NOMENKLATUR ISTILAH MEDIS

Word Parts

Akar kata (Word roots) or betuk kombinasi (combining forms)BASIC MEANING of the term.Usually indicate body part involved. Cardi = heartAwalan (Prefixes) usually indicate location, time, number or status.Comes at BEGINING of word.Pericardium = around the heartSuffixes usually indicate the procedure, condition, disorder, or disease.Comes at END of word.Cardiomyopathy = disease of heart muscle

Word Parts

Word root is the foundation of the wordIt cannot stand alone. A suffix must be added.

Word roots in their combining form have a /vowel Cardi/oNeur/oGastr/o

A combining vowel may be needed to make the medical term easier to pronounce

The letter O is the most commonly used combining vowel.

Word Roots Indicating Color

Cyanosis Cyan/o ( blue color of skin caused by

lack of O2 ) + osis (condition)

Erythrocytes erythr/o (red) + cytes (cells)

Poliomyelitis Polio (gray) + myel (spinal cord) + itis

(inflammation)

Melano/o - black

Rules for Using Combining Vowels

A combining vowel, if used, is added to the end of the word root.

A combining vowel is not used if the suffix begins with a vowel.

Neur/o + itis = neuritis.

Neur (nerve) = itis (inflammation).

A combining vowel is used when the suffix begins with a consonant

Neur/o = plasty = neuroplasty Neur/o = nerve Plasty = surgical repair

A combining vowel is always used when 2 or more word roots are joined.

Gastr/o (stomach) + enter/o (small intestine).

= Gastroenteritis.A prefix does not require a combining

vowel.

Combining Form

Aden/o = glandCardi/o = heartDermat/o = skinEnter/o = small intestinesgastr/o = stomachHemat/o = bloodNephr/o = kidneyNeur/o = nervePulmon/o = lungs

Prefixes

A prefix is added at the beginning to change the meaning of the term.They usually indicate location, time or number.

Natal means pertaining to(al) + birth (nat). Prenatal means time & events before birth. Perinatal means time and events just before, during, &

after birth. Postnatal means time & event after birth.

Number prefixes Bi = 2 , Di = 2, Tri = 3, Hemi = half, Mono = 1, Uni = 1 Multi = many, Nulli = none Poly = many, Quad = 4 Semi = partial or half

 

Suffixes

Suffix – added to end of word.Usually indicates procedure, condition, disorder, or disease.Tonsill/o means tonsils.A suffix completes the word and tells what is happening to the tonsils.

Tonsillitis.tonsill (tonsil) + itis (inflammation).Tonsillectomy (tonsil) +(surgical

removal).

Suffixes

Some suffixes change the word root into an adjective.

Cardiac cardi/o (heart) + ac (pertaining to).

Some suffixes change the word root into a noun.

Cranium crani (skull) + um (noun ending).

Suffixes Meaning Abnormal Condition

-osis means an abnormal condition or disease

Gastrosis means any disease of the stomach

-algia means pain : Gastralgia-dynia means pain : Gastrodynia-itis means inflammation : Gastritis-malacia means abnormal softening :

ArteriomalaciaMegaly means enlargement :

HepatomegalyNecrosis means tissue death

Arterionecrosis Sclerosis means abnormal hardening

ArteriosclerosisStenosis means abnormal narrowing

Suffixes Related to Pathology

Suffixes Related to Procedures

-centesis – surgical puncture to remove fluid

Abdominocentisis-ectomy – surgical removal

Appendectomy-graphy –means the process of recording a picture or record

Arteriography-gram - a record or picture

arteriogram

The Double RRs

-rrhage and –rrhagia mean abnormal excessive fluid discharge or bleeding.

Hemorrhage

-rrhea – abnormal flow or discharge Diarrhea

-rrhexis – rupture myorrexis

Look-alike Sound-alike Terms and Word Parts

Arteri/o = arteryAther/0 = plaque or fatty substanceArthr/o = jointIleum = part of small intestineIlium = part of the hip boneMucous – adjective that describes specialized mucous membranes that line the body cavities.Mucus – a noun and the name of the substance secreted by the mucous membranes

Lungs from a horse that died after a two-day Lungs from a horse that died after a two-day illness.illness.

Horse lungsHorse lungs

morphologic diagnosis (mdx) :morphologic diagnosis (mdx) :Severe acute locally extensive Severe acute locally extensive pneumoniapneumonia

Alternatively, if you (logically) Alternatively, if you (logically) suspect that the dark areas are suspect that the dark areas are bloody/hemorrhagic…bloody/hemorrhagic…

Mdx: Mdx: Severe acute locally extensive Severe acute locally extensive hemorrhagic pneumoniahemorrhagic pneumonia

If you know that the etiology was If you know that the etiology was Streptococcus zooepidemicusStreptococcus zooepidemicus, the , the etiologic diagnosis is etiologic diagnosis is Streptococcal Streptococcal pneumoniapneumonia

A Holstein heifer with yellowish, easily torn, slightly rubbery material on A Holstein heifer with yellowish, easily torn, slightly rubbery material on peritoneal surfacesperitoneal surfaces

Yellowish, easily torn, slightly rubbery material on Yellowish, easily torn, slightly rubbery material on peritoneal surfacesperitoneal surfaces

Mdx: ___________________________________ .Mdx: ___________________________________ . Comment: It’s so widespread that it’s almost diffuse, which Comment: It’s so widespread that it’s almost diffuse, which

would also be ok as an adjective.would also be ok as an adjective. Comment: Fibrinous lesions are often acute.Comment: Fibrinous lesions are often acute. Microsopically there is often suppuration with the fibrin, too. Microsopically there is often suppuration with the fibrin, too. If you could grossly see pus along with the sheets of fibrin, If you could grossly see pus along with the sheets of fibrin,

what would the mdx be? *what would the mdx be? *

Severe acute multifocal/diffuse fibrinous peritonitisSevere acute multifocal/diffuse fibrinous peritonitis *Severe acute multifocal/diffuse fibrinosuppurative peritonitis*Severe acute multifocal/diffuse fibrinosuppurative peritonitis ……or, *Severe acute multifocal/diffuse fibrinopurulent peritonitisor, *Severe acute multifocal/diffuse fibrinopurulent peritonitis ……or, *Severe acute multifocal/diffuse fibrinous and or, *Severe acute multifocal/diffuse fibrinous and

suppurative/purulent peritonitissuppurative/purulent peritonitis

Lungs from a dog which started coughing 2-3 Lungs from a dog which started coughing 2-3 weeks agoweeks ago

Lungs from a dog which started coughingLungs from a dog which started coughing2-3 weeks ago2-3 weeks ago

This is a case of severe pulmonary blastomycosis This is a case of severe pulmonary blastomycosis ((Blastomyces dermatitidis).Blastomyces dermatitidis).

The etiologic diagnosis is: The etiologic diagnosis is: Blastomyces pneumonia, or fungal Blastomyces pneumonia, or fungal pneumoniapneumonia

Blastomyces Blastomyces induces numerous neutrophils and induces numerous neutrophils and macrophages to chemotax into alveolar spaces. macrophages to chemotax into alveolar spaces.

An exudate consisting primarily of neutrophils is referred to An exudate consisting primarily of neutrophils is referred to as: as: Suppurative or purulentSuppurative or purulent

An exudate consisting primarily of macrophages is referred to An exudate consisting primarily of macrophages is referred to as: as: GranulomatousGranulomatous

A prefix referring to pus is: A prefix referring to pus is: Pyo-Pyo- An exudate consisting of both neutrophils and macrophages An exudate consisting of both neutrophils and macrophages

is called: is called: Pyogranulomatous, or Suppurative and Pyogranulomatous, or Suppurative and Granulomatous, or Purulent and GranulomatousGranulomatous, or Purulent and Granulomatous

Lungs from a dog which started coughing 2-3 Lungs from a dog which started coughing 2-3 weeks agoweeks ago

Mdx: Mdx: Severe chronic* diffuse** Severe chronic* diffuse** pyogranulomatous pneumoniapyogranulomatous pneumonia

* Chronic-Active is also ok.* Chronic-Active is also ok. ** It consists of thousands of small foci ** It consists of thousands of small foci

(“multifocal”) of pyogranulomatous (“multifocal”) of pyogranulomatous inflammation which are packed very inflammation which are packed very closely together and which are distributed closely together and which are distributed in every lung lobe, so call it diffuse.in every lung lobe, so call it diffuse.