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21/05/2015 1 FORMASI-FORMASI HUTAN DI INDONESIA Tropical Forest (Tropical Moist Forest) (Whitmore, 1990) The rain forest is prevalent over most part of Indonesia. There are considerable floristic variation which are related to differences in soils and topography. Broader variations are also reflected by the horizontal zonation (related to geologic history) and vertical zonation (related to elevation) Tropical rain forests which develop in the hot and humid region (every month is wet, 100 mm rainfall or more) which lack of a pronounced dry seasons Tropical seasonal forest which develop in seasonally dry climate (4 – 6 dry months with 60 mm rainfall or less) Climate Soil Water Soils Elevation Forest formation Seasonally dry Strong annual shortage Podsol, Renzina, Latosol 0 – (750) 1000 m , Lowland Monsoon forest (seasonal forest) Red yellow podsolic, latosol, andosol 1000 – 3000 m Montane monsoon forest Ever-wet (perhumid) Dryland Zonal (mainly oxisols, ultisols) Lowland (0-1000 mdpl) Lowland evergreen rain forest Mountains 1000-1500 m Lower montane rain forest (submontane forest) 1600 – 2400 m Upper montane rain forest (montane forest) 2500– 4000 m (timber line) Subalpine forest Podozolized sands 0 – (750) 1000 m Heath forest Renzina, Latosol 0 – (750) 1000 m Forest over limestone Soils with high Mg, Fe, and Si content 0 – (750) 1000 m Forest over ultrabasic Water table high (at least periodically) Coastal salt- water Regosol, Red yellow podsolic 0 – (750) 1000 m Beach forest Alluvial < 0 m Mangrove forest Inland fresh water Oligotrophic peats 0 – (750) 1000 m Peat swamp forest Eutrophic (muck and minerals) soil 0 – (750) 1000 m Freshwater swamp forest Main Types of The Tropical Forest in Indonesia FORMASI-FORMASI HUTAN DI INDONESIA Letak geografis Indonesia adalah diantara dua benua (Asia dan Australia) dan di sekitar khatulistiwa. Kondisi seperti ini mengakibatkan terjadinya zone-zone vegetasi dan tipe-tipe hutan di Indonesia Zone vegetasi hutan di Indonesia adalah : a. Zone Barat, di bawah pengaruh vegetasi Asia, meliputi : Sumatera, Kalimantan, dimana jenis dominan adalah Dipterocarpaceae. b. Zone Timur, di bawah pengaruh vegetasi australia, meliputi : Maluku, Nusa Tenggara, Irian Jaya, dimana jenis dominan adalah Araucariaceae dan Mytaceae. c. Zone Peralihan, di bawah pengaruh Asia dan Australia, meliputi : Jawa dan Sulawesi, dimana jenis dominan adalah Araucariaceae, Myrtaceae, dan Verbenaceae. A. Zone Vegetasi di Indonesia MAIN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS IN INDONESIA Mangrove Forest Beach Forest Fresh Water Swamp Forest Peat Swamp Forest Heath Forest Monsoon Forest Lowland Forest Mountain Forest

Transcript of No Slide Titlececep_kusmana.staff.ipb.ac.id/files/2013/...FORMASI... · FORMASI-FORMASI HUTAN DI...

Page 1: No Slide Titlececep_kusmana.staff.ipb.ac.id/files/2013/...FORMASI... · FORMASI-FORMASI HUTAN DI INDONESIA Tropical Forest (Tropical Moist Forest) (Whitmore, 1990) The rain forest

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FORMASI-FORMASI HUTAN

DI INDONESIA

Tropical Forest (Tropical Moist Forest) (Whitmore, 1990)

The rain forest is prevalent over most part of Indonesia. There are considerable

floristic variation which are related to differences in soils and topography. Broader

variations are also reflected by the horizontal zonation (related to geologic history)

and vertical zonation (related to elevation)

Tropical rain forests which develop in

the hot and humid region (every

month is wet, 100 mm rainfall or more)

which lack of a pronounced dry

seasons

Tropical seasonal forest which

develop in seasonally dry climate (4

– 6 dry months with 60 mm rainfall

or less)

Climate Soil Water Soils Elevation Forest formation Seasonally dry Strong annual shortage Podsol, Renzina,

Latosol 0 – (750) 1000 m , Lowland Monsoon forest

(seasonal forest) Red yellow podsolic, latosol, andosol

1000 – 3000 m Montane monsoon forest

Ever-wet (perhumid)

Dryland Zonal (mainly oxisols, ultisols)

Lowland (0-1000 mdpl)

Lowland evergreen rain forest

Mo

un

tain

s

1000-1500 m Lower montane rain forest (submontane forest)

1600 – 2400 m Upper montane rain forest (montane forest)

2500 – 4000 m (timber line)

Subalpine forest

Podozolized sands 0 – (750) 1000 m Heath forest Renzina, Latosol 0 – (750) 1000 m Forest over limestone Soils with high Mg, Fe, and Si content

0 – (750) 1000 m Forest over ultrabasic

Water table high (at least periodically)

Coastal salt-water

Regosol, Red yellow podsolic

0 – (750) 1000 m Beach forest

Alluvial < 0 m Mangrove forest Inland fresh water

Oligotrophic peats 0 – (750) 1000 m Peat swamp forest Eutrophic (muck and minerals) soil

0 – (750) 1000 m Freshwater swamp forest

Main Types of The Tropical Forest in Indonesia FORMASI-FORMASI HUTAN

DI INDONESIA

Letak geografis Indonesia adalah diantara dua benua (Asia dan

Australia) dan di sekitar khatulistiwa. Kondisi seperti ini

mengakibatkan terjadinya zone-zone vegetasi dan tipe-tipe hutan

di Indonesia

Zone vegetasi hutan di Indonesia adalah :

a. Zone Barat, di bawah pengaruh vegetasi Asia, meliputi : Sumatera,

Kalimantan, dimana jenis dominan adalah Dipterocarpaceae.

b. Zone Timur, di bawah pengaruh vegetasi australia, meliputi :

Maluku, Nusa Tenggara, Irian Jaya, dimana jenis dominan

adalah Araucariaceae dan Mytaceae.

c. Zone Peralihan, di bawah pengaruh Asia dan Australia, meliputi :

Jawa dan Sulawesi, dimana jenis dominan adalah

Araucariaceae, Myrtaceae, dan Verbenaceae.

A. Zone Vegetasi di Indonesia

MAIN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS IN INDONESIA

Mangrove

Forest

Beach Forest

Fresh Water

Swamp Forest

Peat Swamp Forest

Heath Forest

Monsoon Forest

Lowland Forest

Mountain Forest

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1. Hutan Mangrove

• Tidak terpengaruh oleh iklim

• Terdapat di pantai berlumpur atau sedkit berpasir,

dipengaruhi pasang-surut air laut, tidak terkena ombak

keras, tanahnya aluvial, air payau/asin

• Penyebaran : pantai timur Sumatera, pantai utara jawa,

pantai tmur Kalimantan, Sulawesi, dan Irian Jaya.

• Beberapa jenisnya berbuah vivipary, serta berakar

nafas, yaitu akar pasak (Avicennia dan Sonneratia),

akar tunjang (Rhizophora), dan akar lutut (Bruguiera).

Jenis-jenis pohon penting

• Avicennia alba (api-api)

• Sonneratia alba (Pedada)

• Rhizophora mucronata dan R. apiculata (Bakau)

• Bruguiera gymnorrhiza dan (Tancang)

• Ceriops tagal (Bakau)

• Xylocarpus granatum (Nyirih)

• Nypa fruticans (Nipah)

B. Tipe Ekosistem Hutan Alam

Forest formation growing in the intertidal area of tropical and sub-tropical areas, mainly extensively grows in the sheltered

coastline, delta, lagoon, estuary and river bank

MANGROVE FOREST MANGROVE COMMUNITY IN INDONESIA

SHRUB COMMUNITY YOUNG MANGROVE COMMUNITY

NIPAH COMMUNITY OLD MANGROVE COMMUNITY

Dominant Species:

Nypa fruticans

Dominant Species:

Rhizophora spp. Bruguiera spp.

Dominant Species:

Avicennia spp., Sonneratia spp. Dominant Species:

Rhizophora spp.

MANGROVE FLORA IN INDONESIA

45 family 75 genus 157 species

Tree

(52 species)

Shrub & Fern

(24 species)

Herb & Grass

(22 species)

Lyana

(13 species)

Ephyphite

(36 species)

Parasite

(3 species)

Palm

(7 species)

MANGROVE FAUNA

TERRESTRIAL FAUNA (101 species)

MARINE FAUNA (156 species)

CRUSTACEA (67 species) :

Gastropoda (43 species) Bilvalvia (9 species)

MOLLUSCA (26 species)

FISH (63 species) MAMMAL (22 species)

INSECT (22 species)

BIRD (44 species)

AMPHIBY (2 species)

REPTIL (11 species)

TOTAL: 257 species

2. Hutan Rawa

• Tidak terpengaruh iklim

• Terdapat di sekitar muara/delta sungai, tergenang air

tawar dari sungai, sehingga bersifat kaya hara

(eutrofik), tanahnya glei humus dan aluvial.

• Terdapat : di Sumatera dan Kalimantan mengikuti

sungai-sungai besar.

Jenis-jenis pohon penting :

• Alstonia pneumatophora

• Campnosperma macrophylla

• Dyera lowii

• Pentaspadon motleyi

• Shorea balangeran

• Lophopethalum multinervium.

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Forest growing wide spread over alluvial soils that are periodically flooded for long periods with rich mineral fresh water (pH more than 6) associated with coastal swamp, inland lake and huge low-lying river basin

extremely heterogenous in soils and vegetation, where a few centimeters of peat may occur. Floristic composition varies from:

Floating grass, sedges and herbs

Pandan and palm swamp

Scrub

Similar to lowland rain forest

FRESH WATER SWAMP FOREST The most important trees in freshwater swamp forest are the genera of:

Barringtonia Campnospermae Dillenia Eugenia

FLORA OF FRESHWATER SWAMP FOREST

Shorea Calophyllum Canarium Koompassia

Mangifera Neesia Pholidocarpus Melanorrhea Metroxylon

Alstonia pneumatophora

Shorea belangeran

Metroxylon sagu

Mangifera foetida

FAUNA OF FRESHWATER SWAMP FOREST

Fauna diversity and abundance in freshwater swamp forest vary with the structure and floral diversity of the forest

Crocodillus porosus Tomistoma schlegelii

Macaca fascicularis

3. Hutan Gambut

• Tumbuh pada tumpukan gambut yang berbentuk lensa

cembung yang tebalnya 1-20 m (dari tepi ke tengah)

• Di genangi air gambut yang berasal dari air hujan,

bersifat masam dan miskin hara (oligotrofik),

jenis tanah : arganosol.

• Terdapat : di pantai timur Sumatera, pantai barat dan

selatan Kalimantan, dan pantai selatan Irian Jaya.

Jenis-jenis pohon penting :

• Gonystylus bancanus

• Shorea vliginoga

• Durio carinatus

• Cratoxylon arborescens

• Tetramerista glabra

• Combretocarpus tetundatus

Peat : a soil type with a very high (> 65%) organic contents, at least 50 cm deep

It consist of: Ombrogenous peat (rain-fed peat,

poor in nutrient/oligotrophic, mainly calcium, in the behind of mangroves), drainage water are very acid, deep peat reached to 20 m Topogenous peat are formed in

topographic depressions (mesotrophic/nutrient coming from mineral subsoil, river water, plant remains and rain)

Peat swamp forests are extent in Sumatra and Kalimantan

PEAT SWAMP FOREST

Koompassia malaccensis Gonystylus bancanus Dyera lowii Palm (Pinang raja)

FLORA OF PEAT SWAMP FOREST

Durio carinatus Garcinia parvifolia (kandis)

Callophyllum schlrophyylum

Daemonorops grandis

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FAUNA OF PEAT SWAMP FOREST

Nasalis larvatus

(Proboscis monkey) Macaca fascicularis

(Long-tailed macaque)

Presbytis cristata

(Silvered langur) Pongo pygmaeus

(Orang utan)

Hylobates agilis Macaca nemestrina

4. Hutan Pantai

• Terdapat di pantai yang terjal, tanah berpasir, berbatu

karang atau lempung, tidak terpengaruh iklim.

• Terdapat di pantai selatan Jawa, pantai barat daya

Sumatera, dan pantai Sulawesi.

Jenis-jenis pohon penting :

• Barringtonia asiatica

• Calophyllum inophyllum

• Casuarina equisetifolia

• Hibiscus tiliaceus

• Terminalia catappa

• Cocos nucifera

• Pandanus tectorius

• Ipomea pres-cappre

Forest formation growing in the supralittoral zone, sometimes subjected to extrem high tide (spring tide and

storm)

BEACH

FOREST

Barringtonia community

Pes-caprae community

BEACH

FOREST

PES-CAPRAE COMMUNITY

occupied the outer fringe mounds of sand, where the beach tends to build, shows low species diversity

The plant in this community are low, sand-binding herbs/grass and sedges

Spinifex littoreus Ipomoea pes-caprae Cyperus spp.

Canavalia spp. Fimbristylis Ischaemum muticum

BARRINGTONIA COMMUNITY

occupied the area behind pes-caprae community on the stable soils or rocky soils, commonly covers the narrow space of 25 – 50 meters, more

diverse species diversity than pes-caprae community

Cocos nucifera Casuarina equisetifolia Calophyllum inophyllum

Barrinngtonia asiatica Hibiscus tiliaceus Terminalia catappa Pandanus sp.

Plants in this community must be tolerant to showering of sea water, poor nutrient soils, and to drought.

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*Wader and seabird which nesting, resting and feeding in beach forest

*Sea turtle (green sea turtle, howksbill, leatherback, loggerhead) are nesting in beach forest (Tambelan island, Berau island, Paloh and Lemukuta island at West Kalimantan, Meru Betiri and Baluran NP)

*Coconut Crab (Ocypode)

FAUNA OF BEACH FOREST

Wader and seabird

Coconut Crab

Sea turtle

5. Hutan Hujan Dataran Rendah

• Terdapat pada iklim basah, tanah podsolik, latosol dan

aluvial.

• Hutan selalu hijau, terdiri dari beberapa strata tajuk,

sangat kaya akan flora dan fauna.

• Di kawasan barat di dominasi jenis-jenis

Dipterocarpaceae (Shorea, Dipterocarpus, Dryobalanops,

dsb), Eusideroxylon zwageri, dsb

• Di kawasan timur :

Pometia pinnata, Intsia bijuga, Agathis labillordieri,

Pterocarpus indicus, Eucalyptus deglupta

• Di Pulau Sulawesi :

Diospyros celebica, Shorea koordersii, Agathis

philippinensis.

• Di Maluku :

Paraserianthes falcataria, Shorea selanica, Agathis

dammara.

the most extensive occuring in Indonesia and is the most luxurious vegetation compared to other types of forest in the world.

Lofty, dense, evergreen forest, 45 m or more tall, characterized by the large number of species.

Gregarious dominants (consociations) are uncommon and usually 2/3 or more of the upper-canopy trees are of species individually not contributing more than 1% of the total number

LOWLAND RAIN FOREST (LRF)

FLORA OF LOWLAND RAIN FOREST

WESTERN PART OF INDONESIA (WEST MALESIA)

EASTERN PART OF INDONESIA (EAST MALESIA)

Lowland forest distribution

Species of Dipterocarpaceae (Anisoptera, Dipterocarpus, Drybalanops, Parashorea and Shorea) are dominating the large trees of the emergent layer

totaled about 350 species found characterized by rich ground layer palm flora

of shade and moisture loving genera (Iguanusa, Pinanga, Areca, Nenga, Rhopalobaste)

Dipterocarpaceae become less important & locally dominant. The important species: • Araucaria cunninghamii • A. humsteini • Agathis labillardieri • Conifer species (Dacrydium elatum, D.

novoguinense, Papuacedrus spp., Phyllocladus hypophyllus, Podocarpus papuanus

WESTERN PART OF INDONESIA (WEST MALESIA)

Shorea sp. Anisoptera sp. Areca catechu Nenga sp.

Araucaria cunninghamii Agathis labillardieri Dacrydium elatum

EASTERN PART OF INDONESIA (EAST MALESIA)

FAUNA OF LOWLAND RAIN FOREST

HERBIVORES

Elephants Rhinoceros Deer Anoa

CARNIVORES

Tiger

and other Felidae

AVES

Hornbill, etc.

Paradise bird

Peacock

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FAUNA OF LOWLAND RAIN FOREST

PRIMATES

Orang utan Gibbon Macaque etc.

REPTILES & AMPHIBY

6. Hutan Hujan Pegunungan

• Terletak pada ketinggian 1000-2400 m dpl, di daerah perbukitan, iklim

basah, jenis tanah latosol, selalu hijau, terdiri dari beberapa strata

tajuk.

• Semakin naik ketinggian tempat :

- Jumlah jenis tumbuh-tumbuhan berkurang

- Bentuk & ukuran tumbuh-tumbuhan : semakin mengecil dan

banyak cabang/bemgkok-bengkok

• Terdapat di Sumatera, Kalimantan, Jawa, Sulawesi, dan Irian Jaya.

• Jenis-jenis penting :

Quercus spp., Castanopsis spp., Podocarpus spp., Dacrydium spp.,

Agathis spp.

• Dibedakan Berdasarkan ketinggian :

1. Hutan sub-montana (Hutan Pegunungan Bawah)

1000 – 1500 m dpl Di Jawa Barat : Altingia excelsa, Schima

wallichii, Castanopsis argentea, Quercus sundaica,

Dacrycarpus imbricatus

2. Hutan Montana (Hutan Pegunungan Atas)

1500 – 2400 m dpl. : D. Imbricatus, P. neriifolius.

MONTANE RAIN FOREST

SUBMONTANE (LOWER MONTANE)

FOREST

UPPER MONTANE

FOREST

upwards the luxurious vegetation at low an medium altitude, the forest become a two storey with decreasing tree height as well as

decreasing tree species richness, but it is very luxuriant in epiphytes (mainly mosses and liverworts) which cover the trunks and branches of the trees densely.

Woody vines are very few present

made up of a single storey of twisted trees of massive growth and rich in branching

leaves of trees become smaller, trunks and branches are covered with a thick snat of mosses and liverworts

which may hang down in festoon Also called:

• ELFIN WOODLAND, which often only 10 m tall or less and its shorter facies

• MOSSY FOREST, because The trees may be heavily swatch in bryophytes and filmy fern

SUB-ALPINE FOREST Shorter more gnarled formation with even tinier leaves (Nanophylls)

ALPINE FOREST

Shrub heat, most tundra, fern meadow, and grassland. Treeless landscape extend up to the nival zone (snow line)

4,500

Elevation (m asl) :

3,000

1,500

1,000

SUBMONTANE FOREST

UPPER MONTANE

FOREST

SUB-ALPINE FOREST

ALPINE FOREST

4,500

Elevation (m asl) :

3,000

1,500

1,000

7. Hutan Musim

• Di daerah iklim musim (monsoon), pada tanah kering

dengan berbagai jenis tanah.

• Gugur daun selama musim kemarau (pada jenis-jenis

tertentu)

• Berdasarkan ketinggian :

- Hutan Musim dataran rendah ( <1000 m dpl. )

- Hutan Musim pegunungan ( >1000 m dpl. )

• Terdapat di : Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Nusa Tenggara,

Sulawesi.

• Jenis-jenis Penting :

- Dataran rendah : Acacia leucocephala, Dalbergia

latifolia, Tectona grandis, dsb.

- Pegunungan : Casuarina junghuhniana, Pinus

merkusii, dsb.

*Forest with abundant rainfall during wet season, which alternates with a distinct drought period which may last from about 4 to 6 months, the total amount of rainfall varies from about 1,000 to 2,000 mm a year, may be subjected to strong winds.

* In Indonesia this forests distribute in West Java (Karawang, Indramayu, Cirebon), East Java, Central Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi

MONSOON FOREST

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Tectona grandis Dalbergia latifolia Acacia mangium Lagerstomia speciosa Tamarindus indica Honalium tomentosum Santalum album Eucalyptus alba

Melaleuca Scheichera obasa Albizia leobekosides Azadirachta indica Casuarina penghumiares Cassia fistula Salmalia malabarica Palms (Borassus flabellifer

and Corypha utan)

FLORA OF LOWLAND MONSOON FOREST

Casuarina sumatrana

C. junghuhniana

Eucalyptus urophylla

E. deglupta

Pinus merkusii

P. insularis

FLORA OF UPLAND MONSOON FOREST FAUNA OF MONSOON FOREST

Bird (Cypsiurus batasiurus) Honey bee Butterfly

Buffalo and Bull Deer Frogs Long-tailed monkey

*Forests grow on white sand soils derived from siliceous parent materials, where the soil is poor in nutrients/bases, highly acidic, coarse textured and free draining.

*Covered by superficial layer of peat/humus which is quickly lost once the natural vegetation is cleared

*In Indonesia, heat forest found be great extent in Central and East Kalimantan

HEATH FOREST (KERANGAS FOREST)

Trees are often densely packed difficult to penetrates with small thick leaves

Low, uniform, single-layered canopy formed by crowns of large saplings and small poles

Buttress are smaller, but still root are common

Small, thin climbers are common, as are ephiphytes

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HEATH FOREST GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HEATH FOREST

Plants with supplementary means of obtaining minerals are common, i.e Casuarina nobilis which has root noduls containing nitrogen fixing bacteria

Conspicuous epiphytes are ant plants (Myrmecophytes): Hydrophytum and Myrmecodia

Ground flora is sparse, with many mosses and liverworth as well as insectivore plants such as pitcher plants Nepenthes, sundews Drosera and bladderworm Urticularia growing on the poor soils

Endemic orchid of Bulbophyllum beccarii growth on the trunk of the trees to maximize its access to nutrients

Casuarina nobilis Ant plants Bulbophyllum beccarii

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FLORA OF HEATH FOREST

TALL-CLOSED HEAT FOREST OPEN SCRUBBY AND PADANG

VEGETATION

Ilex hypoglauca

Agathis borneensis Calophyllumsoulattri

Shorea teysmanniana Catroxilum sp.

Casuarina sumatrana Nephentes sp.

Orchid

*Termites

FAUNA OF HEATH FOREST

Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) Macaques Orthotomus ruficeps (the ashy tailorbird)

lizards Beetles Snakes frogs