Non-target Effects:Non-target Effects:Reducing RisksReducing Risks

Risks for DifferentRisks for Different Groups of Groups of Non-target OrganismsNon-target Organisms

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, 2003Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, 2003

Environmental ProfileEnvironmental ProfileCarbaryl Carbaryl Malathion Malathion Diflubenzuron Diflubenzuron

CAR CAR OP OP BU (IGR)BU (IGR)

Human toxicityHuman toxicity(WHO/EPA class)(WHO/EPA class) II (Moder.) II (Moder.) III (Low)III (Low) Unlikely to be Unlikely to be toxictoxic

Fish toxicityFish toxicity Moderate Moderate Low Low LowLow

Aquatic invertebrateAquatic invertebratetoxicitytoxicity Low Low Moderate Moderate High High

Mammalian toxicityMammalian toxicity Moderate Moderate Low Low LowLow

Toxicity for birds andToxicity for birds andreptilesreptiles Low Low Moderate Moderate Low Low

Toxicity for honey beeToxicity for honey bee High High HighHigh Low Low

Toxicity for otherToxicity for othernon-target arthr.non-target arthr. High High Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate

Half-Life in SoilHalf-Life in Soil

Malathion: Malathion: 1-25 D1-25 DCarbaryl:Carbaryl: 7-28 D7-28 DDiflubenzuron:Diflubenzuron: 3-4 D3-4 DDDT:DDT: 2-15 YR!2-15 YR!

Half-Life in WaterHalf-Life in WaterMalathion: Malathion: <7 D<7 DCarbaryl:Carbaryl: 10 D10 DDiflubenzuron:Diflubenzuron: 3 D 3 DDDT:DDT: 28-56 D28-56 D

HAZARD to NON-TARGETSHAZARD to NON-TARGETS

HazardHazard = = ToxicityToxicity X X ExposureExposure

Toxicity: LD (LC)Toxicity: LD (LC)5050 – intrinsic – intrinsic

characteristic of a chemicalcharacteristic of a chemical

Exposure: Dose rate [and Persistence] Exposure: Dose rate [and Persistence]

TOXICITY to MAMMALSTOXICITY to MAMMALSOral LDOral LD5050

of active ingredients for rats (in mg/kg):of active ingredients for rats (in mg/kg):Malathion – Malathion – 2,100 (1,000-10,000) 2,100 (1,000-10,000)Carbaryl – Carbaryl – 450 (250-850) 450 (250-850)Diflubenzuron – Diflubenzuron – >4,640>4,640

Dermal LDDermal LD5050

of active ingredients for rats (in mg/kg):of active ingredients for rats (in mg/kg):Malathion – Malathion – >4,000 >4,000Carbaryl – Carbaryl – >2,000 (rabbit) >2,000 (rabbit)Diflubenzuron – Diflubenzuron – >10,000 >10,000

ParameterParameter

Insecticides Insecticides (active ingredient and trade name)(active ingredient and trade name)

MalathionMalathionFyfanonFyfanon

CarbarylCarbarylSevinSevin

DiflubenzuronDiflubenzuronDimilinDimilin

Oral Toxicity (LDOral Toxicity (LD5050 mg/kg) mg/kg) 2,1002,100 450450 >4,640>4,640

Relative ToxicityRelative Toxicity 2.2x2.2x 10.3x10.3x 1.0x1.0x

Exposure (oz and [g a.i./ac])Exposure (oz and [g a.i./ac]) 8 [227]8 [227] 16 [100]16 [100] 1 [7]1 [7]

Relative ExposureRelative Exposure 32.4x32.4x 14.3x14.3x 1.0x1.0x

Hazard (Rel. Tox. x Rel. Exp.)Hazard (Rel. Tox. x Rel. Exp.) 71.371.3 147.3147.3 11

Hazard relative to DiflubenzuronHazard relative to Diflubenzuron ~70x~70x ~150x~150x 1x1x

HAZARD to MAMMALSHAZARD to MAMMALS(rats)(rats)

ParameterParameter

Insecticides Insecticides (active ingredient and trade name)(active ingredient and trade name)

MalathionMalathionFyfanonFyfanon

CarbarylCarbarylSevinSevin

DiflubenzuronDiflubenzuronDimilinDimilin

Oral Toxicity (LDOral Toxicity (LD5050 mg/kg) mg/kg) 1,485* [167**]1,485* [167**] >2,000>2,000 3,7633,763

Relative ToxicityRelative Toxicity 2.5x [22.5x]2.5x [22.5x] 1.9x1.9x 1.0x1.0x

Exposure (oz and [g a.i./ac])Exposure (oz and [g a.i./ac]) 8 [227]8 [227] 16 [100]16 [100] 1 [7]1 [7]

Relative ExposureRelative Exposure 32.4x32.4x 14.3x14.3x 1.0x1.0x

Hazard (Rel. Tox. x Rel. Exp.)Hazard (Rel. Tox. x Rel. Exp.) 81 [729]81 [729] 27.227.2 11

Hazard relative to DiflubenzuronHazard relative to Diflubenzuron ~80x [~700x]~80x [~700x] ~30x~30x 1x1x

HAZARD to BIRDSHAZARD to BIRDS

* - mallard ducks* - mallard ducks** - pheasants** - pheasants

HAZARD to GAME BIRDSHAZARD to GAME BIRDSMalathion: Malathion: LDLD5050 167 mg/kg 167 mg/kg

Carbaryl:Carbaryl: LDLD5050 2,000 mg/kg 2,000 mg/kg

Diflubenzuron:Diflubenzuron: LDLD5050 3,763 mg/kg 3,763 mg/kg

Applied at recommended dose rates, the area of Applied at recommended dose rates, the area of 1 square foot will receive:1 square foot will receive:

Malathion: Malathion: 5.3 mg5.3 mgCarbaryl:Carbaryl: 2.3 mg2.3 mgDiflubenzuron:Diflubenzuron: 0.16 mg0.16 mg

To pick up a 50% lethal dose, a 2 ¼ - lb bird To pick up a 50% lethal dose, a 2 ¼ - lb bird should consume all vegetation on:should consume all vegetation on:Malathion: Malathion: 32 square feet32 square feetCarbaryl:Carbaryl: 900 square feet900 square feetDiflubenzuron:Diflubenzuron: ½ acre½ acre

ParameterParameter

Insecticides Insecticides (active ingredient and trade name)(active ingredient and trade name)

MalathionMalathionFyfanonFyfanon

CarbarylCarbarylSevinSevin

DiflubenzuronDiflubenzuronDimilinDimilin

Toxicity (LCToxicity (LC5050 mmg/L)g/L) 0.10.1 1.31.3 240240

Relative ToxicityRelative Toxicity 2,400x2,400x 184.6x184.6x 1.0x1.0x

Exposure (oz and [g a.i./ac])Exposure (oz and [g a.i./ac]) 8 [227]8 [227] 16 [100]16 [100] 1 [7]1 [7]

Relative ExposureRelative Exposure 32.4x32.4x 14.3x14.3x 1.0x1.0x

Hazard (Rel. Tox. x Rel. Exp.)Hazard (Rel. Tox. x Rel. Exp.) 77,76077,760 2,639.82,639.8 11

Hazard relative to DiflubenzuronHazard relative to Diflubenzuron ~80,000x~80,000x ~2,600x~2,600x 1x1x

HAZARD to FISHHAZARD to FISH(brown, rainbow, and cutthroat trout)(brown, rainbow, and cutthroat trout)

HazardHazard = = ToxicityToxicity X X ExposureExposure

How to Reduce the Risks?How to Reduce the Risks?

RAATs!!!RAATs!!!

Observe buffers around Observe buffers around water bodieswater bodies

Do not overdoseDo not overdose

Appropriate formulationAppropriate formulation

Protect beesProtect bees

Use insecticides Use insecticides with with lowerlower toxicity toxicity

Is Dimilin Dangerous Is Dimilin Dangerous for Honey Bees?for Honey Bees?

Dimilin and Honey BeesDimilin and Honey Bees

Citrus pest control:Citrus pest control: (Schroeder (Schroeder et alet al., 1977)., 1977)SixSix consecutive applications of Dimilin at 140 g a.i./acre consecutive applications of Dimilin at 140 g a.i./acre each, each, approximately at a monthly intervals.approximately at a monthly intervals.No difference in brood numbers between treated and No difference in brood numbers between treated and untreated hives.untreated hives.No detectable diflubenzuron residues in honey.No detectable diflubenzuron residues in honey.

Cotton pest control:Cotton pest control: (Robinson, 1979) (Robinson, 1979)Eight Eight consecutive applications of Dimilin at 57 g. consecutive applications of Dimilin at 57 g. a.i./acre a.i./acre each, at one week intervals.each, at one week intervals.No difference in treated/untreated brood ratio. No difference in treated/untreated brood ratio. No change in brood developmental rate.No change in brood developmental rate.No detectable residues of diflubenzuron in wax, pollen or No detectable residues of diflubenzuron in wax, pollen or

honey. honey.

Dimilin and Honey BeesDimilin and Honey Bees

Conclusion:Conclusion:

Repeated exposure of bee colonies to Repeated exposure of bee colonies to six six to eightto eight, consecutive Dimilin applications , consecutive Dimilin applications of of 57 to 140 g a.i./acre57 to 140 g a.i./acre presented no hazard presented no hazard to adult honey bees or to their brood.to adult honey bees or to their brood.

For comparison:For comparison:In grasshopper control, In grasshopper control, aa singlesingle Dimilin Dimilin application at a rate of application at a rate of 7 g a.i./acre7 g a.i./acre is used. is used. This reduces the hazard by This reduces the hazard by 64 to 12064 to 120 times. times.

Excerpt from: Excerpt from: Honey bee poisoning by Honey bee poisoning by chemicals: signs, contributing factors, current chemicals: signs, contributing factors, current problems and preventionproblems and prevention – – Johansen, 1980Johansen, 1980

Extremely toxic to honey bees and should not be Extremely toxic to honey bees and should not be applied to blooming crops or weeds:applied to blooming crops or weeds:

Carbaryl (EC and ULV formulations)Carbaryl (EC and ULV formulations)Malathion ULVMalathion ULV

To minimize hazard to bees, should be applied only To minimize hazard to bees, should be applied only during late evening:during late evening:

Malathion ECMalathion EC

Relatively safe to bees and can be applied at any Relatively safe to bees and can be applied at any time:time:

DiflubenzuronDiflubenzuron

Insecticides and BeesInsecticides and Bees

Insecticides and BeesInsecticides and Bees

Which formulation is better?Which formulation is better?

WorstWorst BestBest

WettableWettable Micro-Micro- Oil-basedOil-based Water-basedWater-basedPowderPowder EncapsulatedEncapsulated ULVULV ECEC

Source: Johansen, 1980Source: Johansen, 1980