North CarolinaThis article is about the U.S. state of North Carolina.For other uses, see North Carolina (disambiguation).The Old North State redirects here. For the song ofthe same name, see The Old North State (song).North Carolina (i/nr krlan/) is a state in theSoutheastern United States. The state borders South Car-olina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west,Virginia to the north, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east.North Carolina is the 28th most extensive and the 9thmost populous of the 50 United States. North Carolina isknown as the Tar Heel State and the Old North State.North Carolina is composed of 100 counties. NorthCarolinas twolargest metropolitanareas are amongthe top ten fastest-growing in the country: its capital,Raleigh, and its largest city, Charlotte. In the past vedecades, North Carolinas economy has undergone a tran-sition from reliance upon tobacco, textiles, and furniture-making to a more diversied economy with engineering,energy, biotechnology, and nance sectors.[7][8]North Carolina has a wide range of elevations, from sealevelon the coastto6,699feet(2,042m)atMountMitchell, the highest point in the Eastern US.[9] The cli-mate of the coastal plains is strongly inuenced by theAtlantic Ocean. Most of the state falls in the humid sub-tropical climate zone. More than 300 miles (500 km)from the coast, the western, mountainous part of the statehas a subtropical highland climate.1 GeographyMain article: Geography of North CarolinaNorth Carolina is bordered by South Carolina on theNorth Carolina topographic mapsouth, Georgia on the southwest, Tennessee on the west,Virginia on the north, and the Atlantic Ocean on the east.The United States Census Bureau classies North Car-olina as a southern state, in the subcategory of being oneThe Blue Ridge Mountains as seen from the Blue Ridge Parkway.Deer in the Eno River as it ows through the Piedmont region ofNorth CarolinaView at end of Cherohala Skyway near Tellico Plainsof the South Atlantic States.North Carolina consists of three main geographic sec-tions: the Atlantic Coastal Plain, which occupies the east-ern 45%of the state; the Piedmont region, which contains12 1 GEOGRAPHYthe middle 35%; and the Appalachian Mountains andfoothills. The extreme eastern section of the state con-tains the Outer Banks, a string of sandy, narrow barrierislands between the Atlantic Ocean and two inland wa-terways or sounds": Albemarle Sound in the north andPamlico Sound in the south. They are the two largestlandlocked sounds in the United States.So many ships have been lost o Cape Hatteras that thearea is known as the "Graveyard of the Atlantic"; morethan 1,000 ships have sunk in these waters since recordsbegan in 1526. The most famous of these is the QueenAnnes Revenge (agship of the pirate Blackbeard), whichwent aground in Beaufort Inlet in 1718.[10]Immediately inland, the coastal plain is relatively at,with rich soil ideal for growing tobacco, soybeans, mel-ons, andcotton. The coastal plain is NorthCar-olinas most rural section, with few large towns or cities.Agriculture remains an important industry.The coastal plain transitions to the Piedmont region alongthe Atlantic Seaboard fall line, a line which marks the el-evation at which waterfalls rst appear on streams andrivers. The Piedmont region of central North Carolina isthe states most urbanized and densely populated section.It consists of gently rolling countryside frequently bro-ken by hills or low mountain ridges. Small, isolated, anddeeply eroded mountain ranges and peaks are located inthe Piedmont, including the Sauratown Mountains, PilotMountain,the Uwharrie Mountains,Crowders Moun-tain, Kings Pinnacle, the Brushy Mountains, and theSouth Mountains. The Piedmont ranges from about 300to 400 feet (91 to 122 m) in elevation in the east to over1,000 feet (300 m) in the west. Because of the rapid pop-ulation growth in the Piedmont, a signicant part of therural area in this region is being transformed into sub-urbs with shopping centers, housing, and corporate of-ces. Agriculture is steadily declining in importance. Themajor rivers of the Piedmont, such as the Yadkin andCatawba, tend to be fast-owing, shallow, and narrow.The western section of the state is part of the AppalachianMountain range. Among the subranges of the Appalachi-ans located in the state are the Great Smoky Mountains,Blue Ridge Mountains, Great Balsam Mountains, andBlack Mountains. The Black Mountains are the high-est in the eastern United States, and culminate in MountMitchell at 6,684 feet (2,037 m)[11] the highest point eastof the Mississippi River. Although agriculture still re-mains important, tourism has become a dominant indus-try in the mountains. Growing Christmas trees has re-cently become an important industry as well. Because ofthe higher altitude, the climate in the mountains often dif-fers markedly from that of the rest of the state. Winterin western North Carolina typically features high snow-fall and subfreezing temperatures more akin to those of amidwestern state than of a southern state.North Carolina has 17 major river basins. The basinswest of the Blue Ridge Mountains ow to the Gulf ofCullasaja Falls in Macon CountyMexico (via the Ohio and then the Mississippi River). Allthe others owto the Atlantic Ocean. Of the 17 basins, 11originate within the state of North Carolina, but only fourare contained entirely within the states border the CapeFear, the Neuse, the White Oak, and the Tar-Pamlicobasin.[12]1.1 ClimateMain article: Climate of North CarolinaThe geographical divisions of North Carolina are usefulSnow in Old Fort, North Carolina caused by the 2009 Blizzardwhen discussing the climate of the state.Theclimateofthecoastal plainisinuencedbytheAtlantic Ocean, which keeps conditions mild in winter1.1 Climate 3Graveyard Fields in autumnA rainy day at Charlotte Motor Speedwayand moderate, although humid, in summer.The highestcoastal, daytime temperature averages less than 89 F (32C) during summer months. The coast has mild temper-atures in winter, with daytime highs rarely below 40 F(4 C). The average daytime temperature in the coastalplain is usually in the mid-50s F (1114 C) in winter.Temperatures in the coastal plain only occasionally dropbelow the freezing point at night. The coastal plain aver-ages only around 1 inch (2.5 cm) of snow or ice annually,and in many years, there may be no snow or ice at all.The Atlantic Ocean has less inuence on the climateof the Piedmont region, which has hotter summers andcolder winters than in the coast. Daytime highs in thePiedmont often reach over 90 F (32 C) in the summer.While it is not common for the temperature to reach over100 F (38 C) in the state, such temperatures, when theyoccur, typically are found only in the lower-elevation ar-eas of the Piedmont and far-inland areas of the coastalplain. The weaker inuence of the Atlantic Ocean alsomeans that temperatures in the Piedmont often uctuatemore widely than in the coast.In winter, the Piedmont is colder than the coast, with tem-peratures usually averaging in the upper 40slower 50sF (812 C) during the day and often dropping belowthe freezing point at night. The region averages around35 in (813 cm) of snowfall annually in the Charlottearea.The Piedmont is especially notorious for sleet andfreezing rain. Freezing rain can be heavy enough to snarltrac and break down trees and power lines. Annual pre-cipitation and humidity are lower in the Piedmont than inthe mountains or the coast, but even at its lowest, the av-erage is 40 in (1,020 mm) per year.The Appalachian Mountains are the coolest area of thestate, with temperatures averaging in the low 40s and up-per 30s F (63 C) for highs in the winter and falling intothe low 20s F (5 C) or lower on winter nights. Rela-tively cool summers have temperatures rarely rising above80 F (27 C). Average snowfall in many areas exceeds30 in (76 cm) per year, and can be heavy at the higher el-evations; for example, during the Blizzard of 1993 morethan 60 in (152 cm) of snow fell on Mount Mitchell overa period of three days. Mount Mitchell has received snowin every month of the year.Severe weather occurs regularly in North Carolina. Onthe average, a hurricane hits the state once a decade.Destructive hurricanes that have struck the state includeHurricane Fran, Hurricane Floyd, and Hurricane Hazel,the strongest storm to make landfall in the state,as aCategory 4 in 1954. Hurricane Isabel stands out as themost damaging of the 21st century.[13] Tropical stormsarrive every 3 or 4 years. In addition, many hurricanesand tropical storms graze the state. In some years, sev-eral hurricanes or tropical storms can directly strike thestate or brush across the coastal areas. Only Florida andLouisiana are hit by hurricanes more often. Althoughmany people believe that hurricanes menace only coastalareas, the rare hurricane which moves inland quicklyenough can cause severe damage; for example, in 1989,Hurricane Hugo caused heavy damage in Charlotte andeven as far inland as the Blue Ridge Mountains in thenorthwestern part of the state. On the average, NorthCarolina has 50 days of thunderstorm activity per year,with some storms becoming severe enough to producehail, ash oods, and damaging winds.North Carolina averages fewer than 20 tornadoes peryear, many of them produced by hurricanes or tropicalstorms along the coastal plain. Tornadoes from thunder-storms are a risk, especially in the eastern part of the state.The western Piedmont is often protected by the moun-tains, which tend to break up storms as they try to crossover; the storms will often re-form farther east. Also aweather phenomenon known as "cold air damming" of-ten occurs in the northwestern part of the state, which canalso weaken storms but can also lead to major ice eventsin winter.[14]In April 2011, the worst tornado outbreak in North Car-olinashistoryoccurred. Thirtyconrmedtornadoestouched down, mainly in the Eastern Piedmont and Sand-hills, killing at least 24 people. Damages in the capital ofRaleigh alone were over $115 million. Sanford and Fayet-teville received a similar degree of devastation.[15][16]4 2 HISTORY2 HistoryMain article: History of North CarolinaBefore A.D. 200,residents were building earthworkCeremony of Secotan warriors in North Carolina. Watercolourpainted by English colonist John White in 1585.A plaque to commemorate the rst indigenous person who wasconverted to Christianity, Manteo at the Roanoke Colonymounds, which were used for ceremonial and religiouspurposes. Succeeding peoples,including those of theancient Mississippian culture established by A.D. 1000in the Piedmont,continued to build or add onto suchmounds. In the 500700 years preceding European con-tact, the Mississippian culture built large, complex citiesand maintained far-ung regional trading networks. His-torically documented tribes in the North Carolina regionincluded the Carolina Algonquian-speaking tribes of thecoastal areas, such as the Chowanoke, Roanoke, Pamlico,Machapunga, Coree, CapeFear Indians, andothers,who were the rst to encounter the English; Iroquoian-speaking Meherrin, Cherokee and Tuscarora of the inte-rior; and Southeastern Siouan tribes, such as the Cheraw,Dr. M.T. Pope(after whomthePopeHouseMuseumwasnamed), a prominent citizen of Raleigh, 1900The North Carolina Museum of History, RaleighWaxhaw, Saponi, Waccamaw, and Catawba.Spanish colonial forces were the rst Europeans to makea permanent settlement in the area, when the Juan Pardo-led expedition built Fort San Juan in 1567 at the site ofthe Native American community of Joara, a Mississip-pian culture regional chiefdom in the western interior,near the present-day city of Morganton. The fort lastedonly 18 months; the local inhabitants killed all but one ofthe 120 men Pardo had stationed at a total of six forts inthe area.[22]In 1718, after losing his ship and appealing to the gov-ernor of North Carolina who promised safe-haven and a5pardon, the notorious pirate, Blackbeard (Edward Teach)was killed in an ambush by British soldiers.[23]NorthCarolinabecameoneof theEnglishThirteenColonies and with the territory of South Carolina wasoriginally known as the Province of Carolina. The north-ernandsouthernparts oftheoriginal provincesep-aratedin1729. Originallysettledbysmall farmers,sometimes having a few slaves, who were oriented to-wardsubsistenceagriculture, thecolonylackedcitiesor towns. Pirates menacedthe coastal settlements,but by 1718 the pirates had been captured and killed.Growth was strong in the middle of the 18th century, asthe economy attracted Scots-Irish, Quaker, English andGerman immigrants. The colonists generally supportedthe American Revolution, as the number of Loyalists wassmaller than in some other colonies.During colonial times, Edenton served as the state cap-ital beginning in 1722, and New Bern was selected asthe capital in 1766. Construction of Tryon Palace, whichserved as the residence and oces of the provincial gov-ernor William Tryon, began in 1767 and was completedin 1771. In 1788 Raleigh was chosen as the site of thenew capital, as its central location protected it from at-tacks from the coast. Ocially established in 1792 asboth county seat and state capital, the city was namedafter Sir Walter Raleigh, sponsor of Roanoke, the lostcolony on Roanoke Island.[24]North Carolina made the smallest per-capita contributionto the war of any state, as only 7,800 men joined theContinental Army under General George Washington; anadditional 10,000 served in local militia units under suchleaders as General Nathanael Greene.[25] There was somemilitary action, especially in 178081. Many Carolinianfrontiersmen had moved west over the mountains, into theWashington District (later known as Tennessee), but in1789, following the Revolution, the state was persuadedto relinquish its claim to the western lands. It ceded themto the national government so that the Northwest Terri-tory could be organized and managed nationally.After 1800, cotton and tobacco became important ex-port crops. The eastern half of the state, especially theTidewater region, developed a slave society based on aplantation system and slave labor. Many free people ofcolor migrated to the frontier along with their European-American neighbors, where the social system was looser.By 1810, nearly 3 percent of the free population consistedof free people of color, who numbered slightly more than10,000. The western areas were dominated by white fam-ilies, especially Scots-Irish, who operated small subsis-tence farms. In the early national period, the state becamea center of Jeersonian and Jacksonian democracy, witha strong Whig presence, especially in the West. After NatTurner's slave uprising in 1831, North Carolina and othersouthern states reduced the rights of free blacks. In 1835the legislature withdrew their right to vote.On May 20, 1861, North Carolina was the last of theConfederate states to declare secession from the Union,13 days after the Tennessee legislature voted for seces-sion. Some 125,000 North Carolinians served in the mil-itary; 20,000 were killed in battle, the most of any state inthe Confederacy, and 21,000 died of disease. The stategovernment was reluctant to support the demands of thenational government in Richmond, and the state was thescene of only small battles.With the defeat of the Confederacy in 1865, theReconstruction Era began. The United States abolishedslavery without compensation to slaveholders or repara-tions to freedmen. A Republican Party coalition of blackfreedmen, northern carpetbaggers and localscalawagscontrolled state government for three years. The whiteconservative Democrats regained control of the state leg-islature in 1870, in part by Ku Klux Klan violence andterrorism at the polls, to suppress black voting. Repub-licans were elected to the governorship until 1876, whenthe Red Shirts, a paramilitary organization that arose in1874 and was allied with the Democratic Party, helpedsuppress black voting. More than 150 black Americanswere murdered in electoral violence in 1876.Democrats were elected to the legislature and governorsoce, but the Populists attracted voters displeased withthem. In 1896 a biracial, Populist-Republican Fusion-ist coalition gained the governors oce. The Democratsregained control of the legislature in 1896 and passedlaws to impose Jim Crow and racial segregation of pub-lic facilities. Voters of North Carolinas 2nd congres-sional district elected a total of four African-Americancongressmen through these years of the late 19th century.Political tensions ran so high that a small group of whiteDemocrats in 1898 planned to take over the Wilmingtongovernment if their candidates were not elected. In theWilmington Insurrection of 1898, more than 1,500 whitemen attacked the black newspaper and neighborhood,killed numerous men, and ran o the white Republicanmayor and aldermen. They installed their own people andelected Alfred M. Waddell as mayor, in the only coupd'tat in United States history.[26]In 1899 the state legislature passed a new constitution,with requirements for poll taxes and literacy tests for voterregistration which disfranchised most black Americans inthe state.[27] Exclusion from voting had wide eects: itmeant that black Americans could not serve on juries orin any local oce. After a decade of white supremacy,many people forgot that North Carolina had ever hadthriving middle-class black Americans.[28] Black citizenshad no political voice in the state until after the federalCivil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965were passed to enforce their constitutional rights. It wasnot until 1992 that another African American was electedas a US Representative from North Carolina.As in the rest of the former Confederacy, North Car-olina had become a one-party state, dominated by theDemocratic Party. Impoverished by the Civil War, the6 2 HISTORYstate continued with an economy based on tobacco, cot-ton and agriculture. Towns and cities remained few in theeast. A major industrial base emerged in the late 19thcentury in the western counties of the Piedmont, basedon cotton mills established at the fall line. Railroads werebuilt to connect the new industrializing cities. The statewas the site of the rst successful controlled, poweredand sustained heavier-than-air ight, by the Wright broth-ers, near Kitty Hawk on December 17, 1903. In the rsthalf of the 20th century, many African Americans left thestate to go North for better opportunities, in the Great Mi-gration. Their departure changed the demographic char-acteristics of many areas.North Carolina was hard hit by the Great Depression, butthe New Deal programs of Franklin D. Roosevelt for cot-ton and tobacco signicantly helped the farmers. AfterWorld War II, the states economy grew rapidly, high-lighted by the growth of such cities as Charlotte, Raleigh,and Durham in the Piedmont. Raleigh,Durham,andChapel Hill form the Research Triangle,a major areaof universities and advanced scientic and technical re-search. In the 1990s, Charlotte became a major regionaland national banking center. Tourism has also been aboon for the North Carolina economy as people ock tothe Outer Banks coastal area and the Appalachian Moun-tains anchored by Asheville.By the 1970s, spurred in part by the increasingly leftwardtilt of national Democrats and rightward tilt of nationalRepublicans, conservative whites began to vote for Re-publican national candidates and gradually for more Re-publicans locally although Democrats have held the gov-ernors oce in all but three elections since 1901. TheGreensboro Sit-ins played a crucial role in the Civil RightsMovement to bring full and equal equality to Americanblacks. Since the 1965 Civil Rights Act and Voting RightsAct under President Lyndon Johnson in which no Sena-tors or Congressmen from North Carolina voted in favorfor, black Americans have aliated with and consistentlyelected ocials of the Democratic Party.[29]2.1 NativeAmericans, lost colonies, andpermanent settlementSee also: Native Americans in the United States, Joaraand Roanoke IslandNorth Carolina was inhabited for thousands of yearsbysucceedingcultures of prehistoricindigenous cul-tures. Before 200 AD, they were building earthworkmounds, which were used for ceremonial and religiouspurposes. Succeeding peoples,including those of theancient Mississippian culture established by 1000 ADin the Piedmont, continued to build or add on to suchmounds. In the 500700 years preceding European con-tact, the Mississippian culture built large, complex citiesand maintained far-ung regional trading networks. Itslargest city was Cahokia, located in present-day IllinoisMap of the coast of Virginia and North Carolina, drawn 15851586 by Theodor de Bry, based on map by John White of theRoanoke Colonynear the Mississippi River.HistoricallydocumentedtribesintheNorthCarolinaregion include the Carolina Algonquian-speaking tribesof the coastal areas, such as the Chowanoke, Roanoke,Pamlico, Machapunga, Coree, and Cape Fear Indians,whoweretherst encounteredbytheEnglish; theIroquoian-speaking Meherrin, Cherokee, and Tuscaroraof the interior; and Southeastern Siouan tribes, such asthe Cheraw, Waxhaw, Saponi, Waccamaw, and Catawba.Spanish explorers traveling inland in the 16th century metMississippian culture people at Joara, a regional chiefdomnear present-day Morganton. Records of Hernando deSoto attested to his meeting with them in 1540. In 1567Captain Juan Pardo led an expedition to claim the areafor the Spanish colony and to establish another route toprotect silver mines in Mexico. Pardo made a winter baseat Joara, which he renamed Cuenca. His expedition builtFort San Juan and left a contingent of 30 men there, whilePardo traveled further, and built and garrisoned ve otherforts. He returned by a dierent route to Santa Elena onParris Island, South Carolina, then a center of SpanishFlorida. In the spring of 1568, natives killed all but oneof the soldiers and burned the six forts in the interior,including the one at Fort San Juan. Although the Span-ish never returned to the interior, this eort marked therst European attempt at colonization of the interior ofwhat became the United States. A 16th-century jour-nal by Pardos scribe Bandera and archaeological ndingssince 1986 at Joara have conrmed the settlement.[30][31]In1584, ElizabethIgrantedachartertoSirWalterRaleigh, for whom the state capital is named, for land inpresent-day North Carolina (then part of the territory ofVirginia).[32] It was the second American territory whichthe English attempted to colonize. Raleigh establishedtwo colonies on the coast in the late 1580s, but both failed.The fate of the "Lost Colony" of Roanoke Island remainsone of the most widely debated mysteries of Americanhistory. Virginia Dare, the rst English child to be born2.2 Colonial period and Revolutionary War 7John White returns to nd the colony abandoned.in North America, was born on Roanoke Island on Au-gust 18, 1587; Dare County is named for her.As early as 1650, settlers fromthe Virginia colony movedinto the area of Albemarle Sound. By 1663, King CharlesII of England granted a charter to start a newcolony on theNorth American continent; it generally established NorthCarolinas borders. He named it Carolina in honor of hisfather Charles I.[33] By 1665, a second charter was issuedto attempt to resolve territorial questions. In 1710, owingto disputes over governance, the Carolina colony began tosplit into North Carolina and South Carolina. The latterbecame a crown colony in 1729.In the 1700s, a series of smallpox epidemics swept theSouth, causing high fatalities among the Native Ameri-cans, who had no immunity to the new disease (it hadbecome endemic in Europe).[34] According to the histo-rian Russell Thornton, The 1738 epidemic was said tohave killed one-half of the Cherokee, with other tribes ofthe area suering equally.[35]2.2 Colonial period and RevolutionaryWarSee also:Province of Carolina, Province of North Car-olina and American Revolutionary WarAfter the Spanish in the 16th century, the rst perma-nent European settlers of North Carolina were Englishcolonists who migrated south from Virginia. The latterhad grown rapidly and land was less available. NathanielBatts was documented as one of the rst of these Vir-ginian migrants. He settled south of the Chowan Riverand east of the Great Dismal Swamp in 1655.[36]By1663, thisnortheasternareaoftheProvinceofCar-olina, known as the Albemarle Settlements, was under-going full-scale English settlement.[37] During the sameperiod, the English monarch Charles II gave the provinceto the Lords Proprietors, a group of noblemen who hadhelped restore Charles to the throne in 1660. The newprovince of Carolina was named in honor and mem-ory of King Charles I (Latin: Carolus). In 1712, NorthCarolina became a separate colony. Except for the EarlGranville holdings, it became a royal colony seventeenReconstructed royal governors mansion Tryon Palace in NewBernyears later.[38]Dierences in the settlement patterns of eastern and west-ern North Carolina, or the Low Country and uplands,aected the political,economic,and social life of thestate from the 18th until the 20th century. The Tide-water in eastern North Carolina was settled chiey byimmigrants from rural England and the Scottish High-lands. The upcountry of western North Carolina was set-tled chiey by Scots-Irish, English, and German Protes-tants, the so-called "cohee". Arriving during the mid-to late 18th century, the Scots-Irish from what is todayNorthern Ireland were the largest non-English immigrantgroup before the Revolution; English indentured servantswere overwhelmingly the largest immigrant group prior tothe Revolution.[39][40][41][40][41][42] During the AmericanRevolutionary War, the English and Highland Scots ofeastern North Carolina tended to remain loyalto theBritishCrown, becauseoflongstandingbusinessandpersonal connections with Great Britain. The English,Welsh, Scots-Irish, and German settlers of western NorthCarolina tended to favor American independence fromBritain.Most of the English colonists had arrived as indenturedservants, hiring themselves out as laborers for a xed pe-riod to pay for their passage. In the early years the linebetween indentured servants and African slaves or labor-ers was uid.Some Africans were allowed to earn theirfreedom before slavery became a lifelong status. Most ofthe free colored families formed in North Carolina be-fore the Revolution were descended from unions or mar-riages between free white women and enslaved or freeAfrican or African-American men. Because the moth-ers were free, their children were born free. Many hadmigrated or were descendants of migrants from colo-nial Virginia.[43] As the ow of indentured laborers tothe colony decreased with improving economic condi-tions in Great Britain, planters imported more slaves, andthe states legal delineations between free and slave sta-tus tightened, eectively hardening the latter into a racialcaste. The economys growth and prosperity was based8 2 HISTORYon slave labor, devoted rst to the production of tobacco.On April 12, 1776, the colony became the rst to in-struct its delegates to the Continental Congress to votefor independence from the British Crown, through theHalifax Resolves passed by the North Carolina Provin-cial Congress. The dates of bothof these eventsarememorializedonthestateagandstateseal.[44]Throughout the Revolutionary War, erce guerrilla war-fare erupted between bands of pro-independence and pro-British colonists. In some cases the war was also anexcuse to settle private grudges and rivalries. A ma-jor American victory in the war took place at KingsMountain along the North CarolinaSouth Carolina bor-der; on October 7, 1780, a force of 1000 mountain menfrom western North Carolina (including what is today thestate of Tennessee) overwhelmed a force of some 1000British troops led by Major Patrick Ferguson. Most ofthe soldiers ghting for the British side in this battle wereCarolinians who had remained loyal to the Crown (theywere called Tories or Loyalists). The American vic-tory at Kings Mountain gave the advantage to colonistswho favored American independence, and it preventedthe British Army from recruiting new soldiers from theTories.1st Maryland Regiment holding the line at the Battle of GuilfordThe road to Yorktown and Americas independence fromGreat Britain led through North Carolina. As the BritishArmymovednorthfromvictoriesinCharlestonandCamden, South Carolina, the Southern Division of theContinental Armyandlocal militiapreparedtomeetthem. Following General Daniel Morgan's victory overthe British Cavalry Commander Banastre Tarleton at theBattle of Cowpens on January 17, 1781, southern com-mander Nathanael Greene led British Lord Charles Corn-wallis across the heartland of North Carolina, and awayfrom the latters base of supply in Charleston, South Car-olina. This campaign is known as The Race to the Danor The Race for the River.[38]In the Battle of Cowans Ford, Cornwallis met resistancealong the banks of the Catawba River at Cowans Fordon February 1, 1781, in an attempt to engage GeneralMorgans forces during a tactical withdrawal.[45] Morganhad moved to the northern part of the state to combinewith General Greenes newly recruited forces. GeneralsGreene and Cornwallis nally met at the Battle of Guil-ford Courthouse in present-day Greensboro on March 15,1781. Although the British troops held the eld at the endof the battle, their casualties at the hands of the numeri-cally superior Continental Army were crippling. Follow-ing this "Pyrrhic victory", Cornwallis chose to move tothe Virginia coastline to get reinforcements, and to al-low the Royal Navy to protect his battered army. Thisdecision would result in Cornwalliseventual defeat atYorktown, Virginia, later in 1781. The Patriots victorythere guaranteed American independence.2.3 Antebellum periodOnNovember21, 1789, NorthCarolinabecamethetwelfth state to ratify the Constitution.In 1840, it com-pleted the state capitol building in Raleigh, still standingtoday. Most of North Carolinas slave owners and largeplantations were located in the eastern portion of the state.Although North Carolinas plantation system was smallerand less cohesive than that of Virginia, Georgia, or SouthCarolina, signicant numbers of planters were concen-trated in the counties around the port cities of Wilming-ton and Edenton, as well as suburban planters around thecities of Raleigh, Charlotte, and Durhamin the Piedmont.Planters owning large estates wielded signicant politicaland socio-economic power in antebellumNorth Carolina,which was a slave society. They placed their interestsabove those of the generally non-slave-holding yeomanfarmers of western North Carolina. In mid-century, thestates rural and commercial areas were connected by theconstruction of a 129-mile (208 km) wooden plank road,known as a farmers railroad, from Fayetteville in theeast to Bethania (northwest of Winston-Salem).[38]Map of the roads and railroads of North Carolina, 1854Besides slaves, there were a number of free people ofcolor in the state. Most were descended fromfree AfricanAmericans who had migrated along with neighbors fromVirginia during the 18th century. The majority were thedescendants of unions in the working classes betweenwhite women, indentured servants or free, and African2.4 American Civil War 9men, indentured, slave or free.[46] After the Revolution,Quakers and Mennonites worked to persuade slavehold-ers to free their slaves. Some were inspired by their ef-forts and the language of the Revolution to arrange formanumission of their slaves. The number of free peopleof color rose markedly in the rst couple of decades afterthe Revolution.[47]On October 25, 1836, construction began on theWilmington and Raleigh Railroad[48] to connect the portcity of Wilmington with the state capital of Raleigh. In1849 the North Carolina Railroad was created by act ofthe legislature to extend that railroad west to Greensboro,High Point, and Charlotte. During the Civil War, theWilmington-to-Raleigh stretch of the railroad would bevital to the Confederate war eort; supplies shipped intoWilmington would be moved by rail through Raleigh tothe Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia.During the antebellum period,North Carolina was anoverwhelmingly rural state, even by Southern standards.In 1860 only one North Carolina town, the port cityof Wilmington, had a population of more than 10,000.Raleigh, the state capital, had barely more than 5,000 res-idents.While slaveholding was slightly less concentrated thanin some Southern states, according to the 1860 census,more than 330,000 people, or 33% of the populationof 992,622, were enslaved African Americans.[49] Theylived and worked chiey on plantations in the easternTidewater. In addition, 30,463 free people of color livedin the state.[49] They were also concentrated in the east-ern coastal plain, especially at port cities such as Wilm-ington and New Bern, where a variety of jobs were avail-able. Free African Americans were allowed to vote until1835,when the state revoked their surage in restric-tions following the slave rebellion of 1831 led by NatTurner. Southern slave codes criminalized willful killingof a slave in most cases.[50]2.4 American Civil WarMain article: North Carolina in the American Civil WarFurther information: American Civil WarIn 1860, North Carolina was a slave state, in which aboutone-third of the population was enslaved. This was asmaller proportion than in many Southern states. Thestate did not vote to join the Confederacy until PresidentAbraham Lincoln called on it to invade its sister state,South Carolina, becoming the last or second-to-last stateto ocially join the Confederacy. The title of last tojoin the Confederacy has been disputed; although Ten-nessees informal secession on May 7, 1861, precededNorth Carolinas ocial secession on May 20,[51][52] theTennessee legislature did not formally vote to secede untilJune 8, 1861.[53]North Carolina was the site of few battles, but it providedthe Confederacy with at least 125,000 troops, which is farUnion captures Fort Fisher, 1865.more than any other state did. Approximately 40,000 ofthose troops died: more than half of disease, the remain-der from battleeld wounds and from starvation. NorthCarolina also supplied about 15,000 Union troops.[54]Elected in 1862, Governor Zebulon Baird Vance tried tomaintain state autonomy against Confederate PresidentJeerson Davis in Richmond.Confederate soldier Silent Sam, University of North Carolina atChapel Hill by John WilsonAfter secession, some North Carolinians refused to sup-port the Confederacy. Some of the yeoman farmers inthe states mountains and western Piedmont region re-mained neutral during the Civil War, while some covertlysupported the Union cause during the conict. Approxi-mately 2,000 North Carolinians from western North Car-olina enlisted in the Union Army and fought for the Northin the war. Two additional Union Army regiments wereraised in the coastal areas of the state, which were oc-cupied by Union forces in 1862 and 1863. Numerousslaves escaped to Union lines, where they became essen-tially free.10 3 DEMOGRAPHICSConfederatetroopsfromall partsofNorthCarolinaservedinvirtuallyall themajorbattlesoftheArmyof Northern Virginia, the Confederacys most famousarmy. The largest battle fought in North Carolina was atBentonville, which was a futile attempt by ConfederateGeneral Joseph Johnston to slow Union General WilliamTecumseh Sherman's advance through the Carolinas inthe spring of 1865.[38] In April 1865,after losing theBattle of Morrisville, Johnston surrendered to Sherman atBennett Place, in what is today Durham. North Carolinasport city of Wilmington was the last Confederate port tofall to the Union, in February 1865, after the Union wonthe nearby Second Battle of Fort Fisher, its major defensedownriver.Bennett Place historic site in DurhamThe rst Confederate soldier to be killed in the Civil Warwas Private Henry Wyatt from North Carolina,in theBattle of Big Bethel in June 1861. At the Battle of Get-tysburg in July 1863, the 26th North Carolina Regimentparticipated in Pickett/Pettigrews Charge and advancedthe farthest into the Northern lines of any Confederateregiment. During the Battle of Chickamauga, the 58thNorth Carolina Regiment advanced farther than any otherregiment on Snodgrass Hill to push back the remainingUnion forces from the battleeld. At Appomattox CourtHouse in Virginia in April 1865, the 75th North Car-olina Regiment, a cavalry unit, red the last shots of theConfederate Army of Northern Virginia in the Civil War.For many years, North Carolinians proudly boasted thatthey had been First at Bethel, Farthest at Gettysburg andChickamauga, and Last at Appomattox.3 DemographicsMain article: Demographics of North CarolinaThe United States Census Bureau estimates that the pop-ulation of North Carolina was 9,943,964 on July 1, 2014,a 4.28% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[3]Of the people residing in North Carolina, 58.5% wereborn in North Carolina, 33.1% were born in another USstate, 1.0% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island ar-eas,or born abroad to American parent(s),and 7.4%were born in another country.[56]As of 2011, 49.8%of North Carolinas population younger than age 1 wereminorities.[57]3.1 Race and ethnicityDemographics of North Carolina covers the varietiesof ethnic groups that reside in North Carolina, along withthe relevant trends.The states racial composition in the 2010 Census:[58]White: 68.5% (65.3% non-Hispanic white, 3.2%White Hispanic)Black or African American: 21.5%Asian American: 2.2%Native Hawaiian and other Pacic Islander: 0.1%Some other race: 4.3%Multiracial American: 2.2%Latino and Hispanic American of any race: 8.4%3.2 LanguagesAs of 2010, 89.66% (7,750,904) of North Carolina resi-dents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primarylanguage, while 6.93% (598,756) spoke Spanish, 0.32%(27,310) French, 0.27% (23,204) German, and Chinese(which includes Mandarin) was spoken as a main lan-guage by 0.27% (23,072) of the population over the ageof ve. In total, 10.34% (893,735) of North Carolinaspopulation age 5 and older spoke a mother language otherthan English.[62]3.3 ReligionNorth Carolina residents, like those of other Southernstates, since the colonial era have historically been over-whelmingly Protestant, rst Anglican, then Baptist andMethodist. By the late 19th century, the largest Protes-tant denomination was the Baptist.After the Civil War,black Baptists left white churches to set up their own in-dependent congregations, and developed their own stateand national associations, to be free of white supervision.While the Baptists in total (counting both blacks andwhites) have maintained the majority in this part of thecountry(knownastheBibleBelt), thepopulationinNorth Carolina practices a wide variety of faiths, includ-ing Judaism, Islam, Baha'i, Buddhism, and Hinduism. Asof 2010 the Southern Baptist Church was the biggest de-nomination, with 4,241 churches and 1,513,000 mem-bers; the second largest was the United Methodist11Church, with 660,000 members and 1,923 churches. Thethird was the Roman Catholic Church, with 428,000members in 190 congregations.The fourth greatest wasthe Presbyterian Church (USA), with 186,000 membersand 710 congregations; this denomination was brought byScots-Irish immigrants who settled the backcountry in thecolonial era.[66]The state also has a special history with the MoravianChurch, as settlers of this faith (largely of German origin)found a home in the Winston-Salem area in the 18th and19th centuries. Presbyterians, historically Scots-Irish,have had a strong presence in Charlotte and in ScotlandCounty.Currently, the rapid inux of northerners and immigrantsfrom Latin America is steadily increasing ethnic and re-ligious diversity: the number of Roman Catholics andJews in the state has increased, as well as general religiousdiversity. The second-largest Protestant denominationin North Carolina after Baptist traditions is Methodism,which is strong in the northern Piedmont, especially inpopulous Guilford County. There are also a substantialnumber of Quakers in Guilford County and northeast-ern North Carolina. Many universities and colleges in thestate have been founded on religious traditions, and somecurrently maintain that aliation, including:[67]The state also has several major seminaries, including theSoutheastern Baptist Theological Seminary in Wake For-est, and the Hood Theological Seminary (AME Zion) inSalisbury.3.4 Major citiesIn 2014, the US Census Bureau released 2013 populationestimate counts for North Carolinas cities with popula-tions above 70,000. Charlotte has the largest population,while Raleigh has the highest population density of NorthCarolinas largest cities.[68]3.5 Largest combined statistical areasCharlotte skylineNorth Carolina has three major Combined Statistical Ar-eas with populations of more than 1.6 million (U.S. Cen-sus Bureau 2012 estimates):[70]Metrolina: CharlotteGastoniaSalisbury, NorthCarolina-South Carolina population 2,452,619[70]The Triangle: RaleighDurhamChapel Hill, NorthCarolina population 2,037,430[70]The Triad: GreensboroWinston-SalemHighPoint, North Carolina population 1,611,243[70]4 EconomyMain article: Economy of North CarolinaSee also: North Carolina locations by per capita incomeAccording to a Forbes article written in 2013 Employ-ment in the Old North State has gained many dier-ent industry sectors.See the following article summary:science, technology, energy and math, or STEM, indus-tries in the area surrounding North Carolinas capital havegrown 17.9 percent since 2001, placing Raleigh-Cary atNo. 5 among the 51 largest metro areas in the countrywhere technology is booming. In 2010 North Carolinastotal gross state product was $424.9 billion,[71] while thestate debt in November 2012, according to one source,totalled US$2.4bn,[72] while according to another, was in2012 US$57.8bn.[73] In 2011 the civilian labor force wasat around 4.5 million with employment near 4.1 million.The working population is employed across the majoremployment sectors. The economy of North Carolinacovers 15 metropolitan areas.[74] In 2010, North Carolinawas chosen as the third-best state for business by ForbesMagazine, and the second-best state by Chief ExecutiveOcer Magazine.[75]5 TransportationMain article: Transportation in North CarolinaTransportation systems in North Carolina consist of air,water, road, rail, and public transportation including in-tercity rail via Amtrak and light rail in Charlotte. NorthCarolina has the second-largest state highway system inthe country as well as the largest ferry system on the eastcoast.[76]NorthCarolinas airports serve destinations through-out the United States and international destinations inCanada, Europe, Central America, and the Caribbean.In 2013 Charlotte Douglas International Airport rankedas the 23rd busiest airport in the world.[77]North Carolina has a growing passenger rail system withAmtrak serving most major cities. Charlotte is also hometo North Carolinas only light rail system known as theLynx.12 7 EDUCATIONA North Carolina license plate.6 Government and politicsMain articles: Government of North Carolina and Politicsof North CarolinaThe government of North Carolina is divided into threeNorth Carolina State Legislative Buildingbranches: executive, legislative, and judicial. These con-sist of the Council of State (led by the Governor), thebicameral legislature (called the General Assembly), andthe state court system (headed by the North CarolinaSupreme Court). The state constitution delineates thestructure and function of the state government. NorthCarolina has 13 seats in the U.S. House of Representa-tives and two seats in the U.S. Senate.North Carolinas party loyalties have undergone a se-ries of important shifts in the last few years: While the2010 midterms saw Tar Heel voters elect a bicameralRepublican majority legislature for the rst time in overa century, North Carolina has also become a Southernswing state in presidential races. Since Southern Demo-crat Jimmy Carter's comfortable victory in the state in1976, the state had consistently leaned Republican inpresidential elections until Democrat Barack Obama nar-rowly won the state in 2008. In the 1990s, DemocratBill Clinton came within a point of winning the state in1992 and also only narrowly lost the state in 1996. In theearly 2000s, Republican George W. Bush easily won thestate by over 12 points, but by 2008, demographic shifts,population growth, and increased liberalization in heavilypopulated areas such as the Research Triangle, Charlotte,Greensboro, Winston-Salem, Fayetteville, and Asheville,propelled Barack Obama to victory in North Carolina,the rst Democratic win in the state since 1976. In 2012,North Carolina was again considered a competitive swingstate, with the Democrats even holding their 2012 Demo-cratic National Convention in Charlotte. However, Re-publican Mitt Romney ultimately eked out a 2-point winin North Carolina, the only 2012 swing state that Obamalost, and one of only two states (along with Indiana) to ipfrom Obama in 2008 to the GOP in 2012.In 2012, the state also elected a Republican Governor(Pat McCrory) and Lieutenant Governor (Dan Forest) forthe rst time in more than two decades, while also givingthe Republicans veto-proof majorities in both the StateHouse of Representatives and the State Senate. SeveralU.S. House of Representatives seats also ipped control,with the Republicans holding nine seats to the Democratsfour.7 Education7.1 Primary and secondary educationSee also: List of school districts in North Carolina andList of high schools in North CarolinaElementaryandsecondarypublicschools areover-A lesson at Kituwah Academy on the Qualla Boundary in NorthCarolina. Thelanguageimmersionschool, operatedbytheEastern Band of Cherokee Indians, teaches the same curriculumas other state primary schools, but the Native American Cherokeelanguage is the medium of instruction from pre-school on up andstudents learn it as a rst language. Such schools have proven in-strumental in the preservation and perpetuation of the Cherokeelanguage.seen by the North Carolina Department of Public In-struction. The North Carolina Superintendent of Pub-licInstructionisthesecretaryoftheNorthCarolinaState Board of Education, but the board, rather thanthe superintendent, holds most of the legal authority for7.2 Colleges and universities 13making public education policy. In 2009,the boardschairman also became the chief executive ocer forthe states school system.[98][99] North Carolina has 115publicschool systems,[100]eachofwhichisoverseenby a local school board. A county may have one ormore systems within it. The largest school systems inNorth Carolina are the Wake County Public School Sys-tem,Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools,Guilford CountySchools, Winston-Salem/ForsythCountySchools, andCumberland County Schools.[101]In total there are2,425 public schools in the state, including 99 charterschools.[100] North Carolina Schools were segregated un-til the Brown v. Board of Education trial and the releaseof the Pearsall Plan.7.2 Colleges and universitiesFurther information:List of colleges and universities inNorth Carolina and List of universities in North Carolinaby enrollmentIn 1795, North Carolina opened the rst public univer-sity in the United Statesthe University of North Car-olina (now named the University of North Carolina atChapel Hill). More than 200 years later, the Universityof North Carolina system encompasses 17 public univer-sities including North Carolina State University, NorthCarolina A&T State University, North Carolina CentralUniversity, the University of North Carolina at ChapelHill, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro,East Carolina University, Western Carolina University,Winston-Salem State University, the University of NorthCarolina at Asheville, the University of North Carolinaat Charlotte, the University of North Carolina at Pem-broke, UNC Wilmington, Elizabeth City State Univer-sity, and Fayetteville State University, UNC School ofthe Arts, and Appalachian State University.[102] Alongwith its public universities, North Carolina has 58 pub-lic community colleges in its community college sys-tem.The largest university in North Carolina is currentlyNorth Carolina State University, with more than 34,000students.[103] North Carolina is home to many excellentuniversities as well as dozens of community colleges andprivate universities.Duke Chapel at Duke UniversityOld Well at UNC-Chapel HillMemorial Bell Tower at NC StateWait Chapel at Wake Forest University14 8 SPORTSThe Joyner Library clock tower at East Carolina Univer-sityThe New Quad at UNC CharlotteThe Fountain at University of North Carolina at Greens-boroNorth Carolina is also home to many well-known pri-vate colleges and universities, including Duke Uni-versity, Wake Forest University, Pfeier University,Lees-McRaeCollege, DavidsonCollege, BartonCol-lege, North Carolina Wesleyan College, Elon University,Guilford College, Livingstone College, Salem College,ShawUniversity (the rst historically black college or uni-versity in the South), Laurel University, Meredith Col-lege, Methodist University, Belmont Abbey College (theonly Catholic college in the Carolinas), Campbell Uni-versity,University of Mount Olive,Montreat College,High Point University, Lenoir-Rhyne University (the onlyLutheran university in North Carolina) and Wingate Uni-versity.8 SportsMain article: Sports in North CarolinaNorthCarolinaishometothreemajorleaguesportsfranchises: the Carolina Panthers of the National Foot-ball League and the Charlotte Hornets of the NationalBasketball Association are based in Charlotte, while theRaleigh-based Carolina Hurricanes play in the NationalHockey League. The Hurricanes are the only major pro-fessional team from North Carolina to have won a leaguechampionship, having captured the Stanley Cup in 2006.Also included but not Majorly known would be the Char-lotte Hounds of the Major League LacrosseWhile North Carolina has no Major League Baseballteam, it does have numerous minor league baseball teams,with the highest level of play coming from the AAA-aliated Charlotte Knights and Durham Bulls. Addi-tionally, North Carolina has minor league teams in otherteamsports including soccer and ice hockey, most notablythe Carolina RailHawks and Charlotte Checkers, both ofwhich play in the second tier of their respective sport.In addition to professional team sports, North Carolinahas a strong aliation with NASCAR and stock-car rac-ing, with Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord host-ingtwoSprint CupSeries races everyyear. Char-lotte also hosts the NASCAR Hall of Fame, while Con-cord is the home of several top-ight racing teams, in-cluding Hendrick Motorsports,Roush Fenway Racing,Richard Petty Motorsports, Stewart-Haas Racing, andChip Ganassi Racing. Numerous other tracks aroundNorth Carolina host races from low-tier NASCAR cir-cuits as well.Golf is a popular summertime leisure activity, and NorthCarolina has hosted several important professional golftournaments. Pinehurst Resort in Pinehurst has hosteda PGA Championship, Ryder Cup, and two U.S. Opentournaments. The Wells Fargo Championship is a regularstop on the PGATour and is held at Quail HollowClub inCharlotte, while the Wyndham Championship is playedannually in Greensboro.College sports are also popular in North Carolina, with18schools competingat theDivisionI level. TheAtlantic Coast Conference (ACC) is headquartered inGreensboro, and both the ACC Football ChampionshipGame (Charlotte) and the ACC Mens Basketball Tour-nament (Greensboro) were most recently held in NorthCarolina. College basketball in particular is very popu-lar, buoyed by the Tobacco Road rivalries between Duke,North Carolina, North Carolina State, and Wake Forest.The Belk Bowl is a post-season college football game heldannually in Charlottes Bank of America Stadium, featur-ing teams from the ACC and the Southeastern Confer-ence. Additionally, the state has hosted the NCAA MensBasketball Final Four on two occasions, in Greensboro in1974 and in Charlotte in 1994.159 TourismThe Biltmore Estate, AshevilleEvery year the Appalachian Mountains attract severalmillion tourists to the Western part of the state, includ-ing the historic Biltmore Estate. The scenic Blue RidgeParkway and Great Smoky Mountains National Park arethe two most visited national park and unit in the UnitedStates with over 25 million visitors in 2013.[104] The Cityof Asheville is consistently voted as one of the top placesto visit and live in the United States, known for its rich artdeco architecture, mountain scenery and outdoor activi-ties, and liberal and happy residents.[105][106]In Raleigh many tourists visit the Capital, African Amer-ican Cultural Complex, Contemporary Art Museum ofRaleigh, Gregg Museumof Art &Design at NCSU,Haywood Hall House &Gardens, Marbles Kids Museum,North Carolina Museum of Art, North Carolina Mu-seumof History, North Carolina Museumof Natural Sci-ences, North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame, Raleigh CityMuseum, J. C. Raulston Arboretum, Joel Lane House,Mordecai House, Montfort Hall, and the Pope House Mu-seum. The Carolina Hurricanes NHL hockey teamis alsolocated in the city.In the Charlotte area, amenities include the Carolina Pan-thers NFL football team and Charlotte Hornets basket-ball team, Carowinds amusement park, Charlotte Mo-tor Speedway, U.S. National Whitewater Center, and theDiscovery Place. Nearby Concord has the Great WolfLodge and Sea Life Aquarium.In the Conover Hickory area, Hickory Motor Speedway,RockBarn Golf and Spa, home of the Greater HickoryClassic at Rock Barn; Catawba County Fireghters Mu-seum, and SALT Block attract many tourists to Conover.Hickory which has Valley Hills Mall.The Piedmont Triad, or center of the state, is home toKrispy Kreme, Mayberry, Texas Pete, the Lexington Bar-becue Festival, and Moravian cookies. The internation-ally acclaimed North Carolina Zoo in Asheboro attractsvisitors to its animals, plants, and a 57-piece art collectionalong ve miles of shaded pathways in the worlds largest-land-area natural-habitat park. Seagrove, in the centralportion of the state, attracts many tourists along PotteryHighway (NC Hwy 705). MerleFest in Wilkesboro at-tracts more than 80,000 people to its four-day music fes-tival; and Wet 'n Wild Emerald Pointe water park inGreensboro is another attraction.The Outer Banks and surrounding beaches attract mil-lions of people to the Atlantic beaches every year.10 RecreationThe Blue Ridge Mountains of the Shining Rock Wilderness AreaA lone swimmer at Carolina Beach (2012)North Carolina provides a large range of recreational ac-tivities, from swimming at the beach[107] to skiing in themountains. North Carolina oers fall colors, freshwaterand saltwater shing, hunting, birdwatching, agritourism,ATV trails,ballooning,rock climbing,biking,hiking,skiing, boating and sailing, camping, canoeing, caving(spelunking), gardens, and arboretums. North Carolinahas theme parks, aquariums, museums, historic sites,lighthouses, elegant theaters, concert halls, and ne din-ing.[108]North Carolinians enjoy outdoor recreation utilizingnumerous local bike paths, 34state parks, and14national parks. National ParkServiceunits includethe Appalachian National Scenic Trail, the Blue Ridge16 11 ARTS AND CULTURECape Hatteras National Seashore near Avon, NCParkway, Cape Hatteras National Seashore, Cape Look-out National Seashore, Carl Sandburg Home NationalHistoric Site at Flat Rock, Fort Raleigh National His-toric Site at Manteo, Great Smoky Mountains NationalPark, GuilfordCourthouseNational MilitaryParkinGreensboro, Moores CreekNational BattleeldnearCurrie in Pender County, the Overmountain Victory Na-tional Historic Trail, Old Salem National Historic Sitein Winston-Salem, the Trail of Tears National HistoricTrail, and Wright Brothers National Memorial in KillDevil Hills.National Forests include Uwharrie NationalForest in central North Carolina, Croatan National Forestin Eastern North Carolina, Pisgah National Forest in thenorthern mountains, and Nantahala National Forest in thesouthwestern part of the state.11 Arts and cultureMain article: Culture of North CarolinaNorth Carolina has rich traditions in art, music, and cui-sine. The nonprot arts and culture industry generates$1.2 billion in direct economic activity in North Carolina,supporting more than 43,600 full-time equivalent jobsand generating $119 million in revenue for local govern-ments and the state of North Carolina.[109] North Car-olina established the North Carolina Museum of Art asthe rst major museum collection in the country to beformed by state legislation and funding[110] and contin-ues to bring millions into the NC economy.[111] Also seethis list of museums in North Carolina.One of the more famous arts communities in the stateis Seagrove, the handmade-pottery capital of the U.S.,where artisans create handcrafted pottery inspired by thesame traditions that began in this community more than200yearsago. Withnearly100shopsandgalleriesscattered throughout the area, visitors can nd every-thing from traditional tableware to folk and collectible artpieces and historical reproductions.11.1 MusicMain article: Music of North CarolinaNorthCarolinaboastsalargenumberofnoteworthyjazz musicians, some among the most important in thehistory of the genre. These include: John Coltrane,(Hamlet, High Point); Thelonious Monk (Rocky Mount);BillyTaylor(Greenville); WoodyShaw(Laurinburg);Lou Donaldson (Durham); Max Roach (Newland); TalFarlow (Greensboro); Albert,Jimmy and Percy Heath(Wilmington); Nina Simone (Tryon); and Billy Strayhorn(Hillsborough).Fiddlin' Bill Hensley, mountain ddler, Asheville, 1937North Carolina is also famous for its tradition of old-timemusic, and many recordings were made in the early 20thcentury by folk-song collector Bascom Lamar Lunsford.Musicians such as the North Carolina Ramblers helpedsolidify the sound of country music in the late 1920s,while the inuential bluegrass musician Doc Watson alsohailed from North Carolina. Both North and South Car-olina are hotbeds for traditional rural blues, especially thestyle known as the Piedmont blues.Ben Folds Five originated in Winston-Salem, and BenFolds still records and resides in Chapel Hill.The British band Pink Floyd is named, in part, afterChapel Hill bluesman Floyd Council.The Research Triangle area has long been a well-knowncenter for folk, rock, metal, jazz and punk.[112] JamesTaylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song"CarolinainMyMind"hasbeencalledanunocialanthemforthestate.[113][114][115]Otherfamousmusi-cians from North Carolina include J. Cole, Shirley Cae-sar, Roberta Flack, Clyde McPhatter, Nnenna Freelon,Jimmy Herring, Michael Houser, Eric Church, FutureIslands, RandyTravis, RyanAdams, RonnieMilsap,Anthony Hamilton, and The Avett Brothers.Metal and punk acts such as Corrosion of Conformity,11.3 Cuisine and agriculture 17Between the Buried and Me, and Nightmare Sonata arenative to North Carolina.EDM producer Porter Robinson hails from Chapel Hill.North Carolina is the home of moreAmericanIdol -nalists than any other state: Clay Aiken (season two),Fantasia Barrino (season three), Kellie Pickler (seasonve), BuckyCovington(seasonve), ChrisDaughtry(season ve), Anoop Desai (season eight), Scotty Mc-Creery (season ten), and Caleb Johnson (season thirteen).In the mountains, the Brevard Music Center hosts choral,orchestral, and solo performances during its annual sum-mer schedule.Also, see the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame.11.2 ShoppingNorth Carolina has a variety of shopping choices.SouthPark Mall in Charlotte is currently the largest inthe Carolinas, with almost 2.0 million square feet. OthermajormallsinCharlotteincludeNorthlakeMall andCarolina Place Mall in nearby suburb Pineville. Othermajor malls throughout the state include Hanes Mall inWinston-Salem; Crabtree Valley Mall, North Hills Mall,and Triangle Town Center in Raleigh; Friendly Centerand Four Seasons Town Centre in Greensboro; Oak Hol-lowMall in High Point; Concord Mills in Concord; ValleyHills Mall in Hickory; and The Streets at Southpoint andNorthgate Mall in Durham and Independence Mall inWilmington, NC.11.3 Cuisine and agriculture2008 Lexington Barbecue FestivalA culinary staple of North Carolina is pork barbecue.There are strong regional dierences and rivalries overthe sauces and methods used in making the barbecue.The common trend across Western North Carolina is theuse of premium grade Boston butt. Western North Car-olina pork barbecue uses a tomato-based sauce, and onlythe pork shoulder (dark meat) is used. Western NorthCarolina barbecue is commonly referred to as Lexingtonbarbecue after the Piedmont Triad town of Lexington,homeoftheLexingtonBarbecueFestival, whichat-tracts over 100,000 visitors each October.[116][117] East-ern North Carolina pork barbecue uses a vinegar-and-red-pepper-based sauce and the whole hog is cooked,thus integrating both white and dark meat.Krispy Kreme, an international chain of doughnut stores,was started in North Carolina; the companys headquar-ters are in Winston-Salem. Pepsi-Cola was rst pro-duced in 1898 in New Bern. A regionalsoft drink,Cheerwine, was created and is stillbased in the cityof Salisbury. Despite its name, the hotsauce TexasPete was created in North Carolina; its headquarters arealso in Winston-Salem. The Hardees fast-food chainwas started in Rocky Mount. Another fast-food chain,Bojangles, was started in Charlotte, and has its corporateheadquarters there. A popular North Carolina restau-rant chain is Golden Corral. Started in 1973, the chainwas founded in Fayetteville, with headquarters located inRaleigh. Popular pickle brand Mount Olive Pickle Com-pany was founded in Mount Olive in 1926. Fast casualburger chain Hwy 55 Burgers, Shakes & Fries also makesits home in Mount Olive. Cook Out, a popular fast-foodchain featuring burgers, hot dogs, and milkshakes in awide variety of avors, was founded in Greensboro in1989 and has begun expanding outside of North Carolina.Over thelast decade, NorthCarolinahas becomeacultural epicenterandhavenforinternationallyprize-winning wine (Noni Bacca Winery), internationallyprized cheeses (Ashe County), L'institut Internationalaux Arts Gastronomiques: Conquerront Les Yanks lesTrues, January 15, 2010 international hub for trues(Garland Trues), and beer making, as tobacco land hasbeen converted to grape orchards while state laws reg-ulating alcohol content in beer allowed a jump in ABVfrom6%to 15%. The Yadkin Valley in particular has be-come a strengthening market for grape production, whileAsheville recently won the recognition of being named'Beer City USA.' Asheville boasts the largest breweriesper capita of any city in the United States. Recognizedand marketed brands of beer in North Carolina includeHighland Brewing, Duck Rabbit Brewery, Mother EarthBrewery, Weeping Radish Brewery, Big Boss Brewing,Foothills Brewing, Carolina Brewing Company, Loner-ider Brewing, and White Rabbit Brewing Company.Tobacco was one of the rst major industries to developafter the Civil War. Many farmers grew some tobacco,and the invention of the cigarette made the product es-pecially popular. Winston-Salem is the birthplace of R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJR), founded by R. J.Reynolds in 1874 as one of 16 tobacco companies in thetown. By 1914 it was selling 425 million packs of Camelsa year. Today it is the second-largest tobacco company inthe U.S. (behind Altria Group). RJRis an indirect whollyowned subsidiary of Reynolds American Inc., which in18 11 ARTS AND CULTUREturn is 42% owned by British American Tobacco.[118]11.4 Ships named for the stateUSS North Carolina on permanent display in WilmingtonFurther information: USS North CarolinaSeveral ships have been named after the state. MostfamousistheUSSNorthCarolina, aWorldWar IIbattleship. The ship served in several battles against theforces of Imperial Japan in the Pacic theater during thewar. Now decommissioned, it is part of the USS NorthCarolina Battleship Memorial in Wilmington. AnotherUSSNorthCarolina, a nuclear attack submarine, wascommissioned in Wilmington, NC, on May 3, 2008.[119]11.5 State parksMain article: List of North Carolina state parksThe state maintains a group of protected areas known asthe North Carolina State Park System, which is man-aged by the North Carolina Division of Parks & Recre-ation (NCDPR), an agency of the North Carolina De-partment of Environment and Natural Resources (NC-DENR).11.6 State symbolsCardinal, North Carolina state birdDogwood, North Carolina state owerMain article: List of North Carolina state symbolsState motto: Esse quam videri (To be, rather thanto seem) (1893)State song: "The Old North State" (1927)State ower: Dogwood (1941)State bird: Cardinal (1943)State colors: The red and blue of the N.C. and U.S.ags (1945)State toast: "The Tar Heel Toast" (1957)State tree: Pine (1963)[120]State shell: Scotch bonnet (1965)State mammal: Eastern gray squirrel (1969)State salt water sh: Red drum (also known as thechannel bass) (1971)State insect: European honey bee (1973)State gemstone: Emerald (1973)19State reptile: Eastern box turtle (1979)State rock: Granite (1979)State beverage: Milk (1987)State historical boat: Shad boat (1987)State language: English (1987)State dog: Plott Hound (1989)State military academy: Oak Ridge MilitaryAcademy (1991)State tartan: Carolina Tartan (1991)[121]State vegetable: Sweet potato (1995)State red berry: Strawberry (2001)State blue berry: Blueberry (2001)State fruit: Scuppernong grape (2001)State wildower: Carolina lily (2003)State Christmas tree: Fraser r (2005)State carnivorous plant: Venus ytrap (2005)State folk dance: Clogging (2005)State popular dance: Carolina shag (2005)State birthplace of traditional pottery: The Sea-grove area (2005)State sport: NASCAR (2011)[122]11.7 Armed forces installationsTroopers of the 82nd Airborne Division training on Fort Bragg,March 2011Fort Bragg,near Fayetteville and Southern Pines,is alarge and comprehensive military base and is the head-quarters of the XVIII Airborne Corps, 82nd Airborne Di-vision, and the U.S. Army Special Operations Command.Serving as the air wing for Fort Bragg is Pope Field, alsolocated near Fayetteville.Located in Jacksonville, Marine Corps Base Camp Leje-une, combined with nearby bases Marine Corps Air Sta-tion (MCAS) Cherry Point, MCAS New River, CampGeiger, Camp Johnson, Stone Bay and Courthouse Bay,makes up the largest concentration of Marines and sailorsin the world. MCAS Cherry Point is home of the 2ndMarine Aircraft Wing.Located in Goldsboro, SeymourJohnson Air Force Base is home of the 4th Fighter Wingand 916th Air Refueling Wing. One of the busiest airstations in the United States Coast Guard is located at theCoast Guard Air Station in Elizabeth City. Also stationedin North Carolina is the Military Ocean Terminal SunnyPoint in Southport.12 See alsoIndex of North Carolina-related articlesOutline of North Carolina organized list of topicsabout North Carolina13 References[1] North Carolina. Modern Language Association. Re-trieved August 11, 2012.[2] North Carolina Climate and Geography. NC Kids Page.North Carolina Department of the Secretary of State.May 8, 2006. Retrieved November 7, 2006.[3] Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population forthe United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April1, 2010 to July 1, 2014 (CSV). U.S. Census Bureau. De-cember 31, 2014. Retrieved December 31, 2014.[4] Median Household Income, from U.S.Census Bureau(from 2007 American Community Survey), U.S. CensusBureau. Retrieved April 9, 2009.[5] Elevations and Distances in the United States. UnitedStates Geological Survey. 2001. Retrieved October 24,2011.[6] Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of1988.[7] The Industrial History of North Carolina: A ResearchGuide. Retrieved November 3, 2010.[8] TheGrowthofResearchTrianglePark(PDF). Re-trieved November 3, 2010.[9] Mount Mitchell State Park " History. Retrieved Novem-ber 7, 2010.[10] Blackbeards Queen Annes Revenge Coming Back toBeaufort. Beach Carolina Magazine. March 30, 2011.[11] Elevations and Distances in the United States. U.S Ge-ological Survey. April 29, 2005. Retrieved November 6,2006.20 13 REFERENCES[12] River Basin Interactive Map. NC Oce of Environ-mental Education. Archived from the original on April11, 2014. Retrieved June 10, 2014.[13] JohnHairr, The Great Hurricanes of NorthCarolina(2008) pp 139150[14] NOAA National Climatic Data Center.Retrieved Oc-tober 24, 2006.[15] NC residents band together after killer storms. News &Observer. April 21, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2011.[16] Tornado outbreak is NCs most active on record. News& Observer. April 22, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2011.[17] NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data. NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved De-cember 16, 2011.[18] NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data. NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved De-cember 4, 2012.[19] NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data. NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration. RetrievedApril 14, 2012.[20] NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data. NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration. RetrievedFebruary 8, 2012.[21] NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data. NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration. RetrievedFebruary 26, 2012.[22] Constance E. Richards, Contact and Conict, Ameri-can Archaeologist, Spring 2008, p.14. Retrieved June 26,2008.[23] History.com.[24] North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources.Capitol History. Retrieved May 16, 2013.[25] Milton Ready, The Tar Heel State: AHistory of North Car-olina (U. of South Carolina Press, 2005) pp 116, 120[26] Chapter 5, 1898 Wilmington Race Riot Commission Re-port, North Carolina Dept. of Cultural Resources[27] Richard H. Pildes, Democracy, Anti-Democracy, andthe Canon, Constitutional Commentary, Vol.17, 2000, p.27. Retrieved March 10, 2008[28] Pildes (2000), Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and theCanon, pp.1213[29] https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/h182[30] Patrick Gibbs; Moore, David G.; Beck, Jr., Robin A.;Rodning, Christopher B. (March 2004).Joara and FortSan Juan:culture contact at the edge of the world. 78,No. 229,. Antiquity.ac.uk. Retrieved July 24, 2011.[31] Constance E. Richards, Contact and Conict WarrenWilson College, AmericanArchaeologist, Spring 2008.Retrieved June 26, 2008.[32] Randinelli, Tracey. Tanglewood Park.Orlando, Florida:Harcourt. p. 16. ISBN 0-15-333476-2.[33] North Carolina State Library North Carolina History.Statelibrary.dcr.state.nc.us. Retrieved July 24, 2011.[34] Cherokee Indians. Uncpress.unc.edu. November 16,1919. Retrieved July 24, 2011.[35] Russell Thornton (1990) American Indian Holocaust andSurvival: A Population History since 1492, University ofOklahoma Press. p.79. ISBN 0-8061-2220-X[36] Fenn and Wood, Natives and Newcomers, pp. 2425[37] Powell, North Carolina Through Four Centuries, p. 105[38] Leer and Newsome, (1973)[39] Bethune, Lawrence E. Scots to Colonial North CarolinaBefore 1775. Lawrence E. Bethunes M.U.S.I.C.s Project.[40] Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 Table 3a Persons Who Reported a Single Ancestry Group for Re-gions, Divisions and States (PDF). Retrieved May 11,2012.[41] Table 1. ''Type of Ancestry Response for Regions, Divi-sions and States: 1980 (PDF). Retrieved May 11, 2012.[42] Indentured Servitude in Colonial America. Webcita-tion.org. Retrieved May 11, 2012.[43] Paul Heinegg, ''Free African Americans in Vir-ginia, NorthCarolina, SouthCarolina, MarylandandDelaware''". Freeafricanamericans.com. Retrieved July24, 2011.[44] The Great Seal of North Carolina. Netstate.com. Re-trieved September 12, 2006.[45] Stonestreet, Ottis C. IV, The Battle of Cowans Ford: Gen-eral Davidsons Stand on the Catawba River and its placein North Carolina History (CreateSpace Publishing 2012)ISBN 978-1-4680-7730-8 p. 3.[46] Paul Heinegg, Free African Americans in Virginia, NorthCarolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware, 2005[47] John Hope Franklin, FreeNegroes ofNorthCarolina,17891860, Chapel Hill: University of North CarolinaPress, 1941, reprint, 1991[48] NC Business History Railroads. Historync.org. Re-trieved July 24, 2011.[49] Historical Census Browser:Census Data for Year 1860.University of Virginia Library. 2004. Retrieved June 26,2014.[50] Morris,Thomas D. (1999). Southern Slavery and theLaw, 1619-1860. University of North Carolina Press. p.172. ISBN 0807864307.[51] Center for Civic Education Lincoln Bicentennial withSupplemental Lesson: Timeline. Civiced.org. RetrievedJuly 24, 2011.[52] Highlights: Secession. Docsouth.unc.edu. RetrievedJuly 24, 2011.21[53] Today in History: June 8. Memory.loc.gov. April 9,1959. Retrieved July 24, 2011.[54] Civil War Facts About North Carolina. Classbrain.com.Retrieved July 24, 2011.[55] Resident Population Data. Resident Population Data 2010 Census. 2010.census.gov. Retrieved December 22,2012.[56] American FactFinder Results[57] Exner, Rich (June 3, 2012). Americans under age 1 nowmostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot.The Plain Dealer.[58] 2010 Census (PDF). US Census. Retrieved August 21,2011.[59] Population Division, Laura K. Yax. Historical CensusStatistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990,and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The UnitedStates, Regions, Divisions, and States. Retrieved January5, 2015.[60] Population of North Carolina: Census 2010 and 2000 In-teractive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts[61] Center for New Media and Promotions(C2PO). 2010Census Data. Retrieved January 5, 2015.[62] North Carolina. Modern Language Association. Re-trieved August 16, 2013.[63] Cherokee. Ethnologue. Retrieved April 11, 2014.[64] Pewforum.org[65] http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf[66] North Carolina: Religious Traditions. State Member-shipReport. AssociationofReligiousDataArchives.2010. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013.Retrieved June 10, 2014.[67] Whitsell, Robin(February26, 2008). Religiously-AliatedNorthCarolinaColleges. CarolinaParent.Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Re-trieved June 10, 2014.[68] City & Towns Totals: Vintage 2011 U.S Census Bu-reau. Census.gov. Retrieved August 23, 2012.[69] North Carolina (USA): State,Major Cities,Towns &Places.City Population.February 19, 2011.RetrievedJuly 13, 2015.[70] Population Estimates 2013 Combined Statistical Areas:April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012. U.S. Census Bureau. Re-trieved March 14, 2013.[71] GDP by State. Greyhill Advisors. Retrieved September7, 2011.[72] Local & North Carolina state news from Raleigh, NC -NewsObserver.com. Retrieved January 5, 2015.[73] statedatalab.org: The 19th worst state, Truth in Ac-counting[74] Economy at a Glance.For North Carolina.U.S. Bureauof Labor Statistics. 2011.[75] Site Selection Rankings. Greyhill Advisors. RetrievedOctober 17, 2011.[76] NC Department of Transportation Article: North Car-olinas Future Rides on Us. NC Department of Trans-portation. Retrieved September 22, 2012.[77] Worlds busiest airports by passenger trac#2013 statis-tics[78] 2014 Senatorial General Election Results. Dave LeipsAtlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved December10, 2014.[79] 2012 Gubernatorial General Election Results. DaveLeips Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved De-cember 10, 2014.[80] 2012 Presidential General Election Results. Dave LeipsAtlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved December10, 2014.[81] 2010 Senatorial General Election Results. Dave LeipsAtlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved December10, 2014.[82] 2008 Gubernatorial General Election Results. DaveLeips Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved De-cember 10, 2014.[83] 2008 Presidential General Election Results. Dave LeipsAtlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved December10, 2014.[84] 2008 Senatorial General Election Results. Dave LeipsAtlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved December10, 2014.[85] 2004 Gubernatorial General Election Results. DaveLeips Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved De-cember 10, 2014.[86] 2004 Presidential General Election Results. Dave LeipsAtlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved December10, 2014.[87] 2004 Senatorial General Election Results. Dave LeipsAtlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved December10, 2014.[88] 2002 Senatorial General Election Results. Dave LeipsAtlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved December10, 2014.[89] 2000 Gubernatorial General Election Results. DaveLeips Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved De-cember 10, 2014.[90] 2000 Presidential General Election Results. Dave LeipsAtlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved December10, 2014.[91] 1998 Senatorial General Election Results. Dave LeipsAtlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved December10, 2014.22 14 PRIMARY SOURCES[92] 1996 Gubernatorial General Election Results. DaveLeips Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved De-cember 10, 2014.[93] 1996 Presidential General Election Results. Dave LeipsAtlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved December10, 2014.[94] 1996 Senatorial General Election Results. Dave LeipsAtlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved December10, 2014.[95] 1992 Gubernatorial General Election Results. DaveLeips Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved De-cember 10, 2014.[96] 1992 Presidential General Election Results. Dave LeipsAtlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved December10, 2014.[97] 1992 Senatorial General Election Results. Dave LeipsAtlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved December10, 2014.[98] North Carolina Public Schools. Ncpublicschools.org.Retrieved January 31, 2012.[99] News & Observer: Perdues choice to lead states schoolsystem takes oce[100] NC Public School Facts. Ncpublicschools.org. Re-trieved July 24, 2011.[101] North Carolina School District Demographics.Proximi-tyone.com. Retrieved July 12, 2013.[102] The University of North Carolina. Our 17 Institutions.Retrieved January 5, 2012.[103] NCSU. About NC State:Discovery begins at NC State.Retrieved January 5, 2012.[104] https://irma.nps.gov/Stats/SSRSReports/Park%20Specific%20Reports/Monthly%20Public%20Use?Park=BLRI[105] http://www.ashevilleguidebook.com/asheville/asheville-information/asheville.htm[106] http://holykaw.alltop.com/the-united-states-happiest-places-infographic[107] igovacation.com. igovacation.com. Retrieved July 12,2013.[108] What To Do Across North Carolina. VisitNC.com.2006. Archived from the original on December 1, 2006.Retrieved December 18, 2006.[109] North Carolina Arts Council.[110] North Carolina Museum of Art Museum Backgrounder(PDF).[111] N.C. Museum of Art: Rembrandt Exhibit Pumped $13Million Into Wake County Economy. SGR Today.[112] Unterberger, Richie(1999). Music USA: The RoughGuide. The Rough Guides. ISBN 1-85828-421-X.[113] Hey, James Taylor You've got a ... bridge?". RomeNews-Tribune. May 21, 2002. Retrieved June 28, 2009.[114] Hoppenjans, Lisa (October 2, 2006). You must forgivehim if hes .... The News & Observer. Retrieved June 28,2009.[115] Waggoner, Martha (October 17, 2008). James Taylorto play 5 free NC concerts for Obama. USAToday.Associated Press. Retrieved June 28, 2009.[116] Garner, Bob (2007). Bob Garners Guide to North Car-olina Barbecue. John F. Blair, Publisher. ISBN 978-0-89587-254-8.[117] Craig, H. Kent (2006). What is North Carolina-StyleBBQ?". ncbbq.com. Retrieved February 15, 2010.[118] Nannie M. Tilley, The R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company(2009)[119] USS North Carolina 'brought to life' again. WRAL-TV.May 3, 2008. Retrieved February 4, 2010.[120] General Assembly of North Carolina. Retrieved Febru-ary 5, 2015.[121] Secretary of State of North Carolina. Retrieved July 24,2011.[122] NASCAR made North Carolinas ocial state sport.SportingNews.com. Retrieved January 26, 2012.14 Primary sourcesLeer, Hugh (numerous editions since 1934).NorthCarolinaHistoryToldbyContemporaries .University of North Carolina Press.Jones, H.G.(1984). NorthCarolinaIllustrated,15241984. University of North Carolina Press.North Carolina Manual. Published biennially by theDepartment of the Secretary of State since 1941.The Religion in North Carolina Digital Collection.A grant-funded project to provide digital access topublications of and about religious bodies in NorthCarolina. Partner institutions at Duke University,UNC-Chapel Hill, and Wake Forest University con-tributed the largest portion of the items in this col-lection, but the collection is enriched by unique ma-terials from libraries and archives throughout NorthCarolina. The materials in this collection include lo-cal church histories, periodicals, clergy biographies,cookbooks, event programs, directories, and muchmore.2315 Further readingJames, Clay; Orr, Douglas, eds. (1971). North Car-olina Atlas: Portrait of a Changing Southern State.Christensen, Rob (2008). The Paradox of Tar HeelPolitics. Chapel Hill: University of North CarolinaPress.Cooper, ChristopherA.; Knotts, H. Gibbs, eds.(2008). The New Politics of North Carolina. ChapelHill: University of North Carolina Press.Crow; Jerey J.; Tise,Larry E. (1979). WritingNorth Carolina History. Online.Eamon, Tom (2014). TheMakingofaSouthernDemocracy: North Carolina Politics from Kerr ScotttoPat McCrory. Chapel Hill, NC: University ofNorth Carolina Press.Fleer, Jack D. (1994). North Carolina Government& Politics. Online political science textbook.Hawks, Francis L. (1857). History of North Car-olina, Volumes I and II.Kersey,Marianne M.; Coble,Ran,eds. (1989).North Carolina Focus: An Anthology on State Gov-ernment, Politics, and Policy. 2d ed. Raleigh: NorthCarolina Center for Public Policy Research.Leer, Hugh Talmage (1963).A Guide to the Studyand Reading of North Carolina History. Online.Leer, Hugh Talmage; Newsome, Albert Ray(1954, 1963, 1973). North Carolina: The Historyof a Southern State. Standard textbook.Link, William A. (2009). North Carolina: Changeand Tradition in a Southern State. History by leadingscholar.Luebke, Paul (1990). Tar Heel Politics: Myths andRealities.Powell, William S. (197988). Dictionary of NorthCarolina Biography. Vol. 1, A-C; vol. 2, D-G; vol.3, H-K.Powell, William S. (1958). North Carolina Fiction,17341957: An Annotated Bibliography.Powell, William S. (1989). North Carolina throughFour Centuries. Standard textbook.Powell, William S.; Mazzocchi, Jay, eds. (2006).Encyclopedia of North Carolina.Ready, Milton. (2005). The Tar Heel State: A His-tory of North Carolina.Thuesen, Sarah Caroline. (2013). GreaterThanEqual: African American Struggles for Schools andCitizenship in North Carolina, 1919-1965. ChapelHill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.WPA Federal Writers Project (1939). North Car-olina: A Guide to the Old North State. Famous WPAguide to every town.16 External linksGeneralWineries, Restaurants and Tourism in the stateNorth Carolina at DMOZHistoryNorth Carolina State Guide,from the Library ofCongressThe Guardian: US nearly detonated atomic bombover North Carolina secret documentGovernment and educationNorth Carolina state governmentNorth Carolina state libraryEnergy & Environmental Data for North CarolinaUSGS real-time, geographic, and other scientic re-sources of North CarolinaNorth Carolina facts from US Department of Agri-culture ERSNorth Carolina Court System ocial siteNorth Carolina facts from US Census BureauNC ECHO North Carolina Exploring CulturalHeritage OnlineNorth Carolina Collection, University of North Car-olina at Chapel HillGreen 'N' Growing: The History of Home Demon-stration and 4-H Youth Development in North Car-olina hosted by NCSU Libraries Special Collec-tions Research CenterNC Oce of Archives and HistoryCommemorative Landscapes of North CarolinaDriving Through Time: The Blue Ridge Parkway inNorth CarolinaThe Religion in North Carolina Digital Collection24 16 EXTERNAL LINKSOtherGeographic data related to North Carolina atOpenStreetMapCoordinates: 3530N 8000W / 35.5N 80W2517 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses17.1 Text NorthCarolina Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina?oldid=675016323 Contributors: The Epopt, Mav, RobLa, Tri-malchio, BenBaker, Danny, Sfmontyo, PierreAbbat, Bigzachattack, SimonP, DavidLevinson, Zoe, Jaknouse, Isis~enwiki, Montrealais,Youandme, Mrwojo, Edward, Ubiquity, JohnOwens, Fred Bauder, Pnm, MartinHarper, Wapcaplet, Ixfd64, Gaurav, Sannse, Fwappler,Looxix~enwiki, TUF-KAT, Notheruser, Angela, Jebba, Peter Kaminski, Big iron, Efghij, John K, Stephenw32768, Jengod, Smith03,Jerwrog, Dysprosia, Lou Sander, WhisperToMe, Zoicon5, Selket, Steinsky, Radiojon, SatyrTN, Tpbradbury, Morwen, Nv8200pa, Edg2s, Head, JonathanDP81, Flockmeal, Pollinator, Jni, Bearcat, Robbot, Ke4roh, Dale Arnett, Je8765, KeithH, Romanm, 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