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School of Mechanical, Industrial,and Manufacturing Engineering
Human-Machine System
Displays
Controls
OtherSubsystems
Environment
Human(s)
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MD-11 Cockpit
Copyright Harri Koskinen, used with permission, downloaded from http://www.airliners.net/open.file/463667/M/ 30 Jun 04
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Classifying Displays
● Display physical properties/technologies– mechanical– electronic– etc.
● Tasks they support, e.g.,– status monitoring– system control– navigation– procedural guidance (“how-to ...”)– surveillance– etc.
● Characteristics of human users– level of expertise– etc.
● Static/dynamic● Sensory modality
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Visual Displays
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OIL
FUEL
Circular Analog Linear Analog
Annunciators
Digital
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Thirteen Principles of Display Design
● Perceptual Principles● Mental Model Principles● Principles Based on Attention● Memory Principles
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Perceptual Principles
1. Make displays legible (contrast, VA, font characteristics, etc.)*
2. Avoid absolute judgment limits (< 5-7)3. Exploit top-down processing4. Exploit redundancy5. Utilize discriminability (similarity causes confusion)
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Legibility
● Oxford English Dictionary: “The quality of being legible, esp. of being clear enough to read ...”
● Operational definition for IE 545: The extent to which a representation (e.g., a printed word or numeral, graphical symbol, or sound) is sufficiently sensible, recognizable, and distinct to a user of unexceptional sensory acuity working under any expected environmental conditions, that he or she can at least begin to make out its meaning.
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Legibility
● Character/Symbol Size (MIL-STD-1472G)● Character height > 4.5 milliradian (15 min) VA● Character Width = 0.9 height● Symbol height > 2.9 milliradians (10 min) VA
● Font (MIL-STD-1472G)● Standard, common font
– e.g., Arial, Times New Roman, Courier, Verdana● Adverse conditions: sans serif
– e.g., Arial, Verdana, Helvetica● Contrast (Human Factors Design Handbook,
Woodson, Tillman, & Tillman)● Average quality illumination
– black on white– black on yellow– white on black– dark blue on white
● Poor quality illumination– black on white
Character Distance (in)
Character Height (in)
12 0.052
18 0.079
24 0.105
30 0.131
36 0.157
42 0.183
48 0.209
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Perceptual Principles
1. Make displays legible (contrast, VA, font characteristics, etc.)
2. Avoid absolute judgment limits (< 5-7)3. Exploit top-down processing4. Exploit redundancy5. Utilize discriminability (similarity causes confusion)
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Coding
● Color– < 9 discriminable colors (absolute discrimination)– < ? (relative discrimination)
● Shape– alphanumeric: < 82
(A-Z, a-z, 0-9, <, (, +, &, …)– geometric: < 15– pictorial: < ?
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Coding (cont’)
Magnitude < 7 (± 2)● area
● line length
● number of primitives
● luminance
● stereoscopic depth● inclination
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Mental Model Principles
6. Apply pictorial realism7. Apply principle of the moving part
(and other principles of movement compatibility)
Mental Models for● understanding● prediction● control
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Pictorial Realism
Source: www.audiworld.com
Source: www.united.com
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Principle of the Moving Part
F
ESource: vehicle-maintenance.wonderhowto.com
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Principles Based on Attention
8. Minimize information access costs9. Apply proximity compatibility principle
● mental proximity → display proximity● e.g., aircraft primary flight instruments
10.Utilize multiple resources/modalities (visual + auditory)
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Proximity Compatibility:Aircraft Primary Flight Instruments
Source: Wikimedia commons, downloaded 2 Nov 10 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Six_flight_instruments.JPG
Source: Wikimedia commons, downloaded2 Nov 10 from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Primary_Flight_Display.svg/2000px-Primary_Flight_Display.svg.png
Conventional Electronic
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Memory Principles
11.Replace knowledge in the head with knowledge in the world, e.g.,• checklists• written procedures• placards• etc.
12.Provide predictive aiding13.Be consistent!
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Displays
● Special-Purpose Displays● Examples● Application of Principles
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Alerting Displays
● Alert levels (e.g., Engine Indication and Crew Alerting System [EICAS])– Advisory
● normal but noteworthy● noticable but non-intrusive
– Caution● non-normal● salient, perhaps auditory
– Warning● non-normal & requiring immediate attention● most salient
● Another attention principle: Use salince to manage it.
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Labels
● Examples of static displays:● Control/display label● Placard: instructions, operating limits/parameters
● Design criteria1. Visibility & legibility2. Discriminability3. Meaningfulness4. Location (close & unambiguous)
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Monitoring Displays
● Used to display changing quantities ● Design criteria
1. Legibility2. Analog vs digital3. Analog form & direction
● pictorial realism, moving part4. Prediction & sluggishness
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Check Reading
● Examples– RPM ok?– Temperature ok?
● Types– FSMP– FPMS
● Technologies– Mechanical– Electronic (CRT, LCD, …)
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Check Reading (2)
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Check Reading (3)
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Display Layout
● Primary visual area● Principles
1. Frequency of use: minimize info access costs2. Importance: ''3. Display relatedness → integration (e.g., aircraft “6-pack”)4. Sequence of use, to facilitate procedures5. Functional grouping, engine speed, EGT displays6. Stimulus-response compatibility, e.g., near related display7. Clutter avoidance8. Proximity compatibility: near in mind, near on panel9. Standardization: like earlier, similar systems
● Conflicts? → Tradeoffs!
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Head-Up Displays
windscreen
mirrorprojector
pilot’seye
combiner
HUD image (at optical infinity)
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C-130 HUD
source: Wikimedia Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Australian_airman_performing_pre-flight_checks_on_a_RAAF_C-130_Hercules.jpg
source: Wikimedia Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:C-130J_Co_Pilot%27s_Head-up_display.jpg
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Head-Up Displays
● Advantages– Far-near in parallel (together in FOV)– Conformal display, e.g., “runway” becomes runway– Optical infinity: no need for accommodation
● Disadvantages– Cost: expensive– Clutter: too much info, confusion, distraction
● Also Head-Mounted Displays(HMDs)
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Head-Mounted Display+: Google Glass
source: http://www.google.com/glass/
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Configural/Object Displays
● Configural displays (object displays)– See p. 206, Fig. 8.11
– Taking advantage of emergent features
Configural Respiration Monitoring Display
Conventional Respiration Monitoring Display
Resp
Pt
Vol Rate
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Configural/Object Displays
● Configural displays (object displays)– See p. 206, Fig. 8.11
– Taking advantage of emergent features
Conventional NPP Display Nuclear Power Plant Object Display
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Navigation Displays and Maps
● Tasks– Guidance– Planning– Recovery (if lost)
● Route lists and command displays● Maps - principles
– Legibility (under all conditions)– Clutter & overlay (declutter, color coding)– Position representation (YAH)– Orientation (N-up, Track-up)– Scale (appropriate)– 3D maps– Data Visualization
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Quantitative Information Displays:Tables and Graphs
● Choice– Precision → tables (“digital”)– Relationships, trends → graphs (“analog”)
● Legibility– Adequate contrast– Discriminability– Redundant coding
● Clutter: maximize “data/ink” ratio● Proximity: things to be compared should be close● Format: many data points → visualization
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Display Design
● Driven by requirements from task analysis.
● 13 Principles of Display DesignPerceptual Principles1. Make displays legible2. Avoid absolute judgment limits3. Exploit top-down processing4. Exploit redundancy5. Utilize discriminabilityMental Model Principles6. Apply pictorial realism7. Apply principle of the moving
part
Principles Based on Attention8. Minimize information access
costs9. Apply proximity compatibility
principle10.Utilize multiple
resources/modalities (visual + auditory)
Memory Principles11.Replace knowledge in the
head with knowledge in the world
12.Provide predictive aiding13.Be consistent!