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Index

Page numbers followed by an f or a t indicate a figure ortable, respectively.

AAATSR (along-track scanning radiometer), 217advanced microwave instrument (AMI), 53Advanced SAR (ASAR), 7Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)

current images, 208, 209–211f, 212frolls and cells imaging, 327sea ice imaging, 103, 104fsurface wave imaging, 51fupwelling images, 222, 226, 228f, 230–231f, 233, 235,

237f, 240, 241fuse in operational ice services, 418, 420f

African coast, 201, 232fAGC (Automatic Gain Control), 15air-sea interactions, 45t

atmospheric gravity waves, 54, 56f, 57polar lows, 58rain cells, 57–58surface winds, 53–54windrows/roll vortices, 54, 55f

Alaska coast, 183, 185f, 279f, 310, 312f, 313f. See alsoBering Sea; Gulf of AlaskaAlaska SAR Demonstration (AKDEMO), 297–301, 308–309, 311fAlaska Satellite Facility (ASF), 297Alboran Sea, 198Aleutian Islands, 314f, 315f, 345fALMAZ, 6, 16, 142Along Track Interferometry (ATI), 22, 62–64along-track scanning radiometer (AATSR), 217AMI (advanced microwave instrument), 53Andaman Sea, 361, 362fangle of incidence, 6Antarctic sea ice. See also sea ice

backscatter response, 401–403characteristics, 400–401critical solid ocean features, 398iceberg observation, 411–414ice zones, 399–400northern vs. southern polar oceans, 397regional characteristics influencing ice cover, 398–399SAR observations

C-band, 406–410history, 403–404, 405fL-band, 405–406rapidity of change in conditions, 407X-band, 411

antenna on SAR, 15–16Apel, John, 6

aperture, 2Arctic ice edge. See also sea ice

characteristics, 373–374deep water convection monitoring, 383, 385, 386feddies detection, 381, 383, 385fformation process, 379, 380f, 381, 382fidentifying using SAR

conceptual model, 384tdynamics, 377, 378finternal waves, 376–377structure type, 374–375wind speed and direction, 377, 378–379f, 379

mapping at DMI, 431, 432–433fmultiyear floes detection, 383, 385fSAR images examples, 95f, 105SAR observations examples

Barents Sea/Novaya Zemlya Area, 389f, 390Ob Gulf/Yenisei Area, 390–391Vilkitsky Strait, 391–393

waves in pack ice, 385–387ASAR (Advanced SAR), 7ASF (Alaska Satellite Facility), 297ATI (Along Track Interferometry), 22, 62–64atmospheric gravity waves (AGW)

from air-sea interactions, 54, 56f, 57in Antarctic, 386–387coastal frontal waves, 351described, 341, 342fisland lee waves, 346–348, 349fupstream waves, 349–351

atmospheric vortex streets (AVS)characteristics calculations, 342–346described, 341, 342f

Automatic Gain Control (AGC), 15AVHRR. See Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometerazimuth shift, 40

BB-10 iceberg, 411backscatter response. See also microwave scattering; radarscattering

Antarctic sea ice, 401–403due to upwelling, 226–228, 233–238, 239–240fin ocean surface imaging, 32–36sea ice modeling, 109summer sea ice, 89, 92f, 93from wind speed, 305–306winter sea ice, 85–89, 90–91f

Baffin Bay, 431, 432–433fBaja California, 68–69Baltic Sea, 263, 271f, 274BAQ (Block Adaptive Quantization), 15

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Barents Sea/Novaya Zemlya Area, 351, 389f, 390bathymetric maps generation

market for, 257SAR image incorporation, 258surveying examples, 258f, 259–261

bathymetry, 49, 52, 177Bathymetry Assessment System (BAS), 258Beaufort Sea, 95f, 98f, 100f, 110fBering Sea

analysis by NIC, 420f, 421, 422f, 423ice edge images, 298f, 374, 375fship detection in, 293–294fstorm detection over, 332–333, 334f

biogenic oil slicks, 58–60, 270–274Bismarck-Solomon Islands, 202Block Adaptive Quantization (BAQ), 15Block Floating-Point Quantization (BFPQ), 15bound waves, 41Bragg waves and scattering, 21, 32–36, 172–174Brazil, 358, 359fBristol Bay, Alaska, 280f, 284

CCalifornia coast, U.S., 46f, 51f, 55f, 56f, 59f, 141f, 227–229fCamarinal Sill, 199fCanadian Archipelago analysis, 423, 424–426f, 426Canadian Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS), 226, 385fCanadian Ice Services

Canadian Archipelago analysis, 423, 424–426f, 426Great Lakes analysis, 434, 435–436f, 437f

Canadian Space Agency observations. See RADARSAT-1Cape Canaveral, U.S., 48fCape Cod, U.S., 18f, 242fCape Farewell, Greenland, 427, 428, 430fCape Hatteras, U.S., 214fCape Henry, U.S., 215, 216fCape Navarin, Russia, 333fCaspian Sea, 269, 270f, 272f, 274CCRS (Canadian Centre for Remote Sensing), 226, 385fCEAREX, 97cells, 322–325, 327, 328fCFAR (Constant False Alarm Rate method), 431channel convergence fronts, 215–217Chesapeake Bay, U.S., 215, 216f, 233, 234–237f, 238,280f, 285f, 297fchirp, 8Chukchi Sea, 107f, 159f, 375, 376fcoastal frontal waves, 351Constant False Alarm Rate method (CFAR), 431continental shelf and internal waves generation, 195–198,201–202convective rain, 355currents

Coriolis force and, 222current-bottom topography interaction, 255–256

detection by SAR, 49, 50–51festuarine outflows and channel convergence fronts,

215–217future directions, 217–218near-shore, 181–183Norwegian Coastal Current, 208–210surface roughness change mechanisms, 207wave interactions with, 41–42wave spectra from ATI and, 62–64Western Gulf Stream, 210f, 211–215

cyclones. See polar mesoscale cyclones

DDalila, Hurricane, 339f, 340damping ratio of a radar return, 60Danish Meterological Institute (DMI)

iceberg mapping, 431, 432–433fice services using SAR, 419, 426–428, 429–430f

data rate performance factor, 14–15Defense Meteorological Satellite Program OperationalLinescan System, 411deformed ice, 97, 401Delaware Bay, U.S., 233, 234–237f, 238, 294fDelmarva Peninsula, 233dielectric constant and penetration depth, 29, 30f, 31f, 32,86–87DLR (German Aerospace Center), 162, 163fDMI. See Danish Meterological InstituteDoppler beam-sharpening, 6Doppler offset, 39f, 40

EEarth Observing Catalogue, CCRS, 226Earth Resource Technology Satellite (ERTS-1), 1East China Sea, 225f, 226, 296fEast Coast, U.S., 184f, 323f, 324f, 326f, 328feddies

detection on the Arctic ice edge, 381, 383, 385fmapping with SAR, 49, 50–51f

Ekman transport, 222English Channel, 52f, 247–248environmental pollution, 263–264ENVISAT

antenna technologies, 16current images, 217history, 7ice edge images, 377imaging products, 446–447multiple frequencies use, 61oil slick detection, 264polarimetric combinations capability, 109rainfall imaging, 359SAR imagettes, 164surface wave detection, 43underwater topography images, 252, 253f

Index

459

upwelling images, 232ERIM/NAWC SAR, 214fERS (European Remote Sensing)

air-sea interactions detection, 53Antarctic mapping, 403antenna technologies, 16backscatter statistics, 402, 403tcoastal frontal waves detection, 351current images, 208, 211, 216fhistory, 6, 27, 142, 143ice edge images, 376f, 377, 378f, 382f, 385, 386fimaging products, 445inter-look cross spectrum, 153internal waves/soliton packets imaging, 191, 193f,

194f, 196f, 198, 199–200fmineral oil seep detection, 59fnear-shore processes imaging, 182f, 183oil slick detection, 264, 265–267f, 269–272frainfall imaging, 359, 361, 362–366fSAR imagettes, 162, 163fsea ice imaging, 95f, 98f, 100fship detection, 289, 290fsurface wave imaging, 47surface wind imaging, 53–54underwater topography images, 249–251f, 252, 254f,

257, 258f, 259upwelling images, 225f, 226, 228, 230–231fuse in operational ice services, 419use in sea ice measurement, 111wave breaking resolution, 179wave spectra images, 154, 155–157fwind speed and direction detection, 308

estuarine outflows, 215–217European Space Agency (ESA), 164. See also ERS(European Remote Sensing)

FFigure of Merit (FOM), 284first-year ice

described, 83–84, 85f, 400identifying using SAR, 97

fisheries management application of SAR, 297–301floes

concentration in sea ice, 103, 104fmultiyear floes detection on ice edge, 383, 385fsize distributions, 102

Floyd, Hurricane, 337–338f, 339–340fracturing of sea ice, 97Fram Strait, 427frazil ice, 82, 105, 159–160, 379, 387, 398, 400, 401, 404f,406, 407, 408f, 410ffrontal waves, coastal, 351fronts, 49, 50–51f, 215–217frost features of sea ice, 99

GGerman Aerospace Center (DLR), 162, 163fGLOBEC Program, Oregon State University, 231gravity waves. See atmospheric gravity wavesGreenland Sea

DMI ice charts, 426–428, 429–430fice edge eddies, 381, 383, 385fice edge images, 377, 378fmarginal ice zone images, 104f, 106f

Gulf of Alaska, 312, 316f, 317f, 349f. See also AlaskacoastGulf of California, 48fGulf of Mexico, 58, 66–68, 290f, 367, 368fGulf of Thailand, 361, 363–364fGulf Stream, 26f, 49, 50f, 62, 69–70

HHudson Canyon, U.S., 191, 193f, 197fHudson River Estuary, U.S., 235, 238f, 239fhummoking of sea ice, 97hurricanes

Dalila, 339f, 340described, 335Floyd, 337–338f, 339–340Josephine, 161wave fields generation, 160–161

hydrodynamic modulation, 37–38, 134, 147, 174

Iicebergs, 401, 402, 411–414ice edge. See Arctic ice edgeIceland, 361, 366f, 367, 381ice services. See operational ice servicesice sheets, 402IFSAR, 9Indian Ocean, 194, 266fInSAR, 9internal waves

on the Arctic ice edge, 376–377characteristics of, 47, 190–194described, 189–190detection by SAR, 47–48global occurrences, 202, 203fremote sensing of

characteristics observable by SAR imagery, 195continental shelf generated, 195–198, 201–202light/dark band signature, 195sill generated, 198–201

summary, 204International Convention for the Prevention of Pollutionfrom Ships (MARPOL), 263Inter-Pulse Period (IPP), 13, 14inversion, 151, 153island lee waves, 346–348, 349f

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JJapanese Earth Resources Satellite (JERS), 6, 27, 142Jet Propulstion Laboratory (JPL), 6Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory(JHU/APL), 308Joint Ocean Wave Investigation Project (JOWIP), 291fJosephine, Hurricane, 161JPL AIRSAR, 109, 110f, 291fJugor Strait, 390

KKara Gate, 390katabatic winds, 53, 397, 398, 399, 407, 408, 409fKelvin wakes, 288–289, 289–291fKirchhoff approximation, 119Kodiak Island, Alaska, 312f, 313fKongsberg Satellite Services (KSAT), 263, 297

LLabrador Sea

cyclones in, 335, 336fice edge images, 383, 385, 386fwave modeling and measurement, 158

LANDSAT, 1–2, 414Langmuir circulation, 268leads and polynyas, 99–102lee waves, 341, 346–348, 349flevel ice, 97line-of-sight velocity of a target, 62–63Loch Linnhe, Scotland, 291fLong Island, U.S.. See New Jersey coastLoomis, Alden, 6

MMABL. See marine atmospheric boundary layerMalaysian coast, 267fManaus, Brazil, 358, 359fman-made near-shore signatures, 183–184, 185fmantissas, 15Maragoni resonance effect, 60Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ), 158, 373, 400, 423Marginal Ice Zone Experiment (MIZEX), 383marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL)

cells, 322–325overview, 321rolls, 325–327, 328ftransition between cells and rolls, 327, 328fturbulent flux measurements, 329

Mariner Glacier, Victoria Land, 413f, 414MARPOL (International Convention for the Prevention ofPollution from Ships), 263McMurdo Sound, 407, 409fMediterranean Sea, 199f, 263, 269fMedium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS), 217,222, 232

MGIA (multigrid iterative approach), 120, 121microwave scattering. See also backscatter response

discrepancies due to non-linear nature of ocean, 134–135

due to rough surfacebackscatter NRCS and wind field, 128–131bistatic scattering model, 119–122model refinements, 131–134non-Gaussian behavior of ocean surface, 133–134in the SPM limit, 122–123wave spectrum properties, 123–128

hydrodynamic composite-type model, 135smooth flat interface characteristics, 117–119

Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 202mineral oil films, 58–60, 268–269, 270fMission Bay, San Diego, 63fMIZ (Marginal Ice Zone), 158, 373, 400, 423MIZEX (Marginal Ice Zone Experiment), 103, 105, 383Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS), 222monostatic strip-mapping, 9multigrid iterative approach (MGIA), 120, 121multiyear ice

described, 83–84, 85f, 400, 402identifying using SAR, 96–97

NNansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, 381,383, 387Nantucket Shoals, Massachusetts, 3f, 224f, 226, 240, 241fnarrow-V wakes, 292National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 1National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP),423National Data Buoy Center (NBDC), 313National Ice Center (NIC)

Bering Sea analysis, 420f, 421, 422f, 423data sources, 418Great Lakes analysis, 434, 435–436f, 437ficeberg observation, 411

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA), 6, 297, 308, 418. See also Advanced Very HighResolution Radiometernear-shore processes

Bragg scattering theory review, 172–174currents, 181–183effects identifiable by SAR, 171man-made signatures, 183–184, 185fwave breaking, surf zone, 177–181wave refraction, 174–177

Newfoundland coast, 155fnew ice, 400New Jersey coast, U.S., 235, 237f, 239f, 240f, 289fNew York Bight, 193f, 195, 196f, 197f, 201NIC. See National Ice CenterNOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Index

461

Administration), 6, 297, 308, 418normalized radar cross section (NRCS), 120North Carolina coast, U.S., 233, 234f, 235fNorthern Sea Route, 390Northern Straits of Malacca, 367, 369fNorth Sea, 263Norway coast, 182fNorwegian Coastal Current, 208–210Norwegian Sea, 381, 383Novaya Zemlya Area, 389f, 390NRCS (normalized radar cross section), 120

OOb Gulf/Yenisei Area, 390–391ocean features, 44t

bathymetry, 49, 52currents, fronts, eddies, 49, 50–51finternal waves, 47–48surface waves, 43, 46f, 47

ocean surface imagingair-sea interactions characteristics, 45t

atmospheric gravity waves, 54, 56f, 57polar lows, 58rain cells, 57–58surface winds, 53–54windrows/roll vortices, 54, 55f

case studiesBaja California, 68–69Gulf of Mexico, 66–68Gulf Stream, 69–70

currents and wave spectra from ATI, 62–64future directions, 66history, 27–28multiple frequencies use, 61multiple polarization use, 61–62ocean features characteristics, 44t

bathymetry, 49, 52currents, fronts, eddies, 49, 50–51finternal waves, 47–48surface waves, 43, 46f, 47

overview, 25–27polarimetry use, 62radar scattering and

backscatter from surface roughness, 32–36dielectric constant and penetration depth, 29, 30f,

31f, 32ocean radar return, 28oil slicks, 42–43short and long waves interactions, 36–41wave-current interactions, 41–42

spatial and temporal sampling, 64–66surface slicks from oils, 58–60

the Odden, 380f, 381, 382foils and surfactants

biogenic slicks, 270–274difficulties in identifying oils, 264–267

environmental problem of pollution, 263mineral oil films, 268–269, 270fradar scattering and slicks, 42–43SAR imagery for pollution monitoring, 263–264spills on images, 58–60

operational ice servicesCIC Canadian Archipelago analysis, 423, 424–426f,

426DMI ice charts for Greenland, 426–428, 429–430ficeberg mapping at DMI, 431, 432–433fimpact of SAR imagery availability, 436, 438major ice charting nations, 417, 418fNIC Bering Sea analysis, 420f, 421, 422f, 423NIC Great Lakes analysis, 434, 435–436f, 437fsatellite data sources, 418–419

Operational Linescan System (OLS), 418Oregon coast, 231f

PPALSAR, 109Pearl Bank, 199Plaatgat area, 258f, 259–261PMR (Power-to-Mean-Ratio method), 431Point Reyes Beach, California, 141fpolarimetry, 62polarization of sea ice, 109–111polar lows, 58polar mesoscale cyclones (PMCs)

described, 332over the Bering Sea, 332–333, 334fover the Labrador Sea, 335, 336f

pollution. See oils and surfactantspolynyas, 93, 99, 373, 383, 390–391, 398, 400Power-to-Mean-Ratio method (PMR), 431Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF), 13pycnocline, 189

QQuickSCAT, 314–317

RRADARSAT-1

air-sea interactions detection, 53Antarctic mapping, 404fantenna technologies, 16Arctic ocean mapping, 64atmospheric gravity waves imaging, 346–350atmospheric vortex streets imaging, 342–346current images, 212f, 213history, 6, 7, 28, 142, 143iceberg observation, 411, 412–413fice edge images, 374–375, 377, 389f, 390, 391–392finter-look cross spectrum, 153internal waves/soliton packets imaging, 201fmarine atmospheric boundary layer, 323–324f, 325,

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326f, 327mineral oil seep detection, 59fnear-shore processes imaging, 175f, 177, 180f, 181,

183, 184f, 185foil slick detection, 264operational ice services, 420f, 421, 422, 424f, 428, 431,

432–433f, 435fprinciples, 18processing levels, 448–449rainfall imaging, 359rolls and cells imaging, 327, 328froll vortices/windrows imaging, 55–56fsea ice images, 404, 407–410fship detection, 279–280f, 281, 282f, 283–284, 288–

289, 290f, 293–294f, 297–299fspeckle noise image, 150storm system detection, 331, 332, 333f, 336–337f,

339f, 340surface wave imaging, 46f, 47, 51f, 140, 141f, 142fsurface wind imaging, 54upwelling images, 226, 227f, 229f, 233, 234f, 235,

237f, 238f, 240, 241–242fuse in operational ice services, 419use in sea ice measurement, 111wave breaking resolution, 179wind speed and direction detection, 309–310wind speed imaging, 309, 310–314f, 315, 316–318f

RADARSAT-2, 7, 16, 17, 18, 66, 109, 164, 217–218, 359,419, 438radar scattering

Bragg waves and, 21, 32–36, 172–174coefficient, 85–89due to rainfall, 358–361ocean surface imaging and

backscatter from surface roughness, 32–36dielectric constant and penetration depth, 29, 30f,

31f, 32ocean radar return, 28oil slicks, 42–43short and long waves interactions, 36–41wave-current interactions, 41–42

radial velocity of a target, 62–63rafted ice, 97rainfall/rain cells

air-sea interactions and, 58detection by SAR, 355radar signatures of rain cells

Bragg wavelength and, 356rainfall effects on sea surface, 356–357rain-related wind effects on sea surface, 357–358scattering and attenuation of microwaves, 358–361

SAR images examples, 361, 362–366f, 367, 368–369frange resolution, 7–8, 14Rayleigh criterion, 86real-aperture radar (RAR), 8resolution. See range resolution

resonance scattering, 32–36ridging of sea ice, 97rolls, 325–327, 328froll vortices/windrows, 54, 55fRoss Sea, 406, 407f, 408fRussian Arctic, 388

SSaSS-II algorithm, 129–131Scanning Multi-Channel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR),381ScanSAR, 283–284scatterometer algorithms, 129scatterometers use for wind speed determination, 306–307Scoresby Sound, 427Scotia Sea, 404f, 406sea ice

Antarctic (see Antarctic sea ice)Arctic (see Arctic ice edge)backscatter modeling, 109characteristics, 82–84deformation, 97edge characteristics and detection, 103, 105, 106–107ffloe concentration, 103, 104ffloe size distributions, 102ice type determination, 93–97leads and polynyas, 99–102overview, 81polarimetric discriminants

correlation coefficient, 112depolarization ratio, 112expected utility, 113tphase difference, 111–112total power/span, 112

polarization, 109–111remote sensing concepts

backscatter response, summer, 89, 92f, 93backscatter response, winter, 85–89, 90–91f

snow on, 105, 108–109surface features categories, 97–99topology of types, 94f

SEASATair-sea interactions detection, 53antenna technologies, 16data rate system, 14geometry, 11–12history, 1, 6, 7, 27imaging products, 443–444ocean surface imaging, 67f, 69frain cells imaging, 57–58scatterometer, 306–307sea ice imaging, 105f, 107fstorm system detection, 161surface wave imaging, 48f, 50f, 52f, 140–141, 159–160surface wind imaging, 53–54

Index

463

underwater topography images, 246, 248f, 252, 257upwelling images, 224, 226wind speed and direction detection, 307–308

Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS), 222,239fship detection

applications, 297–301image phenomenon related to, 295, 296–297flimitations of SAR

environmental conditions, 281image quality, 281–283image resolution, 283–284radar characteristics, 281, 282fship characteristics, 278, 281

physical process, 277, 278fSAR imaging characteristics, 278, 279–280fslicks, 292, 293–294f, 295wakes (see wakes)

Shuttle Imaging Radar. See SIRShuttle Imaging Radar-C/X-band SAR. See SIR-C/X-SARShuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)

antenna technologies, 16current images, 217history, 9

sigma naught, 28sill generated internal waves, 198–201SIR (Shuttle Imaging Radar)

antenna technologies, 16history, 6, 27, 142imaging products, 18f, 450internal waves/soliton packets imaging, 201ocean surface imaging, 68fsea ice images, 403, 404f, 405f, 406storm system detection, 161surface wave imaging, 142

SIR-C/X-SARhistory, 6–7, 27, 142multiple frequencies use, 60–61, 62rain cells imaging, 57frainfall imaging, 356, 358–359, 360f, 361, 367, 368–

369fSIZEX, 383slant plane, 19–20slicks and ship detection, 292, 293–294f, 295. See also oilsand surfactantssmall perturbation method (SPM), 119. See alsomicrowave scatteringSMMR (Scanning Multi-Channel Microwave Radiometer),381snow, 401snow crab season monitoring, 297–301, 423snow on sea ice, 105, 108–109soliton. See internal wavesSolomon Islands, 57fSouth China Sea, 289fSouthern Ocean. See Antarctic sea ice

Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), 103, 105, 355,381, 419speckle noise, 20, 150, 281–283SPM (small perturbation method), 119. See alsomicrowave scatteringSRTM. See Shuttle Radar Topography MissionSRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission), 9, 16St. Lawrence Island polynya, 26f, 35f, 36, 350f, 351storm-generated wave fields, 160–161storm systems, mesoscale

hurricanesDalila, 339f, 340described, 335Floyd, 337–338f, 339–340

polar mesoscale cyclonesdescribed, 332over the Bering Sea, 332–333, 334fover the Labrador Sea, 335, 336f

SAR data use for monitoring, 331Straight of Gibraltar, 198Strait of Dover, 252, 253fStrait of Gilbraltar, 193, 194fStrait of Malacca, 250–251f, 252, 290fstratiform rain, 355Sulu Sea, 194, 198, 199, 200f, 361, 365fsurface slicks, 208, 213surface waves, 43, 46f, 47. See also wave modeling andmeasurementsurface winds. See wind speed and directionsurf zone wave breaking, 177–181swath width, 13synthetic aperture radar (SAR)

antenna dimensions, 15–16antenna technologies, 16basic concept, 2characteristics of orbital systems, 5tdata collection and processing challenges, 9, 11data rate performance factors, 14–15frequency bands definition, 453geometry, 11f, 19–20history, 1, 4, 6–7, 27–28imaging from space, 1–4imaging of the ocean surface, 21–22limits from ambiguity conditions, 12–13multi-look processing, 20–21on-line archives and resources, 451–452principles, 9–12radar along-track performance, 8, 10fradar range resolution, 7–8signal processing and image formation, 16–19slant plane, 19–20speckle, 20

TTaimyr Ice Massif, 392Taiwan coast, 225f, 296f

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Taiwan Tan Shoals, 249f, 250–252tidal pumping, 221tilt modulation, 37–38, 132Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), 355

Uunderwater topography

bathymetric maps generationmarket for, 257SAR image incorporation, 258surveying examples, 258f, 259–261

principles of radar imaging of, 246–247process contributing to radar image, 247

current-bottom topography interaction, 255radar-ocean wave interaction, 256–257wave-current interaction, 255–256

SAR image examplesEnglish Channel, 247–248Strait of Dover, 252, 253fStrait of Malacca, 250–251f, 252Taiwan Tan Shoals, 249f, 250–252Xinchuan Gang Shoal, 252–253, 254f

upstream waves, 349–351upwelling

areas of activity, 221described, 221East Coast, U.S.

localized seasonal upwelling, 233low backscatter SAR signatures, 233–238, 239–

240fSAR's ability to delineate upwelling features, 240–

241, 242fobservations from space, 222–226SAR imaging of patterns, 223–226SAR's ability to detect upwelling patterns, 241–243surface water properties and, 222, 223fWest Coast, U.S.

low backscatter SAR signatures, 226–228SAR observation of region example, 231–232utility of SAR imagery, 228–231

Vvelocity bunching, 21, 38–39, 43Veridian Systems Division, 179, 308, 309Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS), 301Vilkitsky Strait, 391–393vortex streets, atmospheric, 342–346

Wwakes

internal wave, 292Kelvin, 288–289, 289–291fnarrow-V, 292turbulent, 284–285, 286–287f, 288

Washington coast, 180f, 181, 201f, 202, 291f

wave breaking in surf zone, 177–181wave modeling and measurement

future prospects, 164historical use of SAR, 140–143image spectra examples, 154, 155–157fimage spectral analysis, 145–146overview of current approaches, 139–140radar-ocean wave interaction underwater, 256–257real-time wave demonstration, 161, 162fstorm-generated wave fields, 160–161wave groups from SAR imagettes, 162–164wave refraction, 154, 158waves in ice, 158–160wave spectrum from SAR

azimuth cut-off, 148–149inter-look cross spectrum, 153–154limitation of polar orbiting SAR, 151, 152flinear transform, 146–148non-linear transform, 151, 153quasi-linear transform, 149–150speckle noise, 150

wind wave properties, 143–145wave refraction

near-shore region, 174–177on ocean surface, 154, 158

waves, gravity. See atmospheric gravity waveswaves, upstream, 349–351waves in ice, 158–160weathering of sea ice, 97Weddell Sea, 405f, 406Western Gulf Stream, 210f, 211–215Wiley, Carl, 4, 8Willapa Bay, Washington, 175fwilliwaws, 310windrows/roll vortices, 54, 55f, 308wind speed and direction

air-sea interactions and, 53–54on the Arctic ice edge, 377, 378–379f, 379backscattering considerations, 305–306buoy-SAR comparisons, 313–315challenges associated with SAR, 309–310difficulties in identifying wind direction, 315–316,

317–318fearly uses of SAR imagery, 307–309inferred by surface roughness, 313–315L-band sensitivity, 34observations possible with SAR, 311–312, 313fscatterometers use, 306–307

XXinchuan Gang Shoal, 252–253, 254f

Zzones, ice, 399–400