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Final report - version A.1_Non_confidential

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1.0 Executive Summary

To be updated in a version B submitted after succesful installation of wifi

access points.

1.1 The concept

The objectives of the Team 4 “Copenhagen ITS” CITS has been to demonstrate 2 applications of

mobility sensing improvement using newly developed ICT solutions in Copenhagen and an

integrated dashboard solution for data management, analysis and simulation:

A: Street lighting based communication network under deployment by Citelum with the

Silverspring Network solution communicating with a representative Traffic Sensor solution.

The application exploits the capabilities of the city’s soon­to­be­installed communicating

streetlight network and links with the intelligent traffic management system to offer a

cross­functional application that provides both a safer environment for cyclists, but also an

excellent example of the capabilities that the city will soon enjoy.

The representative sensor selected is a Citilog XCAM devices in the trial area. The device is

able to intelligently assess the density of traffic and would be able to, based on predefined rules,

modify the dimming/brightening behaviour of local luminaires. It might also be extended to

influence the phasing of the traffic lights themselves.

B: Cisco wifi based triangulation sensing will be setup and starting with a test of 6 access points

around the corner of H.C. Andersens Boulevard and Tietgensgade in inner Copenhagen. The

access points tracks the location of a wifi device, which are measured by the RSSI values

captured by the access points and triangulated to define the location.

Feasible “Probe” data triangulation ­ enabling citywide ITS use cases such as

urban infrastructure planning decision analysis tools,

Identified “Beacon” data triangulation enabling street level ITS use cases with

real­time impact on street user level ­ e.g. rapid accident prevention tool

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C: An integrated holistic dashboard solution for traffic management, analytics and simulation. It

will be possible to visualize and map the data from the streets in real­time and to run a variety of

additional applications with different filters and functionalities.

1.2 Business case

The roll out of the new smart streetlight system that will take place over the next twelve months

will allow significant energy savings to be achieved through the use of LED technology, but by

dimming the lights at night, even greater savings can be achieved. This application has

maintained the vast majority of the energy savings already achieved, whilst making a significant

contribution to road safety.

Copenhagen has also recognised the opportunity this lighting upgrade presents to deploy a

wireless communication network across the city, which can support a wide range of new and

emerging Machine to Machine applications beyond simply street light control. These applications

can help the city to improve existing services and enable new ones for its citizens, as well as

introduce major energy and operational savings.

1.3 Test results

The X­CAM traffic sensor has been deployed in the trial area and successfully integrated with the

mesh radio network . Functionality associated with this sensor will be developed during the next

phase of work.

1.4 Recommendations

The streetlight remote control application has proved to be an excellent example of how the

streetlight and traffic control infrastructure can be leveraged to support novel and useful

applications.

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CITS concept and platform

The primary project objective with the PPI process has been to showcase and demonstrate an

ITS related concept based on Copenhagen Connecting and built on top of the new Smart Street

Lighting to be deployed by Citelum over the next years.

Fig. 1

In short the CITS consortium has focused on two parts:

An ambition for using the concept Copenhagen Connecting in an ITS context

A feasibility showcase demonstrating a few selected components of the ambition

The concept is basically based on a LEGO brick principle of adding sensors to the CITS system

and thereby enabling new features, improving ITS use cases and adding value to city and

citizens with potential of providing more business in the different business cases.

The graphic below illustrates the ambition of the overall concept divided into the 5 main project

layers. For each layer the darker colours represent the development stages, which the CITS

project has covered within the first PPI project period. Whereas the lighter colors moving

leftward in each layer represents the steps still to cover within the next project phases.

The structuring of the report is centered the model (fig. 1) and after a presentation of the overall

concept, each layer will be explained in more detail. The report ends with a few

recommendations for the city of Copenhagen regarding the PPI process and next ITS steps.

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The 1st layer of the model describes the Intelligent Street Lighting that makes out the backbone

of the project on which the other layers are adding upon. The 2nd layer consists of the sensing

technology and capabilities, which captures the inputs of data and signals on the traffic flow. In

the 3rd layer the inputs gathered a into data analysis system with a management dashboard and

a variety of algorithm­based simulations and applications. The 4th layer presents the ambition of

the CITS concept framed in a storyboard and a video that can present the concept with clarity.

The final 5th layer describes the business case and business model, describing the background

for the required investments and expected return.

Fig. 2

The ambition of CITS exceeds the amount of resources available in this PPI process, hence the

focus of CITS in the PPI has been on proving feasibility for selected parts in the first step of the

CITS ambition (dark coloured blocks).

CITS innovative evolution

One of the key differentiators and unique characteristics of the CITS concept is the ability to add

new technology layers, functionalities and services enabling continous exploration of usecases ­

best comparable to the cross functionality of smart phones and app store

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On the shorter term a range of steps has to be overcome in order to bring CITS to the city:

Fig. 3

CITS 1.0

CITS 1.0 is the PPI driven project focused on investigation feasibility of CITS ambition and is the

first step of realizing the ambition of a true intelligent and smart ITS concept for Copenhagen.

What has been done ­ made feasible:

Description of different layers of CITS, as shown above, and showing the relations

between the layers.X­CAM Camera based sensing of traffic flow

Dashboard design for an Integrated traffic management system

Real­time traffic data visualization

Development of learning algorithms for traffic simulation and forecasting

Development of algorithms for analysing the interdependence of traffic flow trends

Installation of wifi access points

Data acquisition and transfer specification

“Probe” data triangulation ­ enabling citywide ITS usec es such as urban infrastructure

planning decision analysis tools,

What remains to be done as part of CITS 1.0 project:

Link data of Citelum/ SSN/Citilog X­CAM sensor to DTU data center (anonymised data) ­

done.

Installation of WIFI access points on H.C. Andersen Boulevard.

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Link data of Cisco WIFI access points triangulation to DTU data center with

anonymisation filter.

Feasibility investigation on realised “probe” wifi triangulation.

CITS 2.0

CITS 2.0 is proposed to be the further demonstration of the identified innovations in CITS 1.0.

The CITS goal is to become a valid and relevant solution for the upcoming ITS tender(s).

Innovative wifi triangulation for accurate location

Data fusion

Location Validation

Integration of data capturing, data analysis and visualization management

Feasible “Probe” data triangulation ­ enabling city wide ITS usec ases such as

urban infrastructure planning decision analysis tools,

Identified “Beacon” data triangulation enabling street level ITS usecases with

real­time impact on street user level ­ eg. rapid accident prevention tool

CPH Tender

Copenhagen ITS tender, where parts or the complete CITS package may be deployed on a city

wide level.

Fully functional traffic data management dashboard

Intelligent algorithm based simulation mode for analyzing forecasting traffic flows

Fully functional learning algorithms connected with intelligent street lights

Concrete ITS relevant perspectives for ITS exploitation:

Monitoring of flows and delays for the use in indicator systems and transport planning.

Monitoring of flows and system delays as basis for compensating responses in real­time

Development of modelling and analytical capacity in relation to diurnal variation in traffic

flows and effects of events

Support impact assessment of construction works and temporary road block effects on

traffic delays and congestion as basis for corridor management and policies on the use

of road space

The broad and complex scope of CITS has called for much investment in finding the right

partners and aligning as well as defining work packages, which has caused a delay for the CITS

1.0 process. Thus much energy has been invested in describing the ambition of CITS and

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aligning the different consortium partners’ contributions and goals to ensure that CITS offers a

feasible and added­value, yet complex ITS solution.

Layer 1: Backbone - Intelligent Street Lighting

Citelum won the tender for installing new intelligent LED street lights in Copenhagen in 2013. As

one of 3 main consortium partners, Citelum has through CITS been able to integrate the wifi

sensor installation planning and testing with the infrastructure plan for the new street light

deployment rolled out over the next coming years.

Intelligent Street Light

The old Copenhagen Street lights will be replaced by new intelligent street light system that

comprises lighting equipped with radio units that form an intelligent, self­organising mesh of

devices that allow their operation to be managed by a central lighting control system via

strategically placed radio bridging units known as access points.

Fig. 4: ICT System overview (with Traffic Controller Integration) Fig. 5 Deploymt photo

Test installation site

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Fig. 6

The H.C.Andersen Boulevard (left to right) has been chosen for testing of both lights and

sensors in by CITS in collaboration with the city of Copenhagen. H.C. Andersens Boulevard is a

busy street with high frequency of cars, bikes, buses, trucks and pedestrians as well as parking

facilities for both cars and bikes. The intersection is furthermore very busy as Tietgensgade also

has a high frequency of traffic flow.

CITS steps

For the first step, CITS 1.0, a demo of the intelligent LED street lights has been installed and

tested. For the coming steps, CITS 2.0 and CPH ITS tender, the city light installation will undergo

further progress towards a full city wide implementation strengthening the testing possibilities

and applied research available.

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Layer 2: Sense - Testing the wifi and sensor capabilities

Test specification

Three interlinked yet separate sets of equipment has been or is planned to be installed:

Wifi triangulation based on 6 Cisco access points (to be installed mid May as part of

CITS 2.0)

Street traffic flow monitoring by X­CAM sensor installation ­ (installed)

Smart street light system ­ (installed)

Wifi triangulation

The six wifi access points will be installed along the H.C.Andersen Boulevard on the left side of

the intersection next to Tivoli and Dansk Design Center as shown below.

Fig. 7 ­ Visual layout of possible wifi triangulation mesh.

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The following slides explains the technological background and functionalities of the wifi

triangulation to be installed:

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

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Fig. 10

Fig. 11

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Traffic sensor connection

The initial steps towards with the traffic Sensor have been taken with the setup of the first Citilog

X­CAM device in the trial area intersection of H.C. Andersens Boulevard and Tietgensgade as

shown in the pictures below. The device has already been integrated tested successfully and

integrated with the mesh radio network. The test involved securing connectivity to the camera,

which has been demonstrated by locally downloading files and data from the X­CAM via a

connected remote bridge.

The X­CAM is able to intelligently assess the density of traffic and will be able to modify, based

on predefined rules, the dimming/brightening behaviour of local luminaries in relation to the

real­time traffic situation. It might also later be extended to directly influence the phasing of the

traffic lights themselves.

The camera deployment and connectivity testing has been processed as a part of the first step,

CITS 1.0. For the next steps, CITS, 2.0 and CITS roll out, the modification and extended

functionalities will be tested and further made ready for a possible implementation.

Fig. 12: X­CAM traffic sensors and photos

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Layer 3: Data analysis, modelling, fusion and algorithms

Generalized congestion in the capital area towards 2020 (left) and expected congestion on road

segments in the city of Copenhagen (right) based on test data from the National transport model.

Colours from white, over green towards red indicate increasing use of the roads capacity and

thus congestion levels.

Fig. 13

City­wide CITS wifi triangulation and intelligent street sensors will refine the image of congestion

and support diagnostics and analysis that are crucial for responding to and resolving the

challenge of road congestion in the future.

Such responses may include fine­tuning of road links and traffic management, as well as site

specific and area wide space­management efforts – linking urban and traffic design at the micro

level to added value at the macro and meso levels as the continuous monitoring supports

assessment and further targeting of efforts. ITS applications include: traffic prioritization (e.g.

green waves for busses and bikes), monitoring (e.g. sudden changes in traffic flows) and

congestion management (e.g. special handling events).

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Current densification trends in large urban areas, in combination with public health and liveability

objectives is also likely to require a step­change in traffic management in the direction of

increasing sensitivity towards non­motorized modes and catering for their effective use.

City­wide CITS wifi triangulation and intelligent street sensors with recognition and monitoring of

pedestrians and bicycle traffic will substantially improve the basis for these efforts ­ feeding

planning, modelling and technical decision support systems ­ as well as representations of

behaviours and service needs for collaborative consultations and discussions in the public

domain.

Traffic data analysis

The traffic data is analyzed using statistical techniques to extract useful information for operation

and planning of the traffic. The analysis is combined with simulations of relevant scenarios. The

following aspects will be considered in the analysis:

Exploratory data analysis and key measures of traffic over time.

Adapting and developing models to analyse traffic data, for example a very important

aspect for traffic prioritization is classification of recorded wifi units for separation of

pedestrians, bikes and cars.

Further development of equation­free analysis methods to investigate high­dimensional complex traffic situations; restricted to car traffic to simplify the tests

Identification of key quantities in the data to analyse the traffic situations and possible

transitions between different flow scenarios

Investigation of variance of car distances to be able to quantify traffic jams

Documentation and delivery of results

Output:

Processed data, graphs of traffic key measures.

Graphs for visual explanations, producing graphs showing the traffic jam dependence on

speed limit and points of transition between uniform flow (no jam) to a traffic jam

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Fig. 14

Layer 4: Narrative - Define and communicate a catching story

As part of the CITS concept, we have chosen to put an emphasis on the communication and

storytelling as a means of enforcing the understanding, applicability and desirability for the

system. The story of ambition has been formulated and visually presented on a pitch video,

which can be found here: http://leapcraft.dk/cits/ . The story of the ambition can be found below:

CITS ambition

Cities of today are rising in complexity and congestion. Copenhagen has embarked on several

strategic intelligent traffic solutions to reduce congestion, emissions and increase safety for both

vehicular traffic and bicycles. New advances in sensor technology, cloud computing and novel

simulation algorithms have made it possible to build traffic models based on large scale data

gathering. As part of this project a consortium consisting of CITILUM, the Danish Technical

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University and Leapcraft in collaboration with CISCO and Silver Spring has developed a new

concept called CITS.

The ambition for CITS is to install a mesh network of wifi access points that have the capability

of geo locating wifi enabled devices on the streets without compromising privacy. The data is

aggregated, anonymised and then fed back into a cloud based software dashboard. The system

enables city officials to both monitor traffic conditions in real time and also run a variety of

simulations. The dashboard helps categorise traffic, look for patterns and identify long term

behavioural tendencies amongst the road users. It also allows for gathering insights from

correlation's between traffic conditions and other influences like weather, roadworks, special

events etc. A forecasting simulation mode enables city officials to test various hypotheses based

on historic data trends in conjunction with advanced mathematical models. A variety of

simulations can be run as installable apps ­ for example asses the impact on changing traffic

light timings in peak hour bottlenecks etc. The solution also enables the city to record data

samples and use it for other applications and reports.

An example that shows the future possibilities have already been installed. The application

changes the luminosity level of the street lighting in specific corners to highlight bicycle traffic to

reduce the chances of accidents and improve the energy efficiency of street lights. The system

in addition can also monitor active RFID tags and thus allows accurate tracking of both movable

as well as stationary assets like dustbins, outdoor furniture, public vehicles etc.

The CITS platform offers a unique cloud based environment for cities to plan better, work on the

basis of actual data and assess impact at large scale on a continuous basis. In short the

ambition of CITS is to bring depth and richness to traffic data like never before

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Layer 5: Business case

Business Model

Incentivise wifi logon to impove ITS ­ Location is much more accurate when smart phones are

associated to CITS wifi access points. The reason is that smart phones sends a “beacon”

approx. every second to the CITS wifi access points once it has linked to the wifi ­ this higher

frequency increases precision and robustness of triangulation.

In order to get people to connect to the wifi and thereby improve ITS, we need to create the right

incentives.

Incentives could be:

Fast, robust and free/ cheap wifi ­ most likely the fastest way to improving ITS and

generating added value to the CITS platform.

Improved city navigation for bikes, cars, delivery trucks etc.

Suggested routes based on preferences such as pollen alerts, low­pollution, less

crowded, AOK recommended restaurants, Trustpilot high rated shops etc. ­ specific to

your real­time location.

Real­time congestion alert ­ only to CITS wifi users.

Special events and happenings only offered to CITS wifi users

Gamification ­ sponsored prices

Localisation based on a “probe” from the smartphone is less accurate as this is send every

approx. 60 seconds. The “probe” give a wifi triangulation that is adequate for city level ITS and

will provide a good real time traffic density measurement for cause and effect correlations. The

“probe” could be used for large scale event such Eurovision Song Contests, large concerts, DHL

race, Copenhagen Marathon, but it is not adequate for specific business cases requiring high

level localisation on street level as described for the “Beacon”.

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Market potential

The city ­ Market potential as a socio­economic potential for CITS has been indicated in the

Copenhagen Connecting feasibility report by Rambøll, but as for the Copenhagen Connecting

there are related benefits of providing citywide ITS based on integrated network of wifi access

points such as smart linking to smart meters, smart parking, urban environment sensors.

Fig. 15

On top of this it will be most relevant to look into expanding the CITS concept to the rest of

Greater Copenhagen for optimal coordinated traffic management and further utilisation of the

related benefits.

Considering the population ratio and size ratio between City of Copenhagen and the rest of

Greater Copenhagen, it is likely that the market potential will be more than the double.

The businesses

The system, service and component providers will have a share of the benefit as there profit.

The ITS tender in Copenhagen has a budget of 60 mio DKK. Comparing the ITS to the recent

500 mio. tender on street lights for the deployment and 15 year operation. A similar value to the

system, component and service providers related to the ITS is probable.

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Scalability

One of the great points of the CITS is that it relies on the city wide deployment of the Smart

Street Lighting of Citelum, thus the expansion of the system may be planned along with the

deployment by ensuring that the Smart Street Lighting can accommodate wifi access points,

has slots for connecting sensors.

Furthermore, the wifi mesh ensure a possible roll out of wifi based sensors, trackers etc. that

further exploit the benefits of the smart connected city.

A third point on scalability is related to the business scalability as system, service and

component providers will have excellent test and demonstration facility for new innovations that

can be scaled for use in cities globally. This growth potential, however, calls for an open

approach to new innovative providers for testing and demonstrating innovations on the CITS

platform.

Investment

Huge savings in investments can be obtained by rolling out CITS along with the deployment of

Citelum Intelligent street light.

Furthermore, business models and service contracts may be able to fund parts of the roll out

Risk/opportunity mapping

Risks identified during this project are:

­ Privacy and data security

­ The innovativeness of the wifi triangulation may entail risks on deployment

­ The possibility of providing free/cheap wifi may contradict with other wifi service providers.

Opportunities:

­ Worlds best ITS

­ SME growth based on added value from wifi ­and sensor deployment.

­ Create synergies to related projects that benefit from city wide wifi deployment

CITS require further demonstration to ensure stability, explore opportunities and investigate the

two wifi scenarios ­ probe and beacon ­ benefits to ITS and added value use cases.

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Privacy and data security has not been part of the feasibility study, but should be part of the

demonstration. The consortium partners have experience with this field.

The issue of conflicting wifi service interest is being dealt with in different ways in cities across

Denmark. The risk has been identified. One focus of the risk prevention could be to ensure a

strong analysis and valid argumentation of the benefits of making wifi available much like roads,

water etc. Probably related to expropriation.

Next step recommendation

A lot of efforts has been given to making a diverse yet strong cross disciplinary consortium and

developing an innovative and feasible concept to a basic demonstration level.

It is the recommendation of the CITS project that the consortium and concept is used as core for

a CITS 2.0 larger scale demonstration where more added value may be explored and the

advanced mathematic algorithms behind the innovative wifi triangulation further developed and

exploited.

Furthermore, it is recommended that more sensors (e.g. noise, NOx, wind, pollen) are integrated

with CITS in order to bring more cross functional value to the concept.

CITS should continue to be based on open standards and be used as integrative platform for

other city functionalities.

Fig. 3

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Business model recommendation

Business models are important to obtain the more optimal beacon wifi triangulation ­ the

incentives to connect to wifi are an important part of the required business model for CITS.

Furthermore, related business and services to the ITS may have added value from CITS if the

business model enables this and may even support the ITS roll out.

More efforts should be put into analyse and develop business models as part of the CITS

demonstration.

PPI framework, ITS and ensuring bottom-up innovation

We recommend that the city of Copenhagen continues with PPI framework although there has

been some learnings and delays, which can be improved related to loosely defined outcome

preferences, contractual issues and a relatively short budget.

In most larger public tender processes only the large corporations have the capacity to influence

and take on the contract and development of the strategy and content. SMEs find it challenging

to overcome the entry barriers for these traditional tender processes. In these cases SMEs,

academia etc. are usually brought in as sub­suppliers, only when the final product is to be

produced, not when the tender outcome is being defined. In this shape with the PPI framework

and pre­tender process, it makes it possible for a wider variety of stakeholders to influence and

strengthen the shaping of the future possible outcomes and add other kinds of competences and

perspectives. Especially when the primary task involves creative and innovation­driven products,

services and applications, then the traditional top­down approach will benefit greatly from the

inputs of the smaller agile and fast moving companies. The open framework proposed through

the PPI­process has thus made it possible to accommodate the inclusion of other stakeholders

and SMEs and benefit from their higher level of bottom­up approach thus fuelling more

innovations and providing city and cooperating partners with more diversity in the suggested

solutions. Furthermore it creates a creative community of stakeholders and vendors within

Smart City industry to meet, share knowledge, foster collaboration and create synergies. All in all

enhancing the development of smart city solutions and growth within the industry. For the future

these open approaches can help rising a growth and demand for new types of products and

services created in synergy between a wider variety of stakeholders including SMEs.

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Considering the overall ITS Tender process, we further recommend that the process focus is

kept on utilizing the small steps by e.g. prioritizing pilots and enabling larger scale

demonstrations of e.g. CITS technology. The development of a bottom­up common framework

for innovation with the step by step development of pilots to large scale installations. This will

enable high growth businesses to test out new data services and demonstrating future

possibilities in collaborations with small innovation­driven SMEs.

CITS Project Participants

Citelum, Pierre Louis Ouvrard, Kenneth Aastrup

Leapcraft, Vinay Venkatraman, August Ussing

DTU Space, Per Høeg (project responsible)

DTU Compute, Jens Starke, Peder Bacher

DTU Transport, Thomas Sick Nielsen

DTU AIS, David Overton Chabre Holm

CITS Project Sponsors

Cisco, Ulf Nissen, Ib Hansen Silverspring Networks, Sterling Hughes Citilog, Eric Toffin 8 May 2014 Rev. 1. July 2014, David Overton Chabre Holm

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