NOAA P-3 in CalNex 2010: capabilities, dates, and strategies
Transcript of NOAA P-3 in CalNex 2010: capabilities, dates, and strategies
2010 CalNex public meetingSacramento, CA –
Thursday, February 5, 2009
J. Cozic photo
NOAA P-3 in CalNex 2010: capabilities, dates, and strategiesTom Ryerson and Michael Trainer – NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division
CO
NO, NO2 , NOy , O3 ;CO2 , CH4
TDL H2 O
Aerosol lowturbulenceinlet (LTI)
WLOPC
CRD-AES; PAS; PSAP; UHSAS
PILS; AMS
NO3 and N2 O5UV-VISspectral
radiometer
NH3 & HNO3
SO2
PANs, ClNO2SSFR, CG4
AWAS; NMASS
Draft NOAA P-3 payload - CalNex 2010subset of instruments with identified funding is shown
HCHO
cloudprobes
PTRMS
Awaiting NOAA-ACCP funding decisions:• 14CO2 in selected whole air samples• 1-Hz N2 O, CH4 , CO2 , and CO
5 scientist seats only;at max takeoff weight
Instrument Measurement Time resolutionO3 ozone 1 secCO carbon monoxide 1 secSO2 sulfur dioxide 3 sec CO2 and CH4 carbon dioxide and methane 1 secAWAS VOCs, halocarbons, alkyl nitrates 62/flightPTRMS oxy-VOCs, aromatics, acetonitrile 15 secHCHO formaldehyde 1 secNO, NO2 , and NOy nitrogen oxides 1 secPANs and ClNO2 peroxyacyl nitrates and nitryl chloride 1 secNO3 and N2 O5 nocturnal nitrogen oxides 1 secHNO3 nitric acid 1 secNH3 ammonia 1 secLTI aerosol low turbulence inlet 1 secNMASS/UHSAS/WLOPC 0.004 to 8 m aerosol size distribution 1 secCRD-AES 3-
aerosol extinction as f(RH) 1 secPSAP 3-
aerosol absorption (filter) 15 secPAS 3-
aerosol absorption (photoacoustic) 5 secSP2 aerosol black carbon 1 secPILS aerosol chemical composition 80/flightAMS aerosol chemical composition 10 secUV-VIS spectrometer spectral actinic flux from 280-689 nm 1 secTDL H2 O water vapor 1 seccloud probes drop size and morphology 1 secposition and meteorologyaircraft location, T, P, winds, etc. 1 sec
ozone and tracers
VOCs and products
nitrogen species
aerosol size, optical properties,and composition
Draft NOAA P-3 payload - CalNex 2010subset of instruments with identified funding is shown
Draft NOAA P-3 payload - CalNex 2010subset of instruments with likely funding is shown
Instrument Measurement Time resolutionO3 ozone 1 secCO carbon monoxide 1 secSO2 sulfur dioxide 3 sec CO2 and CH4 carbon dioxide and methane 1 secAWAS VOCs, halocarbons, alkyl nitrates 62/flightPTRMS oxy-VOCs, aromatics, acetonitrile 15 secHCHO formaldehyde 1 secNO, NO2 , and NOy nitrogen oxides 1 secPANs and ClNO2 peroxyacyl nitrates and nitryl chloride 1 secNO3 and N2 O5 nocturnal nitrogen oxides 1 secHNO3 nitric acid 1 secNH3 ammonia 1 secLTI aerosol low turbulence inlet 1 secNMASS/UHSAS/WLOPC 0.004 to 8 m aerosol size distribution 1 secCRD-AES 3-
aerosol extinction as f(RH) 1 secPSAP 3-
aerosol absorption (filter) 15 secPAS 3-
aerosol absorption (photoacoustic) 5 secSP2 aerosol black carbon 1 secPILS aerosol chemical composition 80/flightAMS aerosol chemical composition 10 secUV-VIS spectrometer spectral actinic flux from 280-689 nm 1 secTDL H2 O water vapor 1 seccloud probes drop size and morphology 1 secposition and meteorologyaircraft location, T, P, winds, etc. 1 sec
measurementsof direct emissions:
anthropogenic
biogenic
Draft NOAA P-3 payload - CalNex 2010subset of instruments with likely funding is shown
Instrument Measurement Time resolutionO3 ozone 1 secCO carbon monoxide 1 secSO2 sulfur dioxide 3 sec CO2 and CH4 carbon dioxide and methane 1 secAWAS VOCs, halocarbons, alkyl nitrates 62/flightPTRMS oxy-VOCs, aromatics, acetonitrile 15 secHCHO formaldehyde 1 secNO, NO2 , and NOy nitrogen oxides 1 secPANs and ClNO2 peroxyacyl nitrates and nitryl chloride 1 secNO3 and N2 O5 nocturnal nitrogen oxides 1 secHNO3 nitric acid 1 secNH3 ammonia 1 secLTI aerosol low turbulence inlet 1 secNMASS/UHSAS/WLOPC 0.004 to 8 m aerosol size distribution 1 secCRD-AES 3-
aerosol extinction as f(RH) 1 secPSAP 3-
aerosol absorption (filter) 15 secPAS 3-
aerosol absorption (photoacoustic) 5 secSP2 aerosol black carbon 1 secPILS aerosol chemical composition 80/flightAMS aerosol chemical composition 10 secUV-VIS spectrometer spectral actinic flux from 280-689 nm 1 secTDL H2 O water vapor 1 seccloud probes drop size and morphology 1 secposition and meteorologyaircraft location, T, P, winds, etc. 1 sec
measurementsof direct emissions:
anthropogenic
biomass burning
biogenic
Draft NOAA P-3 payload - CalNex 2010subset of instruments with likely funding is shown
Instrument Measurement Time resolutionO3 ozone 1 secCO carbon monoxide 1 secSO2 sulfur dioxide 3 sec CO2 and CH4 carbon dioxide and methane 1 secAWAS VOCs, halocarbons, alkyl nitrates 62/flightPTRMS oxy-VOCs, aromatics, acetonitrile 15 secHCHO formaldehyde 1 secNO, NO2 , and NOy nitrogen oxides 1 secPANs and ClNO2 peroxyacyl nitrates and nitryl chloride 1 secNO3 and N2 O5 nocturnal nitrogen oxides 1 secHNO3 nitric acid 1 secNH3 ammonia 1 secLTI aerosol low turbulence inlet 1 secNMASS/UHSAS/WLOPC 0.004 to 8 m aerosol size distribution 1 secCRD-AES 3-
aerosol extinction as f(RH) 1 secPSAP 3-
aerosol absorption (filter) 15 secPAS 3-
aerosol absorption (photoacoustic) 5 secSP2 aerosol black carbon 1 secPILS aerosol chemical composition 80/flightAMS aerosol chemical composition 10 secUV-VIS spectrometer spectral actinic flux from 280-689 nm 1 secTDL H2 O water vapor 1 seccloud probes drop size and morphology 1 secposition and meteorologyaircraft location, T, P, winds, etc. 1 sec
measurementsof direct emissions:
anthropogenic
GHGsandsoot
biomass burning
biogenic
Draft NOAA P-3 payload - CalNex 2010subset of instruments with likely funding is shown
Instrument Measurement Time resolutionO3 ozone 1 secCO carbon monoxide 1 secSO2 sulfur dioxide 3 sec CO2 and CH4 carbon dioxide and methane 1 secAWAS VOCs, halocarbons, alkyl nitrates 62/flightPTRMS oxy-VOCs, aromatics, acetonitrile 15 secHCHO formaldehyde 1 secNO, NO2 , and NOy nitrogen oxides 1 secPANs and ClNO2 peroxyacyl nitrates and nitryl chloride 1 secNO3 and N2 O5 nocturnal nitrogen oxides 1 secHNO3 nitric acid 1 secNH3 ammonia 1 secLTI aerosol low turbulence inlet 1 secNMASS/UHSAS/WLOPC 0.004 to 8 m aerosol size distribution 1 secCRD-AES 3-
aerosol extinction as f(RH) 1 secPSAP 3-
aerosol absorption (filter) 15 secPAS 3-
aerosol absorption (photoacoustic) 5 secSP2 aerosol black carbon 1 secPILS aerosol chemical composition 80/flightAMS aerosol chemical composition 10 secUV-VIS spectrometer spectral actinic flux from 280-689 nm 1 secTDL H2 O water vapor 1 seccloud probes drop size and morphology 1 secposition and meteorologyaircraft location, T, P, winds, etc. 1 sec
measurementsof direct emissions:
anthropogenic
GHGsandsoot
agricultural
biomass burning
biogenic
Emissions evaluation
will be a focusin CalNex
Tentative NOAA P-3 CalNex deployment dates and locations
• NOAA ESRL has requested 205 P-3 flight hours for CalNex.
Depending on the actual allocation, we may consider 1-2flights from Colorado prior to transiting to California.
- instrument shakedown near home laboratory- investigate transport downwind of California
• Requested dates: May 1 through June 30, 2010 in California.
P-3 return date will be dictated by hurricane requirements
• Location: LA Basin, either Ontario or Long Beach airports.
P-3 range is sufficient to base anywhere in the State- co-location with NOAA and CIRPAS Twin Otters is highly desirable
need to avoid high/hot conditions to maximize flight duration
24/7 operations, with no noise or takeoff restrictions after dark
!!!
urban areashighways
5
4
3
2
1
0
Elevation, kmSea breeze, terrain, and agriculture
in the Central Valleys
Sea breeze, terrain, and 17 million people in the LA Basin
Adding to theknowledgebase in CAwill be achallenge
Emissions, chem.,and transportdetermined bymany factors
Using the P-3 to address CalNex science questionsEmissions studies
Anthropogenic enhancementsrelative to CO2 can be compared directly toinventory values
- VOCs, NOx, CH4 , halocarbons, N2 O- use 2002, 2008, & 2010 aircraft data- link to long-term WGC tower record
300
250
200
150
100
50
CO
, ppb
v
390385380375370
CO2, ppmv
SF refineries Richmond Concord Concord2 Antioch_urban Antioch_refin
CO vs. CO26
5
4
3
2
1
0
NO
2, ktons/year
38.2
38.0
37.8
37.6
37.4
Latit
ude
-122.8 -122.4 -122.0 -121.6
Longitude
NOAA P-3 trackMay 2, 2002
San Francisco & Central Valley
Using the P-3 to address CalNex science questionsEmissions studies
Anthropogenic enhancementsrelative to CO2 can be compared directly toinventory values
- VOCs, NOx, CH4 , halocarbons, N2 O- use 2002, 2008, & 2010 aircraft data- link to long-term WGC tower record
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
NO
2, ktons/year
38.2
38.0
37.8
37.6
37.4
Latit
ude
-122.8 -122.4 -122.0 -121.6
Longitude
NOAA P-3 trackMay 2, 2002
San Francisco & Central Valley
NOy
• Detailed P-3 chemical datacan be used to
- differentiate between sources - differentiate transport pathways- quantify chemical processing
More emissions study detailsat 1:40 in Greg Frost’s talk
Using the P-3 to address CalNex science questionsEmissions studies
Anthropogenic enhancementsrelative to CO2 can be compared directly toinventory values
- VOCs, NOx, CH4 , halocarbons, N2 O- use 2002, 2008, & 2010 aircraft data- link to long-term WGC tower record
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
NO
2, ktons/year
38.2
38.0
37.8
37.6
37.4
Latit
ude
-122.8 -122.4 -122.0 -121.6
Longitude
NOAA P-3 trackMay 2, 2002
San Francisco & Central Valley
SO2
• Detailed P-3 chemical datacan be used to
- differentiate between sources - differentiate transport pathways- quantify chemical processing
More emissions study detailsat 1:40 in Greg Frost’s talk
Using the P-3 to address CalNex science questions
Emissions studies
Can we quantifyNOx , NH3 , CH4 , & N2 Oemissions fromthe agricultural sector?
include Imperial Valley flightscompare to satellite columns
300
250
200
150
100
CO
, ppb
v
15129630
NOy, ppbv
Urban14.2 ± 0.4
Urban/industry9.4 ± 0.1
Central Valley5.7 ± 0.1
CO vs. NOy38.0
37.5
37.0
Latit
ude
-123.0 -122.5 -122.0 -121.5 -121.0 -120.5
Longitude
NOAA P-3 trackMay 8, 2002
San Francisco &Central Valley
Using the P-3 to address CalNex science questions
Emissions studies
Can we quantifyNOx , NH3 , CH4 , & N2 Oemissions fromthe agricultural sector?
include Imperial Valley flightscompare to satellite columns
Agricultural emissions
A wealth of existing data that we are not fully up to speed on
Blake VOC sampling grids and2008 ARCTAS DC-8 data showthe high spatial variability of sources
SJV supersite will anchor P-3 flights
repeat P-3 flights through growing seasonto observe increase in ag. activity over time
Using the P-3 to address CalNex science questions
Emissions studies
Quantifying sulfur budgetof LA Basin & SF
SO2 from shipping, industry, and mobile sources vs.DMS from phytoplankton
34.4
34.2
34.0
33.8
33.6
33.4
Latit
ude
-119.0 -118.5 -118.0 -117.5 -117.0 -116.5
Longitude
ArcoTosco
Shell
Chevron
Texaco
-119.0 -118.5 -118.0 -117.5 -117.0 -116.5
Longitude
NOAA P-3 trackMay 13, 2002
LA Basin
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
SO2, ktons/year
40
30
20
10
0
SO2, ppbv
Using the P-3 to address CalNex science questions
Emissions studies
Quantifying sulfur budgetof LA Basin & SF
SO2 from shipping, industry, and mobile sources vs.DMS from phytoplankton
40
30
20
10
0
SO2,
ppb
v
10008006004002000
CO, ppbv
SO2 vs. CO
-119.0 -118.5 -118.0 -117.5 -117.0 -116.5
Longitude
NOAA P-3 trackMay 13, 2002
LA Basin
40
30
20
10
0
SO2, ppbv
400
395
390
385
380
375
CO
2, ppmv
Using the P-3 to address CalNex science questions
Processing studies
Oxidation rates and secondary product formation
LA-SJV differences?
• Use P-3 to connect LA and SJVsupersite observations during CalNex
• Emissions mixes are quite differentbetween the two basins
• How will this be reflected in differencesbetween secondary photoproducts?
P-3: O3 , HCHO, CH3 CHO, OVOCs, RONO2 , PANs, (PAN/HNO3 ), etc.
Using the P-3 to address CalNex science questions
Central Valley aging and layers aloft
Repeatedly sample fresher vs. more oxidized air within South Coast and Central Valleysin the mixed layer & aloft (day and night flights)
Evaluate biogenic influences on CO2 & CH4via Lagrangian flights anchored by WGC tower
42
40
38
36
34
Latit
ude
-124 -122 -120 -118 -116 -114
Longitude
1209060300
Ozone, ppbv
Thu, Jun 1, 200615:00 local time
Processing studies
Oxidation rates and secondary product formation
LA-SJV differences?
Gas-to-particle conversionof HNO3 and NH3
Nocturnal chemistry and transport
Aerosol-cloud interactions
Using the P-3 to address CalNex science questions
Processing studies
Oxidation rates and secondary product formation
LA-SJV differences?
Gas-to-particle conversionof HNO3 and NH3
Nocturnal chemistry and transport
Aerosol-cloud interactions
Opportunity for studying multiday events(day – night – day studies)
Frontal passage (rare, but they do happen)gives a chance to observe pollutantbuildup after clearing out
Basin exchange times from multiple looks
Central Valley aging and layers aloft
Repeatedly sample fresher vs. more oxidized air within South Coast and Central Valleysin the mixed layer & aloft
Evaluate biogenic influences on CO2 & CH4via Lagrangian flights anchored by WGC tower
Determine effects of anthropogenic vs. agricultural emissions on ozone and SOA
Using the P-3 to address CalNex science questions
Processing studies
Oxidation rates and secondary product formation
LA-SJV differences?
Gas-to-particle conversionof HNO3 and NH3
Nocturnal chemistry and transport
Aerosol-cloud interactions
Opportunity for studying multiday events(day – night – day studies)
Frontal passage (rare, but they do happen)gives a chance to observe pollutantbuildup after clearing out
Basin exchange times from multiple looks
Central Valley aging and layers aloft
Repeatedly sample fresher vs. more oxidized air within South Coast and Central Valleysin the mixed layer & aloft
Evaluate biogenic influences on CO2 & CH4via Lagrangian flights anchored by WGC tower
Determine effects of anthropogenic vs. agricultural emissions on ozone and SOA
Satellite-derived day-of-week differences in California urban
total NO2 columns
Using the P-3 to address CalNex science questions
LA aerosol and ozone formation
Transects upwind and above LA ground site;continue through Riverside and downwind
Should have measurements that fully constrainNH3 + HNO3 NH4 NO3
The P-3 in 2010 will bring aerosol extinction, absorption, and soot mass to this classic aging experiment
Processing studies
Oxidation rates and secondary product formation
LA-SJV differences?
Gas-to-particle conversionof HNO3 and NH3
Nocturnal chemistry and transport
Aerosol-cloud interactions
Using the P-3 to address CalNex science questions
Nighttime chemistry of NO3 and N2 O5
Sample urban plumes aloft after dark
determine (N2 O5 ) on NH4 NO3 particles
evaluate NOx and Ox loss vs. transport
study VOC sinks and halogen activation
Details at 10:50 in Steve Brown’s talk
Processing studies
Oxidation rates and secondary product formation
LA-SJV differences?
Gas-to-particle conversionof HNO3 and NH3
Nocturnal chemistry and transport
Aerosol-cloud interactions
Example of nighttime data(Houston, 2006)
Using the P-3 to address CalNex science questions
Transport studies
use chemical measurements to define pathways for export of LABasin and Central Valley pollution
characterize residual layers aloft after dark
quantify relative contributionsof orographic lifting and gap flowsto transport within California
P-3 research mission range8+ hours endurance
700 nm radius(including vertical profiles)
We plan to repeatedly visit most of California,as science goals dictate
(not just an LA Basin experiment)
Using the P-3 to address CalNex science questions
Transport studies
use chemical measurements to define pathways for export of LABasin and Central Valley pollution
34.6
34.4
34.2
34.0
33.8
33.6
33.4
Latit
ude
-119.0 -118.5 -118.0 -117.5 -117.0 -116.5
Longitude
543210
Alt.
, km
WP-3D trackMay 13, 2002colored by CO
1
2
3
4
1 2 3
4
Using the P-3 to address CalNex science questions
Transport studies
use chemical measurements to define pathways for export of LABasin and Central Valley pollution
Chem. data shows export ishighly variable in time
- need vertical profiles over same locations at different timese.g., near Catalina & over San Bernardino Mountains
Repeat often to build stats;even better with several aircraft
34.6
34.4
34.2
34.0
33.8
33.6
33.4
Latit
ude
-119.0 -118.5 -118.0 -117.5 -117.0 -116.5
Longitude
543210
Alt.
, km
WP-3D trackMay 13, 2002colored by CO
1
2
3
4
1 2 3
4
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
NO
y, S
O2,
O3
(ppb
v)
1:30 PM5/13/02
1:45 PM 2:00 PM 2:15 PM 2:30 PM 2:45 PM 3:00 PM
Local time
543210
Alt.
(km
)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
CO
(ppmv)
O3 CONOy SO2
P-3 alt.ground
1 2 3 4
Using the P-3 to address CalNex science questions
Transport studies
use chemical measurements to define pathways for export of LABasin and Central Valley pollution
• Long history of studying transportaloft in the LA Basin:
- 1984 UCLA/EPA airborne lidar
Using the P-3 to address CalNex science questions
Transport studies
use chemical measurements to define pathways for export of LABasin and Central Valley pollution
• Long history of studying transportaloft in the LA Basin:
- 1984 UCLA/EPA airborne lidar
- 1997 Caltech/CIRPAS in-situaerosol measurements
• Hope to extend existing studiesby joint work with NOAA TwinOtter airborne lidar, CIRPAS TwinOtter aerosol, and combined aerosol and gas-phase data from the NOAA P-3
Using the P-3 to address CalNex science questions
The P-3 can address many CalNex study goals independently.
- emissions characterization- chemical processing- transport and mixing
However, most or all of the planned P-3 studies will greatly benefit from:
- close coordination with other mobile platforms and ground sites- vertical context provided by remote sensing data- temporal context provided by longer-term ground site data & modeling- input from the experienced CA research community
e.g., local meteorology, agricultural emissions, 3D CTMs, ...
Our aim is to maximize joint efforts without undue strain on anyone.
CalNex
Proposal from Caltech: CIRPAS Twin Otter
John Seinfeld, P.I.
“very likely”
to be funded through NOAA ACCP
extramural grants program
focus on SOA formation
Anticipate Caltech/CIRPAS Twin Otteroperations from anLA Basin airportduring May-June 2010
Joint work with other aircraft TBD
Caltech/CIRPAS bringcritical experience, measurements, andanalysis tools to theCalNex study