Normal fault: Tension Forces
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Transcript of Normal fault: Tension Forces
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K-W-LWHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT EARTHQUAKES?
IN YOUR NOTEBOOK: TAKE 3 MINUTES TO WRITE DOWN AS MUCH AS YOU KNOW.
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Normal fault: Tension Forces
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Reverse Fault: Compressional Forces
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Earthquake energy
Kinetic Energy: energy of motion
Potential Energy: Stored energy in an object that can be converted into kinetic energy.
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DO NOW: SILENTLY
1. Draw the fault below on your do now sheet and include the following information
• Name: _______
• The type of force: _____ (compressional or tension)
• Arrows showing direction of force movement:_____
2. How would you explain the cause of earthquakes to someone?
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WHAT CAUSES EARTHQUAKES?• Tectonic plates move past each other causing stress. Stress causes the rock to deform
• Elastic deformation – rock stretches then reaches a breaking point, releasing energy.
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Elasticity: The ability of a material to “rebound” into its original state after being deformed.
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ELASTIC REBOUND – DEFORMED ROCK GOES BACK TO ITS ORIGINAL SHAPE
http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC-102VisualsIndex.HTM
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PRIMARY WAVES (P WAVES)
• A type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground
• Rocks move in the same direction as the wave
• The first wave to arrive at epicenter after an earthquake
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SECONDARY WAVES (S WAVES)
• A type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side (at right angles)
http://daphne.meccahosting.com/~a0000e89/insideearth2.htm
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SURFACE WAVES• Cause the most damage
• Arrive after S and P waves
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SURFACE WAVES
• Move along the Earth’s surface
• Produces motion in the upper crust
• Motion can be up and down
• Motion can be around
• Motion can be back and forth
• Travel more slowly than S and P waves
• More destructive
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DO NOW: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN P AND S WAVES
P waves S waves
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DO NOW:
• Solve: How much more energy is released in a magnitude 8 earthquake than a magnitude 5?
SHOW YOUR MATH!
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COMPARING SEISMIC WAVES
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HOW SEISMOGRAPHS WORK
http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC-102VisualsIndex.HTM
the pendulum remains fixed as the ground moves beneath it
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TYPICAL SEISMOGRAM
http://isu.indstate.edu/jspeer/Earth&Sky/EarthCh11.ppt
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HOW DO SCIENTISTS CALCULATE HOW FAR A LOCATION IS FROM THE EPICENTER OF AN EARTHQUAKE?
Lag Time: • Scientists calculate the difference
between arrival times of the P waves and S waves
• The further away an earthquake is, the greater the time between the arrival of the P waves and the S waves
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LOCATING EARTHQUAKES
http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC-102VisualsIndex.HTM
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LOCATING EARTHQUAKES
http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC-102VisualsIndex.HTM
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LOCATING EARTHQUAKES
http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC-102VisualsIndex.HTM
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HOW ARE EARTHQUAKES MEASURED? RICHTER SCALE
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HOW ARE EARTHQUAKES MEASURED? MERCALLI INTENSITY SCALE
Click Link for Interactive Demo http://elearning.niu.edu/simulations/images/S_portfolio/Mercalli/Mercalli_Scale.swf
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1/11 Do Now: Record your observations about the scene below. Using terms from this week, explain what caused the damage.
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LOCATING EPICENTERS
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1/15 Do Now: Record your observations and thoughts about the map below. Describe in detail what you are seeing. Does it make sense?
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PRIMARY HAZARDS
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AFTERSHOCKS
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FOUNDATION FAILURE
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SECONDARY HAZARDS
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LIQUEFACTION
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LANDSLIDES
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FIRES
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TSUNAMIS - PACIFIC REGION WARNING SYSTEM
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"ONLY FOOLS, CHARLATANS, AND LIARS PREDICT EARTHQUAKES"
-CHARLES RICHTER
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NEW MADRID, MISSOURI1811, 1812
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PALEOSEISMOLOGY
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SEISMIC GAPS