible
number.133141/39,183=.0801614SeethealternateNorthSideprojectareacalculationattheendofthisstudy,whichcontainsan
alternativeenrollmentQigureandthereforeexpendituretotalfortheNorthSideprojectarea.15AmericanCommunitySurveydatafromtheGeolyticsACS2006-2010Interface.16Similarly,theSt.Louis CityMedianIncomeQigurefor2010was$33,652,whiletheNorthSide
projectareaMedianIncomeQigurefor2010was$18,025,producingasimilarratio.17TotalstateformularevenuetotheSt.LouisPublicSchoolDistrictandcityCharterschoolsof
$150,738,559,culledfromDESEsJune2010paymenttransmittaldata.
Notes
http://www.choicecorp.org/BH1110.pdfhttp://www.stltoday.com/news/local/education/state-board-gives-provisional-accreditation-for-st-louis-public-schools/article_27dc696e-596a-5c4f-a5ad-e5c8d224971f.htmlhttp://www.stltoday.com/news/local/education/state-board-gives-provisional-accreditation-for-st-louis-public-schools/article_27dc696e-596a-5c4f-a5ad-e5c8d224971f.htmlhttp://www.stltoday.com/news/local/education/state-board-gives-provisional-accreditation-for-st-louis-public-schools/article_27dc696e-596a-5c4f-a5ad-e5c8d224971f.htmlhttp://www.choicecorp.org/BH1110.pdfhttp://www.choicecorp.org/BH1110.pdfhttp://www.stltoday.com/news/local/education/state-board-gives-provisional-accreditation-for-st-louis-public-schools/article_27dc696e-596a-5c4f-a5ad-e5c8d224971f.htmlhttp://www.stltoday.com/news/local/education/state-board-gives-provisional-accreditation-for-st-louis-public-schools/article_27dc696e-596a-5c4f-a5ad-e5c8d224971f.htmlhttp://www.stltoday.com/news/local/education/state-board-gives-provisional-accreditation-for-st-louis-public-schools/article_27dc696e-596a-5c4f-a5ad-e5c8d224971f.htmlhttp://www.stltoday.com/news/local/education/state-board-gives-provisional-accreditation-for-st-louis-public-schools/article_27dc696e-596a-5c4f-a5ad-e5c8d224971f.htmlhttp://www.nber.org/digest/mar07/w12352.htmlhttp://www.nber.org/digest/mar07/w12352.htmlhttp://www.mowonk.com/http://www.mowonk.com/ -
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NORTHSIDE EDUCATION
18TotalWeightedAverageDailyAttendanceoftheSt.LouisPublicSchoolDistrictandcity
Charterschoolsof40,694,culledfromDESEsJune2010paymenttransmittaldata.19DESEsFreeandReducedLunchReportfor2010-https://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/
School%20Finance%20Data%20and%20Reports/Free%20and%20Reduced%20Lunch
%20Percentage%20by%20Building/frl-2010.xls20Totalfreeandreducedcount(28,710.40)multipliedbythefreeandreducedthresholdforthe
2009-2010schoolyear(27.30%).21Section163.011(20),RSMo.2216,299,35223TotalTitle1revenuesreceivedbytheSt.LouisPublicSchoolDistrictandcityCharterschools
equal$40,846,100,culledfromDESEsJune2010paymenttransmittaldata.24Unlessotherwisenoted,allinformationderivedinthisstudyisbasedon2010dataculledfrom
DESEs"FinanceDataandStatisticsSummaryforAllDistricts"-https://mcds.dese.mo.gov/
quickfacts/Pages/District-and-School-Information.aspx
25Expendituresbyenrollmentcalculatedbymultiplyingrevenuesourcepercentage(local,state,federal)bytotalexpenditures,thensummingexpendituresbyclassanddividingbythesumof
enrollmentforthedistrict/groups.26Thepercentagebreakdownsfor2010maybesomewhatmisleading,asthestatereceived
millionsofdollarsinARRA(Stimulus)moneysthatyear,leadingtohigherreportedpercentages
ofFederalmoniesinthisstudy.27Forpurposesofthisstudy,theSt.LouisareacharterschoolsareincludedwiththeSt.Louis
PublicSchooldistrictinthedeQinitionofSt.LouisCity.28$540,217,758.29Forpurposesofthisstudy,TheSt.LouisMetropolitanareaincludesschooldistrictslocatedin
theCityofSt.Louis,St.LouisCounty,St.CharlesCounty,JeffersonCounty,andFranklinCounty,as
denotedbyDESEscountycoding.30$4,043,657,583.31$11,179,146,023.32TheindividualschooldistrictdataforSt.LouisCitywillshowskewedresultsonaper-
districtandper-charterschoolbasis,asthemannerinwhichDESEpayscharterschools(andthe
districtsinwhichtheyarelocated)isdifferentthanthemannerusedtopayschoolsdistricts
withoutcharterschools.Essentially,DESEallowstheSt.LouisPublicSchooldistricttokeepall
ofthelocaltaxrevenuefromthecity,includingtheportionthatisowedtotheindividualcharter
schools,andinsteadpaysthecharterschoolsanelevatedstateaidamounttooffsetthelocalrevenueowed,butnotdistributed,tothecharterschools.Thispaymentmethoddoesnotskew
thenumbersreportedabove,asthecitywideQiguresarereportedastotals.
https://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/Pages/District-and-School-Information.aspxhttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/Pages/District-and-School-Information.aspxhttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/Pages/District-and-School-Information.aspxhttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/Pages/District-and-School-Information.aspxhttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/Pages/District-and-School-Information.aspxhttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/Pages/District-and-School-Information.aspxhttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/Pages/District-and-School-Information.aspxhttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/School%20Finance%20Data%20and%20Reports/Free%20and%20Reduced%20Lunch%20Percentage%20by%20Building/frl-2010.xlshttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/School%20Finance%20Data%20and%20Reports/Free%20and%20Reduced%20Lunch%20Percentage%20by%20Building/frl-2010.xlshttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/School%20Finance%20Data%20and%20Reports/Free%20and%20Reduced%20Lunch%20Percentage%20by%20Building/frl-2010.xlshttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/School%20Finance%20Data%20and%20Reports/Free%20and%20Reduced%20Lunch%20Percentage%20by%20Building/frl-2010.xlshttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/School%20Finance%20Data%20and%20Reports/Free%20and%20Reduced%20Lunch%20Percentage%20by%20Building/frl-2010.xlshttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/School%20Finance%20Data%20and%20Reports/Free%20and%20Reduced%20Lunch%20Percentage%20by%20Building/frl-2010.xlshttp://www.mowonk.com/http://www.mowonk.com/ -
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NORTHSIDE EDUCATION
References
Bock,Jessica.StateBoardGivesProvisionalAccreditationtoSt.LouisPublicSchools.
PublishedontheSt.LouisPostDispatchwebsiteonOctober16,2012.Retrievedfromtheworldwidewebathttp://www.stltoday.com/news/local/education/state-board-gives-provisional-accreditation-for-st-louis-public-schools/article_27dc696e-596a-5c4f-a5ad-e5c8d224971f.htmlonOctober23,2012.
Cook,T.D.,&Campbell,D.T..uasi-experimentation:Designandanalysisissues.Houghton
MifQlinCompany:Boston,MA.1979.
MissouriDepartmentofElementaryandSecondaryEducation(DESE).DistrictReportCard. RetrievedfromtheworldwidewebonNovember24,2012athttps://
mcds.dese.mo.gov/guidedinquiry/School%20Report%20Card/District%20Report %20Card.aspxrp:SchoolYear=2011&rp:SchoolYear=2010&rp:SchoolYear=2009&rp:
SchoolYear=2008&rp:DistrictCode=115115
MissouriDESE.FinanceDataandStatisticsSummaryforAllDistricts.Retrievedfromthe
worldwidewebonNovember24,2012athttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/Pages/
District-and-School-Information.aspx.
Missouri(DESE).FreeandReducedLunchReport2010.Retrievedfromtheworldwideweb onNovember24,2012athttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/School%20Finance %20Data%20and%20Reports/Free%20and%20Reduced%20Lunch%20Percentage
%20by%20Building/frl-2010.xls
Picker,Les.TheEffectsofEducationonHeal th.NationalBureauofEconomicResearch. RetrievedfromtheworldwidewebonNovember24,2012athttp://www.nber.org/ digest/mar07/w12352.html.
St.LouisPublicSchools.DirectoryoftheSt.LouisPublicSchools:1959-1960.BoardofEducationoftheCityofSt.Louis:St.Louis,MO.1959.
St.LouisPublicSchools.SLPS2012-2013SchoolListings.RetrievedfromtheworldwidewebonNovember11,2012fromhttp://www.slps.org/domain/5110 .
Troen,Selwyn.ThePublicandtheSchools:ShapingtheSt.LouisSystem,1838-
1920. UniversityofMissouriPress:Columbia,MO.1975.
UnitedStatesBureauoftheCensus.2010AmericanCommunitySurvey.Producedwith
Geolytics,Inc.software.
http://www.mowonk.com/http://www.slps.org/domain/5110http://www.nber.org/digest/mar07/w12352.htmlhttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/School%20Finance%20Data%20and%20Reports/Free%20and%20Reduced%20Lunch%20Percentage%20by%20Building/frl-2010.xlshttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/School%20Finance%20Data%20and%20Reports/Free%20and%20Reduced%20Lunch%20Percentage%20by%20Building/frl-2010.xlshttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/School%20Finance%20Data%20and%20Reports/Free%20and%20Reduced%20Lunch%20Percentage%20by%20Building/frl-2010.xlshttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/Pages/District-and-School-Information.aspxhttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/guidedinquiry/School%20Report%20Card/District%20Report%20Card.aspx?rp:SchoolYear=2011&rp:SchoolYear=2010&rp:SchoolYear=2009&rp:SchoolYear=2008&rp:DistrictCode=115115https://mcds.dese.mo.gov/guidedinquiry/School%20Report%20Card/District%20Report%20Card.aspx?rp:SchoolYear=2011&rp:SchoolYear=2010&rp:SchoolYear=2009&rp:SchoolYear=2008&rp:DistrictCode=115115https://mcds.dese.mo.gov/guidedinquiry/School%20Report%20Card/District%20Report%20Card.aspx?rp:SchoolYear=2011&rp:SchoolYear=2010&rp:SchoolYear=2009&rp:SchoolYear=2008&rp:DistrictCode=115115https://mcds.dese.mo.gov/guidedinquiry/School%20Report%20Card/District%20Report%20Card.aspx?rp:SchoolYear=2011&rp:SchoolYear=2010&rp:SchoolYear=2009&rp:SchoolYear=2008&rp:DistrictCode=115115https://mcds.dese.mo.gov/guidedinquiry/School%20Report%20Card/District%20Report%20Card.aspx?rp:SchoolYear=2011&rp:SchoolYear=2010&rp:SchoolYear=2009&rp:SchoolYear=2008&rp:DistrictCode=115115http://www.slps.org/domain/5110http://www.slps.org/domain/5110http://www.nber.org/digest/mar07/w12352.htmlhttp://www.nber.org/digest/mar07/w12352.htmlhttp://www.nber.org/digest/mar07/w12352.htmlhttp://www.nber.org/digest/mar07/w12352.htmlhttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/School%20Finance%20Data%20and%20Reports/Free%20and%20Reduced%20Lunch%20Percentage%20by%20Building/frl-2010.xlshttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/School%20Finance%20Data%20and%20Reports/Free%20and%20Reduced%20Lunch%20Percentage%20by%20Building/frl-2010.xlshttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/School%20Finance%20Data%20and%20Reports/Free%20and%20Reduced%20Lunch%20Percentage%20by%20Building/frl-2010.xlshttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/School%20Finance%20Data%20and%20Reports/Free%20and%20Reduced%20Lunch%20Percentage%20by%20Building/frl-2010.xlshttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/School%20Finance%20Data%20and%20Reports/Free%20and%20Reduced%20Lunch%20Percentage%20by%20Building/frl-2010.xlshttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/School%20Finance%20Data%20and%20Reports/Free%20and%20Reduced%20Lunch%20Percentage%20by%20Building/frl-2010.xlshttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/Pages/District-and-School-Information.aspxhttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/Pages/District-and-School-Information.aspxhttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/Pages/District-and-School-Information.aspxhttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/Pages/District-and-School-Information.aspxhttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/guidedinquiry/School%20Report%20Card/District%20Report%20Card.aspx?rp:SchoolYear=2011&rp:SchoolYear=2010&rp:SchoolYear=2009&rp:SchoolYear=2008&rp:DistrictCode=115115https://mcds.dese.mo.gov/guidedinquiry/School%20Report%20Card/District%20Report%20Card.aspx?rp:SchoolYear=2011&rp:SchoolYear=2010&rp:SchoolYear=2009&rp:SchoolYear=2008&rp:DistrictCode=115115https://mcds.dese.mo.gov/guidedinquiry/School%20Report%20Card/District%20Report%20Card.aspx?rp:SchoolYear=2011&rp:SchoolYear=2010&rp:SchoolYear=2009&rp:SchoolYear=2008&rp:DistrictCode=115115https://mcds.dese.mo.gov/guidedinquiry/School%20Report%20Card/District%20Report%20Card.aspx?rp:SchoolYear=2011&rp:SchoolYear=2010&rp:SchoolYear=2009&rp:SchoolYear=2008&rp:DistrictCode=115115https://mcds.dese.mo.gov/guidedinquiry/School%20Report%20Card/District%20Report%20Card.aspx?rp:SchoolYear=2011&rp:SchoolYear=2010&rp:SchoolYear=2009&rp:SchoolYear=2008&rp:DistrictCode=115115https://mcds.dese.mo.gov/guidedinquiry/School%20Report%20Card/District%20Report%20Card.aspx?rp:SchoolYear=2011&rp:SchoolYear=2010&rp:SchoolYear=2009&rp:SchoolYear=2008&rp:DistrictCode=115115https://mcds.dese.mo.gov/guidedinquiry/School%20Report%20Card/District%20Report%20Card.aspx?rp:SchoolYear=2011&rp:SchoolYear=2010&rp:SchoolYear=2009&rp:SchoolYear=2008&rp:DistrictCode=115115https://mcds.dese.mo.gov/guidedinquiry/School%20Report%20Card/District%20Report%20Card.aspx?rp:SchoolYear=2011&rp:SchoolYear=2010&rp:SchoolYear=2009&rp:SchoolYear=2008&rp:DistrictCode=115115http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/education/state-board-gives-provisional-accreditation-for-st-louis-public-schools/article_27dc696e-596a-5c4f-a5ad-e5c8d224971f.htmlhttp://www.stltoday.com/news/local/education/state-board-gives-provisional-accreditation-for-st-louis-public-schools/article_27dc696e-596a-5c4f-a5ad-e5c8d224971f.htmlhttp://www.stltoday.com/news/local/education/state-board-gives-provisional-accreditation-for-st-louis-public-schools/article_27dc696e-596a-5c4f-a5ad-e5c8d224971f.htmlhttp://www.stltoday.com/news/local/education/state-board-gives-provisional-accreditation-for-st-louis-public-schools/article_27dc696e-596a-5c4f-a5ad-e5c8d224971f.htmlhttp://www.stltoday.com/news/local/education/state-board-gives-provisional-accreditation-for-st-louis-public-schools/article_27dc696e-596a-5c4f-a5ad-e5c8d224971f.htmlhttp://www.stltoday.com/news/local/education/state-board-gives-provisional-accreditation-for-st-louis-public-schools/article_27dc696e-596a-5c4f-a5ad-e5c8d224971f.htmlhttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/Pages/District-and-School-Information.aspxhttps://mcds.dese.mo.gov/quickfacts/Pages/District-and-School-Information.aspxhttp://www.mowonk.com/http://www.mowonk.com/ 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ABOUT MISSOURI WONK
Missouri Wonk is a firm founded by Brian Schmidt that performs policy analysis services for
businesses, trade associations non-profits, campaigns, and government entities. From January to May,
Missouri Wonk Reports provides weekly updates and analyses on tax and economic development issues
confronting Missouri. From June through December, Missouri Wonk Reports dives into the details by
providing more in-depth monthly analyses of Missouri state and local tax and economic development
policies.
ABOUT BRIAN SCHMIDT
Brian Schmidt served as the Executive Director of the Missouri General Assemblys Joint Committee
on Tax Policy from 2005 through 2011. He received a Bachelor of Political Science degree at Truman
State University and a Master of Public Affairs- Public Policy degree at the University of Missouri-
Columbia.
NORTHSIDE EDUCATION
VoluntaryInterdistrictChoiceCorporation.MeetingHighlights:November19,2010.
RetrievedfromtheworldwidewebonNovember24,2012fromhttp://
www.choicecorp.org/BH1110.pdf.
http://www.mowonk.com/http://www.mowonk.com/http://www.choicecorp.org/BH1110.pdfhttp://www.choicecorp.org/BH1110.pdfhttp://www.choicecorp.org/BH1110.pdfhttp://www.choicecorp.org/BH1110.pdf