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Transcript of Non traditional technologies
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERINGBACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIESMANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES
NON-TRADITIONAL NON-TRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGIESTECHNOLOGIES
by Endika Gandarias
2by Endika Gandarias
Dr. ENDIKA GANDARIAS MINTEGI
Mechanical and Manufacturing department
Mondragon Unibertsitatea - www.mondragon.edu(Basque Country)
www.linkedin.com/in/endika-gandarias-mintegi-91174653
Further presentations: www.symbaloo.com/mix/manufacturingtechnology
3
CONTENTSBIBLIOGRAPHYINTRODUCTIONNON-TRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGIES:
Ultrasonic Machining (USM) Jet Machining (AJM / WJM / AWJM) Chemical Machining (CM) Electro-Chemical Machining (ECM) Plasma Arc Machining (PAM) Laser Beam Machining (LBM) Electro Discharge Machining (EDM) Ion Beam Machining (IBM) Electron Beam Machining (EBM)
SUMMARYGLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
by Endika Gandarias
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The author would like to thank all the bibliographic references and videos that
have contributed to the elaboration of these presentations.
For bibliographic references, please refer to:
• http://www.slideshare.net/endika55/bibliography-71763364 (PDF file)
• http://www.slideshare.net/endika55/bibliography-71763366 (PPT file)
For videos, please refer to:
• www.symbaloo.com/mix/manufacturingtechnology
BIBLIOGRAPHY
by Endika Gandarias
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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
by Endika Gandarias
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INTRODUCTION
• Non-traditional technologies refer to a group of processes that remove material NOT using a sharp cutting tool like in conventional machining. In contrast, non-traditional technologies use other type of energies to remove material:
IMPORTANCE OF NON-TRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGIES
• To machine newly developed difficult to cut materials: high strength, high hardness and high toughness.
• When workpiece is too flexible or slender to support conventional cutting/grinding forces.
• To machine complex part geometries which are difficult or impossible to machine by traditional methods.
• To avoid surface damage, such as stresses, created in conventional processes.
MECHANICAL
ELECTRO-CHEMICAL
THERMO-ELECTRICAL
CHEMICAL
by Endika Gandarias
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INTRODUCTION
by Endika Gandarias
Low HAZ
No HAZ
HAZ
HAZ: Heat Affected Zone
9by Endika Gandarias
1980, Machining data Handbook
INTRODUCTION
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NON-TRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGIES
NON-TRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGIES
by Endika Gandarias
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ULTRASONIC MACHINING (USM)
Dimensional tolerance: ± 0,0025mmSurface finish: Ra ~ 0,1-0,8µm
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL CHEMICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICAL
ULTRASONIC MACHINING (USM)
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ULTRASONIC MACHINING (USM)
A vibrating tool oscillates at ultrasonic frequencies (f=20-30kHz & A=15-50µm).
The tool never contacts the workpiece, and the abrasive slurry flows freely between the tool and the workpiece (20-50 µm gap).
Abrasive grains (100-800 grit size) – SiC, Al2O3, CBN, diamond Abrasive slurry – abrasive grains (20-60%) + usually water
PRO: Low HAZ. Suitable for hard and brittle non-conductive materials: ceramics, glass or carbides
(otherwise EDM or ECM is used). Holes and cavities with various shapes can be produced. Excellent surface finish.
CON: Low MRR (Material Removal Rate). Small depth of holes and cavities can be produced. Tool wear rate is fast (tool is usually softer than the
workpiece as it needs to be tough: soft steel or stainless steel).
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL CHEMICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICAL
VIDEOVIDEOVIDEO
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ULTRASONIC MACHINING (USM)
Types of parts made by this process
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL CHEMICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICAL
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JET MACHINING (AJM / WJM / AWJM)
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL CHEMICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICAL
AJM:Dimensional tolerance: ± 0,05mmSurface finish: Ra ~ 0,15-1,5 µm
WJM / AWJM:Dimensional tolerance: ± 0,025mmSurface finish: Ra ~ 1,6-6.3 µm
by Endika Gandarias
JET MACHINING (AJM / WJM / AWJM)
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JET MACHINING (AJM / WJM / AWJM)
Abrasive Jet Machining (AJM) It is an abrasive blasting machining process that uses abrasives (SiC, Al2O3 or glass bead of
Ø15-40µm) propelled by a high velocity (150-300m/s) gas (air or inert gas) to erode material from the workpiece.
It is mainly used for finishing operations: deburring, cleaning and polishing (cutting thin plates too).
PRO: Low HAZ. It can be easily automated for high production volumes. Ability to machine hard and brittle materials. Good surface finish.
CON: Low MRR. Tends to round off sharp edges
and it produces tapered cut.
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL CHEMICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICAL
BLASTING
VIDEO
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JET MACHINING (AJM / WJM / AWJM)
Water Jet Machining (WJM)
It uses a fine, high pressure, high velocity (540-1400m/s) stream of water (~ Ø0.1-0.4mm) directed at the work surface to cause cutting of the workpiece.
Cutting of all non-metallic materials (food, composites, plastics, fabrics, rubber, wood, paper,…).
PRO: Low HAZ. It can be easily automated. Ability to machine flexible materials. Burr produced is minimum.
CON: Limited number of materials can be cut economically. It produces tapered cut. Noisy.
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL CHEMICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICAL
VIDEOVIDEO
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JET MACHINING (AJM / WJM / AWJM)
Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM)
The water jet contains abrasive particles (quartz sand, SiC or Al2O3 at 60-120 grit size, up to 900 m/s) to increase the material removal rate and enable cutting of thick and hard materials.
Cutting of metallic and non-metallic materials (marble, granite, stone, composites, wood, titanium alloys,…).
Same PROs and CONs as WJM.
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL CHEMICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICAL
VIDEO
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JET MACHINING (AJM / WJM / AWJM)
Various non-metallic parts (WJM) 5-axis waterjet cutting head (WJM)
Cutting food (WJM) Marble waterjet cutting(AWJM)
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL CHEMICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICAL
VIDEO
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CHEMICAL MACHINING (CM)
CHEMICAL
Dimensional tolerance: ± 0,08mmSurface finish: Ra ~ 0,1-6,3 µm
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICAL
CHEMICAL MACHINING (CM)
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CHEMICAL MACHINING (CM)
This process is also called etching.
The metal is removed by the chemical attack of an acidic or alkaline etchant (FeCl3, H2SO4, HNO3). The portion of workpiece where no material is to be removed is masked (maskant: polymer or rubber) before chemical etching. The process is usually carried out at high temperature.
Steps: Cleaning masking etching demasking
PRO: No HAZ and no forces. It is not workpiece hardness dependent. Complicated shapes can be produced. Good surface quality. Simple to implement, low tooling and equipment cost. Suitable for low production runs. No burr formation.
CON: Very low MRR, limited to thin layers. Difficult to get sharp corners. Low dimensional accuracy.
by Endika Gandarias
CHEMICAL THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICAL
VIDEOVIDEOVIDEO
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CHEMICAL MACHINING (CM)
Missile skin-panel section contoured by chemical milling to improve the stiffness-to-weight ratio of the part.
Weight reduction of space-launch vehicles by the chemical milling of aluminum-alloy plates.
by Endika Gandarias
CHEMICAL THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICAL
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ELECTRO-CHEMICAL MACHINING
(ECM)
ELECTRO-CHEMICAL
Dimensional tolerance: ± 0,05mmSurface finish: Ra ~ 0,1-6,3 µm
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALCHEMICALMECHANICAL
ELECTRO-CHEMICAL MACHINING (ECM)
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ELECTRO-CHEMICAL MACHINING (ECM)
Electrochemical machining removes material from an electrically conductive workpiece by anodic dissolution. Workpiece geometry is obtained by a formed electrode tool which is in close proximity but separate.
An electrolyte acts as a current carrier, and high electrolyte movement in the tool-workpiece gap washes metal ions away from the workpiece (anode) before they are deposited on the tool (cathode).
Tool – generally made of bronze, copper, brass or stainless steel. Electrolyte – salt solutions in water. Power – DC supply 5-25V & 1000A.
PRO: High MRR No HAZ & no mechanical distortion. There is almost no tool wear. It is not workpiece hardness dependent. Complex shapes with deep cavities. Burr free surface.
CON: Workpiece electrically conductive. Expensive tooling and equipment. High power consumption.
by Endika Gandarias
ELECTRO-CHEMICAL THERMO-ELECTRICALCHEMICALMECHANICAL
VIDEOVIDEOVIDEO
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ELECTRO-CHEMICAL MACHINING (ECM)
by Endika Gandarias
ELECTRO-CHEMICAL THERMO-ELECTRICALCHEMICALMECHANICAL
Its industrial application has been extended to:•ECM machining•ECM drilling•ECM deburring•ECM grinding•ECM polishing
VIDEO
VIDEO
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PLASMA ARC MACHINING (PAM)
Dimensional tolerance: ± 1.3mmSurface finish: Ra ~ 0,8-6,3 µm
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
PLASMA ARC MACHINING (PAM)
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A plasma is a ionized gas typically formed when heating the gas at high temperatures (>5000ºC). Plasma state: Molecules are separated into atoms, and atoms are disaggregated into free electrons and positive atom nucleus.
It uses a high velocity jet of high temperature gas (Ar, N, H, He or mixtures of them) called plasma that melts the metal and then removes the molten material to form a kerf.
The electrode (W) and nozzle of the gun create a strong electric arc gases collide the arc and become into plasma.
It is used to cut flat metal sheets and plates and it can be used manually or by CNC.
PRO: Highest MRR among non-traditional processes. Very hard and brittle metals can be machined.
CON: Relatively large HAZ. Generally used for conductive materials (Plasma is
highly conductive). High cost equipment. Safety precautions are needed. Rough surface finish.
PLASMA ARC MACHINING (PAM)
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
VIDEO
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PLASMA ARC MACHINING (PAM)
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
VIDEO
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LASER BEAM MACHINING (LBM)
Dimensional tolerance: ± 0,08mmSurface finish: Ra ~ 0,2-6,3 µm
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
LASER BEAM MACHINING (LBM)
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LASER BEAM MACHINING (LBM)
LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
It uses the light energy from a laser to remove material by vaporization and ablation. Laser beam melts the material by focusing a coherent beam of monochromatic light on the workpiece.
Energy of the coherent light is concentrated not only optically, but also in terms of time. The type of laser used in LBM is typically the CO2 gas laser.
It is used to perform cutting, drilling, slotting or scribing.
PRO: Unlimited range of materials: high hardness metals,
ceramics, glass, rubber, wood, cloth, food,… Does not require a vacuum. No tool wear. Easy to be automatized.
CON: Low MRR. HAZ exists. High reflectivity materials (mirror) may be a problem. Expensive equipment. High energy consumption. It produces tapered cut.
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
VIDEOVIDEO
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LASER BEAM MACHINING (LBM)
Sheet metal cutting
by Endika Gandarias
PHB stentCoronary Stent
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
Tube cutting VIDEO
VIDEO
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ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING(EDM)
Dimensional tolerance: ± 0.025mmSurface finish: Ra ~ 0,05-12,5 µm
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING (EDM)
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The workpiece is removed by a series of sparks that cause localized melting and evaporation of the material in the presence of a dielectric fluid.
The workpiece is typically submerged in a dielectric bath of deionized water or oil.
ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING (EDM)
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
VIDEO
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ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING (EDM)
A formed electrode tool produces the shape of the workpiece. Electrode – copper, tungsten, graphite or brass.
PRO: It is one of the most widely used non-traditional processes. It is not workpiece hardness dependent. Complex geometries can be produced.
CON: Low MRR. HAZ exists. Workpiece needs to be electrically conductive. Not capable to produce sharp corners. Tool wear affects dimensional accuracy.
Sinking EDM
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
VIDEO
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ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING (EDM)
Wire EDM
It uses a small diameter wire (Ø0,08-0,3mm) to cut a narrow kerf in the work. Wire – brass, copper, tungsten or molybdenum
PRO: It is one of the most widely used non-traditional processes. It is not workpiece hardness dependent. It is well-suited to produce: gears, dies, cams,…
CON: HAZ exists. Workpiece needs to be electrically
conductive. Expensive equipment.
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
VIDEO VIDEO
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ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING (EDM)
by Endika Gandarias
Sinking EDM dieWire EDM parts
Sinking EDM:screw thread
Sinking EDM: cavities produced by shaped electrodes
Sinking EDM:fuel injection nozzle
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
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ELECTRON BEAM MACHINING(EBM)
Dimensional tolerance: ± 0,08mmSurface finish: Ra ~ 0,2-6,3µm
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
ELECTRON BEAM MACHINING (EBM)
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ELECTRON BEAM MACHINING (EBM)
It is a metal removal process that uses a high velocity focused stream of electrons (Ø~25µm).
Electrons are created when high voltage is applied to a Wolframium filament Accelerated by a strong electric field (200.000km/s) Focused by magnetic fields Kinetic energy of the electrons is transformed into thermal energy which melts and vaporizes the material.
Vacuum chamber is necessary to avoid electron-air molecules collisions.
It is used for drilling small holes, cutting, engraving, heat treatments, and improving surface roughness.
PRO: Works on any material. It is not workpiece hardness dependent. Very small holes and slots can be machined No tool wear.
CON: Low MRR. HAZ exists. Vacuum requirements limit part size. Expensive equipment.
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
VIDEO
38
ELECTRON BEAM MACHINING (EBM)
EBM in a vacuum
EBM in ambient air
by Endika Gandarias
Surface roughness improvement
Material: 316L SSHole: Ø~0,1mmThickness: ~1,5mm
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
VIDEO
VIDEO
39
ION BEAM MACHINING (IBM)
THERMO-ELECTRICAL
Dimensional tolerance: ± ??mmSurface finish: Ra ~ <0.0001 µm
by Endika Gandarias
MECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
ION BEAM MACHINING (IBM)
40
ION BEAM MACHINING (IBM)
This process is also called Focused Ion Beam (FIB).
A stream of charged atoms (ions) of an inert gas (Ar, He, Ga) is accelerated in a vacuum chamber by electrical means and directed toward the workpiece to remove (or add) atoms. When an atom strikes a cluster of atoms on the workpiece, it dislodges between 0.1 and 10 atoms from the workpiece material. Spot size Ø~2-20nm
Electrons are created when high voltage is applied to a Wolframium filament (high temperature) Accelerated by a strong electric field those interact with inert gas atoms to produce ions: Ar + e− → Ar+ + 2e-
It is used in micro/nanofabrication for smoothing of laser mirrors, polishing optical & shaping surfaces,…
PRO: Capable of modifying any material at
micro/nano scale.
CON: Low MRR. HAZ exists (< 1 μm). Vacuum chamber is required. High cost equipment.
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
VIDEO
VIDEO
41
ION BEAM MACHINING (IBM)
Photonics
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
VIDEO
42
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
by Endika Gandarias
43
SUMMARY
by Endika Gandarias
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SUMMARY
by Endika Gandarias
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SUMMARY
by Endika Gandarias
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GLOSSARY
GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias
47
GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias
ENGLISH SPANISH BASQUE
Ablation Ablación AblazioBead Abalorio Beira aleBeam Haz SortaBlasting Chorreado JariaketaBrass Latón LetoiaBreakdown Ruptura HausturaBrittle Frágil HauskorBubble Burbuja BurbuilaBurr Rebaba BizarCam Leva EspekaCardboard Cartón KartoiChamber Cámara GanberaCladding Aporte AportazioClose Cerca GertuCloth Tela OihalCluster Grupo MultzoCoating Recubrimiento EstalduraCoil Bobina BobinaCollide Chocar Talka eginConductive Conductor EroaleCopper Cobre KobreDebri Desecho HondakinDeburring Desbarbado Bizar kentzeDie Molde MoldeDielectric Dieléctrico / No conductor Dielektriko / Ez eroaleDisaggregated Disgregado SakabanatutaDislodge Dislocar DislokatuDrain Desagüe Hustubide
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GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias
ENGLISH SPANISH BASQUE
Drilling Taladrado ZulaketaElectro discharge machining Mecanizado por electroerosión Elektrohigadura bidezko mekanizazioElectron Beam Machining Mecanizado por haz de electrones Elektroi sorta bidezko mekanizazioEngraving Grabado GrabazioEtchant Atacante ErasotzaileEtching Ataque químico Eraso kimikoExhaust Campana de humos KanpaiFabric Tela OhialFair Justo JustuFeCl3 Cloruro de hierro Burdin kloruroFocal length Longitud / Distancia focal Foku distantziaFocus Enfocar EnfokatuGap Hueco HutsuneGear Engrane EngranaiGlass Vidrio BeiraGlazing Vidriado BeiratzeGrain Grano AleGrid Rejilla Bursin sare / SaretaGrit Grano abrasivo Ale urratzaileGun Pistola PistolaH2SO4 Ácido sulfúrico Azido sulfurikoHardening Temple TenpleHardness Dureza GogortasunaHeat Calor BeroHeating Calentador BerogailuHNO3 Ácido nítrico Azido nitrikoInsulating Aislante IsolatzaileIon beam machining Mecanizado por haz de iones Ioi sorta bidezko mekanizazio
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GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias
ENGLISH SPANISH BASQUE
Jet machining Mecanizado por chorro Zurrusta bidezko mekanizazioKerf Canal de corte Mozte bideLeek Puerro PorruLen Lente LenteMachining Mecanizado MekanizazioMarble Mármol MarmolMaskant Enmascarante Estalki / MaskaratzaileMelt Derretir UrtzeMirror Espejo IspiluMolten Derretido UrturikoNon traditional technologies Tecnologías no tradicionales Teknologia ez ohikoakNozzle Boquilla Aho / PitaPlasma arc machining Mecanizado por plasma Plasma bidezko mekanizazioPlate Placa Plaka / XaflaPolishing Pulido LeunketaPowder Polvo HautsPropel Impulsar BultzatuPump Bomba BonbaReel Carrete / Bobina BobinaRemoval rate Tasa de eliminación Ezabapen tasaRough Basto TrauskilRubber Goma / Caucho Goma / KautxuScribing Trazado a mano Eskuz idatziaShaping Dar forma Forma emanSharp Afilado ZorrotzShear Cizallado ZizailaketaSheet Chapa XaflaSinking EDM Electroerosión por penetración Sartze elektrohigadura
50
GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias
ENGLISH SPANISH BASQUE
Skin Piel AzalSlender Esbelto LerdenSlot Ranura ArtekaSlurry Pasta / Lodo Ore / LokatzSpark Chispa TxinpartSpot Punto PuntuSputter Escupir JaurtiStainless steel Acero inoxidable Altzairu erdoilgaitzStandoff distance Distancia de alejamiento Urruntze tarteStands for Significa Adierazi / Esan nahiStiffness Rigidez ZurruntasunStone Piedra HarriStream Chorro Zurrusta Strength Resistencia ErresistentziaSurface roughness Rugosidad superficial Gainazal zimurtasunaTapered cut Corte inclinado Mozte inklinatuTough Resistente IraunkorToughness Tenacidad ZailtasunTransducer Transductor TransduktoreUltrasonic machining Mecanizado ultrasónico Ultrasoinu bidezko mekanizazioVacuum Vacío HutsWash Limpiar GarbituWear Desgaste HigaduraWelding Soldadura SoldaduraWire EDM Electroerosión por hilo Harizko elektrohigaduraWorkpiece Pieza Pieza