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Transcript of Nominations and Campaigns Chapter 9. The Nomination Game Nomination: Nomination: –The official...
Nominations and Nominations and CampaignsCampaigns
Chapter 9Chapter 9
The Nomination GameThe Nomination Game
Nomination:Nomination:– The official endorsement of a candidate The official endorsement of a candidate
for office by a political party. Generally, for office by a political party. Generally, success requires momentum, money, success requires momentum, money, and media attention.and media attention.
Campaign Strategy:Campaign Strategy:– The master plan candidates lay out to The master plan candidates lay out to
guide their electoral campaign.guide their electoral campaign.
The Nomination GameThe Nomination Game
Deciding to RunDeciding to Run– Campaigns are physically and Campaigns are physically and
emotionally taxing.emotionally taxing.– Other countries have short campaigns - Other countries have short campaigns -
generally less than 2 months.generally less than 2 months.– U.S. campaigns (especially for President) U.S. campaigns (especially for President)
can last 18 months or more.can last 18 months or more.
The Nomination GameThe Nomination Game
Competing for DelegatesCompeting for Delegates– The Caucus RoadThe Caucus Road
Caucus: Meetings of state party leaders. Caucus: Meetings of state party leaders. Used to selected delegates.Used to selected delegates.
Now organized like a pyramid from local Now organized like a pyramid from local precincts to the state’s convention.precincts to the state’s convention.
Not used by many states.Not used by many states. Iowa’s is first and considered the most Iowa’s is first and considered the most
important.important.
The Nomination GameThe Nomination Game
Competing for DelegatesCompeting for Delegates– The Primary RoadThe Primary Road
Primary: Elections in which voters choose the Primary: Elections in which voters choose the nominee or delegates pledged to the nominee or delegates pledged to the nominee.nominee.
Started by turn of the century reformers.Started by turn of the century reformers. Most states use one of the forms of a primary.Most states use one of the forms of a primary. Frontloading is the tendency of states to hold Frontloading is the tendency of states to hold
primaries early- New Hampshire is first.primaries early- New Hampshire is first. Generally primaries serve as elimination Generally primaries serve as elimination
contests.contests.
McGovern-Fraser CommissionMcGovern-Fraser Commission
McGovern-Fraser Commission led to McGovern-Fraser Commission led to selection of delegates through primary selection of delegates through primary electionselections
– After the 1968 Democratic National ConventionAfter the 1968 Democratic National Convention– Had the responsibility to make the convention Had the responsibility to make the convention
delegates more representative of the people, delegates more representative of the people, women, minorities, young peoplewomen, minorities, young people
– Superdelegates: Democratic leaders (governors, Superdelegates: Democratic leaders (governors, congressmen, party leaders) who automatically congressmen, party leaders) who automatically get a delegate slot. To add some peer review of get a delegate slot. To add some peer review of the delegates choice.the delegates choice.
The Nomination GameThe Nomination Game
Competing for DelegatesCompeting for Delegates– Evaluating the Primary and Caucus SystemEvaluating the Primary and Caucus System
Disproportionate attention to the early ones.Disproportionate attention to the early ones. Prominent politicians find it difficult to make Prominent politicians find it difficult to make
time to run.time to run. Money plays too big a role.Money plays too big a role. Participation in primaries and caucuses is low Participation in primaries and caucuses is low
and unrepresentative. 5% caucus 20% primaryand unrepresentative. 5% caucus 20% primary The system gives too much power to the media.The system gives too much power to the media.
The Nomination GameThe Nomination Game
The Inflated Importance of Iowa and New Hampshire The Inflated Importance of Iowa and New Hampshire (Figure 9.1)(Figure 9.1)
The Nomination GameThe Nomination Game
The Convention Send-offThe Convention Send-off– Once provided great drama, but now they Once provided great drama, but now they
are a basic formality - which means less are a basic formality - which means less TV time.TV time.
– Are still important to the party to get Are still important to the party to get organized and motivated.organized and motivated.
– Party platform: Statement of its goals and Party platform: Statement of its goals and policies and general beliefs.policies and general beliefs.
– Official nominations and candidate Official nominations and candidate speeches.speeches.
The Vice PresidentThe Vice President
Chosen by roll call vote on the last Chosen by roll call vote on the last dayday
Custom dictates that delegates Custom dictates that delegates simply vote whom ever the simply vote whom ever the presidential nominee recommends.presidential nominee recommends.
Often announced way before the Often announced way before the convention to balance the ticket.convention to balance the ticket.
The Nomination GameThe Nomination Game
The Declining Coverage of Conventions on Network TV The Declining Coverage of Conventions on Network TV (Figure 9.2)(Figure 9.2)
The Campaign GameThe Campaign Game
The High-Tech Media CampaignThe High-Tech Media Campaign– Direct mail used to generate support Direct mail used to generate support
and money for the candidateand money for the candidate– Get media attention through ad budget Get media attention through ad budget
and “free” coverageand “free” coverage– http://http://www.nbc.com/saturday_night_livewww.nbc.com/saturday_night_live//– Emphasis on “marketing” a candidateEmphasis on “marketing” a candidate– News focuses on strategies and events, News focuses on strategies and events,
not on policiesnot on policies
The Campaign GameThe Campaign Game
Organizing the CampaignOrganizing the Campaign– Get a campaign managerGet a campaign manager– Get a fund-raiser & counselGet a fund-raiser & counsel– Hire media and campaign consultantsHire media and campaign consultants– Assemble staff / plan the logisticsAssemble staff / plan the logistics– Get research staff, policy advisors & pollstersGet research staff, policy advisors & pollsters– Get a good press secretaryGet a good press secretary– Establish a web siteEstablish a web site– http://www.barackobama.com/index.phphttp://www.barackobama.com/index.php– hppt://www.johnmccain.comhppt://www.johnmccain.com//
Money and CampaigningMoney and Campaigning The Maze of Campaign Finance ReformsThe Maze of Campaign Finance Reforms
– Federal Election Campaign Act (1974)Federal Election Campaign Act (1974) Created the Federal Election Commission (FEC) to administer Created the Federal Election Commission (FEC) to administer
campaign finance laws for campaign finance laws for federalfederal elections elections Created the Presidential Election Campaign Fund $3 check-offCreated the Presidential Election Campaign Fund $3 check-off http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f1040.pdf?portlet=3http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f1040.pdf?portlet=3 Provided partial public financing for presidential primariesProvided partial public financing for presidential primaries
– Matching funds: $5000 in 20 states -- Contributions of up to $250 are Matching funds: $5000 in 20 states -- Contributions of up to $250 are matched for candidates who meet conditions, such as limiting matched for candidates who meet conditions, such as limiting spending. Many are now choosing to forgo matching funds so they do spending. Many are now choosing to forgo matching funds so they do not have to limit campaign expenditures. not have to limit campaign expenditures.
Congressional Candidates receive no federal moniesCongressional Candidates receive no federal monies Provided full public financing for major party candidates in the Provided full public financing for major party candidates in the
general electiongeneral election– 2008 spending limits $84 million per major candidate2008 spending limits $84 million per major candidate
Required full disclosure and limited contributions approx. $2000Required full disclosure and limited contributions approx. $2000 Buckley v. Valeo struck down the limits on a person spending his Buckley v. Valeo struck down the limits on a person spending his
own money.own money.
CAMPAIGN FINANCE CAMPAIGN FINANCE REFORMREFORM
OR OR
““MONEY,MONEY WHOSE GOT MONEY,MONEY WHOSE GOT THE MONEY”THE MONEY”
1970s WATERGATE1970s WATERGATE
Annenberg SyndromeAnnenberg Syndrome Hoffa and the UnionsHoffa and the Unions Corporate DonationsCorporate Donations Untraceable DonationsUntraceable Donations
Campaign Finance Act of Campaign Finance Act of 19741974
ResolutionsResolutions
OrOr
LoopholesLoopholes
CFRACFRA
PERSONAL DONATIONSPERSONAL DONATIONS+All donations over $100 must be +All donations over $100 must be
documented with name, address and documented with name, address and occupation of donoroccupation of donor
+All donations over $100.00 must be +All donations over $100.00 must be reported to a Federal Elections reported to a Federal Elections CommissionCommission
+No CASH donations over $100.00+No CASH donations over $100.00
PERSONAL DONATIONSPERSONAL DONATIONS
+Personal donations are limited to +Personal donations are limited to $1,000 per candidate per election. $1,000 per candidate per election.
CFRACFRA
CANDIDATES MONEYCANDIDATES MONEY
+Candidates have a limit placed on +Candidates have a limit placed on their own personal money.their own personal money.
CFRACFRA
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION CAMPAIGN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION CAMPAIGN FUNDFUND
+The federal government will pay the +The federal government will pay the entire cost of a candidates election entire cost of a candidates election (up to the legal limit). The candidate (up to the legal limit). The candidate may NOT use other donated money may NOT use other donated money once the federal funds are acceptedonce the federal funds are accepted
CFRACFRA
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION FUNDPRESIDENTIAL ELECTION FUND
+Matching funds in presidential +Matching funds in presidential election primaries. election primaries.
Candidates can get a federal match for Candidates can get a federal match for donations of $250 or less. The donations of $250 or less. The candidate must $5,000 in each of 20 candidate must $5,000 in each of 20 states from donations of $250 or states from donations of $250 or less.less.
CFRACFRA
POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEESPOLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEES+Unions and others may create PACs +Unions and others may create PACs
to donate. Donations are limited to to donate. Donations are limited to $5,000 or less per candidate per $5,000 or less per candidate per election per year.election per year.
PACs formed by unions or associations PACs formed by unions or associations may not use dues but may create a may not use dues but may create a separate donation system.separate donation system.
PROBLEMSPROBLEMS
OROR
LOOPHOLESLOOPHOLES
Buckley v. ValeoBuckley v. Valeo
A candidates personal money is not A candidates personal money is not subject to regulation. Using it in the subject to regulation. Using it in the candidates campaign is an act of free candidates campaign is an act of free speech.speech.
PAC proliferationPAC proliferation
Example:Example:
NEA $5,000NEA $5,000
UEA $5,000UEA $5,000
FEA $5,000FEA $5,000
Each separate district $5,000Each separate district $5,000
Any one can form a PACAny one can form a PAC
INDEPENDENT INDEPENDENT EXPENDITURESEXPENDITURES
Private persons can use unlimited Private persons can use unlimited money to finance election money to finance election campaigns. They can not work with, campaigns. They can not work with, for or in union with a candidate. for or in union with a candidate. They must be truly independent.They must be truly independent.
SOFT MONEYSOFT MONEY
+No limit on money given to political +No limit on money given to political partiesparties
+Money from person to party to +Money from person to party to candidate is untraceablecandidate is untraceable
ABUSESABUSES
Doles doggiesDoles doggies Clintons kidsClintons kids Soft Money and the Lincoln BedroomSoft Money and the Lincoln Bedroom Others?Others?
MC CAIN – FEINGOLDMC CAIN – FEINGOLD
+Personal Contributions over $100.00+Personal Contributions over $100.00
No changeNo change
+Personal Contributions raised to +Personal Contributions raised to $2000.00$2000.00
+PACs no change+PACs no change
+Unions and Corporations can not +Unions and Corporations can not donate to parties (Soft money)donate to parties (Soft money)
+Soft money is banned+Soft money is banned
continuedcontinued
Parties may use donated money toParties may use donated money to
+get out the vote+get out the vote
+conduct issue campaigns+conduct issue campaigns
+VOTE FOR the party campaigns+VOTE FOR the party campaigns
moremore
Independent expenditures still Independent expenditures still unlimited but may not run with in 60 unlimited but may not run with in 60 days of a general election and 30 days of a general election and 30 days of a primary days of a primary
Soft MoneySoft Money Funds obtained by Funds obtained by political partiespolitical parties that are spent on that are spent on
party activities, such as get-out-the vote drives, but not on party activities, such as get-out-the vote drives, but not on behalf of a specific candidate. Money that could be spent by behalf of a specific candidate. Money that could be spent by the party for generic advertising and no limits on the party for generic advertising and no limits on contributions.contributions.
Campaign Finance Reform Act 2002 (McCain/Feingold)Campaign Finance Reform Act 2002 (McCain/Feingold)– Banned soft money and increased individual contributions to Banned soft money and increased individual contributions to
$2000$2000– Corporations, labor unions, trade associations and non profit Corporations, labor unions, trade associations and non profit
organizations can not use their own money to refer to a clearly organizations can not use their own money to refer to a clearly identified federal candidate in any advertisement during the 60 identified federal candidate in any advertisement during the 60 days prior to a general election.days prior to a general election.
– 527 organizations 527 organizations Organizations that under section 527 of the IRS code, raise and Organizations that under section 527 of the IRS code, raise and
spend money to advance political causes – they can spend money on spend money to advance political causes – they can spend money on politics so long as they do not coordinate with a candidate or lobby politics so long as they do not coordinate with a candidate or lobby directly for that person. No restrictions on amounts.directly for that person. No restrictions on amounts.
http://www.npr.org/blogs/secretmoney/outside_groups/brave_new_filhttp://www.npr.org/blogs/secretmoney/outside_groups/brave_new_films/ms/
In 2004 these groups spent $424 million. In 2004 these groups spent $424 million.
Political Action Committee Political Action Committee PACPAC
A PAC is formed when a business A PAC is formed when a business association or some other interest group association or some other interest group decides to contribute to candidates they decides to contribute to candidates they believe will support their goals – believe will support their goals – they must they must register with the FECregister with the FEC
Must have at least fifty members (all who Must have at least fifty members (all who enroll voluntarily)enroll voluntarily)
And must not give more than $5,000 to And must not give more than $5,000 to any one candidate nor more than 15,000 any one candidate nor more than 15,000 to a political party.to a political party.
Money and CampaigningMoney and Campaigning The Proliferation of PACsThe Proliferation of PACs
– Political Action Committees (PACs): created by Political Action Committees (PACs): created by law in 1974 to allow corporations, labor unions law in 1974 to allow corporations, labor unions and other interest groups to donate money to and other interest groups to donate money to campaigns; PACs are registered with and campaigns; PACs are registered with and monitored by the FEC.monitored by the FEC.
– As of 2006 there were 4,217 PACs.As of 2006 there were 4,217 PACs.– PACs contributed over $288.6 million to PACs contributed over $288.6 million to
congressional candidates in 2004.congressional candidates in 2004.– PACs donate to candidates who support their PACs donate to candidates who support their
issue.issue.– PACs do not “buy” candidates, but give to PACs do not “buy” candidates, but give to
candidates who support them in the first place.candidates who support them in the first place.– PACs are buying accessPACs are buying access
Money and CampaigningMoney and Campaigning
Money and CampaigningMoney and Campaigning
Are Campaigns Too Expensive?Are Campaigns Too Expensive? Americans spend about $2 billion every four Americans spend about $2 billion every four
years in local state and national elections.years in local state and national elections.– Fund raising takes up lots of time.Fund raising takes up lots of time.– The closer the race, the more money is needed.The closer the race, the more money is needed.– Incumbents do worse when they spend more Incumbents do worse when they spend more
money because they need it when they face money because they need it when they face tough challengers.tough challengers.
– The doctrine of sufficiency suggests that The doctrine of sufficiency suggests that candidates need just “enough” money to win.candidates need just “enough” money to win.
The Impact of CampaignsThe Impact of Campaigns
Campaigns have three effects on Campaigns have three effects on voters:voters:– Reinforcement, Activation, ConversionReinforcement, Activation, Conversion
Mostly, they only reinforce & activateMostly, they only reinforce & activate– Selective perception: pay attention to Selective perception: pay attention to
things we agree with.things we agree with.– Party identification still has an affectParty identification still has an affect– Incumbents start with a substantial Incumbents start with a substantial
advantageadvantage
Understanding Nominations Understanding Nominations and Campaignsand Campaigns
Are Nominations and Campaigns Too Are Nominations and Campaigns Too Democratic?Democratic?– Campaigns are open to almost everyoneCampaigns are open to almost everyone– But they consume much time and money But they consume much time and money – Campaigns promote individualism in American Campaigns promote individualism in American
politicspolitics Do Big Campaigns Lead to an Increased Do Big Campaigns Lead to an Increased
Scope of Government?Scope of Government?– Candidates make numerous promises, Candidates make numerous promises,
especially to state and local interests.especially to state and local interests.– Hard for politicians to promise to make Hard for politicians to promise to make
government cuts.government cuts.