NORTH AFRICA AND SOUTHWEST ASIA

•Grouped together due to common physical characteristics, histories, and cultural beliefs

•Naming the Region•Dry World•Arab World•Islamic World•Middle East

•Earliest cities recorded around Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

•Rich soil and water source

•Birthplace of civilization

FERTILE CRESCENT

Mesopotamia: ”Land Between the Two Rivers”

•Sahara •Largest in the world

•Arabian•Desertification

•Expansion of desert around the world

DESERTS

•Longest river in the world•Flows from higher elevation in south to Mediterranean in north

•Area of rich, fertile soil•Annual flooding

THE NILE RIVER

•Located between Iran and Arabian Peninsula

•Extension of Indian Ocean

•Discovery of oil transformed the region to area of commercial wealth

PERSIAN GULF

•Lowest point on Earth

•Highest salt content in the world•Desalinization

DEAD SEA

•Physical Factors•Cluster near water sources•Low-lying areas allow for agriculture

•Temperate/mild climate

SETTLEMENT FACTORS

•Human Factors•Access to resources, economic activity, transportation

•Homogeneity of society

SETTLEMENT FACTORS

Highest population density is located along the river banks (delta), 2 major centers are Cairo and Khartoum

Desert (dry)Water, fertile soils

NILE RIVER VALLEY

Higher population density along the east side of the Tigris River, city of Bagdad has high population density

Desert (dry), semi-desertWater, fertile soils

TIGIRIS-EUPHRATES RIVER VALLEY

Population centers include Qatar, the east coast of Oman, Kuwait, Abu Dhabi is a large population center

Desert 9arid)Oil and natural gas

PERSIAN GULF

Sparse population throughout most of the region, large population concentration in Morocco, Libya, and Algeria, and Egypt along the Mediterranean Sea

Desert (arid)Oil and natural gas

SAHARA

Sparse population. Most people rely on a nomadic way of life.

Desert (arid), semiarid Grasslands, small trees, farmland

SAHEL

Complete the last column of your chartFinish maps

TODAY

1. Why are the Red Sea and Suez Canal of strategic value in the region?

2. How did the presence of oil in the region change the region's importance in the global economy?

3. Which resource do you believe is more important in Southwest Asia- water or oil?

4. What agricultural products are raised in the coastal areas?

5. How do the two types of deserts in the region diff er from each other?

HOMEWORK QUIZ B

Dead SeaOasisSalt Flat Drip irrigationDesalinizationFossil WaterCrude OilRefinery Mecca IslamMosqueTheocratic

OPECDome of the rockPalestine Liberation

Organization (PLO)KurdsSunniShi’iteTaliban Stateless Nation

VOCABULARY

Crude Oil Oasis Desalinization

Drip Irrigation

Mosque Kurds

Refinery Islam Theocratic

Fossil Water

Dead Sea Taliban

Salt Flat Mecca OPEC Stateless Nation

MAJOR RELIGIONS OF THE MIDDLE EAST

• Islam• Judaism• Christianity

JUDAISM

Followers known as Jews Currently 14 million people practice Judaism

Worship God (called Yahweh) and follow his teachings Main laws & practi ce is found in the Torah

First 5 books of the Old Testament (Bible) Additional practices found in the Tenach and the 10 Commandments

BASIC HISTORY OF JEWISH FAITH

Divine covenant between God and Abraham in 2000 BCE

Prophet Moses led people to IsraelHoly city of Jerusalem

Founded by King David First temple built in Jerusalem but was

destroyed in 70 CE In 1948 the nation of Israel was created

as a Jewish state

JEWISH BELIEFS

Services held in synagogues on SaturdayBeliefs:

Consider themselves to be God’s Chosen People Believe that the Messiah will arrive in the future to lead all followers

to Jerusalem Strict Practices

Bar/Bat Mitzvah Food restricti ons

CHRISTIANITY

Followers known as Christians Over 2.1 billion followers

Worship God the Father (one God) Belief in the Holy Trinity

God, Son of God, Holy SpiritMain religious text is the Bible- the word of God

Consists of two parts: Old and New Testaments

CHRISTIAN HISTORY

Break off of Jewish faithLeader was Jesus Christ- man

believed to be the Son of God sent to save humanity from sins Jesus was crucified by the Roman

government circa 33 C.E.Aft er crucifi xion, one of the 12

disciples, Paul of Tarsus, built the structure of the church

Constanti ne adopted Christi anity for himself Eventually accepted as the offi cial

religion for Rome

CHRISTIAN BELIEFS

Services held in churches, mostly on SundayMany diff erent denominati ons

Roman Catholic Orthodox (Eastern, Greek, Russian) Protestants (include Baptists, Methodist, Lutheran, Amish, Anglican, etc.)

Holy Citi es- Jerusalem and BethlehemBeliefs

Faith in Jesus (Messiah) will lead to salvation and life in heaven

ISLAM

Followers known as Muslims 1.5 billion practice Islam

Worship Allah (the One True God) Believe that prophets have brought news from god, but reject the idea

of a saviorReligious Texts

Qur’an- the words of Allah Hadith- sayings from Muhammad

HISTORY OF ISLAM

Muhammad the Prophet founded the religion in 622 CE Creation of Islamic city- Medina Other Holy Cities- Mecca and Jerusalem

No true successor to lead the religion splitti ng into two major denominati ons Sunni follows the teachings of the Umayyad leaders Shi’a follow the teachings of Ali (closest male relative to

Muhammad) Islam spread through Middle East, Northern Africa, Spain

ISLAM- BELIEFS

Services are held on Friday at a mosqueFive Pillars of Islam

Shahada- declaration of faith Salat- daily prayer routine Zakat- tithe or alms (giving to the church) Sawm- period of fasting for purifi cation Hajj- journey to Mecca

Follow a strict code of law Shar ’ia

Food restricti ons Instructi ons on how to live life

Warm-up 1/22

1. What landmark is this?1. Egyptian Pyramids

2. Where is it located?1. Egypt, specifically, Giza located outside of Cairo

3. Which culture created it?1. Ancient Egyptians

4. Why/when was this landmark created? 1. 2630-2611 BC, they were originally built to protect the body of a dead Pharaoh

5. What defining characteristics of this landmark standout to you?

ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN CONFLICT

Centered around control of Jerusalem Land has been constantly fought over because of the fact that

it is a holy land for not only the Jewish faith but also IslamCity founded by Jewish King David in 1000 B.C.E.Muslim Arabic armies took control in 638 C.E. Nation of Palestine created and controlled by Islamic

Empires Crusades

Religious wars during Middle Ages

ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN CONFLICT

In 1948 the state of Israel was created by the United Nations Land taken from the nation of Palestine and split into two parts

but kept under the control of one nation

Palestinians feel like the land is rightfully theirs and refuse to recognize Jewish control

Jews feel like it is their land and were willing to share with Muslims until violence ensued.

ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN CONFLICT

West Bank is currently considered to belong to the Palestinians (not recognized as an independent nation)

Peace Talks have been taking place as recently as 2012.

LEBANON

HistoryCivil War 1975-1990

Christian vs Muslim Syria and USA sent in troops 1983 - Suicide attack on US embassy; another in October

killed 241 US troops. US troops withdrawn in 1984.Hezbollah - the Party of God

political and military organization in Lebanon made up mainly of Shia Muslims.

LEBANON

TodayWar is being fought between Lebanon and Syria over

border control and religion Government is currently controlled by a leader who was

put in place by Syria after the Civil WarHas many Palestinian refugees

AFGHANISTAN

1979-1989 Soviet occupationTaliban

Islamic religious students formed the group's main recruits

1996 it captured Kabul and instituted a strict Islamic regime

Gave Osama bin Laden (al Qaeda leader) safe haven

2001 UN coalition attacked Taliban

AFGHANISTAN

TodayElected President Hamid Karzai controls the nationUS trying to help institute a democratic government

IRAN

Government ruled by Supreme Leader Theocratic leader

History US backed Shah Reza Pahlavi during 1950s and 1960s Revolution led by Ruhollah Khomeini Led to Khomeini being named Ayatollah (Supreme Leader) Leader of Iran through Sharia law

IRAN

Today Has a Presidential system of government

President is under the lead of the Supreme Leader Repairing from Iran-Iraq War Tensions with the UN over nuclear weapons Poverty stricken and high unemployment rates set the

stage for the nation’s economy

IRAQ

History Ruled from 1958-2003 by military

dictatorship Saddam Hussein from 1979-2003

War between Iran and Iraq starting in 1980 Most fighting occurred over religious

beliefs Sunni vs. Shia

Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990

IRAQ

Today

Gulf Wars have resulted in oil issuesUnited States and British invasion in 2003 resulted in overthrow of Saddam Hussein

Issues with creation of a democratic government in Iraq

1. Why might water projects in Southwest Asia cause controversy?

2. How has the presence of large deposits of oil changed the lives of the people of the Arabian peninsula?

HOMEWORK QUIZ A

1. Why was the region of Southwest Asia important to colonial powers?

2. What impact has technology had on the supply of oil and water in the region?

HOMEWORK QUIZ B

MIDDLE EASTERN CULTURE

Struggle between tradition and modernity

Islam is often seen as both a religion and a lifestyle

Focus on:Honor (self-respect to self-pride) Equal treatment regardless of wealth, position, or rank.

Strong loyalty to extended family, friends, and locality

Expectation of solidarity.

SHA’RIA LAW

Code of law practiced in many Islamic nations Often just practiced regionally, not necessarily 100% in

control with governmentGoverns not only legislative issues but also personal

ways of living Some examples:

Rituals and worship Property and inheritance Contracts and trade Public Finance Crime Hygiene

SOCIAL NORMS AND CUSTOMS

Hygiene Cleansing body before entering

house of worship Using only right hand for eating

and drinkingRespect

Displaying the sole of one’s foot or touching someone with a foot

Taking shoes off at homes, mosques

No PDA Greeting elders before young Modest amount of personal

space Greeting with statement of

‘Peace Be with You’

HOSPITALITY AND EATING

Hospitality Accepting snacks/drinks when

offered Homes open at all times to

guests

Eating Etiquette: On ground Will use a common plate in some

occasions Pass using right hand

EATING REQUIREMENTS

Halal Eating Requirements: No:

Pork or pork by-products Animals that were dead prior to slaughter Birds of prey Alcohol Carnivorous animals No animal fat

Any animal that is slaughtered must be done in the name of Allah and face Mecca

CLOTHING

Men Must be covered from knees to waist in Islamic nations Most wear turbans or head-covers for both religious

purposes and to cover head from extreme heatWomen

Many women are not required to wear head-coverings but choose to do so for modesty

In some Islamic countries, women are expected to be covered fully with exception of hands and face

Stricter nations require everything to be covered Rationale is so women are not viewed in a sexual manner

TYPES OF VEIL

Hijab- head-covering used as a symbol of womanhood and modesty. Mostly associated with religion.

Khimar- long cape-like veil covers hair, neck, and shoulders

Chador- full body cloak worn in Iran

Niqab- veil attached to head-cover. Covers all but eyes.

Burqa- covers entire face and body with mesh screen to see

GENDER RELATIONS

Most societies are patriarchal Women expected to submit to both religion and men Men are considered the breadwinners and closer to religion Women were expected to have an escort when in public

Many still prefer arranged marriagesDivorce is not normally allowed

In some nations today, women are allowed to ask for a divorce

Tradition said that all a man had to do was say a ‘divorce code’

Men most of the time get the childrenEducational inequalities exist

Many women are not offered education of any sort

STATUS OF WOMEN

Women’s roles vary in different nationsPersian Gulf states- most women do not work outside of home, if they do its in all women institutions

In Egypt, women are allowed to file for divorce and travel overseas without approval

In Turkey, women wear Western clothes In Kuwait, women are allowed to vote In Saudi Arabia, women eat separate from men in public and can attend female only universities

Watch the video to practice for your map quiz!

WARM-UP 3/9