Nomadic Empires & Eurasian Integration
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Transcript of Nomadic Empires & Eurasian Integration
I. TURKISH MIGRATIONS & IMPERIAL EXPANSION
Economy and Society of Nomadic Pastoralism Nomadic Pastoralists and their animals
- Herds of animals- adapted to ecological conditions-followed migratory cycles that took account of
seasons and local climate- climate limited development of human
society- produced limited pottery, leather goods, iron
weapons, and tools
TURKISH MIGRATIONS & IMPERIAL EXPANSION
Nomadic and Settled Peoples- traded w/settled peoples- agriculture and manufactured goods- linked societies from China to
Mediterranean Basin Nomadic Society
- two social classes: nobles & commoners- nobles: charismatic leaders, clans & tribes into alliances, fluid class-commoners: gain recognition and move up
I. TURKISH MIGRATIONS & IMPERIAL EXPANSION
Gender Relations- adult males dominated- women: tended to animals, excellent
horse riders & archers Nomadic Religion
- Turkish religion revolved around shaman-religious specialist (supernatural powers)-6th century many Turks converted to
Buddhism, Christianity, or Manicheism
I. TURKISH MIGRATIONS & IMPERIAL EXPANSION
Turkish Conversion to Islam- 10th century large scale conversion;
esp. Turks Military Organization
- Khans (rulers), indirectly through leaders of allied tribes
- superior equestrian skills- these skills helped to attack settle
communities of wealth
I. TURKISH MIGRATIONS & IMPERIAL EXPANSION
Turkish Empires in Persia, Anatolia and India Saljuq Turks and the Abbasid Empire
- entered the above reasons for different reasons at different times- opportunities for trade- along borders of Abbasid realm at
times served in Abbasid army- 11th c. overpower caliphs, who become figureheads
I. TURKISH MIGRATIONS & IMPERIAL EXPANSION
Saljuq Turks and the Byzantine Empire- migrating in Anatolia 11th c.- peasants viewed them as liberators- displaced Byzantine authorities, set
up own political and social institutions- discriminated against the
Byzantine Empire- welcomed converts to Islam
I. TURKISH MIGRATIONS & IMPERIAL EXPANSION
Ghaznavid Turks and the Sultanate of Delhi
- led raids in lucrative sites of N. India
- goal at first was to plunder later more interested in permanent rule
- foe of Buddhism and Hinduism, destroyed many sacred temples, shrines,
monastaries- encouraged conversion to Islam
II. THE MONGOL EMPIREChinngis Khan and the making of the Mongol Empire Chinggis Khan’s Rise to Power
- Unifier of the Mongols originally named Temujin- alliance w/Mongol clan leader, steppe
diplomacy (loyalty but betrayal through advancement)
- brought all Mongol tribes into a single confederation
- 1206 became known as Chinggis Khan (universal ruler)
II. THE MONGOL EMPIRE Mongol Political Organization
- mistrusted Mongol tribal organization- had military pledge allegiance to him alone, no tribal affiliation- most important part of the empire was
the army Mongol Army
- relied on equestrian skills and archery- after united all Mongols turned his attention to Central Asian conquests
II. THE MONGOL EMPIRE Mongol Conquest of N. China
- extended Mongol rule to Northern China, dominance by 1220 Mongol Conquest of Persia
- ruled by Saljuqs known as the Khwarazm shah- despised Mongols ordered them to assassinate
Chinggis Khan, unsuccessful- Chinggis retaliated and took control of his army
and his realm- destroyed qanat irrigation system- no establish central gov’t, assigned overlords for
administration.
II. THE MONGOL EMPIREThe Mongol Empire after Chinggis Khan Khubilai Khan
- after Chinggis death there was a power struggle, divided empire into 4 regional realms amongst grandsons.
- Consolidated China- ruthless attacks against enemies,
improved welfare of subjects, tolerant of religions
II. THE MONGOL EMPIRE Mongol Conquest of Southern China
- Kubilai in 1279 est. Yuan Dynasty till 1368- attempted several invasions in SE Asia but
was unsuccessful The Golden Horde
-1237-1241-maintained a large army-extracted tribute from Russian cities and
agricultural production, did not find the land appealing
II. THE MONGOL EMPIRE The llkhanate of Persia
-Khubilai’s brother Hulegu defeated Abbasid empire and started the Mongol’s ilkhanate in Persia.
- needed to become governors as well as conquerors
- difficult adjustment as administrators- could not maintain land lost most of it
w/in a century.
II. THE MONGOL EMPIRE Mongol Rule in Persia
- Mongols in China frowned upon their subjects, they were mere cultivators
- outlawed marriages, forbade them from learning the Mongol languages, resisted assimilation to Chinese cultures, dismantled Confucian educational end exam system.
- did not do their own administrations but rather brought in others to administer
- tolerated religious and cultural traditions
II. THE MONGOL EMPIRE Mongols and Buddhism
- Most Mongols followed native shamans
- Others followed Lamaist Buddhism similar to their original beliefs- Lamaist- made room for magic &
super- natural, recognized Mongols as legitimate rulers, and Mongol khans as incarnations of the Buddha
II. THE MONGOL EMPIREMongols and Eurasian Integration The Mongols and Trade
- linked lands more directly- maintained a good courier network relaying news,
information, & gov’t orders- encouragement of travel and communication
facilitated trade, diplomatic travel, missionary efforts and people to new lands
- safe trade routes allowed for more merchants to travel allowing for more commercial investment
-creating a safe direct link between China and Europe for the first time
II. THE MONGOL EMPIRE Diplomatic Missions
- diplomatic communication was essential, security of roads and travelers benefitted ambassadors as well as merchants. Missionary Effects
- highways for missionaries as well as merchants (Islam, Lamaist Buddhism, Nestorian Christians, Roman Catholics)
II. THE MONGOL EMPIRE Resettlement
- moving people into new lands- often recruited specialized workers from
their allies and placed them in areas among the empire where they were needed.
- Uigher Turks often used for their intellect- often conquered people who were
specialized were integrated into the empire- this promoted Eurasian integration and
exchanges of peoples from different societies
II. THE MONGOL EMPIREDecline of the Mongols in Persia and China Collapse of the Ilkhanate
- Persiaexcessive spending of treasury, overexploitation of peasantryreduced
revenue- Paper money attemptdrive metals to
gov’tunsuccessfulmerchants closed shops-Gov’t struggles when last Mongol ruler
died the Ilkhanate essentially did too.
II. THE MONGOL EMPIRE Decline of the Yuan Dynasty
- did not have reserves to back up paper moneypopulation lost confidence prices rises to reflect diminished value
- internal fighting (power struggles, assassinations, civil wars)
Bubonic Plague-facilitating trade and communication unknowingly
spread the disease- SW ChinaChina & C. AsiaSW Asia & Europe- depopulation in China and labor shortages weakened the Mongol regime
II. THE MONGOL EMPIRE Surviving Mongol Khanates
- Despite their collapse in Persia and China Mongols did not completely disappear
- Khanate in Chaghatai prevailed in C. Asia-Threat in NW borders of China- Khanates of the Golden Horde continued
to be successful near lands N of the Black and Caspian Sea.
-Mongol near Russia cont’d to be a threat until Josef Stalin forcibly moved them
III. AFTER THE MONGOLSTamerlane the Whirlwind The Lame Conqueror
- the end of the Mongols created a political vacuum.
-Ming took over China- Turkish Timur aka Tamerlame took over Persia- Modeled himself after Chinggis Khan,
steppe politics
III. AFTER THE MONGOLS Tamerlane’s Conquest
- Places invaded and used for taxes include: Persia, Afghanistan, Golden Horde, India, attempts in Asia & Anatolia, tried for China but died before it could be accomplished
in 1405- Like others he was a conqueror not a
ruler, no real administration, only tribal leaders were allies, relied on overlords in his conquered territories
III. AFTER THE MONGOLS Tamerlane’s heirs
- no organization meant conflicts betweensons and grandsons.-territory divided into four parts
The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire Osman
-after the Mongols collapsed nomadic people moved into territories of Anatolia.
- Series of campaigns of conquest emerged one of its leaders was Osman
-1299 he declares independence from the Saljuq sultans and begins to create his own state
- His followers begin to be called Ottomans
III. AFTER THE MONGOLS Ottoman Conquests
- Places of Ottoman spread and conquest include: Dardanelles at Gallipoli on the Balkan peninsula and into the Byzantine Empire The Capture of Constantinople
- captured by Sultan Mehmed II, aka “Mehmed the Conqueror”
- changed name to Istanbul, absorbed rest of Byzantine empire including Greece and the Balkan region as far as SW Asia, SE Europe, Egypt, and N Africa.