NON-METALLIC MATERIALS - SELECTION AND APPLICATION MATERIALS.pdf · This DEP specifies requirements...

MANUAL

NON-METALLIC MATERIALS - SELECTION AND APPLICATION

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen.

April 2003 (DEP Circulars 36/06 and 02/07 have been incorporated)

DESIGN AND ENGINEERING PRACTICE

This document is restricted. Neither the whole nor any part of this document may be disclosed to any third party without the prior written consent of Shell Global Solutions International B.V. and Shell International Exploration and Production B.V., The Netherlands. The copyright of this document is vested in these companies. All

rights reserved. Neither the whole nor any part of this document may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, reprographic, recording or otherwise) without the prior written consent of the copyright owners.

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

PREFACE DEPs (Design and Engineering Practice) publications reflect the views, at the time of publication, of:

Shell Global Solutions International B.V. (Shell GSI)

and

Shell International Exploration and Production B.V. (SIEP)

and

Shell International Chemicals B.V. (SIC)

and

other Service Companies.

They are based on the experience acquired during their involvement with the design, construction, operation and maintenance of processing units and facilities, and they are supplemented with the experience of Group Operating companies. Where appropriate they are based on, or reference is made to, international, regional, national and industry standards.

The objective is to set the recommended standard for good design and engineering practice applied by Group companies operating an oil refinery, gas handling installation, chemical plant, oil and gas production facility, or any other such facility, and thereby to achieve maximum technical and economic benefit from standardization.

The information set forth in these publications is provided to users for their consideration and decision to implement. This is of particular importance where DEPs may not cover every requirement or diversity of condition at each locality. The system of DEPs is expected to be sufficiently flexible to allow individual operating companies to adapt the information set forth in DEPs to their own environment and requirements.

When Contractors or Manufacturers/Suppliers use DEPs they shall be solely responsible for the quality of work and the attainment of the required design and engineering standards. In particular, for those requirements not specifically covered, the Principal will expect them to follow those design and engineering practices which will achieve the same level of integrity as reflected in the DEPs. If in doubt, the Contractor or Manufacturer/Supplier shall, without detracting from his own responsibility, consult the Principal or its technical advisor.

The right to use DEPs is granted by Shell GSI, SIEP or SIC, in most cases under Service Agreements primarily with companies of the Royal Dutch/Shell Group and other companies receiving technical advice and services from Shell GSI, SIEP, SIC or another Group Service Company. Consequently, three categories of users of DEPs can be distinguished:

1) Operating companies having a Service Agreement with Shell GSI, SIEP, SIC or other Service Company. The use of DEPs by these operating companies is subject in all respects to the terms and conditions of the relevant Service Agreement.

2) Other parties who are authorized to use DEPs subject to appropriate contractual arrangements (whether as part of a Service Agreement or otherwise).

3) Contractors/subcontractors and Manufacturers/Suppliers under a contract with users referred to under 1) or 2) which requires that tenders for projects, materials supplied or - generally - work performed on behalf of the said users comply with the relevant standards.

Subject to any particular terms and conditions as may be set forth in specific agreements with users, Shell GSI, SIEP and SIC disclaim any liability of whatsoever nature for any damage (including injury or death) suffered by any company or person whomsoever as a result of or in connection with the use, application or implementation of any DEP, combination of DEPs or any part thereof, even if it is wholly or partly caused by negligence on the part of Shell GSI, SIEP or other Service Company. The benefit of this disclaimer shall inure in all respects to Shell GSI, SIEP, SIC and/or any company affiliated to these companies that may issue DEPs or require the use of DEPs.

Without prejudice to any specific terms in respect of confidentiality under relevant contractual arrangements, DEPs shall not, without the prior written consent of Shell GSI and SIEP, be disclosed by users to any company or person whomsoever and the DEPs shall be used exclusively for the purpose for which they have been provided to the user. They shall be returned after use, including any copies which shall only be made by users with the express prior written consent of Shell GSI, SIEP or SIC. The copyright of DEPs vests in Shell GSI and SIEP. Users shall arrange for DEPs to be held in safe custody and Shell GSI, SIEP or SIC may at any time require information satisfactory to them in order to ascertain how users implement this requirement.

All administrative queries should be directed to the DEP Administrator in Shell GSI.

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................5 1.1 SCOPE........................................................................................................................5 1.2 DISTRIBUTION, INTENDED USE AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS .........5 1.3 DEFINITIONS .............................................................................................................5 1.4 CROSS-REFERENCES .............................................................................................5 1.5 CHANGES FROM THE PREVIOUS EDITION...........................................................6 1.6 COMMENTS ON THIS DEP.......................................................................................7 2. GENERAL...................................................................................................................8 2.1 SELECTION GUIDELINES.........................................................................................8 2.2 ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................8 2.3 CATEGORIES OF NON-METALLICS ......................................................................11 2.4 MATERIAL SELECTION...........................................................................................12 2.5 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE .......................................................................................12 2.6 FIRE PERFORMANCE.............................................................................................13 2.7 MATERIAL PROPERTIES........................................................................................14 3. THERMOPLASTIC MATERIALS .............................................................................16 3.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................16 3.2 PLASTICISED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) .......................................................16 3.3 UNPLASTICISED PVC (UPVC)................................................................................17 3.4 POLYETHYLENE (PE) .............................................................................................18 3.5 POLYAMIDE (PA) .....................................................................................................19 3.6 POLYPROPYLENE (PP) ..........................................................................................20 3.7 FLUOROPOLYMERS (PTFE, PCTFE, PFA, FEP, PVDF).......................................21 3.8 POLYPHENYLENE SULPHIDE (PPS).....................................................................23 3.9 CROSS-LINKED POLYETHYLENE (PEX)...............................................................24 3.10 POLYETHERETHERKETONE (PEEK) ....................................................................25 4. FIBRE REINFORCEMENT MATERIALS.................................................................27 4.1 GENERAL.................................................................................................................27 4.2 TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT FIBRES..................................................................27 4.3 TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF REINFORCEMENT FIBRES ......................................28 5. THERMOSET MATERIALS AND COMPOSITES ...................................................29 5.1 FIBRE REINFORCED PLASTIC COMPOSITES .....................................................29 5.2 EPOXY RESINS .......................................................................................................30 5.3 POLYESTER RESINS ..............................................................................................32 5.4 VINYL ESTER RESINS ............................................................................................34 5.5 PHENOLIC RESINS .................................................................................................35 5.6 FURAN RESINS .......................................................................................................36 5.7 POLYURETHANE RESINS ......................................................................................37 6. ELASTOMERIC MATERIALS..................................................................................39 6.1 GENERAL.................................................................................................................39 6.2 NATURAL RUBBER (NR).........................................................................................40 6.3 STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER (SBR) ................................................................41 6.4 POLYCHLOROPRENE RUBBER (CR)....................................................................42 6.5 BUTYL RUBBER (IIR) ..............................................................................................43 6.6 CHLOROSULPHONATED POLYETHYLENE (CSM) ..............................................44 6.7 NITRILE BUTADIENE RUBBER (NBR, HNBR) .......................................................45 6.8 ETHYLENE PROPYLENE RUBBER (EPDM) ..........................................................46 6.9 FLUOROELASTOMERS (FKM) ...............................................................................47 6.10 PERFLUORO ELASTOMER (FFKM) .......................................................................48 6.11 FLUORO-SILICONE RUBBERS (VMQ, PMQ, FMQ)...............................................49 6.12 POLYURETHANE RUBBERS (AU, EU)...................................................................49 6.13 EXPLOSIVE DECOMPRESSION (RAPID GAS DECOMPRESSION) OF

ELASTOMER SEALS ...............................................................................................50 7. CERAMIC MATERIALS ...........................................................................................52 7.1 GENERAL.................................................................................................................52

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

7.2 NON-OXIDE CERAMICS..........................................................................................52 7.3 OXIDE CERAMICS...................................................................................................52 7.4 TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS.................................................................53 8. INSULATION MATERIALS ......................................................................................54 9. REFERENCES .........................................................................................................56

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE NON-METALLIC MATERIALS .......60 APPENDIX 2 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF NON-METALLIC MATERIALS.......................82 APPENDIX 3 FIRE PERFORMANCE OF NON-METALLIC MATERIALS ..........................110 APPENDIX 4 TYPICAL MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF

OCCASIONALLY USED NON-METALLIC MATERIALS ..............................112

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 SCOPE

This DEP specifies requirements and gives recommendations for the initial selection of non-metallic materials.

This DEP is a revision of the DEP of the same title and number dated December 1999.

The purpose of this DEP is to guide and support the application of non-metallic materials through specification of the service limits in terms of minimum and maximum operating temperatures for both upstream and downstream applications.

1.2 DISTRIBUTION, INTENDED USE AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS

Unless otherwise authorised by Shell GSI and SIEP the distribution of this DEP is confined to companies forming part of the Royal Dutch/Shell Group or managed by a Group company, and to Contractors and Manufacturers/Suppliers nominated by them (i.e., the distribution code is "F", as described in DEP 00.00.05.05-Gen.).

This DEP is intended for use in oil refineries, chemical plants, gas plants, exploration and production facilities and supply/marketing installations. When DEPs are applied, a Management of Change (MOC) process should be implemented. This is of particular importance when existing facilities are to be modified.

If national and/or local regulations exist in which some of the requirements may be more stringent than in this DEP, the Contractor shall determine by careful scrutiny which of the requirements are the more stringent and which combination of requirements will be acceptable as regards safety, environmental, economic and legal aspects. In all cases the Contractor shall inform the Principal of any deviation from the requirements of this DEP which is considered to be necessary in order to comply with national and/or local regulations. The Principal may then negotiate with the Authorities concerned with the object of obtaining agreement to follow this DEP as closely as possible.

1.3 DEFINITIONS

The Contractor is the party that carries out all or part of the design, engineering, procurement, construction, commissioning or management of a project or operation of a facility. The Principal may sometimes undertake all or part of the duties of the Contractor.

The Manufacturer/Supplier is the party that manufactures or supplies equipment, materials and services to perform the duties specified by the contractor.

The Principal is the party that initiates the project and ultimately pays for its design and construction. The Principal will generally specify the technical requirements. The Principal may also include an agent or consultant, authorised to act for, and on behalf of, the Principal.

The word shall indicates a requirement.

The word should indicates a recommendation.

1.4 CROSS-REFERENCES

Where cross-references to parts of this DEP are made, the referenced section number is shown in brackets. References used in this DEP are listed in (9).

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

1.5 CHANGES FROM THE PREVIOUS EDITION

The previous edition of this DEP was dated December 1999. Other than editorial changes, the following are the major changes to the previous edition.

Old section New Section Change

2 2.1 Sections and table re-numbered to reflect a new 2.1 SELECTION GUIDELINES heading.

3 3 Sections and tables re-numbered to reflect a new 3.1 INTRODUCTION.

3.4 3.5 Typical mechanical properties for PA-11 updated; also state that installation of PA-11 based liners below –30 °C is not recommended.

3.6 3.7 Lower temperature limits for PTFE and PFA updated.

3.7 3.8 Maximum operating temperatures for PPS updated.

3.9 Section on Polyketone (PK) deleted.

4 4 Sections and table re-numbered to reflect a new 4.1 GENERAL heading.

Table 4.2 Table 4.3 Columns and rows re-numbered and reversed to be consistent with other tables.

4.3 4.3 Fibre content (by weight) for filament wound pipes updated.

5.2 5.2 Table 5.2a updated.

5.4 5.4 Table 5.4a updated.

6 6 Sections and tables re-numbered to reflect a new 6.1 GENERAL heading.

6.1 6.2 Typical temperature range for NR updated.

6 6 Material property values in all tables updated.

6.6 6.7 Typical temperature range for HNBR added, along with comment regarding explosive decompression resistance.

6.8 6.9 Guidance on FKM with regard to explosive decompression added and updated Table 6.9b.

6.10 6.11 Comment that Fluro-silicone rubbers are not susceptible to explosive decompression removed.

- 6.13 New section on explosive decompression of elastomer seals.

8 8 Table 8 updated.

Appendix 1 Appendix 1, Table 1A and

Table 1B

Table 1B, grouping by material type, added.

Appendix 2, Table 2a

Appendix 2, Table 2a

Values for PA-11 updated. Column on PK deleted.

Appendix 2, Table 2b

Appendix 2, Table 2b

Values for Epoxy (DIPA), Polyester isophthalic (Alkalis), Polyester bisphenol (Alkalis), Vinyl Ester (Alakalis) and Hydrocarbon – Amines updated.

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

Old section New Section Change

Appendix 2, Table 2c

Appendix 2, Table 2c

Values for CR (Inorganic acids, Phosphoric 75 %) and Hydrocarbon – Amines updated.

Appendix 2, Table 2d

Appendix 2, Table 2d

Values for Glass lining updated.

1.6 COMMENTS ON THIS DEP

Comments on this DEP may be sent to the DEP Administrator at [email protected].

Shell staff may also post comments on this DEP on the Surface Global Network (SGN) under the Standards/DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. folder. The DEP Administrator and DEP Author monitor these folders on a regular basis.

mailto:[email protected]

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

2. GENERAL

2.1 SELECTION GUIDELINES

Within this DEP, minimum and maximum temperature limits are given for classes of non-metallic materials under generalised service conditions, e.g., oil or gas service. These temperature limits are meant as a guide to initiate the material selection process. Having selected the appropriate non-metallic material is it recommended to assess the specific limits of application for the intended service, not solely for temperature and service conditions but also for loads, lifetime, installation and operational constraints.

It should be realised that material properties may be impaired or severely changed during fabrication or degrade during service lifetime. The potential for such events to occur should be taken into account when selecting a specific material for a given service application.

The materials engineer should therefore be consulted at the appropriate design phase of the project. If an equipment DEP specifies a particular non-metallic material, that specification shall govern regardless of the general requirements stated in this DEP. For example, valves shall be as specified in the piping classes (DEP 31.38.01.12-Gen. And DEP 31.38.01.15-Gen.) and details of the required sealing materials shall be as specified in the MESC specifications referenced therein (e.g., MESC SPE 77/130).

2.2 ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations are commonly used to describe non-metallic materials. A number of abbreviations standardised in various codes, e.g., ASTM D 1418 and D 1600, ISO 1043 and ISO 1629, are listed below.

ABR Acrylate Butadiene Rubber

ABS Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene

ANSI American National Standards Institute

API American Petroleum Institute

ASA Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

BR Butadiene Rubber

BS Butadiene Styrene

CA Cellulose Acetate

CAB Cellulose Acetate Butyrate

CAP Cellulose Acetate Propionate

CFM Polychlorotrifluoroethylene

CM Chloropolyethylene

CP Cellulosepropionate

CPE Chlorinated polyethylene

CPVC Chlorinated Polyvinylchloride

CR Chloroprene Rubber

CSM Chlorosulphonated Polyethylene

DAP Diallyl Phthalate

ECTFE Ethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

EPR Ethylene Propylene Rubber

EPS Expanded Polystyrene

EPDM Ethylene Propylene Rubber

ESC Environmental Stress Cracking

ETFE Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene

EVA Ethylene Vinylacetate

EVAC Ethylene Vinylacetate

EVAL Ethylene Vinylalcohol

FEP Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene

FKM Fluorocarbon Co-polymer

FFKM Perfluoro Elastomer

FMK Fluor-silicone Rubber

FPA Perfluoralkoxy

FRP Fiber Reinforced Plastic

GR-A Apolybutadiene Acrylonitrile Rubber

GR-I Butyl Rubber, Polyisobutylene Isoprene Rubber

GR-N Nitrile Rubber, Nitrile Butadiene Rubber, Polybutadiene Acrylonitrile Rubber

GR-S Styrene Butadiene Rubber, Polybutadiene Styrene Rubber

GRE Glass Reinforced Epoxy

GRP Glass Reinforced Plastic

GRUP Glass Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester

GRVE Glass Reinforced Vinyl Ester

HDPE High Density Polyethylene

HNBR Hydrogenated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber

IIR Butyl Rubber

IM Polyisobutene Rubber

IR Isoprene Rubber

ISSO International Standards Organisation

MDI Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate

MDPE Medium Density Polyethylene

MF Melamine Formaldehyde

NBR Nitrile Butadiene Rubber

NR Natural Rubber

PA Polyamide

PAI Polyaramide Imide

PAN Polyacrylonitrile

PB Polybutylene

PBTP Polybutylene Terephthalate

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

PC Polycarbonate

PCTFE Polychlorotrifluoroethylene

PEEK Polyetheretherketone

PEI Polyetherimide

PES Polyethersulfone

PETP Polyethylene Terephthalate

PEX Cross-linked polyethylene

PF Phenol Formaldehyde

PFA Perfluoroalkoxy Copolymer

PFEP Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene

PI Polyimide

PIB Polyisobutylene

PIR Poly-isocyanurate rubber

PMMA Polymethyl Methacrylate

POM Polyoxymethylene, Polyformaldehyde

PP Polypropylene

PPO Polyphenylene oxide

PPS Polyphenylene Sulphide

PS Polystyrene

PSU Polysulfone

PTFE Polytetrafluoridethylene

PUF Polyurethane (foam)

PUR Polyurethane

PVAC Polyvinyl Acetate

PVAL Polyvinyl Alcohol

PVC Polyvinylchloride

PVCC Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride

PVDC Polyvinylidene Chloride

PVDF Polyvinylidenefluoride

PVF Polyvinyl Fluoride

SAN Styrene Acrylonitrile

SB Styrene Butadiene

SBR Styrene Butadiene Rubber

SI Silicone

SIC Silicon carbide

TFE Polytetrafluoroethylene

TPE Thermoplastic Elastomers

TPU Thermoplastic Polyurethane

(A)U, (E)U Polyurethane AU (polyester), EU (polyether)

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

UF Ureum Formaldehyde

UHMWHDPE Ultra high molecular weight high density (Polyethylene)

UP Unsaturated Polyester

UPVC Unplasticised Polyvinylchloride

UV Ultra violet light

VAC Vinylacetate

VC Vinylchloride

XLPE or PEX Cross-linked Polyethylene consisting of long polymer chains in a 3-dimensional structure

XPS Extruded polystyrene

2.3 CATEGORIES OF NON-METALLICS

The following categories of non-metallic materials are covered by this DEP:

• thermoplastic materials; • thermoset materials; • elastomeric materials; • inorganic materials; • insulation materials.

A broad list of commercially available non-metallic materials is included in (Appendix 1) including trade name, chemical classification and Manufacturer.

In this DEP the following definitions for classes of non-metallic materials are used:

• CERAMIC – Crystalline or partly crystalline structure produced from essentially inorganic, non-metallic substances and formed either from a molten mass solidified on cooling, or simultaneously or subsequently formed by the action of heat (ASTM C 242).

• COATING - a liquid or mastic compound which, after applying as a thin layer, converts into an adherent, solid and protective, decorative or functional film (ASTM D 16).

• ELASTOMER - a polymer material with similar properties to rubber (ASTM D 1566). NOTE: This term should not be used as a synonym for rubber.

• INSULATION MATERIAL – a foamed or syntactic variation of a thermoplastic material, providing improved thermal resistance over the base thermoplastic polymer, fibrous inorganic material, cellular glass, amorphous silica and refractory.

• PAINT - a pigmented coating (ASTM D 16).

• REFRACTORY – an inorganic material with chemical and physical properties applicable for structures and system components exposed to environments above 538 °C (ASTM C 71).

• RUBBER - a material capable of quickly and forcibly recovering from all deformations (ASTM D 1566).

• THERMOPLASTIC - a plastic that repeatedly will soften by heating and harden by cooling within a temperature range characteristic for the plastic. In the softened state it can be shaped by flow into articles, e.g., by moulding/extrusion (ASTM D 883).

• THERMOSET - a plastic which is substantially infusible and insoluble after curing by heat or other means (ASTM D 883).

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

2.4 MATERIAL SELECTION

Material selection shall be determined by the:

• service conditions, i.e., operating temperature (maximum, minimum, range, etc.), and medium (internal, external);

• design requirements, i.e., design loadings (pressure, bending, static, dynamic, fatigue), design temperature, etc.

The material temperature limits given by the Manufacturer are normally approximate, based partly on measured data and partly on experience.

In this DEP, maximum and minimum operating temperatures for various service conditions are presented. These service conditions are generalised conditions. For example, water is quoted as a typical service condition. In this DEP, the term water covers, fresh, sea, produced, injection and potable.

Therefore, the values presented should be considered as an initial screening check and should be used for guidance purpose only.

2.5 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE

The material selection process shall ensure that the material is compatible with the service fluids to which it is exposed over the full operating temperature range so that the mechanical, physical and chemical properties of the component/system satisfy the design requirements throughout the intended lifetime.

The Manufacturer shall supply a chemical resistance list for all the service fluids for the specific material, quoting the highest known service temperature that the material has been subjected to, and if available, the service life that has been achieved under the service conditions. The chemical resistance list shall state whether the material has been laboratory tested (according to ASTM C 581 or other standard) and shall state the life expectancy for the intended service.

A survey of the chemical resistance of non-metallic materials in a variety of chemical environments (fluids) is given in (Appendix 2). The chemical resistance can be determined by various methods and depends primarily on factors such as temperature, test property and evaluation criteria. In (Appendix 2), the maximum operating temperature is given for inert conditions, along with the chemical resistance (in terms of maximum operating temperature) of the non-metallic materials to specific fluids. In (Appendix 2), the following definitions are used:

1. • – Resistant at ambient temperature, no maximum operating temperature available or limited resistant above ambient (advisable to consult supplier or materials expert);

2. X - Not resistant;

3. Number – Resistant up to quoted °C;

4. Blank – No data or experience.

Table 2.5 classifies the definition of chemical resistance in terms of a weighted value between 1 and 10. The link between Table 2.5 and (Appendix 2) is as follows:

(Appendix 2) Resistant Non-resistant Limited resistant

Table 2.5 Weighted value 7-10 Weighted Value 1-3 Weighted value 4-6

Table 2.5 should only be used as a guide to defining chemical resistance. Actual data according to a recognised standard (e.g., ASTM C 581) should always be used when assessing chemical resistance of a given material to a specific environment.

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

Table 2.5 Definition of chemical resistance Weighted

value Weight change

[1]

Length change

[1]

Thickness change

[1]

Volume change

[1]

Mechanical property retained

[2]

Visual observed change

10 0 to 0.25 0 to 0.1 0 to 0.25 0 to 2.5 ≥ 97 No change

9 > 0.25 but ≤ 0.5

> 0.1 but ≤ 0.2

> 0.25 but ≤ 0.5

> 2.5 but ≤ 5

94 to < 97 No change

8 > 0.5 but ≤ 0.75

> 0.2 but ≤ 0.3

> 0.5 but ≤ 0.75

> 5 but ≤ 10

90 to < 94 No change

7 > 0.75 but ≤ 1

> 0.3 but ≤ 0.4

> 0.75 but ≤ 1

> 10 but ≤ 20

85 to < 90 Slightly discoloured,

slightly bleached

6 > 1 but ≤ 1.5

> 0.4 but ≤ 0.5

> 1 but ≤ 1.5

> 20 but ≤ 30

80 to < 85 Discoloured, yellows, slightly

flexible

5 > 1.5 but ≤ 2

> 0.5 but ≤ 0.75

> 1.5 but ≤ 2

> 30 but ≤ 40

75 to < 80 Possible stress crack agent,

flexible, possible oxidising agent, slightly crazed

4 > 2 but ≤ 3 > 0.75 but ≤ 1

> 2 but ≤ 3 > 40 but ≤ 50

70 to < 75 Distorted, warped,

softened, slight swelling,

blistered, known stress crack

agent

3 > 3 but ≤ 4 > 1 but ≤ 1.5

> 3 but ≤ 4 > 50 but ≤ 70

60 to < 70 Cracking, crazing, brittle,

plasticiser, oxidiser, softened, swelling, surface

hardened

2 > 4 but ≤ 6 > 1.5 but ≤ 2

> 4 but ≤ 6 > 70 but ≤ 90

50 to < 60 Severe distortion,

oxidiser and plasticiser,

deteriorated

1 > 6 > 2 > 6 > 90 > 0 but < 50 Decomposed

[1] – All values are given as a percentage change from original

[2] – Percent mechanical properties retained include tensile strength, elongation, modulus, flexural strength and impact.

2.6 FIRE PERFORMANCE

(Appendix 3) summarises the fire performance of a broad class of non-metallic materials. This scheme is based on flame tests. The flammability characteristics of materials may change considerably by treating them with flame retardant additives.

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

2.7 MATERIAL PROPERTIES

The relevant mechanical and physical properties that may be required along with the relevant standard are listed in Table 2.7.

Table 2.7 Relevant mechanical and physical properties of non-metallic materials

Description Unit Standard

Mechanical

Tensile strength at yield MPa ISO 527

Tensile strain at yield % ISO 527

Tensile strength at break MPa ISO 527

Tensile strain at break % ISO 527

Tensile modulus MPa ISO 527

Compressive strength at break MPa ISO 604

Compressive strain at break % ISO 604

Compressive modulus MPa ISO 604

Flexural strength at yield MPa ISO 178

Flexural strength at break MPa ISO 178

Flexural modulus MPa ISO 178

Poisson ratio - ASTM E 132

Creep modulus of elasticity (tensile or compressive)

MPa ISO 899

Hardness, Ball indent. MPa ISO 2039-1

Hardness, Rockwell R - ISO 2039-1

Hardness, Shore A - ASTM D 2240

Hardness, Shore D - ASTM D 2240

Hardness (Barcol) - ASTM D 2583

Physical

Density kg/m3 ISO 1183

Water, moisture absorption % DIN 53495

Thermal

Heat distortion temperature °C ISO 75-1

Glass transition temperature °C ASTM E 1356

Thermal conductivity W/m ASTM C 177

Thermal expansion coefficient m/m ASTM D 696

Specific heat coefficient J/kg/K ASTM E 1269

Permeation coefficient m2/s/bar ASTM F 1769

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

Impact

Charpy (notched impact strength)

kJ/m2 ISO 179

Izod kJ/m2 ISO 180

Rheological

Melt volume flow rate ml/min ISO 1133

Optical

Light transmission % ASTM D 1003

Refractive index - ISO 489

Flammability

Oxygen index % ISO 4589

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

3. THERMOPLASTIC MATERIALS

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Thermoplastic materials intended for chemical resistant applications are supplied in the form of either extruded or pressed sheets or as tubing for pipe systems. The polymer may include additives such as pigments, UV stabilisers and fire retardants.

The application of thermoplastic materials for plastic pipes shall be in accordance with DEP 31.38.01.11-Gen.

The application of thermoplastic liners in carbon steel pipelines and flowlines shall be in accordance with DEP 31.40.30.34-Gen.

The application of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) thermoplastic material for external coating of line pipe shall be in accordance with DEP 31.40.30.31-Gen.

The most commonly applied thermoplastics (or those having the greatest potential for use) in EP, OP and Chemicals applications are discussed in more detail in the following sections. They are:

• Plasticised Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC); • Unplasticised PVC (UPVC); • Polyethylene (PE); • Polyamide (PA); • Polypropylene (PP); • Fluoropolymers (PTFE, PCTFE, PFA, FEP, PVDF); • Polyphenyle Sulphide (PPS); • Cross-linked Polyethylene (PEX); • Polyetheretherketone (PEEK);

A summary of material properties of other thermoplastics that are occasionally used in EP OP and Chemicals applications is given in (Appendix 4).

3.2 PLASTICISED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)

Plasticised PVC is widely used as a chemically resistant lining, particularly in oxidising conditions such as chromic and nitric acid. Because of its high strain to failure and good ductility, it can be bonded to metal without suffering adhesion failure due to differences in thermal expansion between steel substrate and the polymer.

PVC has a relatively low maximum operating temperature limit of 60 °C. PVC may suffer from embrittlement in extended service due to loss of plasticiser under certain chemical and environmental conditions.

Table 3.2a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of fluid composition.

Table 3.2a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for plasticised polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Typical applications OP and Chemicals

T(max) (°C)

Typical applications EP T(max) (°C)

80 % sulphuric acid 40 Water 60

chlorine gas, wet, dry 40

70 % sodium hydroxide 40

20 % sodium hypochlorite 40

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

A summary of typical material properties of PVC under ambient conditions is presented in Table 3.2b.

Table 3.2b Typical material properties of PVC

Typical properties PVC

Density (g/cm3) 1.45

Mechanical properties at 23 °C

Tensile strength (MPa) 50

Elongation at break (%) 15

Tensile modulus (MPa) 3300

Izod impact, notched (kJ/m2) 2

Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.17

Coefficient of thermal expansion (m/mK * 10-6) 70

3.3 UNPLASTICISED PVC (UPVC)

UPVC has excellent resistance to inorganic chemicals and certain organic chemicals, but resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons is poor. Generally, UPVC is reinforced with glass fibres to improve mechanical properties.

Typical applications for UPVC are components, e.g., valves, fittings and piping. For the application of UPVC pressure pipe for conveying water up to 15 bar and operating at ambient temperature, CEN EN 1452-2 should be used. For UPVC pipe joints and fitting, CEN EN 1452-3 should be used.


Table 3.3a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for UPVC


T(max) (°C)



chlorine gas, wet, dry 60

70 % nitric acid 20


50 % formic acid 50

20 % sodium hypochlorite 60

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

A summary of typical material properties of UPVC under ambient conditions is presented in Table 3.3b.

Table 3.3b Typical material properties of UPVC

Typical properties UPVC









3.4 POLYETHYLENE (PE)

Polyethylene has excellent chemical resistance (except to strong oxidising agents and aromatic hydrocarbons) and good resistance to solvents. The material is resilient even at sub zero temperatures. The upper and lower operating temperature limits are 60 °C and -100 °C, respectively, based on non-corrosive test conditions.

Amended per Circular 02/07

Polyethylene is widely used as gas piping and for lining Carbon Steel flowlines and equipment. For the application of PE pipe for underground conveying of oil, gas and industrial water, API 15 LE should be used. For the application of PE pipe for general purposes, including use in chemical plants, BS 6437 should be used. For application of PE pipe for conveying gaseous fuels, EN 14758 should be used.

Numerous PE grades are available. Their difference is primarily a result of either polymerisation processes for the production of the base polymer or chemical modifications or enhancements with additives. Base polymer density is used to indicate PE type. Low, medium and high density grades are distinguished as LDPE, MDPE and HDPE. For lining applications, three types of PE are used and in increasing order of strength and chemical resistance are:

• MDPE, used in low pressure water and gas distribution applications;

• HDPE, used in all types of service;

• Ultra High Molecular Weight (UHMW-HDPE), used in demanding applications.

MDPE (or PE 80) is a relatively soft grade and is used in (low) pressure applications under ambient conditions. It has good 50-year creep-rupture performance and is easy to manufacture (extrude) and install.

HDPE (or PE 100) is the basic engineering grade of PE. Compared to MDPE, it has a higher yield and ultimate strength, a higher modulus and better chemical resistance. These improved properties come with the penalty of slightly more difficult extrusion and installation. However, HDPE is more sensitive to notches and has a lower environmental stress cracking (ESC) resistance than MDPE.

UHMW-HDPE has been developed for aggressive chemical environments and high toughness. Compared to HDPE it has a higher yield and ultimate strength, a higher modulus and better chemical resistance. This results in reduced swelling in crude oil and an increased capability of bridging pinhole leaks in the carbon steel outer pipe. However, these improved properties come with the penalty of considerably more difficult extrusion.

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


Table 3.4a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for polyethylene (PE)


T(max) (°C)


80 % sulphuric acid 60 Oil/gas/water mixture 50

25 % nitric acid 60 Oil/water mixture 50

40 % hydrochloric acid 60 Gas and condensate 50

70 % sodium hydroxide 60 Dry gas 60

50 % phosphoric acid 60 Water 60

A summary of typical material properties of PE under ambient conditions is presented in Table 3.4b.

Table 3.4b Typical material properties of PE

Typical properties PE (MD) PE (HD) PE (UHMW)

Density (g/cm3) 0.926-0.94 0.941-0.965 0.989


Yield (tensile) strength (MPa)

18 25 30

Tensile stress at break (MPa)

20 20 25

Elongation at break (%) > 400 > 400 > 400

Tensile modulus (MPa) 400 700 1100

Izod impact, notched (kJ/m2)

4 6 7

Thermal conductivity (W/m.K)

0.35 0.4 0.4

Coefficient of thermal expansion (m/mK * 10-6)

200 200 200

Mechanical properties (function of temperature)

23 °C 40 °C 60 °C 23 °C 40 °C 60 °C 23 °C 40 °C 60 °C

Modulus (MPa) 400 250 130 700 450 250 1100 600 400

Poisson ratio 0.35 0.38 0.4 0.35 0.38 0.4 0.35 0.38 0.4

3.5 POLYAMIDE (PA)

PA is a commodity engineering plastic with a price higher than PE. PA has excellent resistance to hydrocarbons but limited resistance to water at elevated temperatures.

Because of the molecular structure of PA, e.g., PA-6 and PA-11, different grades can essentially be considered as different materials. PA-11 is used as a liner in conventional flexible flow-lines and risers transporting gas and crude with low water cuts. It has good material properties for liner applications, high modulus and strength, with relatively high

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

strain to failure in its non-aged condition. It has been used as a liner in carbon steel pipelines at temperatures up to 75 °C. Installation of PA-11 based liners below –30 °C is not recommended.

Table 3.5a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of fluid composition, typically used within EP. Within OP and Chemicals applications, PA is generally not used.

Table 3.5a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for polyamide PA-11

Typical applications E & P T(max) (°C)

Oil/gas/water mixture 65

Oil/water mixture 75

Gas and condensate 80

Dry gas 80

Water 75

A summary of typical material properties of PA-11 (e.g., Rilsan) under ambient conditions is presented in Table 3.5b.

Table 3.5b Typical material properties of PA-11

Typical properties PA-11



Yield (tensile) strength (MPa) 26

Tensile stress at break (MPa) 48

Elongation at break (%) >230


Izod impact, notched (kJ/m2) at –30 °C 8



Mechanical properties (function of temperature) 23 °C 40 °C 60 °C 80 °C

Flexural modulus (MPa) 300 210 190 170

Poisson ratio 0.47 0.47 0.46 0.45

3.6 POLYPROPYLENE (PP)

Polypropylene has similar chemical resistance properties to those of Polyethylene. The maximum operating temperature is 100 °C, while the lower temperature limit is –20 °C, based on non-corrosive test conditions. The limitations of resistance to oxidising chemicals are the same as for PE. Polypropylene has excellent resistance to water and liquid hydrocarbons, but limited resistance to aromatics. At ambient temperatures, PP has comparable stiffness characteristics to PE, but at elevated temperatures, the stiffness of PP is higher.


PP is commonly used as chemically resistant piping, valves and fittings. For application of PP piping, EN 14758 should be used.

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

PP reinforced with glass fibre mat, termed “Celmar”, is often used as structural material for chemical resistant equipment. Typical applications include scrubbing towers for phosphoric acid plants, which are also considerably lighter and more corrosion resistant than the alternative lined carbon steel systems.


Table 3.6a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for polypropylene (PP)


T(max) (°C)


50 % sodium hydroxide 85 Oil/gas/water mixture 70

35 % hydrochloric acid 85 Oil/water mixture 70

80 % sulphuric acid 80 Gas and condensate 70

80 % phosphoric acid 85 Dry gas 85

- - Water 85

A summary of typical material properties of PP under ambient conditions is presented in Table 3.6b.

Table 3.6b Typical material properties of PP

Typical properties PP

Density (g/cm3) 0.9



Elongation at break (%) > 100





3.7 FLUOROPOLYMERS (PTFE, PCTFE, PFA, FEP, PVDF)

In general fluoropolymers show excellent chemical resistance, e.g., to fuming nitric and sulphuric acids, hot caustic soda, chlorine gas and most other chemicals, even at relatively high temperatures.

The following lists the commercially available fluoropolymers, including their minimum and maximum operating temperatures. The temperature limits are based on non-corrosive test conditions.

• Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE): -240 °C to 230 °C

• Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE): -240 °C to 200 °C

• Perfluoralkoxy (PFA): -200 °C to 230 °C

• Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP): -30 °C to 150 °C

• Polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF): -30 °C to 120 °C

Fluoropolymers should not be used in the following environments: fluorine gas, strong reducing agents such as alkaline metals, sodium and potassium and reactions of sodium metal in anhydrous solvents, such as naphthalene and anhydrous ammonia.

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

PTFE linings and coatings are generally extruded and moulded, which limits the size of the equipment to be lined. PTFE is typically used as a lining of pipes and equipment in chloroacetic acid plants, operating at temperatures in the range of –30 °C to 165 °C.

PCTFE is a fluorocarbon-based polymer that offers a unique combination of physical and mechanical properties, high chemical resistance, non-flammability, high optical transparency and near zero moisture absorption. The material is typically used for seals, gaskets and components for valves, pumps, bearings, etc, including cryogenic applications. The trade name for PCTFE is "Kel-F".

FEP and PFA are melt processable (extrudable) fluoropolymers and these materials can be welded.

PVDF is also a melt processable fluoropolymer with a price higher than that of both PE and PA. PVDF has excellent chemical resistance and its superior thermal stability means that its application envelope in terms of operating temperature extends up to 120 °C for all applications. PVDF is also used in bromine transfer lines and lined steel pipes for transport of hydrochloric acid at temperatures up to 100 °C.

PVDF has good mechanical properties. The modulus and yield strength are high, but the yield strain is low. The pure polymer is difficult to extrude and, to overcome this, plasticised grades are used, for example as pressure sheaths in flexible flow-lines and risers.

Table 3.7a and 3.7b lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of fluid composition for the different fluoropolymers.

Table 3.7a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for PTFE/PCTFE/FEP/PFA

Typical applications OP and Chemicals T(max) (°C)

50 % sulphuric acid 150

25 % hydrochloric acid 150

85 % phosphoric acid 150

30 % nitric acid 150

50 % formic acid 130

Table 3.7b Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for PVDF


T(max) (°C)



98 % sulphuric acid 50 Oil/water mixture 120

25 % hydrochloric acid 100 Gas and condensate 120

85 % phosphoric acid 120 Dry gas 120

30 % nitric acid 100 Water 120


Sodium hypochlorite 100

A summary of typical material properties of PVDF under ambient conditions is presented in Table 3.7c. In Table 3.6c data for both homoploymer and copolymer grades are presented. Homopolymer grades contain little plasticiser, whereas copolymer grades are heavily plasticised.

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

Table 3.7c Typical material properties of PVDF

Typical properties PVDF (homopolymer) PVDF (copolymer)

Density (g/cm3) 1.78 1.78


Yield (tensile) strength (MPa) 55 25

Tensile stress at break (MPa) 40 35

Elongation at break (%) > 20 > 50

Tensile modulus (MPa) 2200 1000

Izod impact, notched (kJ/m2) 20 20

Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.19 0.18


130 140-180

Mechanical properties (function of temperature)

23 °C 40 °C 75 °C 90 °C 120 °C 23 °C 40 °C 75 °C 90 °C 120 °C

Modulus (MPa) 2200 1750 1000 750 400 1000 650 250 150 110

Poisson ratio 0.35 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.5 0.35 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.5

3.8 POLYPHENYLENE SULPHIDE (PPS)

PPS is an engineering plastic with a price similar to that of PVDF. It is not currently used but has the potential to be a high temperature thermoplastic liner. It has excellent high temperature properties, good chemical resistance to water, dry gas and most hydrocarbons, but limited resistance to high concentrations of aromatics.

There are many different grades of PPS available but because of its molecular structure, PPS must be plasticised to enable extrusion and to provide the flexibility required to enable insertion as a liner. PPS has good mechanical properties, high modulus and strength but a limited strain to failure.


Table 3.8a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for Polyphenylene Sulphide (PPS)





Dry gas 150

Water 150

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

A summary of typical material properties of PPS under ambient conditions is presented in Table 3.8b.

Table 3.8b Typical material properties of PPS

Typical properties PPS










90

3.9 CROSS-LINKED POLYETHYLENE (PEX)

PEX is an engineering plastic manufactured by cross-linking PE, however, it is more expensive than PE.

Polyethylene is a thermoplastic material but once it is cross-linked it acts more as a thermoset material. Cross-linked polymeric materials have all the characteristics required for a high performance liner; high operating temperature, toughness and excellent chemical resistance. The degree of cross-linking is important for product performance. For liner applications, the degree of cross-linking should be in excess of 70 % to achieve optimum performance of the material. PEX has excellent resistance to hydrocarbons and water at elevated temperatures up to 85 °C.


Table 3.9a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for cross-linked polyethylene (PEX)





Dry gas 85

Water 85

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

A summary of typical material properties of PEX under ambient conditions is presented in Table 3.9b.

Table 3.9b Typical material properties of PEX

Typical properties PEX





Elongation at break (%) > 50





3.10 POLYETHERETHERKETONE (PEEK)

PEEK is a crystalline material, moulded at temperatures in the range of 360 °C to 395 °C. Melting temperature of PEEK is 334 °C and its heat deflection temperature (HDT) is 160 °C. Its very high melt viscosity made it originally a coating and wire-covering material, but at present several moulding grades are available, e.g., used for compression moulding of fibre-reinforced components (RTP).

PEEK has excellent properties at high temperatures, e.g., high flame resistance, low smoke generation, high chemical and solvent resistance. Mechanical properties include a high stiffness at ambient temperature with non-brittle failure on impact. Flexural strength is high and the material has excellent fatigue resistance. Various grades are available, e.g., glass-fibre or carbon-fibre reinforced tape, sheet or components.

Main applications for PEEK are high temperature applications requiring flame-resistance and chemical resistance. Typical applications are valve seats, pump components/impellers for hot oil, etc. PEEK is not resistant against concentrated nitric acid, sulphuric acid and liquid bromide.


Table 3.10a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for PEEK

Typical applications EP, OP and Chemicals T(max) (°C)



Benzene, Toluene 150

Hexane, Heptane 70

Water 150

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

A summary of typical material properties of PEEK under ambient conditions is presented in Table 3.10b.

Table 3.10b Typical material properties of PEEK

Typical properties PEEK









DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

4. FIBRE REINFORCEMENT MATERIALS

4.1 GENERAL

High strength, low density, organic fibres are used to reinforce both thermoset and thermoplastic polymers, as well as elastomers. Typical components that can be made from composite materials include pipes, vessels, structural components, gaskets, and seals. Composite materials can be used also as linings for internal protection of tanks, storage vessels and downhole tubulars.

Fibres used for reinforcement come in various forms:

• surface veils, typically used for chemically resistant layers, e.g., internal linings for piping;

• chopped strand mat or chopped fibres, e.g., panels; • rovings, typically used in filament wound components, e.g., piping, vessels; • woven rovings; • fabrics; • flakes, typically used in high performance coatings.

The most common fibre types are:

• glass; • aramid; • carbon;

4.2 TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT FIBRES

Glass fibres are the most widely used for reinforcement of polymer materials. Glass fibres are produced in four forms:

• E-Glass, the most commonly used type of glass. It is least expensive and has good mechanical properties. This type of glass is used throughout all structural composites, e.g., pipes, vessels, structural components.

• S-Glass is stronger than E-glass, but substantially more expensive. It is little used in applications that require high corrosion resistance.

• C-Glass has a high degree of chemical resistance. It is used where the fluid may come into contact with the reinforcement. C-glass is used for surface veils.

• ECR-Glass offers improved chemical resistance over E-glass and is only slightly more expensive. ECR-glass is often used for internal surface veils when severe corrosive conditions occur.

Aramid fibres are used for low weight, high strength structures, e.g., components for space and aircraft industry. However, Aramid fibres are increasingly used in the petrochemical industry, e.g., in gaskets and reinforced thermoplastic high pressure pipe, e.g., Aramid reinforced Polyethylene flow-lines for the transport of crude oil. Resistance to high temperatures is good, but Aramid fibres degrade due to UV. In compression, the fibres fail at low stress level due to fibre buckling (kinking).

Carbon fibres are used for low weight, high strength and stiffness structures, e.g., components for the aerospace industry. Carbon fibres are commercially available as Carbon-HS (high-strength) and Carbon-HM (high-modulus). Within the oil industry, carbon fibres are also used in lightweight, high strength and stiffness composite risers.

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

4.3 TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF REINFORCEMENT FIBRES

Table 4.3 presents mechanical properties of commercially available reinforcement fibres.

Table 4.3 Mechanical properties of reinforcing fibres

Material E-glass S-glass Aramid Carbon-HS Carbon-HM

Density (g/cm3) 2.54 2.59 1.45 1.81 1.85

Tensile Strength (MPa) 2400 3500 3000 5000 2700

Tensile Modulus (GPa) 73 86 130 240 390

Elongation at break (%) 4 4 2.1 1.8 0.7

Thermal expansion (10-6 /mK) 5 5 -2 -0.1 -0.5

The fibre content (by volume) in polymer composites is typically in the range of 50 % to 60 %.

The fibre content (by weight) for glass fibre reinforced components, e.g., pipes, is typically:

• hand lay-up: 50 % to 65 %;

• filament wound fittings: 65 % to 75 %;

• filament wound pipes: 70 % to 82 %.

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

5. THERMOSET MATERIALS AND COMPOSITES

5.1 FIBRE REINFORCED PLASTIC COMPOSITES

The most common fibre used in FRP structures is glass. In GRP structures, the fibre carries the load and the resin or matrix provides the chemical resistance. The wall of GRP structures, e.g., pipes, normally consists of a resin rich layer (with or without a fibrous cloth) on the inside to provide a chemical barrier, a fibre reinforced laminate to carry the load, and an external resin layer for protection.

GRP structures can be manufactured via hand lay-up, filament winding, centrifugal casting or combinations of techniques. Pultrusion is a manufacturing method, similar to extrusion, which can be used to manufacture GRP sections of limited size, e.g., ladders, gratings, cable trays, beams, etc.

If the GRP structure is not sufficiently resistant to the service fluids at operating conditions, lining the GRP structure with a thermoplastic should be considered.

The application of GRP pipelines and piping systems should be according to DEP 31.40.10.19-Gen. Design and installation of GRP tanks and vessels should be according to DEP 31.22.30.14-Gen.

Resin types used for GRP structures, process equipment and coatings are:

• Epoxy; • Vinyl Ester; • Polyester; • Phenolic; • Furane; • Polyurethane.

A summary of material properties of other thermoset resins that are occasionally used in EP, OP and Chemicals applications is given in (Appendix 4).

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

5.2 EPOXY RESINS

Epoxy resins have excellent resistance to a wide range of moderately strong acids and alkalis, plus most hydrocarbons. There are several types of base epoxy resins and associated curing agents.

The curing agents for epoxy resin are:

• Aliphatic Amine - Minimum glass transition temperature, Tg, 115 °C. This system has good resistance against caustics and solvents, however resistance against acids is fair.

• Cyclo Aliphatic Amine - Minimum glass transition temperature, Tg, 140 °C. This system has excellent resistance against caustics and solvents, however resistance against acids is fair.

• Aromatic Amine - Minimum glass transition temperature, Tg, 140 °C. This system has excellent resistance against caustics and solvents, however resistance against acids is fair.

• Anhydride - Minimum glass transition temperature, Tg, 115 °C. This system has excellent resistance against acids, however resistance against caustics and solvents is poor.

Epoxy resins are also used as corrosion resistant paints as they have good adhesive properties, particularly to steel substrates. In addition, flexible epoxy systems are also available, although with reduced chemical resistance. Flexibility is achieved by modifying both the resins and hardeners, or by blending with Polyurethanes or rubbers.

Table 5.2a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of various service fluid compositions for GRE. For Epoxy systems, it is a further requirement that the Tg of the Epoxy resin must be greater than the maximum operating temperature by 30 °C. The minimum temperature for Epoxy resin is –50 °C.

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

Table 5.2a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for GRE

Typical applications

T(max) (°C)

hot-cured system


T(max) (°C)

hot-cured system

Water (fresh, salt, sea, brackish)

100 Water, chlorinated < 100 mg/kg

100

Acetic acid, < 50 % 80 Acetone, 5 % to 10 % 25

Acetic acid, 50 % to 75 % 25 Air 110

Acetone, 10 % to 25 % 25 Benzene 50

Alcohol, methyl 40 CO2 gas 110

Allyl chloride 25 Condensate 95

Butane gas 60 Gasoline 65

Citric acid 90 Heptane 60

Gas, natural 90 Crude oil 100

Glycol, ethylene 90 Sodium hydroxide, < 50 % 90

Hexane 60

Jet Fuel (kerosene) 100

Petrol; sour, refined 60

Toluene 50

Xylene 60

A summary of typical material properties of Epoxy resin under ambient conditions is presented in Table 5.2b.

Table 5.2b Typical material properties of Epoxy resin (non-reinforced)

Typical properties Epoxy

Density (g/cm3) 1.8






Barcol hardness 35



DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

5.3 POLYESTER RESINS

The uses of Polyester systems in the general chemical industry are numerous and diverse. Chlorine plants, in particular, use large quantities of glass-fibre reinforced polyester (GRUP) for chemically resistant applications. Polyester resins are also used as the matrix for flake glass coatings. Conventional GRUP utilises glass fibres in chopped strand, rovings and woven rovings form.

Types of Polyester resins include:

• Isophthalic Polyester. This is a relatively low cost resin, which is rarely used for chemical services. One major application is for underground gasoline tanks. However if alcohol is used as a fuel additive, Isophtalic resins cannot be used as they are not sufficiently resistant. The maximum operating temperature for Isophthalic Polyester is 60 °C.

• Bisphenol A Polyester. This is a high temperature, chemically resistant resin that is extensively used in chemical service. It is a general purpose resin and is easy to manufacture. Although Bisphenol Polyester is inherently brittle, current resin developments include grades which are more flexible. Bisphenol Polyester has superior acid resistance compared to Epoxy. The maximum operating temperature for Bisphenol Polyester is 95 °C.

• Chlorinated Polyester. This resin has many of the properties of Bisphenol A Polyester, with the addition of inherent fire retardant characteristics. This property can be enhanced by the addition of antimony oxide particles. Therefore, these resins are used extensively for ducting and other structural applications where fire retardancy is required. Chemical resistance in chlorine services is excellent. The maximum operating temperature for Chlorinated Polyester is 120 °C.

Compared to Epoxy resins, Polyester resins have a higher shrinkage due to the catalytic reaction and evaporation of the styrene monomer. This will limit the maximum allowable wall thickness in GRP structures. The minimum operating temperature for Polyester systems is -50 °C.

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

Table 5.3a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of various service fluid compositions for GRUP.

Table 5.3a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for Isophthalic GRUP

Typical applications T(max) (°C)

post-cured system

Typical applications T(max) (°C)

post-cured system

Water (fresh, salt, sea, brackish) 50 Water, chlorinated < 100 mg/kg

50

Air 60

A summary of typical material properties of Polyester resin under ambient conditions is presented in Table 5.3b.

Table 5.3b Typical material properties of Polyester resin (non-reinforced)

Typical properties Polyester

Density (g/cm3) 1.1






Barcol hardness 35



DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

5.4 VINYL ESTER RESINS

Compared to Polyester, Vinyl Ester resins are less brittle and have improved corrosion resistance, especially in fluids containing high concentrations of chlorine. Vinyl Esters come in many forms and have good chemical resistance to a broad range of acids, alkalis and hydrocarbons. High temperature resistant Vinyl Esters resins are also available, e.g., Epoxy-Novolac. Compared to Epoxy resin, the resistance of Vinyl Ester against acids is better, but is less against solvents, alkalis and hydrocarbons. The minimum operating temperature for Vinyl Ester resin is –50 °C.

Table 5.4a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of various service fluid compositions for Glass fibre Reinforced Vinyl Ester (GRVE).

Table 5.4a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for GRVE


T(max) (°C)

post-cured system


T(max) (°C)

post-cured system

Water (fresh, salt, sea, brackish)

80 Water, chlorinated < 100 mg/kg

80

Acetic acid, < 50 % 80 Acetone, 5 % to 10 % 20

Acetic acid, 50 % to 75 % 65 Allyl chloride 25

Air 100 CO2 gas 90

Alcohol, methyl < 5 % 50 Condensate 80

Butane gas 35 Gasoline 65

Citric acid 80 Heptane 60

Gas, natural 90 HCl < 37 % 80

Glycol, ethylene 90 Crude oil 100

Hexane 60 Sodium hydroxide, < 50 % 80

Jet Fuel (kerosene) 70

Petrol; sour, refined 60

Sodium hypochlorite, pH >11 60

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

A summary of typical material properties of Vinyl Ester resin under ambient conditions is presented in Table 5.4b.

Table 5.4b Typical material properties of Vinyl Ester resin (non-reinforced)

Typical properties Vinyl Ester







Barcol hardness 35



5.5 PHENOLIC RESINS

Phenolic resins are one of the oldest resins used in corrosion protection. Stoved or baked Phenolic resins are based on the reaction of formaldehyde and phenol to form resin intermediates. These can be further heated and catalysed to form chemically resistant coatings. Phenolic resins can be applied by many techniques, such as spray, dip or roller coating and filament winding.

Phenolic coatings are very brittle and consequently require careful handling and design of the supporting steel structure, e.g., piping. High bake Phenolic lacquer is occasionally used as internal coating of piping and vessels in sour water strippers. The maximum allowable coating temperature, i.e., during steam out operations, is 140 °C. The minimum operating temperature for Phenolic resin is -10 °C.

The resistance to acids of Phenolic resins is excellent, limited only by strong oxidising acids. However, their resistance to alkalis is limited and it has been one of the restraints on the wider use of Phenolic resins over the full pH range. Solvent resistance is also excellent.

Phenolic resins have excellent fire performance properties with particularly low smoke and toxic fume emissions. They are therefore often used for indoor ducting where other resins would not meet the fire resistance requirements.

Table 5.5a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of various service fluid compositions for Phenolics, both as coating and glass reinforced GRP systems

Table 5.5a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for Phenolics (and GRP)


T(max) (°C)


Water, sour 140 Brine 100

Crude oil/water 100

Process water 100

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

A summary of typical material properties of Phenolic resin under ambient conditions is presented in Table 5.5b.

Table 5.5b Typical material properties of Phenolic resin (non-reinforced)

Typical properties Phenolic

Density (g/cm3) 1.5



Elongation at break (%) 2.5



Barcol hardness 35



5.6 FURAN RESINS

Furan resins are based on furfuryl alcohol polymers. The curing process is catalysed with acid or acidic salts. However, curing of Furan is a condensation reaction implying water is released during the curing process.

Although Furan is resistant to most chemicals, including organic fluids, they are rarely used for structural applications. This is because of the difficulty of fabrication, inherent brittleness and rapid polymerisation. During curing, heat is released which can cause auto-catalytic cure resulting in blistering and charring.

As a resin mortar, however, Furan is one of the most suitable for global chemical resistance, having excellent acid, alkali and solvent resistance. It is the most common mortar in the chemical industry for bedding and joining engineering brick floors and tank linings.

Furan resin mortars are capable of operating temperatures up to 140 °C. Furan cements are often filled with carbon, rather than silica sands, when resistance to hydrofluoric acid is required. Resistance to oxidising chemicals is limited for furans. Furan resins have little application within EP.

Table 5.6a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of various service fluid compositions for Furan resin systems.

Table 5.6a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for Furan




5 % nitric acid 25



DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

A summary of typical material properties of Furan resin under ambient conditions is presented in Table 5.6b.

Table 5.6b Typical material properties of Furan resin (non-reinforced)

Typical properties Furan

Density (g/cm3) 1.6



Elongation at break (%) 2.5



Barcol hardness 35



5.7 POLYURETHANE RESINS

Polyurethanes are a diverse range of synthetic resins, formed by linking polyols (resin base) and an isocyanate catalyst, such as MDI.

Polyurethanes offer the most competition to epoxy resins as chemically resistant flooring systems. Compared to Epoxy resins, Polyurethanes have improved solvent resistance, with the added advantage of inherent resilience. Polyurethanes are typically used at operating temperatures up to 70 °C.

On the negative side, Polyurethanes are sensitive to moisture during curing, requiring more attention during application. The inherent resilience also means that Polyurethanes are softer than many other resin systems and therefore more susceptible to scoring.

Polyurethanes find many uses as liquid applied coatings, linings and membranes for chemically resistant application. As a coating, Poyurethanes have limited use within EP applications.

Table 5.7a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of various service fluid compositions for Polyurethane resin systems.

Table 5.7a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for Polyurethane


Water 40

Crude oil 70



DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

A summary of typical material properties of Polyurethane resin under ambient conditions is presented in Table 5.7b.

Table 5.7b Typical material properties of Polyurethane resin

Typical properties Polyurethane

Density (g/cm3) 1.2




Hardness, Shore A 80

Tensile modulus (MPa) 4 to 5



DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

6. ELASTOMERIC MATERIALS

6.1 GENERAL

With the development of vulcanisation, Natural Rubbers (NR), became the first elastomer polymer to be used as chemical resistant linings, coatings and seals offering a reasonable degree of impermeability and resilience. Due to the development of synthetic rubbers, the term ‘rubber’ no longer refers to a single product, but is now a collective term for a full range of elastomeric polymers. These materials are also termed elastomers, having visually similar properties to natural rubbers, but with widely varying mechanical and chemical properties.

Linings and coatings for process, storage vessels and pipework form the bulk use of natural and synthetic rubber elastomers primarily for chemical resistance, as described in more detail in DEP 30.48.60.10-Gen.

Many high performance Elastomers offer chemical resistance combined with solvent and temperature resistance that exceeds traditional rubber, such as natural rubbers, SBR, Neoprene, Buthyl, Hypalon, etc. However, these materials lack other attributes necessary for lining materials such as availability, jointing quality, low temperature vulcanisation capability and economic viability. For these reasons, Fluoroelastomers, Silicones and other synthetics are used in most chemically resistant applications such as mouldings and extrusions for seals and gaskets.

The most commonly applied elastomers (or those having the greatest potential for use) are discussed in more detail in the following sections. They are:

• Natural Rubber (NR); • Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR); • Neoprene Rubber (CR); • Butyl Rubber (IIR); • Chlorosulphonated Polyethylene (CSM); • Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR, HNBR); • Ethylene Propylene Rubber (EPDM); • Fluoroelastomers (FKM); • Perfluoro polymer (FFKM); • Fluor-Silicone Rubbers (VMQ, PMQ, FMQ); • Polyurethane Rubbers (AU, EU).

A summary of material properties of other elastomers that are occasionally used in EP, OP and Chemicals applications is given in (Appendix 4).

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

6.2 NATURAL RUBBER (NR)

Typical uses of NR are as linings and coatings for storage and process vessel linings, fan casings, pipe linings, etc. Good resilience and low compression set make soft NR ideal for gasket applications.

Natural rubber has good creep and stress relaxation resistance. The main disadvantage is its poor oil resistance and lack of resistance to oxygen and ozone. Typical operating temperature range for NR is from –30 °C up to 80 °C. The synthetic alternative form of natural rubber, with similar properties, is isoprene rubber (IR).


Table 6.2a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for soft NR


T(max) (°C)





A summary of typical material properties of soft NR under ambient conditions is presented in Table 6.2b.

Table 6.2b Typical material properties of soft NR

Typical properties Soft NR

Density (g/cm3) 1.2



Modulus (MPa) 4

Compression set Very good



DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

6.3 STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER (SBR)

Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) was the first synthetic rubber and has superior properties compared to Natural Rubber particularly in terms of improved resistance to hydrocarbons and high abrasion resistance. The typical operating temperature range for SBR is from -60 °C up to 80 °C.


Table 6.3a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for SBR


T(max) (°C)



36 % hydrochloric acid 25 Oil/water mixture 70


A summary of typical material properties of SBR under ambient conditions is presented in Table 6.3b.

Table 6.3b Typical material properties of SBR

Typical properties Soft SBR

Density (g/cm3) 1.2



Modulus (MPa) 4

Compression set Good



DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

6.4 POLYCHLOROPRENE RUBBER (CR)

Polychloroprene synthetic rubber, also called Neoprene, has excellent ageing resistance. Neoprene is used as lining and as gaskets, seals, hoses and belting. The typical operating temperature range for Neoprene is from –30 °C up to 90 °C.

The resistance of Neoprene to ozone and general weather ageing is excellent. Neoprene hose is widely used for handling petroleum hydrocarbons that requires not only chemical resistance but also long term flexibility and resistance to ageing. Offshore platform legs have been successfully coated with Neoprene to resist seawater, ozone and oil contamination.


Table 6.4a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for Neoprene


T(max) (°C)



80 % phosphoric acid 90 Oil/water mixture 70


A summary of typical material properties of Neoprene under ambient conditions is presented in Table 6.4b.

Table 6.4b Typical material properties of Neoprene

Typical properties Neoprene

Density (g/cm3) 1.4



Modulus (MPa) 4

Compression set Very good



DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

6.5 BUTYL RUBBER (IIR)

Butyl Rubber has excellent chemical resistance but generally exhibits low permeability and therefore limited resistance to high pressures, i.e., it is susceptible to Explosive Decompression. Butyl has found extensive use in flue gas desulphurisation units and phosphoric acid evaporators. The typical operating temperature range for butyl rubber is from –30 °C up to 120 °C.


Table 6.5a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for Butyl


T(max) (°C)

Typical applications EP T(max) ( °C)

70 % sodium hydroxide 120 Water 100


30 % nitric acid 50


A summary of typical material properties of Butyl under ambient conditions is presented in Table 6.5b.

Table 6.5b Typical material properties of Butyl

Typical properties Butyl

Density (g/cm3) 1.2



Modulus (MPa) 4

Compression set Poor



DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

6.6 CHLOROSULPHONATED POLYETHYLENE (CSM)

A combination of excellent chemical, temperature and oil resistance makes Chlorosulphonated PE, e.g., Hypalon, one of the most chemically resistant rubbers.

CSM material has excellent resistance to oxygen, ozone and water. However, resistance against fuel is poor. The material is used as gaskets, seals and flexible couplings. Gas permeability is low and therefore CSM is susceptible to Explosive Decompression. The compression set resistance is poor which limits its usefulness in dynamic sealing applications. The typical operating temperature range for CSM is from –10 °C up to 130 °C.


Table 6.6a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for CSM


T(max) (°C)



50 % sulphuric acid 120 Oil/water mixture 130



A summary of typical material properties of CSM under ambient conditions is presented in Table 6.6b.

Table 6.6b Typical material properties of CSM (Hypalon)

Typical properties CSM

Density (g/cm3) 1.2



Modulus (MPa) 4

Compression set Poor



DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

6.7 NITRILE BUTADIENE RUBBER (NBR, HNBR)

The solvent resistance of NBR, also known as Buna-N, is superior to most rubbers and therefore it is widely used for gaskets, seals and mouldings in the petrochemical industry. NBR has high resistance to aliphatic hydrocarbon oils and fuels. It has high resilience and wear resistance.

However, NBR is susceptible to Explosive Decompression. It has limited weathering resistance, and poor resistance against aromatics. The typical operating temperature range for NBR rubber is from –40 °C up to 100 °C.

Hydrogenated Nitrile rubber (HNBR) has higher temperature resistance and strength than NBR. HNBR has good oil resistance and resistance to amines. HNBR is suitable for use in methanol and methanol/hydrocarbon mixtures. Resistance against water and steam is good.

The typical operating temperature range for HNBR rubber is from –40 °C up to 180 °C. HNBR can be specified with appropriate hardness (Shore A nominal hardness of 90) and compounding to obtain excellent explosive decompression resistance.


Table 6.7a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for NBR


T(max) (°C)


Fuel oil, kerosene 100 Water 90

Oil/water mixture 90 A summary of typical material properties of NBR and HNBR under ambient conditions is presented in Table 6.7b.

Table 6.7b Typical material properties of NBR and HNBR

Typical properties NBR HNBR

Density (g/cm3) 1.25 1.26

Hardness, Shore A 75 85

Tensile strength (MPa) 18 24

Modulus (MPa) 5 6

Compression set Good Good

Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.15 0.15

Coefficient of thermal expansion (m/mK * 10-6) 200 200

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

6.8 ETHYLENE PROPYLENE RUBBER (EPDM)

EPDM, also known as hydrocarbon rubber, can be formulated into a wide range of soft to hard compounds.

EPDM has excellent resistance against water and this resistance is maintained to high temperatures (up to 180 °C in steam for peroxide cures). The material has also excellent resistance to weathering, oxygen and ozone, up to 150 °C. However, resistance against mineral oils and lubricants is very poor. The typical operating temperature range for EPDM rubber is from –50 °C up to 150 °C.


Table 6.8a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for EPDM


T(max) (°C)


Water 150 Water 120

Steam 180

A summary of typical material properties of EPDM under ambient conditions is presented in Table 6.8b.

Table 6.8b Typical material properties of EPDM

Typical properties EPDM

Density (g/cm3) 1.2



Modulus (MPa) 4




DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

6.9 FLUOROELASTOMERS (FKM)

Several manufacturers produce a range of Fluoroelastomer grades, including Viton, Fluorel and Aflas.

Fluoroelastomers have the highest temperature resistance of all rubber polymers and are chemically resistant to hydraulic oils, many aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, acids and fuels. FKM has limited resistance to steam, hot water, methanol and other highly polar fluids. It is attacked by amines, strong alkalis and many freons.

FKM is widely used for seals, gaskets, expansion joints and hoses.

FKM is susceptible to explosive decompression (ED) but can be specified with appropriate hardness (Shore A nominal hardness of 90) and compounding to obtain excellent ED resistance.

The typical operating temperature range for FKM rubber is from –20 °C up to 170 °C.


Table 6.9a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for FKM


T(max) (°C)


Water 170 Water 170

Fuel oil, kerosene 170 Oil/gas/water mixture 170

Gas, dry and condensate 170

A summary of typical material properties of FKM under ambient conditions is presented in Table 6.9b.

Table 6.9b Typical material properties of FKM (Viton)

Typical properties FKM

Density (g/cm3) 1.9



Modulus (MPa) 4




DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

6.10 PERFLUORO ELASTOMER (FFKM)

Perfluoro elastomers (FFKM) are available under the trade names Kalrez, Perfluor, Simriz and Zalak.

FFKM has extreme high temperature resistance and wide chemical resistance. FFKM combines the chemical resistance properties of PTFE with the mechanical properties of FKM. Disadvantages are difficult processing, high cost and high glass transition temperature, which limits its use at low temperatures, i.e., below 0 °C. The typical operating temperature range for FFKM is from 0 °C up to 250 °C.


Table 6.10a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for FFKM


T(max) (°C)



25 % hydrochloric acid 150 Gas, dry and condensate 250



A summary of typical material properties of FFKM under ambient conditions is presented in Table 6.10b.

Table 6.10b Typical material properties of FFKM (Kalrez)

Typical properties FFKM

Density (g/cm3) 1.9



Modulus (MPa) 4




DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

6.11 FLUORO-SILICONE RUBBERS (VMQ, PMQ, FMQ)

Fluoro-silicone rubbers are versatile elastomers capable of use at operating temperatures between -60 °C and 220 °C. Silicone rubbers are widely formulated to produce a range of hardness.

Resistance to oils, solvents and aviation fuels is excellent and dilute acids and alkalis have minimal effect on the integrity of the rubber. Silicone rubber, however, has poor mechanical properties and is dissolved by concentrated sulphuric acid.

The main uses of silicone rubber in the chemical field are as seals, hoses and gaskets in chemical pumps, fuel carrying areas and under extreme temperature conditions.


Table 6.11a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for fluoro-silicone


T(max) (°C)


Fuel oil, kerosene 220 Oil/gas/water mixture 220


Dry gas 220

Water 220

A summary of typical material properties of fluoro-silicone under ambient conditions is presented in Table 6.11b.

Table 6.11b Typical material properties of fluoro-silicone

Typical properties Fluoro-Silicone

Density (g/cm3) 1.2



Modulus (MPa) 4

Compression set Fair



6.12 POLYURETHANE RUBBERS (AU, EU)

Polyurethane rubbers are available under the trade names Adiprene, Estane and Genthane.

These materials have high tear strength and good wear resistance. Typical operating temperature range is from –30 °C to 70 °C. They have excellent resistance to weathering and oxidation. They resist fuels and mineral oils, but some grades hydrolyse in hot water. They have excellent abrasion resistance and are therefore used in reciprocating seals.

Typical operating temperatures as function of application and typical material properties of polyurethane material have already been presented in (5.7).

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


6.13 EXPLOSIVE DECOMPRESSION (RAPID GAS DECOMPRESSION) OF ELASTOMER SEALS

6.13.1 General Elastomeric seal materials are based upon blends of organic polymers (elastomers) with stabilizers and fillers. The chemical resistance of the seal material, tear strength, abrasion resistance, gas / liquid diffusion properties, together with ageing effects such as compression set, cross-linking, embrittlement, etc, are related not only to the elastomer used in the blend, but also to the type and nature of the fillers and stabilizers. It is therefore possible to have different blends of the same base elastomer, which show widely divergent properties, e.g., the ability to withstand sudden pressure reductions without damage of the seal material, so-called explosive decompression (ED). Typical areas of seal application where explosive decompression damage can be expected are mainly in EP high pressure sweet and sour gas production facilities, e.g., valves (relief, safety), used on-shore, offshore (platforms), subsea (wells), etc. NOTE: The term "rapid gas decompression" is now often used instead of "explosive decompression".

6.13.2 Explosive decompression damage ED is the growth of internal cracks in seal elastomers when gas pressure is quickly reduced. Cracks may grow and blisters form and burst, after seal removal. Internal damage caused by ED may not always be visible by external inspection of the seal. Therefore, in cases where ED is suspected, seal sections shall be cut in order to be able to assess internal damage. Typical signs of ED damage are:

(i) distortion of the seal;

(ii) blisters or bubbles on the seal surface;

(iii) cracks at the seal surface.

There is no fully ED-resistant elastomer material. However, at a specified temperature and pressure there is a large difference in the ED resistance for different elastomer types. Therefore, material selection, qualification and specification shall be specific to the actual process conditions.

6.13.3 Effect of temperature There is a substantial increase in ED damage at higher temperatures, particularly above 80 °C, although this does vary with elastomer type. Retention of tear strength at elevated temperature is a key factor in ED performance, as well as gas concentration and diffusion coefficient.

6.13.4 Effect of pressure For gas pressures lower than 40 bar, ED damage generally does not occur. However, at higher pressures, the likelihood of ED damage increases considerably, especially for the fluorinated elastomers FKM (Viton) and FEPM (Aflas). FKM seal material can be specified with appropriate hardness and compounding to obtain excellent ED resistance.

6.13.5 Effect of decompression rate The rate at which decompression takes place has a major influence on the extent or occurrence of ED damage. For high decompression rates, i.e. higher than 10 bar per minute, significant ED damage can be expected. However, if rate of depressurisation is very low, e.g. less than 1 bar per minute, the likelihood of ED damage reduces considerably.

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

6.13.6 Effect of groove fill The likelihood of ED damage decreases as the degree of groove fill increases. Increasing the degree of groove fill from standard fill to high fill, i.e. greater than 90 %, greatly reduces the likelihood of ED damage..

6.13.7 Effect of elastic modulus Generally, a high elastic modulus increases the ED resistance of elastomer seal materials. However, too high a hardness reduces the ability of the seal to properly deform into scratches and irregularities in mating surfaces, resulting in poor sealing characteristics.

6.13.8 Seal material selection criteria

6.13.8.1 Chemical resistance

The material selected shall be compatible with the service fluids to which it is exposed over the full design temperature range so that the mechanical, physical and chemical properties of the seal satisfy the design requirements throughout the intended lifetime. Information about chemical resistance of elastomer materials in a variety of chemical environments is given in Appendix 2, Table 2c, of this DEP.

6.13.8.2 Resistance against ED

For reliable, safe and long-term sealing applications at pressures in excess of 40 bar gas pressures, and decompression rates higher than 10 bar per minute, and elevated temperature, particularly above 80 °C, ED resistant elastomer materials shall be selected.

6.13.9 Qualification

6.13.9.1 General

The Manufacturer shall demonstrate that the elastomer seal material is resistant against the given service conditions, including its long-term resistance. For both sweet and sour gas services, with pressures in excess of 40 bar (class 300), and at elevated temperatures, resistance against ageing and ED shall be demonstrated by qualification testing.

6.13.9.2 Ageing

To determine the long-term effect on the material properties when exposed to fluids at elevated temperatures, ageing tests shall be performed in accordance with NORSOK Standard M-710. The acceptance criteria for material degradation shall be in accordance with Section 2.5 of this DEP.

6.13.9.3 Explosive decompression

To determine the resistance of elastomer seal materials against rapid depressurisation, ED tests shall be performed in accordance with NORSOK Standard M-710.

The rating procedure for ED damage shall be in accordance with NORSOK Standard M-710. The acceptance criteria shall be as follows.

• The damage rating shall be less than 4.

• For critical applications (the definition of which shall be agreed by the Principal), a damage rating of 0 shall be required, i.e., no visible damage after ED testing when performed at the maximum specified design pressure and temperature.

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

7. CERAMIC MATERIALS

7.1 GENERAL

Ceramic materials offer excellent resistance against high temperatures, corrosive and abrasive environments. Non-oxide ceramics, Silicon Carbide (SiC) and Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) are used in chemical plants to significantly reduce life cycle costs for equipment operating in corrosive and abrasive environments. Ceramic materials are primarily used in the OP and Chemicals environments and are rarely used in the EP environment.

7.2 NON-OXIDE CERAMICS

The use of Silicon Carbide as a structural material should be considered for severe wear, erosion and corrosive conditions or extreme temperature loading conditions. Typical applications for Silicon Carbide are seals and bearings in slurry pumps, and valve parts and nozzles in abrasive and corrosive media.

The maximum operating temperature for Silicon Carbide in air is 1500 °C. The thermal conductivity of the material is 100 W/mK at ambient temperature and 45 W/mK at 1000 °C. The thermal coefficient of expansion is 4.1 x 10-6 m/mK, significantly lower than that of steel. Consequently, joining Silicon Carbide to steel may cause problems.

Silicon Nitride has excellent thermal shock resistance, and relatively high toughness and chemical resistance, especially against acids. Applications for Silicon Nitride are seals, bearings in slurry pumps, nozzles for abrasive and corrosive fluids and components used in flue gas desulphurisation units. Maximum operating temperature for Silicon Nitride in air is 1100 °C. The thermal conductivity of the material is 35 W/mK at ambient temperature. The thermal coefficient of expansion is 3.2 x 10-6 m/mK, much lower than that of steel. Consequently, joining Silicon Nitride to Steel may cause problems.

Table 7.2 lists the maximum operating temperatures as a function of various service fluid compositions for Silicon Carbide and Silicon Nitride.

Table 7.2 Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for SiC and Si3N4


T(max) (°C)




7.3 OXIDE CERAMICS

Partially stabilised Zirconia (ZrO2-PSZ) is a high strength ceramic with a high fracture toughness and good chemical resistance. Typical applications are seals, bearings and nozzles for abrasive and corrosive fluids. Maximum operating temperature for Zirconia is approximately 1700 °C. The thermal conductivity of the material is low, 2 W/mK, implying that the material is a good insulator. The thermal coefficient of expansion is high, approximately 10 x 10-6 m/mK, and combined with a low Young’s modulus, 200 GPa, means the mismatch between Zirconia and steel is minimal and therefore joining those materials is straightforward.

Alumina (Al2O3) is an abrasion and erosion resistant, high temperature ceramic material. Applications include oven parts, nozzles for abrasive fluids and other erosion/wear resistant components. Maximum operating temperature is 1700 °C. The thermal shock resistance of Alumina is low and the thermal conductivity is 25 W/mK. The thermal coefficient of expansion is 8 x 10-6 m/mK, lower than that of steel. Consequently, joining Alumina to steel may cause problems.

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

Table 7.3 lists the maximum operating temperatures as a function of various service fluid compositions for Aluminia and Zirconia.

Table 7.3 Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for Alumina and Zirconia


T(max) (°C)

80 % acetic acid 140




7.4 TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS

Table 7.4 lists mechanical and physical properties of engineering ceramics:

Table 7.4 Mechanical and physical properties of ceramics

Properties Units Silicon carbide

Silicon nitride

Zirconia Alumina

Maximum temperature (in air) °C 1500 1100 1700 1700

Density kg/m3 3100 3300 6000 3700

Vickers hardness HV 0.5 2800 1400 1200 1600

Modulus of elasticity GPa 410 280 200 350

Flexural strength MPa 410 450 750 300

Compressive strength MPa 2200 2500 2000 2500

Fracture toughness MPa.m0.5 3.5 7 12 4

Weibull modulus - 10 15 15 10

Poisson ratio - 0.17 0.25 0.23 0.22

Thermal expansion coefficient 10-6 m/mK 4.1 3.2 10.5 8

Specific heat capacity J/kg.K 600 700 400 900

Thermal conductivity coefficient W/m.K 100 35 2 25

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

8. INSULATION MATERIALS Insulation materials suitable for application in both EP and OP applications are foamed or syntactic versions of conventional thermoplastic materials and also fibrous inorganic materials. The primary EP application of insulation materials is for sub-sea pipeline insulation, whereas for OP the primary applications are for storage tanks, heat exchangers, piping and process equipment.

The most commonly applied insulation materials (or those having the greatest potential for use) in both EP and OP applications are:

• Polyvinyl Chloride - Foamed (PVC); • Polyurethane - Foamed and Syntactic (PUF); • Polypropylene – Foamed and Syntactic (PP); • Epoxy – Foamed and Syntactic; • Ethylene Propylene Rubber – Syntactic (EPR); • Poly-isocyanurate (PIR); • Ceramic fibre, wool; • Mineral fibre, wool (Rockwool); • Glass fibre, wool; • Calcium silicate; • Cellular glass (Foamglass); • Amorphous silica; • Refractory, fire-resistant bricks.

The properties of the above listed insulation materials and the maximum recommended upper temperature limits are given in Table 8. For additional requirements for thermal insulation materials, refer to DEP 30.46.00.31-Gen. and DEP 64.24.32.30-Gen.

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

Table 8 Physical and thermal properties of insulation materials NOTE: Thermal conductivity varies with density and compression loading, e.g. it depends on water depth for

sub-sea syntactic / foamed insulation systems.

Material Physical Form

Maximum operating

temperature (°C)

Density (kg/m3)

Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) at

25 °C

Typical application

Amorphous Silica slatted blanket panel

950 200 to 275 0.02 piping/vessels ducts/furnace

Calcium silicate pipe sections, rigid slab

800 190 to 230 0.05 piping furnace lining

Cellular glass pipe section rigid slab

430 136 0.05 piping/vessels ducts/tanks

Ceramic fibre blanket 1260 128 0.03 piping/vessels furnace lining

Epoxy syntactic cast, pipe in pipe / jacked

110 700 0.10 Pipeline, buried, deep water

EPR syntactic pipe sections 90 600 0.15 piping/pipelines

Glass fibre wool pipe sections, rigid slab

540 50 to 80 0.04 piping/vessels equipment

Mineral fibre wool pipe sections, rigid slab

650 130 to150 0.04 piping/vessels equipment

Poly-isocyanurate foam – PIR

pipe sections, rigid slab

140 32 0.03 Piping tanks/ducts

PP foamed pipe sections, rigid slab

115 730 0.17 piping/pipelines vessels

PP syntactic pipe sections 65 700 0.17 piping/pipelines

PU foamed – PUF pipe sections, rigid slab

100 400 0.06 piping/pipeline tanks

PU syntactic pipe sections, rigid slab


PVC foamed pipe sections, rigid slab


Refractory cast, moulded bricks

800 to 1700 2000 to 3000

1 to 2 linings for reactors, e.g.,

SGP

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

9. REFERENCES In this DEP, reference is made to the following publications. NOTES: 1) Unless specifically designated by date the latest edition of each publication shall be used together

with any amendments/supplements/revisions thereto.


2) The DEPs and most referenced external standards are available to Shell users on the SWW (Shell Wide Web) at http://sww05.europe.shell.com/standards/.

SHELL STANDARDS Index to DEP publications and standard specifications

DEP 00.00.05.05-Gen.

Thermal insulation (amendments/supplements to the CINI manual)

DEP 30.46.00.31-Gen.

Rubber-lined process equipment and piping DEP 30.48.60.10-Gen.

Glass fibre reinforced epoxy and polyester vessels – design and installation

DEP 31.22.30.14-Gen.

Piping – general requirements DEP 31.38.01.11-Gen.

Piping classes – refining and chemicals DEP 31.38.01.12-Gen.

Piping classes – exploration and production DEP 31.38.01.15-Gen.

GRP pipelines and piping systems (amendments/supplements to UKOOA documents)

DEP 31.40.10.19-Gen.

External polyethylene and polypropylene coating for line pipe

DEP 31.40.30.31-Gen.

Thermoplastic lined pipelines DEP 31.40.30.34-Gen.

Insulating and dense refractory concrete linings DEP 64.24.32.30-Gen.

Functional and material requirements for non-metallic seal materials

DODEP 02.01B.03.02

Material Equipment Standards & Code MESC

AMERICAN STANDARDS Specification for polyethylene line pipe API 15 LE Issued by: The American Petroleum Institute 1220 L Street Northwest Washington, DC 20005-4074 USA

Standard terminology relating to refractories ASTM C 71

Standard test method for steady-state heat flux measurements and thermal transmission properties by means of the guarded-hot-plate apparatus

ASTM C 177

Standard terminology of ceramic whitewares and related products

ASTM C 242

Standard practice for determining chemical resistance of thermosetting resins used in glass-fiber reinforced structures intended for liquid service

ASTM C 581

Standard terminology for paint, related coatings, materials and applications

ASTM D 16

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

Standard test method for coefficient of linear thermal expansion of plastics between –30 degrees C and 30 degrees C with vitreous silica dilatometer

ASTM D 696

Standard terminology relating to plastics ASTM D 883

Standard test method for haze and luminous transmittance of transparent plastics

ASTM D 1003

Standard terminology relating to rubber ASTM D 1566

Standard test method for rubber property - durometer hardness

ASTM D 2240

Standard test method for indentation hardness of rigid plastics by means of a Barcol impressor

ASTM D 2583

Standard test method for Poisson’s ratio at room temperature

ASTM E 132

Standard test method for determining specific heat capacity by differential scanning calorimetry

ASTM E 1269

Standard test method for assignment of the glass transition temperature by differential scanning calorimetry or differential thermal analysis

ASTM E 1356

Standard test method for measurement of diffusivity, solubility and permeability of organic vapor barriers using a flame ionization detector

ASTM F 1769

Issued by: American Society for Testing & Materials 100 Bar Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken PA 19428 – 2959 USA

Effects of high-temperature, high-pressure carbon dioxide decompression on elastomeric materials

NACE TM0297

Evaluating elastomeric materials in carbon dioxide decompression environments

NACE TM0192

Issued by: NACE International PO Box 218340 Houston, TX 77218 USA

BRITISH STANDARDS Polyethylene pipes (Type 50) in metric diameters for general purposes

BS 6437


Issued by: British Standards Institution 389 Chiswick High Road London W4 4AL UK

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

EUROPEAN STANDARDS Plastic piping systems for water supply – Unplasticized poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) –Part 2: Pipes

CEN EN 1452-2

Plastic piping systems for water supply – Unplasticized poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) –Part 3: Fittings

CEN EN 1452-3


Plastics piping systems for non-pressure underground drainage and sewerage – Polypropylene with mineral modifiers (PP-MD)

EN 14758

Issued by: European Committee for Standardization Rue De Stassart 36 Bruxelles, Belgium B-1050 Copies may also be obtained from national standards organizations.

Qualification of non-metallic sealing materials and manufacturers

NTS M-710

Issued by: Norsk Teknologisenter Oscars gate 20 Pb 7072 Majorstua Oslo N-0306 Norway

GERMAN STANDARDS Testing of plastics; determination of water absorption DIN 53495 Issued by: Beuth Verlag GmbH Burggrafenstrasse 6 D-10787, Berlin Germany

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS Plastics – determination of temperature deflection under load – Part 1: General test method

ISO 75-1

Plastics – determination of flexural properties ISO 178

Plastics – determination of Charpy impact properties – Part 2: Instrumented impact test

ISO 179-2

Plastics – determination of Izod impact strength ISO 180

Plastics – determination of refractive index of transparent plastics

ISO 489

Plastics – determination of tensile properties – Part 1: general principles

ISO 527-1

Plastics – determination of compressive properties ISO 604

Plastics – determination of creep behaviour – Part 1: tensile creep

ISO 899-1

Plastics – determination of the melt mass-flow rate (MFR) and the melt volume-flow rate (MVR) of

ISO 1133

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

thermoplastics

Plastics – methods for determining the density and relative density of non-cellular plastics

ISO 1183

Plastics – determination of hardness – Part 1: Ball indentation method

ISO 2039-1

Plastics – Determination of burning behaviour by oxygen index - Part 1: Guidance

ISO 4589-1

Issued by: International Organisation for Standardization 1, Rue de Varembé CH-1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland. Copies can also be obtained from national standards organizations.

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE NON-METALLIC MATERIALS

Table 1A Grouped alphabetically by trade name TRADE NAME CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION MANUFACTURER

ACALOR Resin filled cement Acalor, England

ADIPRENE Polyurethane rubber Du Pont, USA

AEROPHENAL Polyfluoride Ciba-Geigy

AKULON Polyamide AKZO, Netherlands

ALKATHENE LD Polyethylene ICI

ALKON POM ICI

ALATHON Polyethylene Du Pont, USA

ALBERTOL Saturated polyesters Hoechst, Germany

ALGOFLON Polytetrafluoroethylene Montedison, Italy

ALNOVOL Phenolics Hoechst, Germany

ALPOLIT Unsaturated polyesters Hoechst, Germany

ALRESEN Phenolic, modified Hoechst, Germany

ALTUGLAS Polymethyl metacrylate Elf Atochem, France

AMILAN Polyamide Toray Industries, Japan

AMPAL Unsaturated polyesters Ciba-Geigy, Switzerland

AMPCOFLEX Polyvinyl chloride Atlas Plastics, USA

APPRYL Polypropylene Atochem

ARALDIT Epoxies Ciba-Geigy, Switzerland

ARDEL Polyarylate Amoco, USA

ARENKA Polyamide AKZO, Netherlands

ARNITE Unsaturated polyesters AKZO, Netherlands

ARNITEL Saturated polyester AKZO, Netherlands

ARYLON Polyarylether, Polyarylates Du Pont, USA

ASPLIT Resin filled cement Hoechst, Germany

ASTRAGLAS Polyvinyl Chloride (soft) Dynamit Nobel

ASTRALIT Polyvinyl Chloride (hard) Dynamit Nobel

ASTRALON Polyvinyl chloride Hüls, Germany

ASTRATHERM Polyvinyl Chloride (hard) Dynamit Nobel

ATLAC Unsaturated polyesters DSM, Netherlands

BAKELITE Phenolics Bakelite, Germany

BASOPOR UF BASF

BASOTECT UF BASF

BAYBLENDT PC/ABS Blend Bayer

BAYDUR Polyurethanes Bayer, Germany

BAYFLEX Polyurethanes Bayer, Germany

BAYGAL PUR Bayer

BAYLON HDPE Bayer

BAYMER Polyisocyanurate Bayer, Germany

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

TRADE NAME CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION MANUFACTURER

BAYMIDUR PUR Bayer, Germany

BAYPREN Polychloroprene Bayer, Germany

BAYSILONE Silicones Bayer, Germany

BECKOCOAT Polyurethanes Hoechst, Germany

BECKOPOX Epoxies Hoechst, Germany

BECKUROL Ureas Hoechst, Germany

BEETLE Unsaturated polyesters, phenolics BP Chemicals, England

BENVIC Polyvinylchloride Solvay, Belgium

BONDSTRAND Fibre reinforced plastic piping Ameron, USA

BORNUM HARZ Resin impregnated graphite HarzerAchsenwerke, Germ.

BREON Polybutadiene acrylonitrile Zeon, Germany

BUDENE Polybutadiene Goodyear, USA

BUNA Polybutadiene Hüls, Germany

CALIBRE PC Dow

CAPRON Polyurethanes Allied Corp., USA

CARADATE Isocyanates for polyurethanes Shell

CARADOL Polyols for polyurethanes Shell

CARBOFRAX Silicon carbide Carborundum, USA

CARIFLEX Polybutadiene / stryrene elastomers Shell

CARINA Polyvinyl chloride Shell

CARINEX Polystyrene Shell

CARLONA Polyethylene Shell

CARLONA P Polypropylene Shell

CASOCRYL Polymethyl methacrylate Elf Atochem, France

CELCON Polyformaldehyde Hoechst, Germany

CELLASTO PUR BASF

CELLIDOR B Cellulose acetate butyrate Albis Plastics, Germany

CIBAMIN Ureas, Melamines Ciba-Geigy, Switzerland

CIBANOID UF Ciba-Geigy

CONAPOXY Melamines Conap, USA

COROPLAST Polyvinylchloride Coroplast, Germany

CORVIC Polyvinylchloride ICI, England

COURTELLE Polyacrylonitrile Courtaulds, England

CRASTIN PET/PBT Ciba-Geigy

CRYLOR Polyacrylonitrile Rhone Poulenc, France

CRYSTIC Unsaturated polyesters Scott Bader Co., England

CYCOLAC Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene General Electric, USA

DACRON Saturated polyesters Du Pont, USA

DAPLEN Polypropylene PCD Linz, Austria

DARVIC Polyvinylchloride Weston Hyde, England

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


DEGALAN Polymethyl methacrylate Degussa, Germany

DELPET Polymethyl methacrylate Asahi Chem., Japan

DELRIN Polyformaldehyde Du Pont, USA

DERAKENE Unsaturated polyesters, vinylester type DOW, USA

DESMODUR Isocyanates for polyurethanes Bayer, Germany

DESMOPHEN Polyols for polyurethanes Bayer, Germany

DESMOPAN Polyurethane rubber Bayer, Germany

DEWOGLAS Polymethyl methacrylate Degussa, Germany

DIABON Graphite Sigri, Germany

DIAKON Polymethyl methacrylate ICI, England

DOBECKAN Unsaturated polyesters, polyurethanes BASF, Germany

DOLAN Polyacrylonitrile Hoechst, Germany

DORIX Polyamide Bayer, Germany

DORLASTAN Polyurethane rubber Bayer, Germany

DOWLEX PE Dow

DPC 2000 T LDPE foil ICl

DRAKAFLEX Polyurethanes Draka, Netherlands

DRALON Polyacrylonitrile Bayer, Germany

DURABON Carbon Sigri, Germany

DURAN 50 Glass Jena Glaswerk Schott, Germany

DUREL Polyarylate Hoechst, Germany

DURETHAN Polyamide Bayer, Germany

DUROLON PC Montedison

DUROPHEN Phenolics Hoechst, Germany

DUTRAL EP Montedison

DYFLOR PVDF Dynamit Nobel

DYLENE Polystyrene, styrene acrylonitrile ARCO Polymers, USA

DYNAPOL Saturated polyesters Hüls, Germany

EDIFRAN PCTFE Montedison

EDISTIR Polystyrene Enichem, Italy

EDITER ABS Montedison

EKAVYL Polyvinylchloride Elf Atochem, France

ELASTAN PUR BASF

ELASTOCOAT PUR BASF

ELASTOFLEX PUR BASF

ELASTOFOAM PUR BASF

ELASTOGRAN PUR BASF

ELASTOLIT PUR BASF

ELASTOLLAN Polyurethanes Elastogran, Germany

ELASTOPAL PUR BASF

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


ELASTOPAN PUR BASF

ELASTOPOR PUR BASF

ELASTURAN PUR BASF

EXTIR EPS Montedison

ELASTOSIL Silicone rubber Wacker-Chemie, Germany

ELEXAR Styrene butadiene, styrene rubber Shell

ELTEX Polyethylene Solvay, Belgium

ELTEX P Polypropylene Solvay, Belgium

ELVANOL Polyvinylalcohol Du Pont, USA

EPIKOTE Epoxies Shell

EPOCRYL Unsaturated polyesters, vinylester type Ashland Chem., USA

EPON Epoxies - USA Shell

ERACLEAR LDPE Enichem

ERACLENE H HDPE Enichem

ERIFLON PVDF PVDF Solvay

ERTALON PA AKZO

ERTALON PA Atochem

ERTALON PA BASF

ERTALON PA DSM

ESCORENE Polyethylene Exxon, USA

FERTENE LDPE Montedison

FIBERCAST Fibre reinforced epoxies Fibercast, USA/Germany

FINATHENE Polyethylene Fina, Belgium

FLUON Polytetrafluoroethylene ICI, England

FLUOREL Vinylide fluoride – hexafluoropropylene 3 M Co., USA

FLUOROFLEX Fluorinated polymers Resistoflex, USA/Germany

FLUOROGREEN Fluorinated polymers Peabode Dore, USA

FLUOROLINE Fluorinated polymers BTR, England

FLUOROSINT Fluorinated polymers Polypenco, Germany

FORAFLON Polyvinylidene fluoride Elf Atochem, France

FORMICA Melamines Formica Corp., USA

FORTIFLEX HDPE Solvay

FORTILENE PP Solvay

FORTRON PPS Hoechst

FURACIN Furane filled cement Prodorite, England

GABRITE UF Montedison

GAFLON Polytetrafluoroethylene Plastic Omnium, France

GEMON Polyimide General Electric, USA

GEON Polyvinylchloride B.F. Goodrich, USA

GLAD Polyethylene Union Carbide, USA

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


GORETEX Polytetrafluoroethylene W.L. Gore, USA

GRANLAR LCP Montedison

GRAPHILOR Resin impregnated graphite LeCarbone-Lorraine, France

GRILAMID Polyamide EMS-Chemie, Switzerland

GRILLODUR Unsaturated polyesters Grillo-Werke, Germany

HALAR Polytrifluoroethylene Ausimont., USA

HALON Polytetrafluoroethylene Ausimont., USA

HAVEG Phenolics, furanes Haveg, USA

HEROX Polyamide Du Pont, USA

H.E.T. Chlorinated unsaturated terpolymer Ashland Chem., USA

HETRON Chlorinated unsaturated polyesters Ashland Chem., USA

HFR CEMENT Potassium silicate cement Hoechst, Germany

HOSTADUR PBT, PET Hoechst

HOSTAFLEX Polyvinylchloride Hoechst, Germany

HOSTAFLON Polytetrafluoroethylene Hoechst, Germany

HOSTAFLON-C Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Hoechst, Germany

HOSTAFORM POM Hoechst

HOSTALEN GUR UHMW PE Hoechst

HOSTALEN LD LDPE Hoechst

HOSTALEN Polyethylene Hoechst, Germany

HOSTALEN-PP Polypropylene Hoechst, Germany

HOSTALIT Polyvinylchloride Hoechst, Germany

HOSTAPOR EPS Hoechst

HOSTAPOX EP Hoechst

HOSTAPREN CPE Hoechst

HOSTASET PF PF Hoechst

HOSTASET UF UF Hoechst

HOSTASET UP UP Hoechst

HOSTATEC PEK Hoechst

HOSTYREN Polystyrene Hoechst, Germany

HOSTYREN XS SB Hoechst

HYCAR Polybutadiene, stryrene elastomers BF Goodrich, USA

HYPALON Chlorosulphonated polyethylene Du Pont, USA

HYTREL Saturated polyesters Du Pont, USA

HYVIS Polyisobutylene BP Chem., England

ICDAL Polyimide Hüls, Germany

IMIPEX Polyimide General Electric, USA

IMPET PET Hoechst

IMPOLEX Unsaturated polyesters ICI, England

INKLURIT UF BASF

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


IXAN Polyvinylidene chloride Solvay, Belgium

KALREZ Perfluoro elastomer Du Pont, USA

KAMAX Polyimide Rohm and Haas, USA

KAPTON Polyimide Du Pont, USA

KARBATE Resin impregnated graphite Union Carbide, USA

KEEBUSH Resin impregnated graphite APV-Kester, England

KEL-F Polychlorotrifluoroethylene 3 M Co., USA

KELTAN Ethylene propylene diene terpolymer DSM, Netherlands

KEMATAL POM Hoechst

KERANOL Resin filled cement Keramchemie, Germany

KERIMID Polyimide Rhone-Poulenc, France

KERMEL Polyimide Rhone-Poulenc, France

KEVLAR Polyaramide (fibre) Du Pont, USA

KINEL Polyimide Rhone-Poulenc, France

KOBIEND PC/ABS Blend Montedison

KRALASTIC Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Uniroyal, Japan

KRATON G Styrene butadiene styrene rubber Shell

KYDEX Polyvinylchloride Rohm and Haas, USA

KYNAR Polyvinylidene fluoride Elf Atochem, France

LACQRENE PS Atochem

LACQTENE Polyethylene Elf Atochem, France

LACQVYL PVC Atochem

LAMELLON Unsaturated polyesters -

LARFLEX EP Lati

LARIL PPO Lati

LAROFLEX Polyvinylchloride BASF, Germany

LARTON PPS Lati

LASTANE PUR Lati

LASTIFLEX ABS/PVC Blend Lati

LA STIL SAN Lati

LASTILAC ABS Lati

LASTILAC 10 ABS/PC Blend Lati

LASTIROL PS Lati

LASULF PSU Lati

LATAMID PA Lati

LATAN POM Lati

LATENE PP Lati

LATENE HD HDPE Lati

LATER PBT Lati

LATILON PC Lati

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


LEACRIL Polyacrylonitrile -

LEGUPREN Unsaturated polyesters Bayer, Germany

LEGUVAL Unsaturated polyesters DSM, Netherlands

LEKUTHERM Epoxies Bayer, Germany

LEVAFLEX TPO Bayer

LEVEPOX Epoxies Bayer, Germany

LEXAN Polycarbonate General Electric, USA

LEXGARD PC GEP

LINATEX Natural rubber, soft WilkinsonRubberLinatex,

LUCALOR CPVC Atochem

LUCITE Polymethyl methacrylate Du Pont, USA

LUCOLENE PVC (soft) Atochem

LUCOREX Polyvinylchloride Elf Atochem, France

LUCOVYL PVC Atochem

LUCOVYL PVC Rhone-Poulenc

LUPOLEN Polyethylene BASF, Germany

LURAN Styrene acrylonitrile BASF, Germany

LURANYL PPE BASF

LUSTRAN Styrene acrylonitrile Monsanto, USA

LUSTREX Polystyrene Monsanto, USA

LUXOR PS, SAN Montedison

LYCRA Polyurethanes Du Pont, USA

MADURIT Melamines Hoechst, Germany

MAGNUM ABS Dow, Netherlands

MAKROBLEND PC Blend Bayer

MAKROFOL PC foil Bayer

MAKROLON Polycarbonate Bayer, Germany

MANOLENE PE Rhone-Poulenc

MAPRENAL Melamines Hoechst, Germany

MARANYL Polyamides ICI, England

MELAPLAST MF Bayer

MELBRITE Melamines Montedison, Italy

MELINEX Saturated polyesters ICI, England

MELMEX Melamines BP Chemicals, England

MELOPAS Melamines Ciba-Geigy, Switzerland

MENZOLIT Epoxies and unsaturated polyesters Menzolit-Werke, Germany

MINLON Polyamides Du Pont, USA

MIPOLAM Polyvinylchloride Hüls, Germany

MIPOPLAST PVC soft Dynamit Nobel

MOLTAPREN Polyurethane foam Bayer, Germany

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


MOLTOPREN PUR Bayer

MOPLEN Polypropylene Himont, Italy

MOULDRITE UF ICI

MOWILITH Polyvinylacetate Hoechst, Germany

MOWIOL Polyvinylalcohol Hoechst, Germany

MYLAR Saturated polyesters Du Pont, USA

NANDEL Polyacrylonitrile Du Pont, USA

NAPRYL Polypropylene Elf Atochem, France

NATENE Polyethylene Elf Atochem, France

NATSYN Polyisoprene Goodyear, USA

NEONIT EP Ciba-Geigy

NEOPOLEN PE foam BASF

NEOPRENE Polychloroprene Du Pont, USA

NITRIL Polybutadiene acrylonitrile -

NIVIONPLAST PA Enichem

NORDEL Ethylene-propylene diene terpolymer Du Pont, USA

NORYL Polyphenylene oxide General Electric, USA

NOVODUR Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Bayer, Germany

NOVOLEN Polypropylene BASF, Germany

NOVOLUX Polyvinylchloride Weston Hyde, England

NYLON Polyamide Du Pont, USA

NYRIM Polyamide DSM, Netherlands

OPPANOL Polyisobutylene BASF, Germany

ORBITEX Epoxies Ciba-Geigy, Switzerland

ORGALLOY PA/PP Blend Atochem lend

ORGAMIDE PA Atochem

ORGASOL PE or coPA Atochem

ORGATER Polycarbonate Elf Atochem, France

ORGAVYL Polyvinylchloride Elf Atochem, France

ORLON Polyacrylonitrile Du Pont, USA

OROGLAS Polymethyl methacrylate Rohm and Haas, USA

PALAPREG UP BASF

PALATAL Unsaturated polyesters BASF, Germany

PAN Polyacrylonitrile Bayer, Germany

PARAPLEX Unsaturated polyesters Rohm and Haas, USA

PARYLENE Polyarylene Union Carbide, USA

PEEK Polyetheretherketone ICI, England

PELLETHANE TPU DOW

PENTON Polydichloromethyloxetane -

PERBUNAN Polybutadiene acrylonitrile Bayer, Germany

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


PERLON Polyamide Perlon, Germany

PERSPEX Polymethyl methacrylate ICI, England

PETION PET Bayer

PIBITER PBT Montedison

PLASKON Ureas Plaskon, USA

PLASTOPAL Ureas BASF, Germany

PLEXIDUR Polymethyl methacrylate Rohm and Haas, USA

PLEXIGLAS Polymethyl methacrylate Rohm and Haas, USA

PLIOFLEX Polybutadiene styrene Goodyear, USA

POCAN Saturated polyesters Bayer, Germany

POLLOPAS UF Dynamit Nobel

POLYDUR Unsaturated polyesters Hüls, Germany

POLYLITE Unsaturated polyesters Reichhold Chem., USA

POLYSTYROL Polystyrene BASF, Germany

POLYVIOL Polyvinyl alcohol Wacker-Chemie, Germany

PRIMEF PPS Solvay

PROPATHENE Polypropylene ICI, England

PUISE PC/ABS Blend Dow

PYREX Glass Sovirel, France

QUACORR Furanes PO Chemicals, USA

QUICKFIT Glass Corning, England

RADEL Polyarylether Amoco, USA

RENOLIT Polyvinylchloride Renolit-Werke, Germany

RENYL PA6 Montedison

RESAMIN Ureas Hoechst, Germany

RHENOFLEX Polyvinylchloride Hüls, Germany

RHEPANOL Polyisobutylene sheet -

RHODOPAS PVC Rhone-Poulenc

RHODORSIL Silicone rubbers Rhone-Poulenc, France

RIBLENE D LDPE Enichem

RIGIDEX Polyethylene BP Chemicals, England

RILSAN Polyamide Elf Atochem, France

RONFALIN ABS DSM

RULON Filled PTFE Dixon Corp., USA

RUTAPOX Epoxies Bakelite, Germany

RYNITE PBT, PET Du Pont de Nemours

RYTON Polyphenylene sulphide Phillips Petr., Belgium

SARAN Polyvinylidene chloride DOW, USA

SETAL Unsaturated polyesters Synthese, Netherlands

SETAPOL Unsaturated polyesters Synthese, Netherlands

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


SHELL PB Polybutene Shell

SICRON PVC Montedison

SILASTIC Silicone rubbers DOW, USA

SILCOSET Silicone rubbers ICI, England

SILOPREN Silicone rubbers Bayer, Germany

SINKRAL ABS Enichem

SINVET PC Enichem

SOLEF Polyvinylidene fluoride Solvay, Belgium

SOLVIC Polyvinyl chloride Solvay, Belgium

SOREFLON Polytetrafluoroethylene Elf Atochem, France

STAMYLAN Polyethylene DSM, Netherlands

STAMYLAN P Polypropylene DSM, Netherlands

STAMYLEX LDPE DSM

STANYL Polyamide DSM, Netherlands

STRATYL EP Rhone-Poulenc

STYROCELL Polystyrene foam Shell

STYRODUR Polystyrene foam BASF, Germany

STYROFOAM Polystyrene foam DOW, USA

STYRON Polystyrene DOW, USA

STYROPOR Polystyrene foam BASF, Germany

SUPEC PPS GEP

SWD CEMENT Sodium silicate cement Hoechst, Germany

SYNOLITE Unsaturated polyesters DSM, Netherlands

TECHNYL Polyamides Rhone-Poulenc, France

TEDLAR Polyvinylfluoride Du Pont, USA

TEDUR PPS Bayer

TEFLON Polytetrafluoroethylene Du Pont, USA

TEFLON FEP Fluorinated ethylene propylene Du Pont, USA

TENAX Carbon fibre Tenax, Germany

TENITE BUTYRATE Cellulose acetate butyrate Eastman Chem. Prod., USA

TENITE CAB Cellulose acetate butyrate EastmanChem. Prod., USA

TENITE PE Polyethylene EastmanChem. Prod., USA

TERBLEND B ABS/PC Blend BASF

TERBLEND S ABA/PC Blend BASF

TERGAL Saturated polyesters Rhone-Poulenc, France

TERLENKA Saturated polyesters ENKA, Germany

TERLENKA PET fibre AKZO PET

TERLURAN Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene BASF, Germany

TERYLENE Saturated polyesters ICI, England

TERNIL PA6 Montedison

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


THERBAN Polybutadiene acrylonitrile rubber Bayer, Germany

THIOKOL Polysulphides Thiokol Corp., USA

TORLON Polyamide-imide Amoco Corp., USA

TREVIRA Saturated polyesters Hoechst, Germany

TROCAL Polyvinylchloride Hüls, Germany

TROCELLEN PE foam Dynamit Nobel

TROGAMID Polyamides Hüls, Germany

TROLITAN PF Dynamit Nobel

TROLITUL PS Dynamit Nobel

TROSIPLAST PVC hard Dynamit Nobel

TROVIDUR Polyvinylchloride Hüls, Germany

TROVIDUR PP Polypropylene Hüls, Germany

TROVIPOR PVC foam Dynamit Nobel

TUFNOL Phenolics, Furanes Tufnol, England

TUFSYN Polybutadiene Goodyear, USA

TWARON Polyaramide (fibre) AKZO, Netherlands

TYNEX Polyamides Du Pont, USA

TYRIL SAN Dow

TYRIN CPE Dow

UDEL Polysulfone, Polyether sulfone Amoco, USA

UFORMITE Ureas Reichold, USA

UGIKAPON Unsaturated polyesters Elf Atochem, France

UKAPOR Polystyrene Elf Atochem, France

ULTEM Polyetherimide General Electric, USA

ULTRABLEND PBT/PET blend BASF

ULTRABLEND S PBT blend BASF

ULTRADUR Saturated polyesters BASF, Germany

ULTRAFORM POM BASF

ULTRAMID Polyamides BASF, Germany

ULTRANYL PPE/PA Blend BASF

ULTRAPAS Melamines Hüls, Germany

ULTRAPEK PEK BASF

ULTRASON S Polysulphone BASF, Germany

ULTRASON E Polyethersulphone BASF, Germany

ULTRAX LCP BASF

URALAM Unsaturated polyesters Synthetic Resins Ltd., England

UREOL PUR Ciba-Geigy

UREPAN Polyurethanes Bayer, Germany

URTAL ABS Montedison

VALOX Saturated polyesters General Electric, USA

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


VANDAR PBT Hoechst

VARLAN Polyvinylchloride DSM, Netherlands

VECTRA LCP Hoechst

VEDRIL PMMA Montedison

VESPEL Polyimide Du Pont, USA

VESTAMID Polyamides Hüls, Germany

VESTAN Saturated polyesters Bayer, Germany

VESTODUR Saturated polyesters Hüls, Germany

VESTOLEN Apolyethylene Hüls, Germany

VESTOLEN P Polypropylene Hüls, Germany

VESTOLIT Polyvinylchloride Hüls, Germany

VESTOPAL Unsaturated polyesters Hüls, Germany

VESTORAN SAN Huls, -

VESTORPEN TPO Huls, -

VESTYRON PS Huls, -

VICTREX Polysulfone, Polyethersulfone ICI, England

VIDAR PVDF Solvay

VINIDUR Polyvinylchloride BASF, Germany

VINNOL Polyvinylchloride Wacker-Chemie, Germany

VINOFLEX PVC BASF

VIPLAST PVC Montedison

VITON Fluor elastomer Du Pont, USA

VITREOSIL Quartz/silica Du-Pont, USA

VITREX Silicate cement AtlasMineralProducts, USA

VOLTALEF Polytrifluorochloroethylene Elf Atochem, France

VULCATHENE Polyethylene, low density -

VULKODURIT Elastomeric, rubber materials Keramchemie, Germany

VULCOFERRAN Elastomeric, rubber materials HarzerAchsenwerke, Germany

VULKOLLAN Polyurethane rubber Bayer, Germany

VYCOR Quartz/Silica Corning Glass, USA

WAPEX Epoxy cement AKZO, Netherlands

WAVISTRONG Fibre reinforced plastic piping FPI, The Netherlands

WELVIC Polyvinylchloride ICI, England

XANTAR PC DSM

XENOY PC/PBY blend GEP

XYLON Polyamides AKZO, Netherlands

XYRON Polyphenylene oxide ASAHI, Japan

ZYTEL Polyamides Du Pont, USA

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

Table 1B Grouped by material type TRADE NAME CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION MANUFACTURER

THERMOPLASTIC MATERIALS

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene - ABS

BAYBLENDT ABS/PC Blend Bayer

CYCOLAC ABS General Electric, USA

EDITER ABS Montedison

KOBIEND PC/ABS Blend Montedison

KRALASTIC ABS Uniroyal, Japan

LASTIFLEX ABS/PVC Blend Lati

LASTILAC ABS Lati

LASTILAC 10 ABS/PC Blend Lati

MAGNUM ABS Dow, the Netherlands

NOVODUR ABS Bayer, Germany

PUISE ABS/PC Blend Dow

RONFALIN ABS DSM

SINKRAL ABS Enichem

TERBLEND B ABS/PC Blend BASF

TERBLEND S ABA/PC Blend BASF

TERLURAN ABS BASF, Germany

URTAL ABS Montedison

Fluoropolymers

TEFLON FEP Fluorinated ethylene propylene-FEP Du Pont, USA

FLUOROFLEX Fluorinated polymers Resistoflex, USA/Germany

FLUOROGREEN Fluorinated polymers Peabode Dore, USA

FLUOROLINE Fluorinated polymers BTR, England

FLUOROSINT Fluorinated polymers Polypenco, Germany

EDIFRAN PCTFE Montedison

HALAR Polytrifluoroethylene-PCTFE Ausimont., USA

HOSTAFLON-C Polychlorotrifluoroethylene-PCTFE Hoechst, Germany

KEL-F Polychlorotrifluoroethylene-PCTFE 3 M Co., USA

VOLTALEF Polytrifluorochloroethylene-PCTFE Elf Atochem, France

ALGOFLON Polytetrafluoroethylene-PTFE Montedison, Italy

FLUON Polytetrafluoroethylene-PTFE ICI, England

HALON Polytetrafluoroethylene-PTFE Ausimont., USA

GAFLON Polytetrafluoroethylene-PTFE Plastic Omnium, France

GORETEX Polytetrafluoroethylene-PTFE W.L. Gore, USA

HOSTAFLON Polytetrafluoroethylene-PTFE Hoechst, Germany

SOREFLON Polytetrafluoroethylene-PTFE Elf Atochem, France

TEFLON Polytetrafluoroethylene-PTFE Du Pont, USA

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


RULON Filled PTFE Dixon Corp., USA

AEROPHENAL Polyfluoride-PVDF Ciba-Geigy

DYFLOR PVDF Dynamit Nobel

ERIFLON PVDF PVDF Solvay

FLUOREL Vinylide fluoride – PVDF 3 M Co., USA

FORAFLON Polyvinylidene fluoride-PVDF Elf Atochem, France

KYNAR Polyvinylidene fluoride-PVDF Elf Atochem, France

SOLEF Polyvinylidene fluoride-PVDF Solvay, Belgium

TEDLAR Polyvinylfluoride-PVDF Du Pont, USA

VIDAR PVDF Solvay

Polyamide - PA

AKULON PA AKZO, Netherlands

AMILAN PA Toray Industries, Japan

ARENKA PA AKZO, Netherlands

DORIX PA Bayer, Germany

DURETHAN PA Bayer, Germany

ERTALON PA AKZO

ERTALON PA Atochem

ERTALON PA BASF

ERTALON PA DSM

GEMON PAI General Electric, USA

GRILAMID PA EMS-Chemie, Switzerland

HEROX PA Du Pont, USA

ICDAL PAI Hüls, Germany

IMIPEX PAI General Electric, USA

KAMAX PAI Rohm and Haas, USA

KAPTON PAI Du Pont, USA

KERIMID PAI Rhone-Poulenc, France

KERMEL PAI Rhone-Poulenc, France

KINEL PAI Rhone-Poulenc, France

LATAMID PA Lati

MARANYL PA ICI, England

MINLON PA Du Pont, USA

NIVIONPLAST PA Enichem

NYLON PA Du Pont, USA

NYRIM PA DSM, Netherlands

ORGALLOY PA/PP Blend Atochem lend

ORGAMIDE PA Atochem

PERLON PA Perlon, Germany

RILSAN PA Elf Atochem, France

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


RENYL PA6 Montedison

STANYL PA DSM, Netherlands

TECHNYL PA Rhone-Poulenc, France

TERNIL PA6 Montedison

TORLON PAI Amoco Corp., USA

TROGAMID PA Hüls, Germany

TYNEX PA Du Pont, USA

ULTRANYL PA/PPE Blend BASF

ULTRAMID PA BASF, Germany

VESPEL PAI Du Pont, USA

VESTAMID PA Hüls, Germany

XYLON PA AKZO, Netherlands

ZYTEL PA Du Pont, USA

Polycarbonate - PC

CALIBRE PC Dow

DUROLON PC Montedison

LATILON PC Lati

LEXAN PC General Electric, USA

LEXGARD PC GEP

MAKROBLEND PC Blend Bayer

MAKROFOL PC foil Bayer

MAKROLON PC Bayer, Germany

ORGATER PC Elf Atochem, France

SINVET PC Enichem

XANTAR PC DSM

XENOY PC/PBY blend GEP

Polyethylene - PE

ALKATHENE LDPE ICI

ALATHON PE Du Pont, USA

BAYLON HDPE Bayer

CARLONA PE Shell

DOWLEX PE Dow

DPC 2000 T LDPE foil ICl

ELTEX PE Solvay, Belgium

ERACLEAR LDPE Enichem

ERACLENE H HDPE Enichem

FINATHENE PE Fina, Belgium

FERTENE LDPE Montedison

ESCORENE PE Exxon, USA

FORTIFLEX HDPE Solvay

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


GLAD Polyethylene Union Carbide, USA

HOSTALEN GUR UHMW PE Hoechst

HOSTALEN LD LDPE Hoechst

HOSTALEN PE Hoechst, Germany

LACQTENE PE Elf Atochem, France

LATENE HD HDPE Lati

LUPOLEN PE BASF, Germany

MANOLENE PE Rhone-Poulenc

NATENE PE Elf Atochem, France

ORGASOL PE or coPA Atochem

RIBLENE D LDPE Enichem

RIGIDEX PE BP Chemicals, England

STAMYLAN PE DSM, the Netherlands

STAMYLEX LDPE DSM

TENITE PE PE EastmanChem. Prod., USA

VULCATHENE Polyethylene, low density Elf Atochem, France

Polyetheretherketone- PEEK

PEEK - ICI, England

Polymethyl methacrylate-PMMA

ALTUGLAS PMMA Elf Atochem, France

CASOCRYL PMMA Elf Atochem, France

DEGALAN PMMA Degussa, Germany

DELPET PMMA Asahi Chem., Japan

DEWOGLAS PMMA Degussa, Germany

DIAKON PMMA ICI, England

LUCITE PMMA Du Pont, USA

OROGLAS PMMA Rohm and Haas, USA

PERSPEX PMMA ICI, England

PLEXIDUR PMMA Rohm and Haas, USA

PLEXIGLAS PMMA Rohm and Haas, USA

VEDRIL PMMA Montedison

Polyoxymethylene-POM

ALKON POM ICI

HOSTAFORM POM Hoechst

KEMATAL POM Hoechst

LATAN POM Lati

ULTRAFORM POM BASF

Polypropylene - PP

APPRYL PP Atochem

CARLONA P PP Shell

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


DAPLEN PP PCD Linz, Austria

ELTEX P PP Solvay, Belgium

FORTILENE PP Solvay

HOSTALEN-PP PP Hoechst, Germany

LATENE PP Lati

MOPLEN PP Himont, Italy

NAPRYL PP Elf Atochem, France

NOVOLEN PP BASF, Germany

PROPATHENE PP ICI, England

STAMYLAN P PP DSM, Netherlands

TROVIDUR PP PP Hüls, Germany

VESTOLEN P PP Hüls, Germany

Polyphenylene sulphide - PPS

FORTRON PPS Hoechst

PRIMEF PPS Solvay

RYTON PPS Phillips Petr., Belgium

SUPEC PPS GEP

TEDUR PPS Bayer

Polyvinyl chloride - PVC

AMPCOFLEX PVC Atlas Plastics, USA

ASTRALON PVC Hüls, Germany

ASTRALIT PVC-U Dynamit Nobel

ASTRAGLAS PVC Dynamit Nobel

ASTRATHERM PVC-U Dynamit Nobel

BENVIC PVC Solvay, Belgium

CARINA PVC Shell

COROPLAST PVC Coroplast, Germany

CORVIC PVC ICI, England

DARVIC PVC Weston Hyde, England

EKAVYL PVC Elf Atochem, France

GEON PVC B.F. Goodrich, USA

HOSTALIT PVC Hoechst, Germany

HOSTAFLEX PVC Hoechst, Germany

IXAN PVC Solvay, Belgium

KYDEX PVC Rohm and Haas, USA

LACQVYL PVC Atochem

LAROFLEX PVC BASF, Germany

LUCALOR PVC-C Atochem

LUCOLENE PVC Atochem

LUCOREX PVC Elf Atochem, France

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


LUCOVYL PVC Atochem

LUCOVYL PVC Rhone-Poulenc

MIPOLAM PVC Hüls, Germany

MIPOPLAST PVC Dynamit Nobel

NOVOLUX PVC Weston Hyde, England

ORGAVYL PVC Elf Atochem, France

RENOLIT PVC Renolit-Werke, Germany

RHENOFLEX PVC Hüls, Germany

RHODOPAS PVC Rhone-Poulenc

SARAN PVC DOW, USA

SICRON PVC Montedison

SOLVIC PVC Solvay, Belgium

TROCAL PVC Hüls, Germany

TROSIPLAST PVC-U Dynamit Nobel

TROVIDUR PVC Hüls, Germany

VARLAN PVC DSM, Netherlands

VESTOLIT PVC Hüls, Germany

VINIDUR PVC BASF, Germany

VINNOL PVC Wacker-Chemie, Germany

VINOFLEX PVC BASF

VIPLAST PVC Montedison

WELVIC PVC ICI, England

THERMOSET MATERIALS AND FRP

Epoxy resins

ARALDIT Epoxies Ciba-Geigy, Switzerland

BECKOPOX Epoxies Hoechst, Germany

EPIKOTE Epoxies Shell

EPON Epoxies - USA Shell

LEKUTHERM Epoxies Bayer, Germany

LEVEPOX Epoxies Bayer, Germany

MENZOLIT Epoxies and unsaturated polyesters Menzolit-Werke, Germany

ORBITEX Epoxies Ciba-Geigy, Switzerland

RUTAPOX Epoxies Bakelite, Germany

Furane resins

HAVEG Furans, phenolics Haveg, USA

QUACORR Furanes PO Chemicals, USA

TUFNOL Furanes, phenolics Tufnol, England

Phenolic resins

ALNOVOL Phenolics Hoechst, Germany

ALRESEN Phenolic, modified Hoechst, Germany

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


BAKELITE Phenolics Bakelite, Germany

DUROPHEN Phenolics Hoechst, Germany

Polyester, vinyl ester resins

ALBERTOL Saturated polyesters Hoechst, Germany

ALPOLIT Unsaturated polyesters Hoechst, Germany

AMPAL Unsaturated polyesters Ciba-Geigy, Switzerland

ARNITE Unsaturated polyesters AKZO, Netherlands

ARNITEL Saturated polyester AKZO, Netherlands

ATLAC Unsaturated polyesters DSM, Netherlands

BEETLE Unsaturated polyesters, phenolics BP Chemicals, England

CRYSTIC Unsaturated polyesters Scott Bader Co., England

DACRON Saturated polyesters Du Pont, USA

DERAKENE Unsaturated polyesters, vinylester DOW, USA

DOBECKAN Unsaturated polyesters BASF, Germany

DYNAPOL Saturated polyesters Hüls, Germany

EPOCRYL Unsaturated polyesters, vinylester Ashland Chem., USA

GRILLODUR Unsaturated polyesters Grillo-Werke, Germany

H.E.T. Chlorinated unsaturated terpolymer Ashland Chem., USA

HETRON Chlorinated unsaturated polyesters Ashland Chem., USA

HYTREL Saturated polyesters Du Pont, USA

IMPOLEX Unsaturated polyesters ICI, England

LEGUPREN Unsaturated polyesters Bayer, Germany

LEGUVAL Unsaturated polyesters DSM, Netherlands

LAMELLON Unsaturated polyesters Atochem

MELINEX Saturated polyesters ICI, England

MYLAR Saturated polyesters Du Pont, USA

PARAPLEX Unsaturated polyesters Rohm and Haas, USA

POCAN Saturated polyesters Bayer, Germany

PALATAL Unsaturated polyesters BASF, Germany

POLYDUR Unsaturated polyesters Hüls, Germany

POLYLITE Unsaturated polyesters Reichhold Chem., USA

SETAL Unsaturated polyesters Synthese, Netherlands

SETAPOL Unsaturated polyesters Synthese, Netherlands

TERGAL Saturated polyesters Rhone-Poulenc, France

TERLENKA Saturated polyesters ENKA, Germany

SYNOLITE Unsaturated polyesters DSM, Netherlands

TERYLENE Saturated polyesters ICI, England

TREVIRA Saturated polyesters Hoechst, Germany

UGIKAPON Unsaturated polyesters Elf Atochem, France

ULTRADUR Saturated polyesters BASF, Germany

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


URALAM Unsaturated polyesters Synthetic Resins Ltd., England

VALOX Saturated polyesters General Electric, USA

VESTAN Saturated polyesters Bayer, Germany

VESTODUR Saturated polyesters Hüls, Germany

VESTOPAL Unsaturated polyesters Hüls, Germany

Fibre reinforced plastic

BONDSTRAND Fibre reinforced plastic piping Ameron, USA

FIBERCAST Fibre reinforced epoxies Fibercast, USA/ Germany

KEVLAR Aramide (fibre) Du Pont, USA

TWARON Aramide (fibre) AKZO, Netherlands

WAVISTRONG Fibre reinforced plastic piping FPI, The Netherlands

ELASTOMERIC MATERIALS

HYPALON Chlorosulphonated polyethylene - CSM Du Pont, USA

BAYPREN Polychloroprene-CR Bayer, Germany

NEOPRENE Polychloroprene - CR Du Pont, USA

NATSYN Polyisoprene-CR Goodyear, USA

KELTAN Ethylene propylene diene terpolymer - EPDM

DSM, Netherlands

NORDEL Ethylene-propylene diene terpolymer - EPDM

Du Pont, USA

LARFLEX Ethylene propylene - EP Lati

NEONIT Ethylene propylene EP Ciba-Geigy

STRATYL Ethylene propylene EP Rhone-Poulenc

KALREZ Perfluoro elastomer - FFKM Du Pont, USA

VITON Fluor elastomer - FKM Du Pont, USA

LINATEX Natural rubber, soft - NR WilkinsonRubber Linatex,

BREON Polybutadiene – NBR/HNBR Zeon, Germany

BUDENE Polybutadiene – NBR/HNBR Goodyear, USA

BUNA Polybutadiene – NBR/HNBR Hüls, Germany

HYCAR Polybutadiene – NHR/HNBR BF Goodrich, USA

NITRIL Polybutadiene – NBR/HNBR -

ORLON Polyacrylonitrile-NBR/HNBR Du Pont, USA

PERBUNAN Polybutadiene – NBR/HNBR Bayer, Germany

TUFSYN Polybutadiene – NBR/HNBR Goodyear, USA

THERBAN Polybutadiene – NBR/HNBR Bayer, Germany

HYVIS Polyisobutylene - IIR BP Chem., England

OPPANOL Polyisobutylene-IIR BASF, Germany

RHEPANOL Polyisobutylene - IIR -

SHELL PB Polybutene-IIR Shell

ADIPRENE Polyurethane Du Pont, USA

BAYDUR Polyurethane Bayer, Germany

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


BAYFLEX Polyurethane Bayer, Germany

BECKOCOAT Polyurethane Hoechst, Germany

CAPRON Polyurethane Allied Corp., USA

DESMOPAN Polyurethane Bayer, Germany

DORLASTAN Polyurethane Bayer, Germany

DRAKAFLEX Polyurethane Draka, Netherlands

ELASTOLLAN Polyurethane Elastogran, Germany

UREPAN Polyurethane Bayer, Germany

VULKOLLAN Polyurethane Bayer, Germany

LYCRA Polyurethane Du Pont, USA

CARIFLEX Polybutadiene stryrene - SBR Shell

ELEXAR Styrene butadiene - SBR Shell

KRATON G Styrene butadiene - SBR Shell

PLIOFLEX Polybutadiene styrene - SBR Goodyear, USA

BAYSILONE Silicones Bayer, Germany

ELASTOSIL Silicones Wacker-Chemie, Germany

RHODORSIL Silicones Rhone-Poulenc, France

SILASTIC Silicones DOW, USA

SILCOSET Silicones ICI, England

SILOPREN Silicones Bayer, Germany

VULKODURIT Elastomeric materials - range Keramchemie, Germany

VULCOFERRAN Elastomeric, materials - range HarzerAchsenwerke, Germany

INORGANIC MATERIALS

Carbon

DURABON Carbon Sigri, Germany

TENAX Carbon fibre Tenax, Germany

Graphite

BORNUM HARZ Resin impregnated graphite HarzerAchsenwerke, Germ.

DIABON Graphite Sigri, Germany

GRAPHILOR Resin impregnated graphite LeCarbone-Lorraine, France

KARBATE Resin impregnated graphite Union Carbide, USA

KEEBUSH Resin impregnated graphite APV-Kester, England

Ceramic, glass, quarz

CARBOFRAX Silicon carbide Carborundum, USA

DURAN 50 Glass Jena Glaswerk Schott, Germany

PYREX Glass Sovirel, France

QUICKFIT Glass Corning, England

VITREOSIL Quartz/silica Du-Pont, USA

VYCOR Quartz/Silica Corning Glass, USA

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


INSULATION MATERIALS

NEOPOLEN PE foam BASF

TROCELLEN PE foam Dynamit Nobel

STYROCELL Polystyrene foam Shell

STYRODUR Polystyrene foam BASF, Germany

STYROFOAM Polystyrene foam DOW, USA

STYROPOR Polystyrene foam BASF, Germany

TROVIPOR PVC foam Dynamit Nobel

BAYGAL PUR Bayer

BAYMIDUR PUR Bayer, Germany

CELLASTO PUR BASF

ELASTAN PUR BASF

ELASTOCOAT PUR BASF

ELASTOFLEX PUR BASF

ELASTOFOAM PUR BASF

ELASTOGRAN PUR BASF

ELASTOLIT PUR BASF

ELASTOPAL PUR BASF

ELASTOPAN PUR BASF

ELASTOPOR PUR BASF

ELASTURAN PUR BASF

LASTANE PUR Lati

MOLTOPREN PUR Bayer

MOLTAPREN PU Bayer, Germany

UREOL PUR Ciba-Geigy

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

APPENDIX 2 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF NON-METALLIC MATERIALS TABLE 2A THERMOPLASTIC MATERIALS

ABS FEP HDPE MDPE PA-11 PEEK PEX PMMA POM PP PPS PTFE PCTFE PVC PVDF UPVC Air: Max. Operating temperature (°C)

90 150 60 60 90 250 85 80 100 100 180 230 200 60 120 75

INORGANIC ACIDS

Hydrochloric 10 % • • 60 60 • • 60 • 85 80 • • • 120 50

Hydrochloric 20 % • 150 60 60 X • 60 • 80 X 150 150 • 120 50

Hydrochloric 35 % X • 60 60 X • 60 X X 65 X • • X 120 60

Hydrofluoric 10 % • • 60 60 X 60 • • • • • • 120 •

Hydrofluoric 20 % • • 60 60 X 60 X • • • • X 120 •

Hydrofluoric 35 % • • 60 60 X 60 X X 90 • • • X 120 •

Nitric 10 % X • 60 60 X • • • X 90 60 • • • 100 50

Nitric 65 % X • X X X • X X X X X • • X 50 •

Nitric 100 % X • X X X X X X X X X • • X X X

Phosphoric 10 % • • 60 60 • • 60 60 X 90 • • • 50 120 50

Phosphoric 50 % • • 60 60 • • 60 • X • • 150 150 50 110 60

Phosphoric 75 % • 150 60 60 X 100 X • X 60 • 150 150 50 110 60

Sulphuric 20 % • • 60 60 X • 60 60 X 90 180 230 180 50 110 50

Sulphuric 40 % • 150 60 60 X 100 60 • X 60 80 230 180 50 110 50

Sulphuric 60 % X • 60 60 X X 60 X X 50 • 230 180 50 110 60

Sulphuric 80 % X • 60 60 X X 60 X X 50 • 230 180 50 90 60

Sulphuric 98 % X • X X X X • X X X X 80 60 • 50 40

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

ABS FEP HDPE MDPE PA-11 PEEK PEX PMMA POM PP PPS PTFE PCTFE PVC PVDF UPVC

ORGANIC ACIDS

Acetic 10% • • 60 60 X • 60 • • 60 • • • • • 40

Acetic 60% • • • 60 X • • • X 60 • • • 100 60

Acetic 100% X • X X X • • X • • • X • X

Acetic anhydride X • • 30 X X 60 X • • • 70 X X X

Benzene sulphonic 10 % • • • • X • • • • • 70 50 40

Benzene sulphonic 30 % • • X X X • • • • • • X 50 X

Chloroacetic 10 % X • • • X 60 X • • 100 X • •

Chloroacetic 20 % X • X X X 60 X • • 100 X • 50

ALKALIS

Ammonium hyd. 10 % 60 • 60 60 70 • 60 60 X • • 230 180 • 120 50

Ammonium hyd. 30 % • • 60 60 70 • 60 60 X • • 230 180 • 120 40

Calcium hyd. 10 % 60 • 60 60 70 60 • 60 230 180 • • 60

Calcium hyd. 50 % 60 • 60 60 70 60 • 60 230 180 • • 60

Potassium hyd. 10 % • • 60 60 70 60 60 • 100 230 180 • 100 60

Potassium hyd. 50 % • • 60 60 • 60 60 X 60 230 180 X 100 60

Sodium hyd. 10 % 60 • 60 60 70 • 60 60 • 100 180 230 180 • 65 60

Sodium hyd. 30 % 60 • 60 60 70 • 60 60 X 100 180 230 180 • X 60

Sodium hyd. 70 % 60 • 60 60 • • 60 60 X 60 180 230 180 X X 60

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


LIQUIDS/GAS MEDIA

Ammonia gas 70 • 60 60 40 60 60 X 60 • 230 180 X X 60

Ammon. Hydroxide 29 % • • 60 60 • • 60 • • • 80 60

Bromine X • X X X X X X X X • • X 65 X

Bromine water • • X X X X X X X • • X 100 X

Carbon dioxide 70 • 60 60 • 60 • 60 • • • • • 60

Carbon monoxide 70 • 60 60 • 60 • 60 • • • • 60

Chlorine dry, concen. • • X X X X X X X X 230 • X 80 X

Chlorine dry, dilute • • X X • X X X X X 230 • • 80 •

Chlorine water X • X X X X • X • • X • X

Chlorine wet, concen. X • X X X X X X X 230 • X 80 X

Chlorine wet, dilute X • X X X X X X • • X 80 60

Hydrogen peroxide, 3 % • • 60 60 • • 60 • 60 X • • • 120 50

Hydrogen peroxide, 30 % X • 60 60 X • X • X • X • • • 100 •

Sulphur dioxide, dry • • 60 60 • 60 • • • 230 • X 75 60

Sulphur dioxide, liquid X • 60 X • • • X 75 X

Sulphur dioxide, water X • 60 60 X 60 • • • • X 75 50

Sulphur dioxide, wet X • • 60 X 60 • • • 230 • X 75 50

Sulphur trioxide X • X X X X 60 X • • • X 60

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


WATER

Brackish 70 • 60 60 75 250 85 • • 100 180 • • 60 120 75

Distilled 70 • 60 60 75 250 85 • • 100 180 • • 60 120 75

Potable 70 • 60 60 75 250 85 • • 100 180 • • 60 120 75

Salt 70 • 60 60 75 250 85 • • 100 180 • • 60 120 75

SALT SOLUTIONS

Aluminium chloride • 60 60 • 60 • • 60 • • • • • 60

Ammonium chloride • 60 60 • 60 • • 60 • • • • • 60

Ammonium fluor, 25 % • 60 60 • 60 • 60 100 • • • 60

Ammonium nitrate • 60 60 • 60 • 60 • • • • • 60

Ammonium sulphate • 60 60 40 60 • 60 • • • • 60

Calcium carbonate • 60 60 • • 60 • • • • 60

Calcium nitrate • 60 60 • • 60 • • • • • 60

Calcium sulphate • 60 60 • • 60 • • • • • 60

Ferrous sulphate • 60 60 • 60 • 60 • • • • 60

Potassium chromate • 60 60 X 60 • 60 80 • • • • 60

Sodium bicarbonate • 60 60 40 60 • 60 • • • • X 60

Sodium chloride • 60 60 • 60 • 60 80 • • • • 60

Sodium sulphate • 60 60 40 60 • 60 • • • • • 60

Zinc sulphate • 60 60 • 60 • 60 • • • • • 60

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


HYDROCARBONS - ALIPHATIC

Butadiene X X X X X • • • X • 60

Heptane • • • • • • • • • • • • • 60

Hexane • • • • • • X • • • • • • • •

Propane • • X X • 60 X • • • • •

HYDROCARBONS - AROMATIC Benzene X • X X 40 • X X • X • 230 180 X 75 X

Phenol X • 60 60 X X 60 X X 60 • 230 180 X 50 X

Toluene X • X X 40 150 • X • X 80 230 180 X 75 X

Xylene X • X X 40 • • X X 80 230 180 X • X

HYDROCARBONS - ALCOHOLS

Allanol X • X X X X • • X • X

Butanol • • • • • • • • • • • • • 50

Ethanol 70 • 60 60 • • • X • 100 • 230 180 X 80 50

Isopropanol • • 60 60 • • 60 X • 60 230 180 • • 50

Methanol 70 • 60 60 • • 60 X • 60 60 230 180 X 120 50

Propanol • • 60 60 X • • 60 • • • • 60

Glycerol • • • 60 60 • 60 60 • 100 • 230 180 • • 60

Glycol • • • 60 60 • • 60 • 60 150 230 180 • • 60

Cyclohexanol X • • 60 50 • 60 • • 230 180 X 65 X

ETHERS X • X X • • • X • X • • • X • X

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


HYDROCARBONS - ALDEHYDES/KETONES

Acetaldehyde X • X X • X X • • • X X X

Acetone X • X X 40 • 60 X • 50 55 230 180 X X X

Cycloheaxanone X • X X • • • X X 230 180 X X X

Formaldehyde • • • • • • • • 60 • • 140 X 50 40

Methyl ethyl ketone X • X X 40 • • X • 230 180 X X X

Methyl isobutyl ketone X • X X 40 X X 230 180 X X X

HYDROCABONS - ESTERS

Amyl acetate X X X 60 X X • • X X 50 X

Butyl acetate X X X 60 X X X 80 • X X • X

Dioctyl phthalate X X X 60 • • • X

Ethyl acetate X X X 60 • • X • X • • X X X X

Sodium benzoate • 40 40 60 60 40 • 40

HYDROCARBONS - AMINES

Butylamine X 150 X X 130 X X • • • 230 X X

Diethylamine X 60 60 60 130 60 230 X 60 60

Dimethylamine X • • • 230 X

Triethylamine 60 60 130 • 60 230 60 60

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


HYDROCARBONS - CHLORINATED

Allyl chloride X X • 60 X • X X • X

Amyl chloride X X X • • X X • X 120 X

Carbon tetrachloride X • X X 40 X X • X • • X 120 X

Carbon trichloride X • X X X X • X • • X • X

Chlorobenzene X • X X X X • X • • X 75 X

Ethyl chloride X • X X • X X X • • • X • X

Ethylene chloride X • X X • X X X • • • X • X

Ethylene chlorohydrin X • X X X X • • • • X

Ethylene dichloride X • X X X X X • • • • • X • •

Methyl chloride X • X X • X • • X • X

Methylene chloride X • X X X X X • • • • X • X

Trichloroethylene X • X X X X X • X X • • X • X In Table 2a the following definitions are used;

• – Resistant at ambient temperature, no maximum temperature available, advisable to consult supplier or materials expert

X - Not resistant

Number – Resistant up to quoted °C

Blank – No data or experience

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

TABLE 2B THERMOSETTING MATERIALS

Epoxy Furane Phenolic Polyester isophthalic

Polyester bisphenol

Polyester chlorinated

Polyurethane Vinyl Ester

Air: Max. operating temperature (°C)

110 140 140 70 95 120 70 100

INORGANIC ACIDS

Hydrochloric 10 % 65 130 140 40 90 120 X 100

Hydrochloric 20 % 50 130 110 • 70 120 X 100

Hydrochloric 35 % X 130 100 • • 120 X 80

Hydrofluoric 10 % X • • • 80 • • 65

Hydrofluoric 20 % X • • • • • • 40

Hydrofluoric 35 % X • • X • • •

Nitric 10 % 50 X X • 60 60 X 50

Nitric 65 % X X X X • • X •

Nitric 100 % X X X X X X X

Phosphoric 10 % 40 140 100 • 90 120 X 100

Phosphoric 50 % 40 140 100 • 90 120 X 100

Phosphoric 75 % 40 130 • 50 • 120 X 100

Sulphuric 20 % 60 140 • 60 90 80 • 100

Sulphuric 40 % 40 140 100 60 80 80 • 90

Sulphuric 60 % X 130 80 • 70 60 X 80

Sulphuric 80 % X 50 50 X X • X X

Sulphuric 98 % X X X X X X X X

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


Polyester bisphenol



ORGANIC ACIDS

Acetic 10 % 80 140 100 • 90 50 • 80

Acetic 60 % • 140 100 • 70 50 • 65

Acetic 100 % X 120 100 X X • X X

Acetic anhydride X X X X X X • X

Benzene sulphonic 10 % 40 140 • • 90 100 80 100

Benzene sulphonic 30 % 40 140 • • 90 • • 100

Chloroacetic 10 % 40 140 • 40 90 50

Chloroacetic 20 % 40 X • 40 90 50

ALKALIS

Ammonium hyd. 10 % 90 140 80 X 60 X 60

Ammonium hyd. 30 % 90 X X X 40 • X 40

Calcium hyd. 10 % 90 • 100 X 60 • X 60

Calcium hyd. 50 % 90 X X X 60 50 X 60

Potassium hyd. 10 % 90 140 X X 60 • • 60

Potassium hyd. 50 % 90 140 X X 60 • • 60

Sodium hyd. 10 % 90 140 X X 60 80 • 60

Sodium hyd. 30 % 90 140 X X 60 • • 60

Sodium hyd. 70 % 90 140 X X 60 X • 60

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


Polyester bisphenol Polyester chlorinated


LIQUIDS/GAS MEDIA

Ammonia gas 65 60 140 X 60 • X 40

Ammon. Hydroxide, 29 % 90 • 100 X 40 • X 40

Bromine X X • X 40 • X 40

Bromine water 40 • X X 40 40

Carbon dioxide 110 • • 60 90 120 • 90

Carbon monoxide 110 • • 60 90 X 100

Chlorine dry, concen. 50 130 X 50 90 100 X 100

Chlorine dry, dilute 50 130 • 50 90 100 X 100

Chlorine water X 130 X • • 70 60 100

Chlorine wet, concen. X 130 X • • 60 X 100

Chlorine wet, dilute X 130 X • • 60 X 100

Hydrogen peroxide, 3 % 65 140 X X • 70 • •

Hydrogen peroxide, 30 % • X X X • • • •

Sulphur dioxide, dry 100 140 110 60 90 120 • 100

Sulphur dioxide, liquid 60 140 • • 80 • 100

Sulphur dioxide, water 60 140 110 • 80 • • 100

Sulphur dioxide, wet 60 140 110 45 80 80 • 100

Sulphur trioxide X 140 110 • 90 • 100

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


Polyester bisphenol Polyester chlorinated


WATER

Brackish 110 140 140 50 90 100 70 80

Distilled 100 140 140 50 90 100 70 80

Potable 100 140 140 50 90 100 70 80

Salt 110 140 140 50 90 100 70 80

SALT SOLUTIONS

Aluminium chloride 110 • • 50 90 • 100

Ammonium chloride 90 • • 50 90 • • 100

Ammonium fluor. , 25 % 65 • • • • • 65

Ammonium nitrate 90 • • • 90 • • 100

Ammonium sulphate 110 • • 50 90 • • 100

Calcium carbonate 110 • • 50 90 • 80

Calcium nitrate 110 • • 50 90 • 100

Calcium sulphate 110 • • 50 90 • • 100

Ferrous sulphate 90 • • 50 90 • • 100

Potassium chromate 110 • • • 90 • • 100

Sodium bicarbonate 110 • • 50 60 • • 80

Sodium chloride 110 • • 50 90 • • 100

Sodium sulphate 110 • • 50 90 • • 100

Zinc sulphate 110 • • 50 90 • • 100

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


Polyester bisphenol




Butadiene 40 • • 40

Heptane 60 • • • 65 • • 60

Hexane 60 • • • • • • 60

Propane 65 • • • • • 90

HYDROCARBONS - AROMATIC

Benzene 50 140- 80 X X 80 • X

Phenol 65 140 60 X X • X X

Toluene 50 140 70 X X 80 • X

Xylene 60 140 70 X X • • X

HYDROCARBONS - ALCOHOLS

Allanol • 140 80 • •

Butanol 50 140 80 • • • 50

Ethanol 50 140 80 • • 70 X 40

Isopropanol 40 140 80 • • 50

Methanol 40 140 80 • • 70 X 40

Propanol 40 • • • • X 50

Glycerol 110 140 80 60 90 120 • 90

Glycol 90 140 110 60 80 120 • 90

Cyclohexanol 65 140 80 • • • 65

ETHERS • 140 • • 50 X • •

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


Polyester bisphenol




Acetaldehyde • • • X X X X

Acetone • • X X 80 X X •

Cycloheaxanone 60 80 80 • X X

Formaldehyde • • 70 50 • 60 X •

Methyl ethyl ketone 40 X 60 X X X X X

Methyl isobutyl ketone 60 X 60 • X X X

HYDROCARBONS - ESTERS

Amyl acetate X 80 80 X X • •

Butyl acetate 40 80 80 X • • • X

Dioctyl phthalate X • • • • • 100

Ethyl acetate • 80 80 50 80 X •

Sodium benzoate 110 • • 80 80

HYDROCARBONS - AMINES

Dipropanolamine (DIPA) X X X X X X X 40

Dimethylamine • • • • •

Trimethylamine • • • 60 80 40

Diethanolamine 50 • • • • 40

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

Epoxy Furane Phenolic Polyester isophthalic Polyester bisphenol Polyester chlorinated

Polyurethane Vinyl ester


Allyl chloride • • X •

Amyl chloride X • X X X 50

Carbon tetrachloride 40 140 140 • • 50 • 50

Carbon trichloride 60 140 • X X X •

Chlorobenzene • 140 80 X X 60 • X

Ethyl chloride • • X X • X X

Ethylene chloride 60 • • X X • X X

Ethylene chlorohydrin • • • 70 40

Ethylene dichloride • 140 70 X X X X X

Methyl chloride X 140 • X X • X

Methylene chloride X • X X X X

Trichloroethylene 65 80 80 X X 70 • X

In Table 2b the following definitions are used;


X - Not resistant



DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

TABLE 2C RUBBER/ELASTOMERIC MATERIALS

CSM CR EPDM FFKM FKM IIR NBR NR (soft) SBR Fluoro-silicone Air: Max. operating temperature (°C)

130 90 180 250 170 120 100 70 80 220

INORGANIC ACIDS

Hydrochloric 10 % • • • • 70 50 • 50 • •

Hydrochloric 20 % • X • • 70 • • 50 • X

Hydrochloric 35 % 50 X • • 70 • • • • X

Hydrofluoric 10 % • X X • 100 70 X 70 • •

Hydrofluoric 20 % • X X • 100 70 X 70 • X

Hydrofluoric 35 % • X X • 100 X X X • •

Nitric 10 % • X • • • 50 X X X •

Nitric 65 % X X X • • X X X X X

Nitric 100 % X X X • • X X X X X

Phosphoric 10 % 80 • • • 100 60 • 70 X •

Phosphoric 50 % • • • • 100 60 • X X •

Phosphoric 75 % • X • • • X • X X •

Sulphuric 20 % 90 90 60 • 70 60 80 70 70 •

Sulphuric 40 % 90 70 60 • 70 60 80 60 60 •

Sulphuric 60 % 80 • 60 • 70 • • • • X

Sulphuric 80 % 70 X • • 70 • X X X X

Sulphuric 98 % X X X • • X X X X X

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

CSM CR EPDM FFKM FKM IIR NBR NR (soft) SBR Fluoro-silicone

ORGANIC ACIDS

Acetic 10 % X X X • • 40 • X • •

Acetic 60 % X X X • • • • X X •

Acetic 100 % X X X • X • • X X •

Acetic anhydride 80 80 • • X • X X X •

Benzene sulphonic 10 % • 70 • • X X X X X •

Benzene sulphonic 30 % X • • • X X X X X •

Chloroacetic 10 % • X • • • X X X X •

Chloroacetic 20 % X X • • • X X X X •

ALKALIS Ammonium hyd. 10 % 80 40 • • • 60 60 70 100 •

Ammonium hyd. 30 % 80 40 • • • 60 60 70 100 •

Calcium hyd. 10 % 80 90 • • • 60 60 70 90 •

Calcium hyd. 50 % 80 90 • • • 60 60 70 90 •

Potassium hyd. 10 % 80 90 • • X 60 60 70 90 X

Potassium hyd. 50 % 80 90 • • X 60 60 70 90 •

Sodium hyd. 10 % 80 90 • • 70 60 60 70 90 •

Sodium hyd. 30 % 80 90 • • 70 60 60 70 90 •

Sodium hyd. 70 % 80 90 • • • 60 60 70 90 •

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


LIQUIDS/GAS MEDIA

Ammonia gas X • • • X • X X X X

Ammon. Hydroxide 29 % • • • • X • • • • •

Bromine X X X • • X X X X •

Bromine water X X X • • X X X X •

Carbon dioxide 90 • • • • • • • • •

Carbon monoxide 90 • • • • • X • X •

Chlorine dry, concen. X X X • 100 X X • X •

Chlorine dry, dilute X X X • 100 X • • • •

Chlorine water X X X • • X X X X •

Chlorine wet, concen. X X X • • X X X X X

Chlorine wet, dilute X X X • • X X X X X

Hydrogen peroxide, 3 % • X • • • • X X • •

Hydrogen peroxide, 30 % • X • • • • X X • •

Sulphur dioxide, dry • X • • • • • X • X

Sulphur dioxide, liquid X • • • • • X X X X

Sulphur dioxide, water X X • • • • X X • X

Sulphur dioxide, wet X X • • • • X X X X

Sulphur trioxide X X X • • X X X X X

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003


WATER

Brackish 130 90 150 250 170 100 90 70 80 220

Distilled 130 90 150 250 170 100 90 70 80 220

Potable 130 90 150 250 170 100 90 70 80 220

Salt 130 90 150 250 170 100 90 70 80 220

SALT SOLUTIONS

Aluminium chloride • 60 • • • 100 • 70 • •

Ammonium chloride • 60 • • • 90 • 70 • •

Ammonium fluor. , 25 % • • • • • • • • • •

Ammonium nitrate • 40 • • • 70 • • • •

Ammonium sulphate • 70 • • • 60 • 70 • •

Calcium carbonate • 90 • • • • • 70 • •

Calcium nitrate • 90 • • • • • • • •

Calcium sulphate • 80 • • • • • • • •

Ferrous sulphate • • • • • • • • • •

Potassium chromate • 70 • • • • • 70 • •

Sodium bicarbonate • 90 • • • 80 • 70 • •

Sodium chloride • 90 • • • 100 • 70 • •

Sodium sulphate • 70 • • • 80 • 70 • •

Zinc sulphate • • • • • • • 70 • •

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003



Butadiene X X X • • X X X X •

Heptane • • X • • X • X • •

Hexane • • X • • X • X X •

Propane X • X • • X • X X •

HYDROCARBONS - AROMATIC Benzene X X X • • X X X X •

Phenol X X X • • • X X X •

Toluene X X X • • X X X X •

Xylene X X X • • X X X X •

HYDROCARBONS - ALCOHOLS Allanol • • • • • • •

Butanol • • • • • • • • • •

Ethanol 50 60 • • • 50 50 60 50 •

Isopropanol • • • • • 50 50 60 • •

Methanol 60 60 60 • X 60 60 70 60 •

Propanol 50 50 50 • • 50 50 50 50 •

Glycerol 100 100 100 • • 100 100 70 100 •

Glycol 80 70 • • • 50 • 70 80 •

Cyclohexanol • • X • • X • X X •

ETHERS X X X • X X X X X X

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003



Acetaldehyde X X • • X • X X X X

Acetone X X • • X • X • • X

Cyclohaexanone X X X • X X X X X X

Formaldehyde • • • • X X • X • X

Methyl ethyl ketone X X • • X X X X X X

Methyl isobutyl ketone X X X • X X X X X X

HYDROCARBONS - ESTERS

Amyl acetate X X • • X • X X X X

Butyl acetate X X • • X X X X X X

Dioctyl phthalate X X • • • • • X X •

Ethyl acetate X X • • X • X X X X

Sodium benzoate • • • • • • • • •

HYDROCARBONS - AMINES Dibutylamine X X • • X X X X X X

Diethylamine • • • • X • • • • X

Monoethanolamine X X • X X • X • • X

Triethanolamine • • • • X • • • • X

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003



Allyl chloride

Amyl chloride X X X • • X • X X •

Carbon tetrachloride X X X • • X • X X •

Carbon trichloride X X X • • X X X X

Chlorobenzene X X X • • X X X X •

Ethyl chloride X X X • • X • X X X

Ethylene chloride X X X • • X X X X •

Ethylene chlorohydrin • • • • • • X X • •

Ethylene dichloride X X X • • X X X X X

Methyl chloride X X X • • X X X X •

Methylene chloride X X X • • X X X X •

Trichloroethylene X X X • • X X X X •

In Table 2c the following definitions are used;


X - Not resistant



DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

TABLE 2D INORGANIC MATERIALS

Carbon, non-impregnated

Graphite, non-impregnated

Graphite, phenolic

Porcelain Glass-lining Quartz, silica Alumina Silicon carbide

Silicon nitride

Zirconia

Air: Max. op. temp. (°C)

400 400 200 250 250 1000 1700 1500 1100 1700

INORGANIC ACIDS

Hydrochloric 10 % • • 200 • 140 • • • • •

Hydrochloric 20 % • • 200 • 140 • • • • •

Hydrochloric 35 % • • 200 • 140 • • • X •

Hydrofluoric 10 % • • 150 X X X 50 • X X

Hydrofluoric 20 % • • 150 X X X • • X X

Hydrofluoric 35 % • • 150 X X X • • X X

Nitric 10 % 90 90 50 • 140 • • • • •

Nitric 65 % X X X • 140 • • • • •

Nitric 100 % X X X • 140 • • • • •

Phosphoric 10 % • • 150 • X • • • • •

Phosphoric 50 % • • 150 • X • • • • •

Phosphoric 75 % • • 150 X X • 100 • • 100

Sulphuric 20 % • • 200 • 140 • • • • •

Sulphuric 40 % • • 200 • 140 • • • • •

Sulphuric 60 % • • 200 • 160 • • • • •

Sulphuric 80 % • • 150 • 160 • • • • •

Sulphuric 98 % 70 70 X • 220 • 140 • 140 50

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003



Graphite, phenolic

Porcelain Glass-lining

Quartz, silica

Alumina Silicon carbide

Silicon nitride

Zirconia

ORGANIC ACIDS

Acetic 10 % • • 150 • 100 • • • • •

Acetic 60 % • • 150 • 100 • • • • •

Acetic 100 % • • 150 • 100 • • • • •

Acetic anhydride • • 100 • 100 • • • • •

Benzene sulphonic 10 % • • • • • • • • • •

Benzene sulphonic 30 % • 100 • • • • • • • •

Chloroacetic 10 % • 100 120 • • • • • • •

Chloroacetic 20 % • 100 120 • • • • • • •

ALKALIS Ammonium hyd. 10 % • • • • X • • • • •

Ammonium hyd. 30 % • • • • X X • • X •

Calcium hyd. 10 % • • • • X • • • • •

Calcium hyd. 50 % • • • • X X 50 • X •

Potassium hyd. 10 % • • 100 • X • • • • •

Potassium hyd. 50 % • • • • X X • • X •

Sodium hyd. 10 % • • • • X • • • • •

Sodium hyd. 30 % • • • • X • • • • •

Sodium hyd. 70 % • • • • X X • X X •

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003



Graphite, phenolic


Quartz, silica


Silicon nitride

Zirconia

LIQUID/GAS MEDIA

Ammonia gas • • • • • • • • • •

Ammon. Hydroxide 29 % • • • • • • • • • •

Bromine X X X • 100 • • • • •

Bromine water • • X • 100 • • • • •

Carbon dioxide • • • • 150 • • • • •

Carbon monoxide • • • • 150 • • • • •

Chlorine dry, concen. • • 50 • 200 • • • • •

Chlorine dry, dilute • • 50 • 200 • • • • •

Chlorine water • • • • 180 • • • • •

Chlorine wet, concen. • • • • 180 • • • • •

Chlorine wet, dilute • • 50 • 180 • • • • •

Hydrogen peroxide, 3 % • • • • 100 • • • • •

Hydrogen peroxide, 30 % • • • • 70 • • • • •

Sulphur dioxide, dry • • • • • • • • • •

Sulphur dioxide, liquid • • • • • • • • • •

Sulphur dioxide, water • • • • • • • • • •

Sulphur dioxide, wet • • • • • • • • • •

Sulphur trioxide • 120 • • • • • • • •

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003



Graphite, phenolic


Quartz, silica


Silicon nitride

Zirconia

WATER

Brackish • • • • 130 • • • • 100

Distilled • • • • 130 • • • • 100

Potable • • • • 130 • • • • 100

Salt • • • • 130 • • • • 100

SALT SOLUTIONS

Aluminium chloride • • • • • • • • • •

Ammonium chloride • • • • • • • • • •

Ammonium fluor. , 25 % X X • • X • 80 • • •

Ammonium nitrate • 100 • • • • • • • •

Ammonium sulphate • • • • • • • • • •

Calcium carbonate • • • • • • • • • •

Calcium nitrate • 100 • • • • • • • •

Calcium sulphate • • • • • • • • • •

Ferrous sulphate • • 150 • • • • • • •

Potassium chromate • 100 • • • • • • • •

Sodium bicarbonate • 100 100 • • • • • • 50

Sodium chloride • • 200 • 80 • • • • 50

Sodium sulphate • 100 150 • • • • • • 50

Zinc sulphate • • • • • • • • • •

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003



Graphite, phenolic


Quartz, silica


Silicon nitride

Zirconia


Butadiene • • • • • • • • • •

Heptane • • • • • • • • • •

Hexane • • • • • • • • • •

Propane • • • • • • • • • •

HYDROCARBONS - AROMATIC Benzene • • 160 • 250 • • • • •

Phenol • • 100 150 200 • • • • •

Toluene • • 160 • 150 • • • • •

Xylene • • 140 • 150 • • • • •

HYDROCARBONS - ALCOHOLS Allanol • • 160 • • • • • • •

Butanol • • 160 • 140 • • • • •

Ethanol • • 160 • 200 • • • • •

Isopropanol • • 160 • 150 • • • • •

Methanol • • 160 • 200 • • • • •

Propanol • • 160 • • • • • • •

Glycerol 160 160 160 • 150 • • • • •

Glycol • • 160 • 150 • • • • •

Cyclohexanol • • 160 • • • • • • •

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

ETHERS • • 160 • • • • • • •



Graphite, phenolic


Quartz, silica


Silicon nitride

Zirconia


Acetaldehyde • 100 160 • • • • • • •

Acetone • • 150 • • • • • • •

Cycloheaxanone • • • • • • • • • •

Formaldehyde 70 70 • • 150 • • • • •

Methyl ethyl ketone • • • • • • • • • •

Methyl isobutyl ketone • • • • • • • • • •

HYDROCARBONS - ETHERS Amyl acetate • • • • • • • • • •

Butyl acetate • 100 • • • • • • • •

Dioctyl phthalate • • • • • • • • • •

Ethyl acetate • • • • 200 • X • • •

Sodium benzoate • 100 • • • • • • • •

HYDROCARBONS – AMINES Aniline • • 160 • 180 • • • • •

Dimethylamine • • • • 100 • • • • •

Trimethylamine • • • • 80 • • • • •

Urea • • • • 150 • • • • •

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003



Graphite, phenolic


Quartz, silica


Silicon nitride

Zirconia


Allyl chloride • • • • • • • • • •

Amyl chloride • • • • • • • • • •

Carbon tetrachloride • • 80 • 200 • • • • •

Carbon trichloride • • 60 • 200 • • • • •

Chlorobenzene • • 130 • • • • • • •

Ethyl chloride 150 150 150 • • • • • • •

Ethylene chloride • • • • • • • • • •

Ethylene chlorohydrin • • • • • • • • • •

Ethylene dichloride • • • • • • • • • •

Methyl chloride • • 40 • • • • • • •

Methylene chloride • • • • • • • • • •

Trichloroethylene • • 90 • • • • • • •

In Table 2d the following definitions are used;


X - Not resistant



DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

APPENDIX 3 FIRE PERFORMANCE OF NON-METALLIC MATERIALS

CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION

FLAMMABILITY FLAME CHARACTERISTICS AND RESULTS OF HEATING

ODOUR


Polyethylene, medium density

Flammable Blue flame, yellow at top. Melts and drips

Paraffin odour similar to burning candle

Polyethylene, high density

Flammable Blue flame, yellow at top. Melts and drips

Paraffin odour similar to burning candle

Polypropylene Flammable Melts and drips more readily than polyethylene

Sweeter odour than polyethylene

Polyvinyl Chloride, plasticised

Self-extinguishing Ignites with difficulty. Yellow flame, green spurts

Acrid odour

Polyvinyl Chloride, rigid

Self-extinguishing Ignites with difficulty. Yellow flame, green spurts. Spurts less than PVC, plasticised

Acrid odour

Fluorinated Polymers

Non-flammable No burning or carbonising

Acrylics Flammable Blue/white flame Fruity

Polyoxymethylene, Polyformaldehyde

Flammable Blue flame, melts Formaldehyde

Polystyrene Flammable Yellow/white flame. Smoke Illuminating gas

Polyamide Self-extinguishing Ignites with difficulty. Blue/yellow flame. Melts and drips

Burning hair

Isobutylene Flammable

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene

Flammable Yellow flame, black smoke. Drips

Acetic odour

Polyvinylidene Chloride

Self-extinguishing Yellow flame, green spurts. Ignites with difficulty

Hydrochloric acid

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

THERMOSETTING MATERIALS

Polyesters Flammable to self-extinguishing

Yellow flame, blue at edges. Material cracks and breaks

Characteristic odour

Phenolics Flammable to self-extinguishing

Difficult to ignite. Yellow flame

Carbolineum/phenol

Furanes Flammable

Ureas Self-extinguishing

Difficult to ignite. Burns with blue/green-edged pale yellow flame

Formaldehyde and fish

Melamines Self-extinguishing

Charring at 150 °C. Difficult to ignite

Formaldehyde and fish

Silicones Non-flammable White ash

Polyurethanes Flammable to self-extinguishing

Charring. Smoke Disagreeable, stinging

Epoxies Flammable to self-extinguishing

Black smoke. Yellow/green flame

Sharp acrid odour

RUBBERS AND ELASTOMERS

Natural Rubber Flammable Smoky flame Characteristic odour

Polychloroprene Self-extinguishing

Self-extinguishing Hydrogen chloride

Polyisoprene Flammable Smoky flame Characteristic odour

Polybutadiene Styrene Flammable Smoky flame Characteristic odour

Polybutadiene Acrylonitrile

Flammable Yellow flame, spurts Acetic odour, additional smell of rubber

Butyl Flammable Clear smokeless flame Characteristic odour

Vinylidene Fluoride-Chlorotrifluoroethylene

Non-flammable

Vinylidene Fuoride-Hexafluoropropylene

Non-flammable

Silicones Non-flammable

DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003

Last page of this DEP

APPENDIX 4 TYPICAL MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF OCCASIONALLY USED NON-METALLIC MATERIALS

Chemical

Classification Maximum Operating

Temperature (°C)

Density (kg/m3)

Tensile Strength

(MPa)

Modulus of

Elasticity (MPa)

Thermal Conductivity

(W/m.K)

Coefficient of Linear

Expansion (*10-6 m/mK)

THERMOSET MATERIALS

Furane 140 1500 40 3500 0.25 50

IN-ORGANIC MATERIALS


400 - O2 3000 - inert

1500 15 12,000 5 3


400 - O2 3000 - inert

1600 15 8000 100 2

Graphite / phenolic

190 1900 25 15,000 100 3

Porcelain 1000 2400 35 50,000 1.5 4

Glass lining 250 2600 50 70,000 1.2 4

Quartz/silica 1000 2300 30 70,000 1.5 1

Tungsten carbide

500 14,500 1000 570,000 50 6


ABS 90 1050 55 2500 0.25 100

FEP 150 2150 21 600 0.20 90

PTFE 230 2200 25 750 0.23 160

PMMA (Plexiglas)

80 1180 75 3300 0.19 75

POM 100 1410 65 3200 0.25 110

NON-METALLIC MATERIALS - SELECTION AND APPLICATION MATERIALS.pdf · This DEP specifies requirements...

Documents

Transcript of NON-METALLIC MATERIALS - SELECTION AND APPLICATION MATERIALS.pdf · This DEP specifies requirements...