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![Page 1: Non-photonic leptons and charm production at RHIC an experimental overview Alexandre Suaide University of São Paulo – Brazil.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062721/56649f275503460f94c3f01c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Non-photonic leptons and charm production
at RHICan experimental overview
Non-photonic leptons and charm production
at RHICan experimental overview
Alexandre Suaide
University of São Paulo – Brazil
![Page 2: Non-photonic leptons and charm production at RHIC an experimental overview Alexandre Suaide University of São Paulo – Brazil.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062721/56649f275503460f94c3f01c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
RHIC white papers: many new things…
RHIC has produced matter that behaves differently from anything we have seen previously... Can we fully describe it? Can we see the phase transition/critical point?
Lower energies, different system sizes? ... is dense (many times cold nuclear matter
density)... ... is dissipative... ... exhibits strong collective behavior...
Does dissipation and collective behavior both occur at the partonic stage? How partons interact with matter?
... and seems to be thermally equilibrated Is it?
... and still many questions.
![Page 3: Non-photonic leptons and charm production at RHIC an experimental overview Alexandre Suaide University of São Paulo – Brazil.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062721/56649f275503460f94c3f01c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
How heavy flavors can help in this search? Heavy quarks are ideal probes for medium created at RHIC
Two ways of doing that Quarkonium investigation
Deconfinement Medium thermometer
Open heavy flavor Production mechanisms thermalization Interaction with the medium tomography
B. Mueller, nucl-th/0404015
D mesons
, ’,
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4Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
Open heavy flavors Useful tool to probe the
medium Yield, spectra, correlations, jets…
How do we do it? Hadronic reconstruction
Clean probe, but difficult in high multiplicity environments
Semi-leptonic decays Easier, but depends on ‘magic’
to disentangle flavors
(or
![Page 5: Non-photonic leptons and charm production at RHIC an experimental overview Alexandre Suaide University of São Paulo – Brazil.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062721/56649f275503460f94c3f01c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
How do we measure it?• Designed for leptonic
measurements• Low radiation length• Open heavy flavors
• Electron measurements and muons
• Quarkonia states
• Large acceptance and efficiency
• Good particle identification• dE/dx, EMC and ToF
• Open heavy flavors• hadronic
reconstruction, muons and electrons
• Quarkonia states depend on special triggers
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6Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
How do we measure it? Phenix
Electrons Electromagnetic calorimeter
and RICH at mid rapidity Muons
Muon arms at forward rapidities
STAR Hadronic reconstruction of D-
mesons Muon identification with
TPC/ToF Electrons
ToF + TPC for low momentum (pT<4 GeV/c)
EMC + TPC for high momentum (pT>1.5 GeV/c)
![Page 7: Non-photonic leptons and charm production at RHIC an experimental overview Alexandre Suaide University of São Paulo – Brazil.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062721/56649f275503460f94c3f01c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
Not all electrons come from heavy flavor Most of electrons are originated from
sources other than heavy flavors e+ + e- (small for Phenix) 0 + e+ + e-
, etc.
Phenix is almost material free, so their background is highly reduced when compared to STAR
Phenix applies two different methods with very good consistency between them Converter method Cocktail method
STAR has the advantage of being capable of measuring the background despite the amount of material
PHENIX
So, keep in mind that electronsgo through a lot of plastic surgery
Mass (GeV/c2)
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8Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
Knowing that experiments are capable of measuring heavy
flavors at RHIC, lets go through some findings.
3 main topics to discuss
1. Total charm cross section 2. Interactions of heavy flavors with the medium 3. Separation of charm from bottom at RHIC
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9Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
Production mechanisms Charm quarks are
believed to be produced at early stage by initial gluon fusions. (M. Gyulassy & Z. Lin,
PRC 51 (1995) 2177) Sensitive to initial
gluon distribution Nuclear and medium
effects in the initial state
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10Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
Baseline – production in p+p collisions
M. C
acciari et al., P
RL 95:122
001,2005
Heavy Quark production is a “hard” process pQCD Calculation on NLO depends on:
Quark mass mc, mb
Factorization scale F (typically F = mT or 2mT)
Renormalization scale R (typically R = F)
Parton density functions (PDF)
Fragmentation functions (FF) – plays important role
Fixed-Order plus Next-to-Leading-Log (FONLL) designed to cure large logs
for pT >> mq where mass is not relevant
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11Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
Charm cross section from STAR Use all possible signals
D mesons Electrons Muons
Charm cross section is well constrained 95% of the total cross
section Direct measurement D-mesons and muons
constrain the low-pT region
Y. Z
hang (ST
AR
), Hard P
robes 2006
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12Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
Charm cross section from PHENIX Many different
datasets Non-photonic
electron spectra Improving statistics
over time Reducing pT cut
Reduces extrapolation uncertainties
hep-ex/0609010
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13Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
Charm production at RHIC: total cross section FONLL as baseline
Large uncertainties due to quark masses, factorization and renormalization scale
Phenix about a factor of 2 higher but consistent within errors Only electrons but less
background
STAR data about a factor of 5 higher More material but it is the
only direct measurement of D-mesons 95% of the total cross
section is measured
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14Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
Charm production at RHIC: total cross section Data from both
experiments independently indicate total cross section follow Nbin scaling Charm is produced by
initial collisions No room for thermal
production in the sQGP
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15Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
Charm production at RHIC: spectra shape Does FONLL describe
the spectral shape despite of any normalization discrepancy?
Both STAR and PHENIX recently submitted electron spectra up to about 10 GeV/c
How do they compare to FONLL?
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16Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
Charm production at RHIC: spectra shape FONLL describes the
shape well
Experiments do not agree to each other Low material in Phenix
Less electron background to subtract
Direct measurement of D-mesons at STAR and low-pT
Is this shown only at high-pT? 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
1/(2N
evp T
)d2 N
/dp T
d y [(G
eV/c
)-2]
pT [GeV/c]
STAR Combined fit MB , electrons and D-mesons
Phenix MB Au+Au data
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17Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
Charm cross section: the issue STAR and PHENIX reported charm cross
section in different collision configurations Data are self-consistent within experiments
Both cross section and spectral shapes Both suggest Nbin scaling in the cross section
But experiments do not agree to each other PHENIX is a factor of ~2 lower than STAR
D-mesons/muons/electrons measurement vs. Lower electron background
Very important issue to be addressed in the next months Low material run at STAR and more precise D-mesons
measurements are needed
Are the discrepancies show stoppers onthe understanding of the interaction between
heavy quarks and the medium created at RHIC?
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18Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
Energy loss in the medium Light quarks
High pT suppression / quenching of away-side jet for light quark hadrons
Can we learn something about the medium?
Pedestal&flow subtracted
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19Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
Energy loss in the medium Strong suppression observed for light quarks creates bias towards surface emission
Medium is extremely opaque for light quarks
What about heavy quarks?
K.J. Eskola, H. Honkanken, C.A. Salgado, U.A. Wiedemann, Nucl. Phys. A747 (2005) 511
Increasing density
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20Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
Open Heavy Flavors – Energy Loss in Medium In vacuum, gluon radiation
suppressed at < mQ/EQ “dead cone” effect implies
lower energy loss (Dokshitzer-Kharzeev, ‘01)
energy distribution d/d of radiated gluons suppressed by angle-dependent factor
Smaller energy loss would probe inside the medium
Collisional E-loss: qg qg, qq qq
dE/dx ln p - small?
light
(M.Djordjevic PRL 94 (2004))
Q
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21Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
Collisional EL for heavy quarks
M. Djordjevic, nucl-th/0603066
Collisional and radiative energy losses are comparable! M.G.Mustafa,Phys.Rev.C72:014905 A. K. Dutt-Mazumder et al.,Phys.Rev.D71:094016,2005
Should strongly affect heavy quark RAA
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22Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
High-pT electrons and energy loss
STAR
STAR nucl-ex/0607012 (*)PHENIX nucl-ex/0611018(*) updated data
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23Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
Electron RAA from d+Au to central Au+Au Use of non-photonic
electron spectra as proxy for energy loss study
RAA show increasing suppression from peripheral to central Au+Au First evidence of heavy
quark EL Differences between
STAR and PHENIX disappear in RAA
Is it smaller than for light-quark hadrons?
PHENIX nucl-ex/0611018STAR nucl-ex/0607012
![Page 24: Non-photonic leptons and charm production at RHIC an experimental overview Alexandre Suaide University of São Paulo – Brazil.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062721/56649f275503460f94c3f01c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
Understanding NPE suppression Radiative EL with
reasonable gluon densities do not explain the observed suppression Djordjevic, Phys. Lett. B632
81 (2006)
Even extreme conditions with high transport coefficient do not account for the observed suppression Armesto, Phys. Lett. B637 362
(2006)
Other EL mechanisms?
PHENIX nucl-ex/0611018STAR nucl-ex/0607012
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25Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
Understanding NPE suppression Collisional EL may
be significant for heavy quarks Wicks,
nucl-th/0512076 van Hess, Phys.
Rev. C73 034913 (2006)
Still marginal at high-pT
PHENIX nucl-ex/0611018STAR nucl-ex/0607012
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26Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
Understanding NPE suppression Charm alone
seems to describe better the suppression at high-pT
Dead cone more significant for bottom quark larger collisional (relative) EL
PHENIX nucl-ex/0611018STAR nucl-ex/0607012
![Page 27: Non-photonic leptons and charm production at RHIC an experimental overview Alexandre Suaide University of São Paulo – Brazil.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062721/56649f275503460f94c3f01c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
Understanding NPE suppression Other effects may
contribute to the observed suppression What if heavy quarks
fragment inside the medium and are suppressed by dissociation? Adil and Vitev,
hep-ph/0611109 Similar suppression
for B and D at high-pT
PHENIX nucl-ex/0611018STAR nucl-ex/0607012
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28Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
solid: STARopen: PHENIX PRL91(03)
Open Heavy Flavors – Elliptic Flow
Van Hees & Rapp, PRC 71, 034907: resonant heavy-light quark scattering via scalar, pseudoscalar, vector, and axial vector D-like-mesons
Observed large elliptic flow of light/s quark mesons at RHIC
Strong evidence for thermalization What about charm?
Naïve kinematical argument: need mq/T ~ 7 times more collisions to thermalize
v2 of charm closely related to RAA
V.Greco, C.M. Ko nucl-th/0405040
![Page 29: Non-photonic leptons and charm production at RHIC an experimental overview Alexandre Suaide University of São Paulo – Brazil.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062721/56649f275503460f94c3f01c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
Do heavy quarks flow? Study of non-photonic
single electrons (from semileptonic D decays)
First hint of strong charm v2 for pT<2 GeV/c Compatible with v2
charm = v2
light-q
Seems to decrease at higher-pT (????) Does the suppression
of charm makes bottom evident in this region in Au+Au?
Increase statistics
PHENIX nucl-ex/0611018
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30Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
Many questions… The NPE RAA and v2 shows
interesting results Suppression is very large when
compared to the expectation from radiative energy loss that seems to work well for light quark hadrons
Other possible mechanisms? Collisional EL, resonances,
in medium fragmentation… Need to investigate in detail
different aspects of the suppression Centrality dependence,
system size, …
But, very important, need to disentangle charm from bottom! PHENIX nucl-ex/0611018
STAR nucl-ex/0607012
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31Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
e-h correlations in p+p: bottom vs. charm See Xiaoyan Lin’s talk for STAR
Understand charm and bottom production is a key point to understand suppression and flow
Direct measurement is very complicated
One possible idea: electron-hadron correlations Near side peak dominated by
decay kinematics
Preliminary e-h correlations from p+p collisions in STAR Extract relative bottom contribution
for different electrons pT
exp 1B CR R
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32Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
See Xiaoyan Lin’s talk for STAR
FONLL has large uncertainties in the b/(c+b) ratio Could the data nail it
down?
First measurement of open-bottom at RHIC Non-zero
contribution of bottom
Very close to FONLL predictions
e-h correlations in p+p: bottom vs. charm
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33Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
Some considerations… Heavy flavor is an important tool to understand HI
physics at RHIC
First RHIC results are interesting and challenging Large differences in cross section between Phenix and
STAR Why so much suppression at high-pT? Do heavy flavors flow? Charm and bottom relative production. Where bottom
starts dominating? First attempts from STAR indicates a non-zero contribution of bottom
to the NPE spectra Very first step on the understanding of heavy quark EL
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34Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
We are just in the beginning… Heavy flavor is challenging
Measurements are complicated and hungry for statistics
The future is promising… STAR and PHENIX upgrades visioning heavy
flavor measurements RHIC II upgrades will provide more luminosity
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35Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
Extras
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36Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
Open Heavy Flavor – Goals and RequirementsPhysics Motivation Probes Studies Requirements
Baseline D/B mesons, non-photonic electrons
Rapidity y(xF) and pT spectra in AA, pA as a function of A, √s
High Luminosity
High resolution vertex detectors (c(D) ~ 100-300 m)
High-pT PID (DK)
Thermalization,
Transport properties of the medium
D mesons, B?
non-photonic electrons (D+B)
Elliptic flow v2
pT spectra
as above
Properties of the medium
Initial conditions
D, B (B J/ + X) mesons, non-photonic electrons
RAA(pT), RCP of D , B as a function of pT for various √s
as above
Properties of the medium
Heavy Flavor Production
D mesons, non-photonic electrons
Correlations: charm-charm charm-hadron J/-hadron
HIGH luminosity (eff2 !)
Large coverage
Trigger ?
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37Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
How to do it? RHIC-II: increased luminosity (RHIC-II ≈ 40 × RHIC)
collision diamond s = 20 cm at RHIC and s = 10 cm at RHIC II gain in usable luminosity is larger than “nominal” increase
PHENIX & STAR: more powerful upgraded detectors crucial to the Heavy Flavor physics program - completed in mid/near term ~5 years. STAR:
DAQ upgrade increases rate to 1 KHz, triggered data has ~ 0 dead time. Silicon tracking upgrade for heavy flavor, jet physics, spin physics. Barrel TOF for hadron PID, heavy flavor decay electron PID. EMCAL + TOF J/y trigger useful in Au+Au collisions. Forward Meson Detector
PHENIX: Silicon tracker for heavy flavor, jet physics, spin physics. Forward muon trigger for high rate pp + improved pattern recognition. Nose cone calorimeter for heavy flavor measurements. Aerogel + new MRP TOF detectors for hadron PID. Hadron-blind detector for light vector meson e+e- measurements.
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38Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
Charm production at RHIC: spectra shape
FONLL describe the shape well, despite normalization
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39Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
Systematic of charm cross section data Exp. discrepancy is not a
new event
Discrepancy with theory has also a long history Only recently data and
theory touched the bases
pp
pTheory has to deal with many choices of parameters
Experiments need to deal with many corrections on data if measuring NPE
Knowledge evolves in both sides with time!
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40Alexandre SuaideUniversity of São Paulo, Brazil
Quark Matter 2006Shanghai, China
Where bottom become significant? Large uncertainties
in FONLL prediction on the relative b/c yield
It is important to reduce the uncertainties by measuring the relative contribution