Norfolk PatternBook

8/12/2019 Norfolk PatternBook

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ao v e r v i e w 3

A Patter n Book for Norfolk Neighborhoods

HISTORY & CHARACTER

The first page of every architectural stylesection begins with a brief description ofthe style and its history. Photos of rele-vant examples of the style in Norfolk havebeen documented and are shown alongwith the essential qualities of each style.A partial elevation drawing and measuredcross section relay the critical verticaldimensions and elements of the facade.

MASSING & COMPOSITION

This page describes the basic massingtypes or shapes of houses found in theNorfolk precedents for each architectur-al style. Each massing type is shown as athree-dimensional image with a corre-sponding elevation diagram showingpotential additions. The layout of roomsshould be designed to fit into the mass-ing types found within the particular styleyou are designing.The roof types are partof this overall massing description.

WINDOWS & DOORS

The window and door spacing is relatedto both the shape and the style of thehouse.Typical window and door compo-sitions are illustrated as part of the mass-ing illustrations for each style. Typicalwindow and door proportions, trimdetails and special window or door ele-ments are illustrated on a separate pagewithin each section.

PORCHES & CHIMNEYS

Porches are essential elements of thecharacter of many Norfolk neighbor-hoods.The location and design elementsof porches are covered on this page.Themassing of the front porch is specific toeach house type and distinct within a par-ticular style.

Chimneys are a key element in thecomposition of the elevation for some ofthe styles. Massing and details such aschimney caps are outlined on this page.

Identifying or selecting a porch Identifying or selecting a window

Character sketch of a Norfolk Arts & Crafts house

Material options example

MATERIALS & APPLICATIONS

This page of each style section in theArchitectural Patterns includes a list ofacceptable materials and their applica-tion. Also included on this page are hand-drawn elevation possibilitiescomposedusing elements described in the PatternBook to illustrate the end result achievedif one follows the guidelines of the Pat-tern Book.

GALLERY OF EXAMPLES

This last page of each style section con-tains both a collection of photos of Nor-folk houses in that style as well as detailphotos of porches, doors and windows.

STEP 6: Review the Material Man-

ufacturers List in the Appendix

Please review the list of material manu-facturers for items such as doors, win-dows, columns, and moldings. Keyed tothe appropriate architectural style, the list

can serve as a reference or resource whensearching for the appropriate buildingsupplies from local sources.

STEP 7: Review the Resources List

in the Appendix

For those who are interested in learningmore about Norfolks residential archi-tecture, architectural styles in general,Norfolks history, or available resourcesfrom the City of Norfolk, this list pro-vides a handy reference.

Massing and composition diagrams

Style examples

Eave details


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Lafayette/Winona/Fairmont Park

Larchmont/Edgewater

Loch Haven/North Meadowbrook

North Ghent

Riverview

Willoughby

Twentieth-Century

Post-War Neighborhoods

Azalea Acres

East Norview

Ghent Square

Middle Towne Arch

Norvella Heights

Norview/Norview Heights

Oakdale Farms

Oceanair

Poplar Halls

Sussex

neighborhood patterns

n e i g h b o r h o o d p a t t e r n sb 4

A Pattern Book for Nor folk Neighborhoods

This section of the Pattern Book contains a description of typical Norfolk

neighborhoods by type and the architectural styles you can expect to find

in them.The character of the neighborhoods is established by many attributes

including the natural setting, relationship to water, species and age of trees,

setbacks of houses, relationship to other land uses,and the history and cul-

ture of the people who have lived in them. Three distinct neighborhood

eras are described: nineteenth century, early twentieth century and twen-

tieth century post-war neighborhoods. Illustrations identifying the key

characteristics of each are provided.

The oldest neighborhoods, closest to the Downtown, include Ghent,

Freemason, Park Place, Lamberts Point, Huntersville, and Hardy Field.

Typically developed in the second half of the nineteenth century, these

neighborhoods have traditional streets lined with closely spaced houses,

often with front porches.

The next ring of neighborhoods, developed in the first half of the twen-

tieth century, include Ballentine Place, Berkley/Beacon Light, ColonialPlace, and Larchmont/Edgewater. They are characterized by houses set

further back from the street, large trees and houses with smaller front

porches and large side porches.

Post-war neighborhoods, such as Azalea Acres,Norview,Oceanair and

Sussex, include coastal cottages, ranch houses and other newer models.

They are characterized by typically one- to one-and-one-half story hous-

es with entry porticos or canopies, large front and side yards, wide streets,

widely spaced houses, and broad lawns.

Nineteenth-Century

Neighborhoods

Brambleton(Central and South)

CampostellaFreemason

Ghent

Hardy Field

Huntersville

Lamberts Point

Park Place

Early-Twentieth-Century

Neighborhoods

Ballentine Place

Berkley/Beacon Light

Campostella Heights

Chesterfield Heights

Colonial Place

Houses in Freemason

Houses in Colonial Place


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bn e i g h b o r h o o d p a t t e r n s 5


Nineteenth-Century

Neighborhoods

Early-Twentieth-Century

Neighborhoods

Twentieth-Century

Post-War Neighborhoods

Loch Haven

Riverview

Freemason

Ghent

Norview Heights

Middle Towne Arch

Freemason Colonial Place Norvella Heights


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Neighborhood Patterns

Neighborhoods in the City

Norfolks wonderful neighborhoods

from the nineteenth-century neighbor-hoods of Ghent and Freemason to thepost-war neighborhoods of Norview andAzalea Acresprovide a wide variety ofarchitectural styles,house types and sizes.Yet despite the differences, these neigh-borhoods share a fundamental physicalstructure.

Streets & Blocks

The physical structure of a neighborhoodis defined by its network of public streets,

(occasionally with alleys), residentialdevelopment blocks and park spaces.Thestreet pattern can vary from a small-scalegrid of streets focused on a park green tocurving streets to a series of cul-de-sacsdepending on the neighborhoods era ofdevelopment.

Houses on Lots

Houses are built along a relatively con-sistent front yard setback line. Setbacksvary slightly to provide visual relief andto allow for porches, existing trees andother landscape elements to remain. Firstfloors and porches tend to sit two to three

feet above finished grade.Ancillary struc-tures, such as garages and sheds, areattached to the house or are located at therear of the lot.

Building Setbacks

Each residential development block (yel-low) is lotted into individual house lotswith a typical front yard zone (lightgreen) which is the public face of the

house.These lots can vary in size and canaccommodate single or multi-family lots.The building setback is the distancefrom the front property line to the face ofthe house.Neighborhoods usually have acommon setback for the houses thatvaries depending on the era of the neigh-borhood.


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b 7n e i g h b o r h o o d p a t t e r n s

A Patter n Book for Norfolk NeighborhoodsA Patter n Book for Norfolk Neighborhoods

The Individual House

The last component of a neighborhoodis the individual house. The house pro-vides the greatest opportunity for variety

through the use of architectural styles,massing forms,color palette and the var-ied possibilities of landscaping selections.

Public Street Landscape

Public street landscape, such as grass

verges (lawns) and street trees, provideboth a visual edge as well as a bufferbetween the street and the front lawn.Inthe older neighborhoods, the trees havegrown quite large and beautiful creatinga canopy of green as one walks down thestreet.In many post-war neighborhoods,smaller-scale crape myrtle trees are typi-cal street trees.

Neighborhood Character

Each neighborhood derives its uniquecharacter from the composition and jux-taposition of these individual elementsstreets, blocks, houses, parks, and public

and private landscape elementswhichtogether form the residential fabricof Norfolk.

Private Front Yard Landscape

The individual personality of the home-owner is displayed through the varying

treatments that front and back yardsreceive. Landscaping patterns can rangefrom the formal to the informal, andbrick edging, brick walks and well-trimmed hedges are as common as natu-ralistic gardens of low groundcover,medium height shrubs and indigenousornamental trees.


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The Norfolk House

The Architectural Patterns section buildson the Neighborhood Patterns describedin the previous section to create distinctplaces. These distinct neighborhoods

make cities different from one anotherand create diverse places, each with itsown quality within a city. However,unlike neighborhood patternswhichthe mind perceives subconsciouslyarchitectural patterns have definite tac-tile qualities.

Six distinct architectural styles giveNorfolk neighborhoods their character:

1 Classical Revival

2 Colonial Revival

3 European Romantic

4 Arts & Crafts

5 Victorian

6 Coastal Cottage

These styles and variations on thesestyles can be found in almost every Nor-folk neighborhood.

Post-war houses, built for the manyyoung GIs returning after the SecondWorld War,often incorporate simplifieddetails from these styles.As a result, manypost-war homes lack a distinctive style alltheir own.However, through renovation,these houses can adopt a house style. Formore information on ways to renovate oradd on to these houses,please review theAdditions pages (C-20 C-22), and theTransformations pages (C-23 C-25).

1 CLASSICAL REVIVAL

2 COLONIAL REVIVAL

Norfolk Architectural Styles

3 EUROPEAN ROMANTIC

4 ARTS & CRAFTS

5 VICTORIAN

6 COASTAL COTTAGE


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EQ

EQ

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TYPICAL EAVE DETAILS

6''

12''

EQ

EQ

8

''

8''

Massing

BROAD FRONT

Hipped-roof or side-gable rectangularvolume with roof pitches ranging from 5to 7 in 12. One-story shed or hip roofedporches are often placed symmetricallyon the front facade.One-story side wingsoften occur. Although porches are mostoften one-third or one-fifth the length ofthe main body, they may also be three-

fifths or the entire length of the frontfacade.

NARROW FRONT

Hipped-roof or front-gable box with roofpitches ranging from 5 to 7 in 12. Five-and three-bay compositions are common.Full front porches and one-story side-wings are common to this massing type.

Facade Composition

The Norfolk Classical Revival facadecomposition is characterized by a sym-metrical and balanced placement of doors

and windows. Entrance doors are typi-cally located in the center of the compo-

6''

8''

8''

sition.Typical windows occur singly andalign vertically from floor to floor.

Combinations

Complex forms and larger living spacesmay be created by combining side and/orrear wings with the main body. Gabled orhipped dormers may be added to intro-duce light into half-story and attic spaces.The architectural character of theattached parts should match that of the

main body.

MASSING DIAGRAMS FACADE COMPOSITION DIAGRAMS

Broad Front Narrow Front

Massing & Composition

24'36'

1/3 1/3 1/3

3 /8 1 /4 3 /8

32'40'

3 /8 1 /4 3 /8

32'40' 40'48'

3/8 1/4 3/8

MASSING COMBINATIONS

Wall Section & Eave Details

The first floor of the Main Body istypically set 2 to 3 feet above the finishedgrade.The floor-to-ceiling height on thefirst floor is typically 10 feet. For two-story houses, the second-story floor-to-ceiling height is 9 feet minimum.

The Norfolk Classical Revival style ischaracterized by the vertical proportionof the window and door elements andwell-detailed Classical eaves and cornices.The f rieze below the soffit is typicall ysmall with profiled moldings and dentils.


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Roofing

Slate (including manufactured slateproducts), laminated asphalt orcomposition shingles with a slatepattern, flat clay tile, or painted metalstanding seam or 5-V crimp panels

Soffits

Smooth finish composition board,tongue-and-groove wood boards, orfiber-cement panels

Gutters & Downspouts

Half-round or ogee profile gutterswith round or rectangular down-spouts in copper, painted orprefinished metal

Windows

Painted wood or solid cellular PVC,or clad wood or vinyl with brickveneer only; true divided light orsimulated divided light (SDL) sashwith traditional exterior muntin

profile ( inch wide)

Trim

Wood, composite, cellular PVC orpolyurethane millwork; stucco, stoneor cast stone

Doors

Wood, fiberglass or steel withtraditional stile-and-rail proportionsand raised panel profiles, paintedor stained

Shutters

Wood or composite, sized to matchwindow sash and mounted with

hardware to appear operable

Front Yard Fences

Wood picket or wood,wrought ironor solid bar stock metal picket withbrick or stucco finish masonry piers

Lighting

Porch pendant or wall-mountedcarriage lantern

Cladding

Sand-molded or smooth-finish brickin Common,English or Flemishbond patterns

Smooth-finish wood or fiber-cementlap siding, 6 to 8 inches wide

Light sand-finish stucco

Foundations & Chimneys

Brick, stucco or stone veneer

Materials & Applications

Columns

Architecturally correct Classicalproportions and details in wood,fiberglass, cast stone, or compositematerial

Railings

Milled wood top and bottom railswith square or turned balusters;square balusters in Chippendalepatterns

Wrought iron or solid bar stockdecorative metal

Porch Ceilings

Plaster, tongue-and-groove wood orcomposite boards, or beaded-profileplywood


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Gallery of Examples


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Roofing

Slate (including manufactured slateproducts), laminated asphalt orcomposition shingles with a slatepattern, or flat clay tile

Soffits Smooth-finish composition board,

tongue-and-groove wood boards, orfiber-cement panels



Front Yard Fences

Wood picket,or wood, wrought ironor solid bar stock metal picket withbrick or stucco finish masonry piers

Lighting


Windows



Doors

Wood, fiberglass or steel withtraditional stile-and-rail proportionsand raised panel profiles, painted orstained

Shutters

Wood or composite, sized to matchwindow sash and mounted withhardware to appear operable

Columns

Architecturally correct Classicalproportions and details in wood,fiberglass, or composite material

Railings

Milled wood top and bottom rails withsquare or turned balusters

Wrought iron or solid bar stocksquare metal picket

Porch Ceilings


Cladding

Smooth-finish wood or fiber-cementlap siding, 6- to 8-inch exposure,orrandom-width cut shingles

Sand-molded or smooth-finish brickin Common,English or Flemishbond patterns


Trim






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Gallery of Examples


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Two and One-and-One-Half-Story

L-Shape

28'36'

1/21/2

Broad Front One-Story Gable L

28'40'

42'48'

3/5 2/5

1/3 1/3

MASSING DIAGRAMS

Roof

The roof pi tch on European Romant ichouses varies from 12 to 20 in 12. ForGable L forms, the pitch on the street-facing gables ranges from 14 to 20 in 12.Gable and shed dormers help to intro-duce light into half-story and attic spaces.False eaves, set at a steep pitch,are oftenused to create the illusion of a steeplypitched roof on the main body.

Eaves

Overhangs tend to be generally shallow(up to 10 inches) although they are some-times as deep as 18 inches where halftimbering is used. Eave construction istypically of three types:

Boxed eave,4 to 10 inches deep

Exposed 2 x 8-inch rafter tails set 16 to24 inches on center, and trimmedparallel to the ground

Bricked eave, 4 to 10 inches deep withstepped, brick soffit


The fi rst floor is typicall y set 12 to 18inches above finished grade. The floor-to-ceiling height on the ground floor istypically 9 feet.The secondary floor-to-ceiling height is 8 to 9 feet.Walls are typ-ically framed with horizontal siding or

shingles or a combination of these mate-rials. Brick and stucco are also used ascladding. Material changes typicallyoccur at the second floor and in gableends above the window head. Clapboardor shake cladding materials should nevercome within 8 inches of finished grade;only durable materials like brick, stone,and stucco may come into direct contactwith the soil.

Massing

TWO- & ONE-AND-ONE-HALF-

STORY L-SHAPE

L-shaped plan with a two-story front-facing gable paired with a one-and-one-half story roof expression parallel to thestreet.The roof of the front-facing gableslides down to provide a covered entry.Dormers can have gable or shed roofs.

TWO- & ONE-STORY L-SHAPE

L-shaped plan with a two-story front fac-ing gable paired with a one-story roofexpression parallel to the street. The one-story roof may curve out to provide a cov-ered shelter over the door.

BROAD FRONT

Rectangular shaped plan with a one, one-and-one-half,or two-story expression.Asmall gable or two may project to providevisual relief and to provide balance to

large chimneys and other architecturalelements.

ONE-STORY GABLE L

Rectangular volume with hipped roofwith a front facing gabled wing. Massmay have a one- or one-and-one-half-story expression. A series of nested gablesmay provide balance to chimneys andother architectural elements.

Facade Composition

European Romantic facade compositionis characterized by an asymmetrical andbalanced placement of doors and win-dows. Grouped double-hung windowsare common. Front doors are generallylocated at the center of the composition,especially in wide houses. There is typi-cally a material change from the first tothe second floor.


36'40'

3/52/5

Exposed rafter Bricked eave

10"

Boxed eave

4 10"

1/3

Two and One-Story L- Shape

FACADE COMPOSITION DIAGRAMS



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6'-0"

4'-0" max.

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STANDARD WINDOWS

DOORS

SPECIAL WINDOW

Standard Windows

European Romantic is characterized bytall, relatively narrow windows typicallyin groups of two, three, four, or five win-dows separated by posts or mullions.The height of windows should diminishwith each succeeding story. All windowshave a divided-light appearance. Win-dows surrounded by stucco should bedeeply recessed from the facade to createthe illusion of thick walls.

Special Windows

Special windows include bay windows,oriel windows, dormer windows, andsmall accent windows. Bays should beconstructed of a light material, such aswood, and should be composed of case-ment windows with a divided-lightappearance. Dormers should be shed orgabled type, typically with paired case-ment windows. Small decorative accentwindows are encouraged, especially inpowder rooms, closets and halls.

Shutters

Plank/board or panel-style shutters areencouraged as an accent. Wrought ironlift-off hinges, shutter dogs and latchesare also encouraged.Shutters are not per-mitted on half-timbered areas.

Doors

Plank/board or panel-style single doorswith a round or arched top and wroughtiron accents are preferred. As with win-dows, doors should be recessed as deeplyas possible. Detailing around doors isencouraged.

Trim

Wood trim is typically 4 to 6 inches forwindows and doors when siding is used.Ornamental cast stone or wood lintelsand sills are encouraged for masonry win-dow and door openings. Stucco shouldtypically return to the windoweliminating the need for most trim. Half-timbering functions as trim in these areas.

Windows & Doors

3'-0" to 3'-6"

6'-8"

to

7'-0"

Shutters

2"5+"

ACCENT WINDOW

varie

s

Equaltoheightofwindow

openingorofsash/frame

26" max.26" max. 26" max.

1/2 sashwidth2'-8"

2'-8"

5'-2"

5'-6"

3'-0" to 3'-6"

6'-8"

to7

'-0"

3'-0" to 3'-6"

6'-8"

to7

'-0"

3'-0" to 3'-6"

6'-8"

to7

'-0"

Ganged windows

Gable

Shed

Second floor

First floor

DORMER TYPES

2"5+"

1/2 sashwidth

1/2 sashwidth

4'-0"

1'-6"

1'-2"1'-2" 3'-0"

varie

s

Box bay

4'-10"

5'-6"

5'-6"

4'-10"


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Roofing

Slate (including manufactured slateproducts), laminated asphalt orcomposition shingles with a slatepattern, or clay tile with flat orbarrel profile

Soffits

Smooth-finish composition board,tongue-and-groove wood boards,or fiber-cement panels


Half-round or ogee profile gutterswith round or rectangular downs-pouts in copper, painted orprefinished metal

Front Yard Fences

Wood picket, masonry with stucco,brick or stone finish,or combination

Lighting

Porch pendant or wall-mountedlantern

Windows



Trim


Doors

Wood, fiberglass or steel withtraditional stile-and-rail proportionsand panel profiles,painted or stained

Shutters


Columns

Wood posts and brackets

Railings

Wood top and bottom rails withsquare balusters

Wrought iron or solid bar stocksquare metal picket

Brick or masonry with stucco finish

Porch Ceilings

Plank-and-beam or flat plaster,tongue-and-groove wood orcomposite boards, or beaded-

profile plywood

Cladding

Smooth-finish brick in CommonBond pattern

Stucco with handmade/formedappearance (no skip-trowel orsimilar); half-timbering for secondstory accents

Random-width cut wood or fiber-cement shingles with mitered corners

Smooth-finish wood or fiber-cementlap siding, 6 to 8 inches exposure,with mitered corners

Foundations, Chimneys & Piers

Brick or stucco withhandmade/formed appearance


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Gallery of Examples


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1/2 sashwidth

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6"

Standard Windows

Windows are t ypically vertical in pro-portion and have a 3 over 1, 4 over 1, 6over 1, or 9 over 1 muntin pattern. Stan-dard windows are double hung.

Special Windows

Special windows include paired or triple

windows, small square accent windows,and box bay windows supported on woodbrackets. Broad, horizontal windowsdivided into several panes occur in dorm-ers and gables. Other dormer windowsare ganged together in wide gabled orshed dormers.

DOORS

TYPICAL WINDOW DETAIL

6-8"

3'-4"

2"

10"

to1

1"

6"

STANDARD WINDOWS

5'-2"

5'-10"

3'-0"6" 6"

First floor

Second floor

Shed dormer

5'-10"

6'-2"

3'-0"

6'-8"

1'-5"

5"

7"

2'-0"6" 6"

3'-6"

10"

6"

4

12

2'-0"

4" 4"

8"

6'-8"

7"

2'-8" 6"1'-6" 1'-6"6" 6"

3'-4"6" 6"

4"

Doors

Arts & Crafts doors are often stainedwood with either wood plank design ora panel door with the top half glazed.Doors may have sidelights or transomsin clear or leaded glass in Arts & Craftspatterns.

TrimWindows and doors have 6-inch straightor tapered flat trim. Arts & Crafts win-dow and door trim carries a simple mold-ing and cap above.

Windows & Doors

8"

Box bay elevation and plan

3'-0"8" 6" 6"6" 2 '-0" 2'-0" 8"6"

18"

Gable end windowDouble window

3'-0"8" 8" 6"6" 1'-2" 1'-2"

5'-2"

6"

2"

3"

3'-0"6" 8" 6"3'-0"

2'-4"6" 6"

2'-2"

10"

6"

6" 2'-4"

2'-2"

4'-6"

4"

4" 4"

Accent windows

SPECIAL WINDOWS

Dormer accent



2'-4" 6"

1/2 sashwidth



6'-2"


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Roofing

Cedar shakes, slate (includingmanufactured slate products),laminated asphalt or compositionshingles, or clay tile with flat orbarrel profile

Soffits

Smooth-finish composition board,tongue-and-groove wood boards, orfiber-cement panels



Front Yard Fences

Wood picket, masonry with stucco,brick or stone finish,or combination

Lighting

Porch pendant or wall-mountedlantern

Windows


Doors

Wood, fiberglass or steel withtraditional stile-and-rail proportionsand panel profiles,painted or stained

Columns

Wood, fiberglass, or compositematerial with Classical proportionsand details

Railings

Wood top and bottom rails withsquare balusters

Solid rails clad in siding, shingles,stucco, brick or stone veneer

Brackets

Wood

Porch Ceilings

Plaster, tongue-and-groove woodor composite boards, or beaded-profile plywood

Cladding

Smooth-finish wood or fiber-cementlap siding, 4 to 8 inches exposure,with mitered corners or x 6-inchcorner board trim

Random-width cut wood or fiber-cement shingles with mitered cornersor x 6-inch corner board trim

Smooth-finish brick in Commonbond pattern


Foundations, Piers & Chimneys


Trim

Wood, composite, cellular PVC orpolyurethane millwork


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Gallery of Examples


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Boxed eave Sloped

68

12

2'-0"

8"

Boxed eave return

6"

12"16"

12

812

1'-6"

2

12

Individual double-hung windows are themost common type.Front doors are gen-erally located in the corner of narrowhouses and at the center of wide houses.Paired or bay windows are often used inthe forward gable of the gable L massingtypes. Bay windows may be one or twostories tall.

Roof

The roof pitch on most Victorianhouses varies from 8 to 14 in 12. Slate,shingles and metal are appropriate roof-

ing materials.

Eaves

Two eave types define the Norfolk Vic-torian, one is more formal than the other:

Boxed eaves, with frieze, are the moreformal option,with or withoutbrackets that are either horizontal orvertical in proportion. Eaves have a12- to 16-inch frieze board eithertouching or at least 8 inches above the

Massing

NARROW FRONT

Rectangular volume with a roof pitchranging from 8 to 12 in 12 for the mainbody. Porches are typically added on thefront as either full front poches or as aportico over the front door.

L-SHAPE

These houses have a narrow, gable-endwing with a 9 in 12 gable facing thestreet.The width of the gable facing thestreet is typically two-fifths that of themain body.This massing typically accom-modates a one-story continuous porchwith a shed or hipped roof.

GABLE L

Square volume with hipped roof fromwhich a front-facing gabled wingextends.Roof pitches range from 8 in 12to 12 in 12. Front porches extend the fullwidth of the front facade or occasionallyare a single-bay,hipped porch at the mainbody.

BROAD FRONT

Side-gable rectangular volume with roofpitches ranging from 8 in 12 to 10 in 12.One-story shed porches are often placedsymmetrically on the front facade. One-story side wings often occur.This mass-ing typically accommodates a one-storycontinuous porch with a shed or hippedroof.

Combinations

Complex forms and larger living spacesmay be created by combining side wings

and/or rear wings with the main body.Gabled or arched dormers may be addedto introduce light into half-story and atticspaces.The architectural character of theattached parts should match that of themain body.

Facade Composition

Victorian facade composition is charac-terized by a symmetrical and balancedplacement of doors and windows.

window head trim.Eave returnsshould have metal flashing back to thewall at a maximum slope of 2 in 12.

Boxed eave with sloped soffit, oftenhipped, at gables.The rake features anoverhang with simple decorativevergeboard.


The first floor of the Victorian house istypically set three feet above the finishedgrade.For one-story houses, the floor-to-ceiling height should be 9 to 10 feet. For

two-story houses, the minimum floor-to-ceiling height is 9 feet for the first floorand 8 feet for the second floor.

Window head heights should be 8 feetabove the floor for first floor windowsand 7 feet for second floor windows.

These houses have 8-inch-wide sk irtboards. Foundation vents are centeredunder windows when used.

MASSING DIAGRAMS



L-ShapeNarrow Front Gable L Broad Front

3/5 2/5

24'32'

2/5 3/5

34'42'

1 /3 1 /3 1 /3

22'28'

24'32'

1/3 1/31/3

PORTICO AND PORCH ELEVATIONS



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A Pattern Book for Norfolk Neighborhoods

STANDARD WINDOWS

Box bay window

3'-0"

6'-6"

1'-6"

8'-4"

1'-4"2'-6"12"

First floor

Second floor

SPECIAL WINDOWS

TYPICAL WINDOW DETAIL

6"

2"

Flat trim

2"

1'-0"

5'-10''

2'-8'' 3'-0"

6'-2''

6'-2''

2'-8''

6'-6''

3'-0''

DORMER WINDOW

8

12

1'-2"

5'-2

"

2'-4"6" 6"

5'-2''

Windows

Windows are vertical in proportion andhave a 2 over 2 or 4 over 4 muntin pat-tern. Panes are always taller than they arewide. Some houses may have windowswith rounded upper sashes. Standardwindows are double hung.

Special Windows

Norfolk Victorian houses feature round-top windows, dormers and box andangled bay windows. Bay windows mustproject a minimum of 8 inches from themain structure.Bay windows have a con-tinuous base to the ground; two-storybays are common.

Windows & Doors

Doors

Doors on Norfolk Victorian houses arevertical in proportion. The maximumwidth of a pair of double doors is 5 feetfor doors at least 8 feet tall,and 4 feet forshorter pairs of double doors.

TrimWindows and doors have 6-inch trimwith a simple backband profile. Victori-an window and door trim carries a deco-rative crown and cap above; windows mayfeature an ornate hood.

DOORS

4'-0"8"3'-4"6" 6" 2'-8" 1'-3"

8'-0"

6'-8"

2'-8"

6'-8"

2'-0"

1'-3"

2'-4"6" 6"


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A Pattern Book for Norfolk Neighborhoods


Roofing

Slate (including manufactured slateproducts), laminated asphalt orcomposition shingles with a slatepattern, or painted metal standingseam or 5-V crimp panels

Soffits

Smooth-finish composition board,tongue-and-groove wood boards, orfiber-cement panels



Front Fences

Wood picket, or wrought iron orsolid bar stock metal picket withornamental metal posts

Lighting


Windows



Doors


Shutters


Columns

Architecturally correct Classicalproportions and details in wood,fiberglass or composite material

Square box column with chamferedcorners in built-up wood, fiberglassor composite material

Turned posts (minimum 6-inchstock) in wood, fiberglass orcomposite material

Railings

Milled wood top and bottom railswith square, turned or scroll-cutboard balusters

Porch Ceilings


Cladding

Smooth-finish wood or fiber-cementlap siding, 4 to 6 inches exposure

Vertical board and batten siding

Smooth-finish brick, common bond

Random-width cut wood or fiber-cement shingles

Decorative cut wood or fiber-cementshingles in fishscale, diamond andstaggered patterns

Trim

Wood, composite, cellular PVC orpolyurethane millwork; stone orcast stone


Brick or stone veneer


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Gallery of Examples


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3'-0"

4"

6'-8"

DOORS

SPECIAL WINDOWSSTANDARD WINDOWS

3'-6"

2'-8"

3'-0"

5'-0''to5

'-6''

5'-6''

4'-8''

4'-2''

First floor

Second floor

Standard Windows

Windows are t ypically vertical in pro-portion. Window panes are square or ver-tical in proportion with muntin patternsof 6 over 6 or 8 over 8. Standard windowsare double-hung.

Special Windows

Special windows include a picture win-dow flanked by narrow double-hungswindows and a wide gabled dormer.Small rectangular windows are often usedas an accent in gable ends.

Shutters

Louvered shutters are encouraged. Ifshutters are installed,they should be sizedto match the window sash and mountedwith hardware to appear operable.

Doors

Doors are typically 2-, 6- or 8-paneledand often include a glass light at the top.Round-top doors are sometimes used infront-gabled wings.

Windows & Doors

Trim

Windows and doors typically have 4-inch-wide trim, either flat or with a back-band. Colonial Revival door surrounds,with pilasters and a flat entablature, aresometimes used at the front door.

DETAIL WINDOW SECTION

3'-0"

4"

6'-8"

3'-0"

6'-8"

4"

3

1/2"

1

1/2"

2"

2'-8"

2'-0''

2'-0"

4'-0''

2'-4" 4'-4" 2'-4"

4'-6''

3'-0"


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Roofing

Slate (including manufactured slateproducts), asphalt or compositionshingles

Soffits

Smooth-finish wood, fiber-cement orcomposition board



Front Yard Fences

Wood picket

Lighting

Porch ceiling or wall-mountedcoach light

Windows



Doors


Shutters


Columns

Square posts or thin round taperedcolumns with Classical details inwood, fiberglass or compositematerial

Railings

Milled wood top and bottom railswith turned or square balusters

Porch Ceilings


Cladding

Smooth-finish wood or fiber-cementlap siding, 6 to 8 inches exposure

Smooth finish brick in Commonbond pattern

Painted brick



Brick veneer

Trim

Wood, composite, cellular PVC orpolyurethane millwork



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Gallery of Examples


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Material Manufacturers

Classical Architecture. Adam, Robert1991 Penguin

A Pattern Language. Alexander, Christopher1976 Oxford

American House Styles. Baker, John2002 Norton

Identifying American Architecture. Blumenson, John1995 Rowman & Littlefield

The Visual Dictionary of American DomesticArchitecture. Carley, Rachel 1997 Henry Holt

The Grammar of Architecture. Cole, Emily2002 Bullfinch

The Virginia House. Faulconer,Ann M.2001 Schiffer Publishing

Clues to American Architecture. Klein,Marilyn W.and Fogle,David P. 1986 Starrhill Press

Architecture of the Old South. Lane, Mills

1993 Abbeville Press

Architecture of the Old South: Virginia. Lane, Mills1996 Beehive Press

A Field Guide to American Houses. McAlester, V. & L.1984 Random House

What Style Is It? Poppeliers, John1977 John Wiley & Sons

Traditional Details for Rehabilitation andReconstruction. Ramsey, C. & Sleeper, H. 1998John Wiley & Sons

A Concise History of American Architecture.Roth, Leland 1980 Westview Press

American Homes, An Illustrated Encyclopedia of

Domestic Architecture. Walker, Lester

1996 Black Dog & Leventhal

The American Vignola. Ware,William R.1994 Dover

American Architecture Since 1780. Whiffen, Marcus1988 MIT Press

The city of Norfolks website address has links toother sites and neighborhood profiles:

http://www.norfolk.gov/Planning/comehome/

KIRN MEMORIAL MAIN LIBRARY

301 East City Hall Avenue

Norfolk, VA 23510

Main Access Number 757/664-READ

Sargeant Memorial Room ext. 43736

The library website provides links to the SargeantMemorial at Kirn Library and local history informa-tion: http://www.npl.lib.va.us/

Resources

The following partial list of national manufacturers ofbuilding products,developed by Urban Design Associ-ates, is being provided as a starting point for home-owners in their search for appropriate materials for theirhome improvement efforts. These products have been

selected due to their appropriateness for the architec-tural styles outlined in the Pattern Book.

Windows

Marvin (http://www.marvin.com)Wood double-hung and casementClad double-hung and casement with aluminum

trim accessoriesReplacement sash w/profiled aluminum panningWood or clad simulated divided lights (SDL)French doors

Caradco(http://www.jeld-wen.com/windows/wood/caradco)

Wood double-hung and casementClad double-hung and casement with aluminum

trim accessoriesWood or clad simulated divided lights (SDL)

French doors

Windsor (http://www.windsorwindows.com)Wood double-hung and casementCellular PVC Legend Series double-hung

and casementWood or PVC simulated divided light (SDL)Direct set transoms and sidelights

Shutters

Southern Shutter Company(http://www.southernshutter.com)

Paul Argoe Screens, Inc.

Entry Doors

Simpson (http://www.simpsondoor.com)Wood doors: Appropriate for all styles; hard to findArts & Crafts door (#1662) is less than $400;

several hard-to-find 2/3 light Victoriandoors; European Romantic doors

Nord (http://jeld-wen.com/windows/wood/norco)Wood doors: Classical and Colonial Revival styles,some Victorian and European Romantic doors

ThermaTru (http://www.thermatru.com)Fiberglass and Premium Steel SeriesSteel Doors: Classical, Colonial Revival andVictorian styles; acceptable European Romantic

and Arts & Crafts doors

Stanley (http://www.stanleyworks.com)Fiberglass and steel doors: Classical, ColonialRevival and Victorian styles; acceptable EuropeanRomantic doors

Peachtree (http://www.peach99.com)

Fiberglass and steel doors:Classical, ColonialRevival and Victorian styles; acceptable

European Romantic doors

Screen & Storm Doors

Paul Argoe Screens, Inc.

J&L Shutters (http://www.jlshutters.com)Stephen Fuller Signature Series (composite

shutters, Permex)

Columns

Turncraft (http://www.turncraft.com)Architecturally correct round and square composite

and wood columns; Arts & Crafts tapered squarePolybox; composite columns

Column & Post (http://www.columnpost.com)Architecturally correct round and square composite

columns

Somerset (http://www.somersetcolumns.com)Architecturally correct round and square wood

columns and pilasters

HB&G (http://www.hbgcolumns.com)PermaPorch system:Cellular pvc; 2x2 square or

turned balusters with Savannah top rail

Exterior Siding (synthetic options)

James Hardie (http://www.jameshardie.com)Hardiplank (fiber cement )lap siding, shingle,

panel, and soffit products

Georgia-Pacific (http://www.gp.com)

Fiber cement cladding boardExterior Molding, Trim & Brackets(synthetic options)

Chemcrest (http://www.chemcrest.com)Classic Moulding & Door: Crown, bed, casing,

and brackets in polyurethane

Azek (http://www.azek.com)Cellular PVC flat sheet (4' x 8', 4' x 10' and 4' x 12')for gables, soffits, etc. 3/4'' thick trim boards, 5/4''thick trim boards (4'' and 6'' widths), tongue-and-groove paneling

Royal Wood (http://www.royalwood.com)Composite 1x trim boards, brickmould and T&Gpaneling for porch ceilings

Fypon or Duraflex (http://www.fypon.com)

Porch Ceilings

Georgia-Pacific (http://www.gp.com)PlyBead Classic or T&G beaded paneling

Fencing (synthetic options)

Kroy (http://www.kroybp.com)Classic Manor Collection: Vinyl fences in

traditional designs and profiles

Garage Doors

Designer Door (http://www.designerdoors.com)

Clopay Doors (http://www.clopay.com)

Roof Shingles & Tiles (synthetic options)

Majestic Skylines (http://www.majesticskylines.com)Synthetic slate

Owens Corning (http://www.miravistaroof.com)MiraVista specialty roofing: synthetic shakes,

slate, copper, and metalBerkshire Collection: composite shingles


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Glossary of Terms

Apron: A raised panel below a windowsill.

Architrave: The lowest part of an entab-lature, sometimes used by itself.

Balustrade: An entire railing systemincluding a top rail, balusters, and oftena bottom rail.

Batten: A narrow strip of wood appliedto cover a joint along the edges of twoparallel boards in the same plane.

Beaded-Profile Panels: Panels manufac-tured to resemble traditional bead board.

Boxed Eave (boxed cornice): A holloweave enclosed by the roofing, the soffitand the building wall.

Bricked Eave: Eave condition where thetop of a brick masonry wall is corbelledout to the eave eliminating the soffit.

Brickmold: Window or door trim, typi-cally 2 inches wide.

Carpenter Gothic: In the nineteenthcentury U.S., the application of Gothicmotifs by artisan-builders in wood.

Carriage Porch: A roofed structure overa driveway at the door to a building, pro-tecting from the weather those enteringor leaving a vehicle.

Casement: A window sash which swingsopen along its entire length; usually onhinges fixed to the sides.

Chimney Cap: Cornice forming a crown-ing termination of a chimney.

Classical Architecture: The architectureof Hellenic Greece and imperial Rome.

Classical Revival: An architecture move-ment in the early nineteenth centurybased on the use of Roman and Greekforms.

Colonial Revival: The reuse of Georgianand colonial design in the U.S. in the latenineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Corbelling: Brickwork projecting suc-cessively more in each course to supportor meet a structure above.

Corinthian: the slenderest and mostornate of the three Greek orders of archi-tecture, having elaborate capitals withvolutes and acanthus leaf decoration.

Crown Molding: Projecting moldingforming the top member of a cornice,door or window frame.

Dentil: One of a band of small, square,

tooth-like blocks forming part of thecharacteristic ornamentation of someclassical orders.

Doric Order: The column and entabla-ture developed by the Dorian Greeks,sturdy in proportion,with a simple cush-ion capital, a frieze of triglyphs andmetopes, and mutules in the cornice.

Entablature: In classical architecture, theelaborated beam member carried by thecolumns,horizontally divided into archi-trave, frieze, and cornice.

Fascia: Vertical board that terminates asloped roof at the eave.

Federal Style: The Federal Style reachedits zenith in the period 1780 to 1820. Itfollowed Georgian, and is more refinedwith restrained ornament and flat-surfaced walls.

Frieze: The middle horizontal memberof a classical entablature,above the archi-trave and below the cornice.

Gable: The vertical triangular portion ofthe end of a building having a double-sloping roof,from the level of the corniceor eaves to the ridge of the roof.

Gable L: Describes the massing of ahouse having a hipped roof with a pro-jecting gable form at the front, typicallytwo-thirds the width of the facade.

Gable Roof: A roof having a gable at oneor both ends.

Gambrel Roof: A roof with two slopes ofdifferent pitch on either side of the ridge.

Georgian Colonial: The architecture ofthe British colonies in North Americafrom 1714 to 1776.

Half-timbering: A technique of wooden-frame construction in which the timbermembers are exposed on the outside ofthe wall.

Hipped Roof: A roof which slopesupward from all four sides of a building,requiring a hip rafter at each corner.

Hood: A cover placed above an openingor an object to shelter it

1840s and 50s, characterized by low-pitched, heavily bracketed roofs, asym-metrical informal plan,square towers,andoften round-arched windows.

Jack Arch: A flat or straight masonryarch.

Knee wall: Short, vertical wall that closesoff the low space created by a sloping ceil-ing and the floor.

Light: A pane of glass, a window or asubdivision of a window.

Lintel: A horizontal structural member(such as a beam) over an opening whichcarries the weight of the wall above it.

Louver: An assembly of sloping, over-lapping blades or slats designed to admitair and/or light and exclude rain andsnow.

Mullion and Muntin: The vertical andhorizontal members separating (andoften supporting) window, doors,or pan-els set in series.

Ogee Curve: a double curve resemblingan S-shape.

Oriel Window: In medieval Englisharchitecture,a window corbelled out fromthe wall of an upper story.

Palladian Motif: A door or window open-ing in three parts with a flat lintel overeach side and an arch over the center.

Pediment: In classical architecture, thetriangular gable end of the roof above thehorizontal cornice. Also, a surface usedornamentally over doors or windows.

Pergola: A structure of posts or piers car-rying beams and trelliswork for climbingplants.

Pilaster: An engaged pier or pillar, oftenwith capital and base.

Porte cochre: A carriage porch.

Portico: A porch or covered walk con-sisting of a roof supported by columns; acolonnaded porch.

Post-and-beam framing: A type of fram-ing which horizontal members rest on apost as distinguished from a wall.

Queen Anne Style: Eclectic style ofdomestic architecture of the 1870s and

Roof Pitch:The slope of a roof expressedas a ratio of its vertical rise to its hori-zontal rise.

Sash: Any framework of a window. May

be movable or fixed;may slide in a verti-cal plane or pivoted.

Shed Dormer: A dormer window whoseeave line is parallel to the eave line of themain roof instead of being gabled.

Shed Roof: A roof shape having only onesloping plane.

Shutter Dog: A pivoting bar for fixingshutters in the open position against awall.

Side Gable: Describes the massing of ahouse having the gable end (or roofridgeline) perpendicular to the street.

Simulated Divided Light: Refers to a

light in a window sash that is visually sub-divided by applied muntins that simulatesa true divided sash.

Skirt Board: A board set horizontally atthe bottom of wall cladding.

Soffit: the exposed undersurface of anyoverhead component of a building, suchas a beam, cornice, lintel, or vault.

Stile-and-rail:Type of door constructionthat utilizes a framework of vertical andhorizontal members infilled with panels.

Tongue-and-groove: Method of joiningmaterials, usually wood, where a tongueor projection in one board fits the grooveof its neighbor.

Transom: A horizontal bar of wood orstone across a window. Also the windowor opening above the transom bar.

Verge:The edge projecting over the gableof a roof. Also, the area of planting,lawnor pavement between the sidewalk andthe curb on a street.

Vergeboard: An ornamental board hang-ing from the rake, or verge, of a gableroof.

Vernacular Architecture: A mode ofbuilding based on regional forms andmaterials.

Vocabulary: A collection of related archi-tectural elements, materials or stylisticconventions used to describe a building

Norfolk PatternBook

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