No. 42 - Threats to Democracy: Prevention and Response

8/9/2019 No. 42 - Threats to Democracy: Prevention and Response

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COUNC IL ON FORE IGN RELAT IONS

REPORT OF AN INDEPENDENT TASKFORCE

SPONSORED BY THE COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS

MADELEINE K. ALBRIGHT AND BRONISLAWGEREMEK,

CO-CHAIRS

MORTON H. HALPERIN, DIRECTOR

ELIZABETH FRAWLEYBAGLEY, ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR

THREATS TO DEMOCRACY:

PREVENTION AND

RESPONSE


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Threats to Dem

Prevention a

Response

Report of an Independent Sponsored by th

Council on Foreign Re


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CONTENTS

ForewordAcknowledgments

Executive Summary

Task Force Members

Task Force ReportPreamble

Introduction

Recommendations

Additional and Dissenting Views

Appendixes


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FOREWORD

Since the end of the Cold War, an unpreceden

triesincluding developing countrieshaveas their preferred form of government. Whiletory for advocates of democracy from arouncontinually reminded in todays uncertain gthat the work of the international commu

states does not end when a countrys peopledemocracy. Democratic governments must aone another to nurture and maintain the hearacies and democratic institutions.

Both new and established democracies fac

cles. The first steps on the path to democranor easy, and maintaining democracy, evenlong-standing democratic traditions, requitained vigilance, and active support.Helping cpath is consistent not only with the values of d

also with their security. Democratic states arterrorists or to be state sponsors of terrorismly to go to war with one another or to createitarian crises that produce refugee flows


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Threats to Democracy: Prevention

ry of democracy work. They were central 2000 inaugural meeting of the Community oof more than one hundred nations that areframework for global cooperation to help desustain their freedom.

Secretary Albright and Professor Geremthis Task Force and were joined by an extraoing civil society, academic, and former govAfrica, Asia, Australia, Europe, Latin AmEast. The Task Force has now produced anlays a groundwork for the coordination of i

nity responses to threats to democracy iauto-coups (when democratically electeddemocratic process), and the erosion of deratic institutions.

The report concludes that once the people o

racy as their preferred form of government, oboth the right and the duty to help those democracy when it is threatened at home or Force holds that the more certain the prospect othe stronger the deterrent for those who

coups or erode democracy and democratic ipresents a set of preventive and responsive morganizations to implement to this end.

The Task Force calls on the Community o


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Foreword

director, for his creativity, intellectual integrithe job done. My thanks also go to AssociateFrawley Bagley, for her superb contributions, anciate Mirna Galic, for her dedication and profeout this project.

Council o


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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We are fortunate to have had as Task Force c

K. Albright and Bronislaw Geremek, two of pal champions and two formidable minds. Wand experience, they guided the Task Forcdiscussions and forged a consensus documeperspectives and backgrounds of Task Force

continents.The Task Force was composed of an e

people from eleven countries, who navigated a ter with thoughtfulness, creativity, and drivdously grateful for their intellectual contribution

and their willingness to submit to long hours less electronic communications to produce this ful also for the contributions of a number ofwho gave their time and support to the Task Fmer of the Johns Hopkins University School

national Studies; Ken Gude of the Center foStudies; Christopher Fomunyoh of the NInstitute; Rubn M. Perina of the Unit foDemocracy of the Organization of American S


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Threats to Democracy: Prevention

of the Community of Democracies meeKorea.

This report would not have been possibof Mirna Galic of the Council on Foreigndinated the work of the Task Force and wdrafting of the report. We would also like t

staffs, especially Helen Lawing and Ana Lstaffs, particularly James OBrien of the AlbEwa Stolarczyk of Professor Geremeks offassistance.We are grateful, in addition, to Leecil on Foreign Relations, for his support th

The Task Force was supported by grantsOpen Society Institute (Zug), the Open Rockefeller Brothers Fund, and the WilliaFoundation.

Eliz


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EXECUTIVE SUMMAR

Threats to democracyerosions of democr

institutions and unconstitutional interruptioic processcontinue to plague countries on racy. Democratic governments, both indivicapacity as members of the Community of regional and international organizations, and

cial institutions, must secure more effective against threats to democracy in states that havcratic path.

International involvement in situations in threatened has become increasingly common o

It has been driven by the growing recognitiople of a state choose democracy as their preferredit becomes both the right and duty of other those people maintain their democracy whehome or from abroad. Despite a number of su

ever, the efforts of the international commundinated and often work at cross-purposes.

Aware of this, the Convening Group of Democracies held a ministerial panel at the


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Threats to Democracy: Prevention a

Preventive Actions

The preventive actions suggested in the reidea that strong democratic institutions aring threats to democracy.The Task Force urCommunity of Democracies, both individ

of international organizations and financidemocracies strengthen their political insand their democratic values and practices.Tfor preventive actions aim to help organizacapacity to respond to threats to democracy q

nized manner by outlining mechanisms thor roll back such efforts.

Responsive Actions

The responsive actions recommended by the coordinated response that allows the interndemocratic states to speak with one consisteers. The members of the Task Force callorganizations to take the lead on respondin

racy where possible, and they urge the Comcies to coordinate other organizations and counaction.The members of the Task Force alsty of Democracies to take the lead in first r


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Executive Summary

a return of the ousted democratic governmen

decided by consensus between an ad hoc grothe Community of Democracies and key govnizations. For cases in which such a decisionForce members recommend that a set of criteria cratic governance be imposed on the coup lea

given any degree of international recognition

Securing Individual Accountability

While most democracies have laws prohibiti

interruptions of the democratic process, thertional law. As a result, the Task Force membecies to cooperate in enforcing each others dothreats to democracy. In addition, the Tasuggest that democratic governments explor

lishing unconstitutional interruptions of dunder international law.


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TASK FORCE MEMB

MADELEINE K. ALBRIGHT served as U.S. S1997 to 2001.From 1993 to 1997, Dr. AlbrPermanent Representative to the United Nber of President Bill Clintons cabinet and Ncil. Dr. Albright is the founder of the A

global strategy firm. She is the first Michtara Endowed Distinguished Professor inmacy at the Georgetown University Schand the first Distinguished Scholar of the Wtute at the University of Michigan Busin

the Chair of the National Democratic InsAffairs, Chair of the Pew Global Attitudent of the Truman Scholarship Founda

GENARO ARRIAGADA was the National Dcampaign that defeated General AugChilean plebiscite of October 1988. He wGeneral of the Presidency from 1994 to 1to the United States in 1998 and 1999. Cda is a Member of the Board of Banco de


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Task Force Members

YOSSI BEILIN is a Senior Researcher in the EcoFoundation. He served as a Minister in thunder Prime Ministers Yitzak Rabin, ShimBarak, and initiated the Oslo Process.

ALEXI.EKWUEMEwas Vice President of Nige

He is currently the Chairman of the BoarPeoples Democratic Party, Nigerias rulinga member of the Council of Elders of the nity of West African States (ECOWAS) athe Board of Directors of the Ottawa,Can

Federations.

ABDUL KARIM EL-ERYANI served as Prime Mlic of Yemen from 1980 to 1983 and 1998 to 20his university education in the United Stat

home country in 1968 and went on to hold sevHe is currently a political adviser to the Prelic of Yemen.

BRONISLAWGEREMEKis a scholar of medievespecially that of France and Poland.He curr

of European Civilization, funded by Robethe College of Europe, Natolin campus.served as the Foreign Minister of Poland fris a member and co-founder of the Unio


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MORTON H. HALPERIN is a Senior Fellow eign Relations, where he directs the CenFree Markets. He is also the DirectorInstitutes Washington, D.C.,office.Dr.Clinton, Nixon, and Johnson administraDirector of the Policy Planning Staff

State (19982001). From 1975 to 1992,DrCenter for National Security Studies, a pCivil Liberties Union that sought to recnational security with civil liberties.

SUNG-JOO HAN took office as the Acting Pversity on June 21, 2002. He currently serof Political Science and as the Director of Relations Institute at Korea UniversityKorea University in 1995, Dr. Han was t

Minister of Foreign Affairs (199394).HeSecretary-Generals Special Representativand as a member of the UN Inquiry CoRwanda Genocide (1999).

JOHN

HUME

was the leader of the Social D(SDLP) of Northern Ireland from 1979 uthe SDLP, he led the party in the New I1983,the Brooke Talks of 1992, the Forum for f d h All P T lk hi h l


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Task Force Members

Representative of the UN Secretary-Gener

Defenders.

MICHEL ROCARD* served as the Prime MinMay 1988 to May 1991. He is currently a Ethe European Parliament as well as th

European Parliaments Committee of Cultion, Media, and Sport.

CHARLES SAMPFORDwas appointed Foundafessor of law at Griffith University in 1991

Director of Australias Key Centre for EthGovernance and president of the InternPublic Ethics.Professor Sampford has wriarticles and chapters in Australian and fcollections covering law, legal education,and has completed sixteen books and editeheld senior visiting research fellowships at OUniversities (at the latter he held a senior

EDUARDO STEIN BARILLAS* is President of thAmericas. A former Foreign Minister of G

ed the Organization of American Statess emission to Peru for 2000 and 2001.At presental dialogues between political parties, civil and private sectors in Panama and Peru


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TASK FORCE REPO

PREAMBLE

We believe every individual has the right tthat guarantees the rights contained in the of Human Rights and other international ithe Warsaw Declaration.1We maintain th

pate in the government of ones state, whichelections, universal suffrage, and the secrmental international human right.We beliein the people of nation-states and not in instthem. Once a countrys people have cla

democratic rights by adopting a democrdemocratic institutions, no one has the rigsovereignty.Transfers of power must be by mpeople in advance. No claim to supplant ation and democratic institutions has any leg

munity of democracies.We believe encouraging states to entepath of democracy is not only an obligatiobased on their ideals, but is also consistent w


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Task Force Report

the protection of their security. Democratic

to breed terrorists or to be state sponsors of less likely to go to war with each other or to creaitarian crises that produce refugee flows andnational action. Democratic states are moreparticipants in the global economy.

We believe individuals, democratic governzationswhether international, regional, or ncommitted to democracy should work not only tdemocracy where it has taken hold, but also tgling to establish democracy in countries tha

sen the democratic path.The first steps on thare neither quick nor easy, and maintaining demcountries with long-standing democratic tradcation, sustained vigilance, and active suppo

Moreover, individuals, democratic govern

zations committed to democracy have a spassist any people who have chosen the path that path is threatened by force from abroad unconstitutional interruption, or by the eroand democratic institutions. Unconstitutiona

en democracy from within a state should be tive international response as readily as are externa sovereign state.2The prevention and redresal interruptions of the democratic process sh


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by the erosion of democracy and democra

the unconstitutional interruption of the primarily through coups and auto-coups4wand facilitated by erosion. Because this wfocused on these issues.

We remain,however, committed to the b

being is entitled to democratic governancepursue the goal of encouraging democracy iworld and urge democratic governments to

Madeleine K. Albright

Genaro ArriagadaYossi BeilinAlex I. EkwuemeAbdul Karim El-EryaniBronislaw Geremek

Sung-Joo Han

John H

Hina JiMichel CharlesEduard

Jusuf W


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INTRODUCTION

Since the end of the Cold War, an unprecedent

have chosen democracy as their preferred form oexists a growing global consensus that once cof a state, from that point on, democracy becimate form of government for that state, andhave a right and obligation to help that s

democratic path.Despite these changing global norms, im

democracyin the form of coups, auto-coupstitutional interruptions of the democratic serious issue for democratic nations, as do the

tainly no less important threats from the democracy and democratic institutions. Coupafflict the citizens of countries with democrernments during the past decade.5 In manelected in relatively free and fair elections have

in ways that undermine democracy, and they hto remain in power.6 In addition, many couning discernible erosion in their democratic intive in and of themselves, erosions often pav


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involve serious abuse of power through the m

derived power.8Over the past decade, democratic govern

ing to act, especially through regional andzations, to deter or prevent the unconstituthe democratic process in member states of

There have been multiple instances where tmunity has sought collectively to prevent mdemocracy, to restore democratic governmthe transition back to democratic rule by suchrecognition, suspending governments from

national organizations, or denying assistancactions have been successful,10 but in othesoparticularly when the international divided over how to treat the offending reg

While these efforts have been documente

of involvement the focus of scholarly debatle or no effort to formulate a cohesive guidal community in its efforts to prevent disruptprocess.Aware of this problem and of the seto democracy, the 106 nations that signed

tion at the inaugural Community of Demterial meeting, held in June 2000 in Warsacooperate to discourage and resist the threby the overthrow of constitutionally electe


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Task Force Report

A panel at the ministerial meeting was dev

The communiqu issued by the Convening the results of the panel as follows:

Panel participants agreed on the need strengthen prompt reactions by internatio

organizations in order to enhance preventcrises.This should include not only the mosuch as the overthrow of democratic govecases of irregular elections.Participants agres by regional organizations to threats to dbe strengthened, and that regional orgacoordinate to share lessons learned amongticipants also suggested that the Communcies at large should consider ways to suregional and multilateral organizationsrespond to threats and crises. It is importanlogue aimed at improving and establishinthis issue.To this end, participants felt thabe studied further, perhaps by establishingof experts to examine different mechanismexperiences.

In response to the communiqu, the Countions, on its own initiative, asked a group of iwith a variety of perspectives and backgroun


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The members of the Task Force believe

of Democracies should play a central role intives and should take a number of steps, odemocratic states to act in support of demoened.The Community of Democracies shouGroup to give high priority to the task of

in participating states. The Task Force urgDemocracies to charge its Convening Groumentation of the recommendations contaivariety of forums and with coordinating acof the Community of Democracies when t

survival of democracy in a participating staThe purpose of the recommended actions

tect democratic institutions that have beenthrough an assertion of their sovereignty. Tthe bolstering of the chosen democratic in

racies own internal means of protectingdemocratic processes from treasonous inteThe first line of defense is by those democthe first goal of the community of democrastrengthen and support that defense.Other a

able, however, in case such defenses are insprovide an ultimate deterrent to those whosuccessfully seize or erode sovereignty from of resolute action by the community of dem


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RECOMMENDATIONS

The recommendations of the Task Force

framework for the coordination of internationagainst threats to democracy. This frameworbasic preventive and responsive measures aquick, unified action by democratic states.Thsures is in part to lay the foundation for a furthe

national community involvement. The recconcentrated in four areas:

1. Preventive Actions.These are actions to ba specific situation arises, in an effort to of democracy and democratic institution

and other unconstitutional interruptions of thThe recommendations in this section are ainizations and states build capacity to ddemocracy quickly and in an organized, cby outlining mechanisms that can be used

such efforts.The recommendations are dcategories: preventive actions against eroand preventive actions against unconstituof democracy. Because erosions often pav


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and the Community of Democracies i

other organizations and countries in cThe Community of Democracies is alsoin first response when regional organizunable to act.

3. Restoring Democracy. The recommendeal with the process for restoring demobeen mounted and the restoration of the oers is not feasible.

4. Securing Individual Accountability. T

in this section suggest cooperation by tmunity in enforcing domestic laws thational interruptions of the democratiexamine the possibility of treating serinterruptions as crimes under internati

I. Preventive Actions

A. PREVENTIVE ACTIONS AGAINST EROSIO

IN ORGANIZATIONS14

1. Provide assistance for sustaining and strtic institutions. As a way to combat theh C i f D i h ld


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Task Force Report

democratic values and practices. Assist

important for new democracies. Citizens are sometimes driven to back away from sudemocratic freedoms and accept a return toernance because of a frustration with the ecratic transition, in which there may appear to

from democracy, especially with regardbeing.

2. Create intra-organizational mechanisms and strengthening member states democand support democracy as a way to preve

al organizations, where possible, should cCommittee mechanism that would monitracy in member states. This Monitoring nism would visit member states on a rotarecommendations for how they can stren

racy. The Community of Democracies (Csimilar mechanism to function on a permaup the institutional capacity to support it.Thinclude a rating system for the strength of dcratic institutions within a country.The ratin

would be published in an annual report.Tdesignate its Convening Group to elabmechanism would take and the criteria bywould be evaluated.These criteria should i


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should encompass the public as well

Using these indicators, a regional orgaCommittee mechanism should bring torganization, in a timely fashion, counenced erosions in their democracy or deWhere regional organizations are unwi

the lead in developing indicators, the Csubregional or multilateral organization tthe lead itself.

4. Use democracy-erosion indicators to heassistance to stem erosions. Within t

process standards for evaluating a countitworthiness, international financial ashould include the democracy-erosionabove. National governments with repreerning bodies of these institutions shoul

inclusion with a view to providing assisterosion.

5. Adopt and promote a set of standards tions.The Community of DemocraciesElectoral Assistance Unit of the UnitInternational Institute for Democracy an(IDEA), and with other bodies to adopfree and fair elections.CD participants shotion of the CD election standards w


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Task Force Report

aloguing the erosions of democracy in count

These reports would also recommend stecommunity of democratic states could takesions. In addition to generating reports, ttium could also issue media alerts when eparticularly egregious, or threatening to th

cratic institutions.The NGO or consortiulocal institutions in each country to deveworks and would participate in other activithe international community to serious th

FOR DEMOCRACIES

To prevent erosions of their own democracy,do the following:

7. Strengthen democracy through internal leg

racies should take internal legal measures tracy and democratic institutions, payingfree elections; human rights; the independfreedom of the media; insulation of political ruption;the education of the populace, inclu

sibility and democratic norms and principlfacilitate the functioning of political partie

To prevent the erosion of democracy in demrisk for erosion democracies should do the f


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economic dividends to their people. Su

tance would decrease the vulnerability ofing the early phase of democratic transbe popular frustration with the apparendemocracy, especially as regards econom

B. PREVENTIVE ACTIONS AGAINST UNCONINTERRUPTIONS OFDEMOCRACY18

IN ORGANIZATIONS

10. Develop procedures for coordinating a democracy. The Community of Democprocedures for coordinating with CD organizations, and other organizations tdemocracy. Response procedures to be de

those for establishing a lead organizatioops, and for creating a mechanism to ensand governments act together in confroelected officials seeking to subvert theResponse procedures should also prov

recognition of the deposed democratic

17The Warsaw Declaration notes, We will seek to assisocial development including the eradication of poverty as


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Task Force Report

that is not possible, the procedures should

sion or expulsion from an organization of which there is an unconstitutional interrucratic process until such interruption can be in which an interruption of democracy carestoration of the previous democratic

should advise organizations to require the sion of the state in question until that statplace agreed-upon procedures for a rapid tranracy. The CD should also encourage coopof information between regional and m

tions regarding procedures to prevent unruptions of the democratic process.22

11. Establish democracy clauses where possibnomic international and regional organiz

lish democracy clauses that require all medemocratic norms and to remain on the In organizations in which democracy claulished at present, a coalition of willing m

20Where the organization in question is a trade organizatrelate at least initially only to participation in decisions of thnot affect the de facto regimes obligation to enforce the pro


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take the lead in facilitating resolutions

cy when problems with member states ashould work to prevent the extension ogovernments that have come to power tunconstitutional means.

FOR DEMOCRACIES

To prevent coups against their own governmedo the following:

12. Take internal legal measures againstshould take internal legal measures thacoups to be mounted or to succeed and tregarding the responsibilities of state instmilitary, the judicial and executive brancbureaucracy, and the foreign service), gin the case of an attempted coup. For examcreate laws that establish clear lines of coups (these lines should include ambaures likely to be out of the country wh

that introduce specific codes into milthat ensure the clear identification of cand mandate action against those attsuch acts; and that classify the failure t

T k


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Task Force Report

an elected government loses support, demo

should specify a clear line of succession to theas well as a mechanism for constitutionalments that lose popular support.

To assist democracies at increased risk for unc

ruptions, democracies should do the followin14. Promote establishment of democracy claus

bilateral monetary agreements and progshould push for the establishment of demotilateral economic, trade, finance, and de

to which they belong.26 Democracies shosuch procedures in their own bilateral econotance programs. This would not mean deto nondemocratic countrieshumanitariaassistance, including support for NGOs, sh

rather limiting concessional trade measurassistance to countries on the path to demdemocracies should also provide those demrisk with support for adopting proceduretutional interruptions of the democratic p

15. Adopt legislation that facilitates the rapidtions. Democracies should adopt legislatioimpose sanctions quickly, including targe

Th D P i


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tilateral treaties that provide for states to a

cratic order by collective action in other sta

II. Responsive Actions

A. RESPONSIVE ACTIONS TO EROSIONS OF

THEYOCCUR

As an erosion of democracy occurs within

17. Highlight the erosion. Initial responsesthe relevant regional organization whe

nizations Monitoring Committee mecthreats to democracy in member states s

when an erosion occurs and call for a mzation at the appropriate level.

18. Request a written response to allegationtry should be called upon (as previously of the organization) to produce a writtethe allegations in the report of the orgaCommittee mechanism.29

B. RESPONSIVE ACTIONS TO INTERRUPTIOWHENTHEYOCCUR

When an interruption of democracy occur

T k F R


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Task Force Report

racy in member states should call immed

of the organization at the appropriate levtion should announce what it expects fromernment (i.e., an immediate return to the and take action according to its rules of countries should coordinate their responses

by the organization.31

20.Convene the Community of Democracielevel. The Convening Group (CG) of Democracies or a subcommittee of the CG shdiately and seek to coordinate efforts o

organizations.Where specific measures hthe relevant lead organization against a regencourage efforts in other organizationsdeclarations to recognize and enforce natiThese national-level sanctions might includ

at the coup plotterssuch as visa suspentravel bans, and the denial of educational traditional sanctions such as trade restricing of (nonhumanitarian) aid.

21. Prompt appropriate action from internati

tutions.The Convening Group of the Comracies should encourage those particiCommunity of Democracies with represeerning bodies of international financial in

Th t t D P ti


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22. Continue to treat the ousted democrati

imate. Where feasible, the ousted deshould continue to be treated as the legithe country in question by democracieDemocracies, regional and international oelements of the international community

ruption of democracy can be redressed.General Assembly should continue to scratic government where it exists in exirepresentative of the coup regime.32

23. Suspend the countrys participation in

Democracies. If it becomes clear that effstitutional action have failed, the Convenimunity of Democracies should suspenparticipation in the activities of the Coracies and should press for the restoratio

democratic order.

III. Restoring Democracy

Once a coup has been mounted, the restora

the constitutional ordereither by the resleader or the rescinding of unconstitutional aced leadershould be the fundamental owill be cases in which such an outcome is n

Task Force Report


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Task Force Report

democratic states must act to facilitate the qui

of the country in question to the democratic paim, insist on respect for human rights,democrthe existing constitution.34

24. Determine whether or not the restoratiogovernment is possible. If it appears that tdemocratic government is not feasible,Democracies, working through an ad hoticipants, should consult with key governtional organizations to determine if thererestoration of the democratic government is

sensus should then be reached on what aments would be required by the new accorded any degree of recognition by themunity. A procedure for approaching the be developed so that the democratic com

a single voice in conveying its demands.

25. Develop consensus on conditions to be imers. The Community of Democracies shotion to developing an international consensu

should be imposed in such situations, recogwill have to be adopted to meet the speciation and should be formulated in closdemocratic civil society in the country. Su



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leaders must also agree to refrain from un

that are not necessary for and consistenincluding the creation of so-called eme

b. No limits on existing democratic insers must agree not to take measures that inincluding closing the legislature, banlimiting the independence of the judicifree media, or other actions that violatcitizens or international norms. Coup lnot to change the constitution.

c. Early free and fair elections. Coup leadmitment to conduct early free and fair elecest period needed to establish that extraordinary situations, the elections shoyear. Coup makers and those who partic

country during a transition period should as candidates for elected office in theTransition elections should be run bsupervised by an independent domesticinternationally. Election monitors shou

well as extraregional teams.26. Maintain contact with civil society,

NGOs. The Community of Democrac

Task Force Report


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Task Force Report

a country by unlawful means are in a position

if necessary, kill and remove) judges to ensure tcriminally or civilly liable.Democracies other tfering unconstitutional interruption are less suidation, however.

27. Acknowledge unconstitutional interruptidomestic law and as violations of human tional community should acknowledge thinterruptions of the democratic procesunder the domestic law of most states, as internationally protected human rights tha

en peace and security between states.35

28. Cooperate in enforcing other democraagainst unconstitutional interruptions. Demothat their legal systems enable them to co

other states domestic laws against uncontions of the democratic process, includingextradite,36 and, where the state concerneding to prosecute, put on trial those who punconstitutional interruptions of the dem

29. Examine the need for an international treacommunity should begin a process of examishould be negotiated that renders coopera

f d i l f hi h


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ADDITIONAL AND DISSENT

I am somewhat uncomfortable with accep

according any degree of recognition to ankind that we are holding this whole exeunderstand the practical difficulties.At the loopholes that would permit selectivity of tional community leading to the erosion of the

mine and weaken popular support for demAny suggestions regarding existence of circrestoration of democratic government is naccompanied by a recommendation that guimaking that determination must be agre

states. If the community of democratic statsensus position on the feasibility of restothis consensus has to be based on some critsuch guidelines, political or other interestsa group of states could make such consider

In my view there is not enough emphasis

Additional and Dissenting Vi


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Additional and Dissenting Vi

tion the idea that all crisis situations seem du

the same criteria,methods, and procedures, whthat any conflict is to itself its own monobelieve that the report makes an important c

It would be pertinent for the international f(IFIs) to thoroughly revise their own economditions.These are imposed on emerging democen rather than strengthen democratic advancem

to underscore how difficult it can become fostruggling to advance its internal democrasevere economic constraints, to enforce some of sitions of the IFIs, emphasizing macroeconothe expense of delicate social and political ba

Ed


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APPENDIXES


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APPENDIXA

UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OFHUM

Adopted and proclaimed by UN General A217 A (III) of 10 December 1

[Excerpt]

PREAMBLE

Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity inalienable rights of all members of the h

foundation of freedom, justice and peace in

Whereas disregard and contempt for humanin barbarous acts which have outraged the conand the advent of a world in which human

freedom of speech and belief and freedom frobeen proclaimed as the highest aspiration of t

Whereas it is essential if man is not to be compe



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Whereas Member States have pledged the

co-operation with the United Nations, thesal respect for and observance of human rifreedoms,

Whereas a common understanding of thes

is of the greatest importance for the full rea

Now,Therefore THE GENERAL ASSEMUNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF Ha common standard of achievement for all p

to the end that every individual and every oing this Declaration constantly in mind, sand education to promote respect for thesand by progressive measures, national and itheir universal and effective recognition

among the peoples of Member States thempeoples of territories under their jurisdictio

[Cut to Article 21]

Article 21

(1) Everyone has the right to take part in td l h h f l h


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APPENDIXB

INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND

Adopted and opened for signature, ratificaby UN General Assembly resolution

of 16 December 1966entry into force 23 March 19

[Excerpt]

PREAMBLE

The States Parties to the present Covenant,

Considering that, in accordance with the prin the Charter of the United Nations, recogent dignity and of the equal and inalienable r

of the human family is the foundation of freedoin the world,

R i i th t th i ht d i f th



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Considering the obligation of States under th

ed Nations to promote universal respect fhuman rights and freedoms,

Realizing that the individual, having dutieand to the community to which he belong

bility to strive for the promotion and observognized in the present Covenant,

Agree upon the following articles:

[Cut to Article 25]

Article 25

Every citizen shall have the right and the opof the distinctions mentioned in article 2 aable restrictions:

(a) To take part in the conduct of public affreely chosen representatives;

(b) To vote and to be elected at genuine pshall be by universal and equal suffby secret ballot, guaranteeing the freof the electors;


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APPENDIXC

TOWARD A COMMUNITY OFDEM

MINISTERIAL CONFERENC

Final Warsaw Declaration: Toward a CDemocracies, Warsaw, Poland, Jun

We the participants from

Republic of Albania,Peoples Democratic Repubtine Republic, Republic of Armenia, AusAustria, Azerbaijani Republic, Peoples RepuKingdom of Belgium, Belize, Republic of Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic oative Republic of Brazil, Republic of BulgCanada, Republic of Cape Verde, Republic oColombia, Republic of Costa Rica, Republiclic of Cyprus, Czech Republic, Kingdom omonwealth of Dominica, Dominican RepEcuador, Arab Republic of Egypt, RepubRepublic of Estonia, Republic of Finland



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Zealand, Republic of Nicaragua, Republic

Republic of Nigeria, Kingdom of Norway,Papua New Guinea, Republic of ParaguRepublic of the Philippines, Republic oRepublic, State of Qatar, Romania, Russian FDemocratic Republic of So Tom and

Senegal,Republic of Seychelles,Slovak Repunia,Republic of South Africa,Kingdom of Spist Republic of Sri Lanka,Kingdom of SwedeUnited Republic of Tanzania, Kingdom of Tunisia, Republic of Turkey, Ukraine, Unit

Britain and Northern Ireland, United StateRepublic of Uruguay, Bolivarian Republic lic of Yemen, in the Community of DemMeeting convened in Warsaw, 2627 June

Expressingour common adherence to theples set forth in the Charter of the United versal Declaration of Human Rights,

Reaffirmingour commitment to respect re

international law,

Emphasizingthe interdependence betweenhuman rights and democracy,

Appendixes


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The right of every person to equal access t

to take part in the conduct of public affairsfreely chosen representatives.

The right of every person to equal protectout any discrimination as to race, color, sexpolitical or other opinion, national or soc

birth or other status.

The right of every person to freedom of opsion, including to exchange and receive idthrough any media, regardless of frontier

The right of every person to freedom of and religion.

The right of every person to equal access

The right of the press to collect, report an

mation, news and opinions, subject only tsary in a democratic society and prescrbearing in mind evolving international pr

The right of every person to respect for priv

correspondence, including electronic comarbitrary or unlawful interference.

The right of every person to freedom of pei ti i l di t t bli h j i th



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including to be presumed innocent until p

of law. That the aforementioned rights, which a

effective participation in a democratic sa competent, independent and impartiapublic, established and protected by law

That elected leaders uphold the law and fudance with the constitution of the coprocedures established by law.

The right of those duly elected to form

office and fulfill the term of office as le

The obligation of an elected governmenconstitutional actions, to allow the holdinand to respect their results, and to relin

legal mandate ends. That government institutions be tran

and fully accountable to the citizenry osteps to combat corruption, which corr

That the legislature be duly elected accountable to the people.

That civilian,democratic control over thed d

Appendixes


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mon democratic values and standards, as out

end, our governments hereby agree to abide bpractice, and to support one another in meetwhich we set for ourselves today.

We will seek to strengthen institutions and racy. We appreciate the value of exchanging exp

solidation of democracy and identifying best practdiscussions and, where appropriate, create relevant to democratic governance for the puand deepening our dialogue on democratizatiour deliberations on our common principles an

extraneous bilateral issues between membersto cooperate to discourage and resist the tposed by the overthrow of constitutionally elWe resolve to strengthen cooperation to face thlenges to democracy, such as state-sponsored, cr

forms of terrorism; organized crime; corruptiillegal arms trafficking; trafficking in humanlaundering, and to do so in accordance with respof all persons and for the norms of internatio

We will encourage political leaders to upho

erance and compromise that underpin effecttems, and to promote respect for pluralism so to retain their multi-cultural character, anmaintain stability and social cohesion. We re



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en democratic institutions and practices and

of democratic norms and values.We will work with relevant institutions anizations, civil society and governments to new and emerging democratic societies.

We recognize the importance our citizens

ment of living conditions. We also recoreinforcing benefits the democratic procesustained economic growth.To that end, weother in economic and social development,of poverty, as an essential contributing factor

preservation of democratic development.We will collaborate on democracy-related national and regional institutions, forming cto support resolutions and other internatiothe promotion of democratic governance.

ate an external environment conducive to de

Final, June 27, 2 P.M.


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APPENDIXD

RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE GENER

[on the report of the Third Com(A/55/602/Add.2 and Corr

55/96. PROMOTING AND CONSOLIDATIN

The General Assembly,

Reaffirmingthe purposes and principles of the ed Nations, and reaffirming also that everyone iand freedoms without distinction of any kind

sex, language, religion, political or other osocial origin,property, birth or other status, as versal Declaration of Human Rights,

Bearing in mind Commission on Human

1999/57 of 27 April 1999 and 2000/47 of 25 A

Recognizingthe indissoluble link betweeh i d i h U i l D l i f H



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Recalling alsothat, in the Vienna Declarati

Action, the World Conference on Humanthat priority should be given to national anto promote democracy, development and hthe international community should supportpromotion of democracy, development and re

and fundamental freedoms in the entire w

Recalling furtherits resolutions 53/243 A a1999, containing, respectively, the Declaratioof Action for a Culture of Peace,

Recognizing and respectingthe rich and divemunity of the worlds democracies, whichworlds social, cultural and religious beliefs

Recognizingthat, while all democracies shthere is no one universal model of democr

Reaffirming its commitmentto the processStates, and that democracy is based on th

of the people to determine their own poliand cultural systems and their full participtheir lives,

Appendixes


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Welcomingmeasures, such as decision AHG

adopted in 1999 by the Assembly of Heads oment of the Organization of African Unity, reso(XXI-091) adopted in 1991 by the General Asnization of American States and the MoscowHuman Dimension adopted in 1991 by the Conf

Dimension of the Conference for Security and Cwhich commit Member States to taking certaof an interruption of democratic government,monwealth Declaration adopted at the CommGovernment Meeting, held at Harare in 1991, w

bers to fundamental democratic principles,

Commendingthe wish of an increasing numover the world to devote their energy, meansthe building of democratic societies in which

opportunity to shape their own destiny,

Notingthe initiatives taken by the countriesthe first,second and third International ConferencDemocracies, held, respectively, at Manila in

in July 1994 and Bucharest in September 199

Noting alsothe ministerial conference entitlemunity of Democracies, hosted by the Gove


f h i f d i h d f


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of the practices of democracy, rights and fre

speaking community,1. Calls upon States to promote and cointer alia, by:

(a)Promoting pluralism, the protection of

fundamental freedoms, maximizing the pauals in decision-making and the developminstitutions, including an independent judiislature and public service and an electoral syodic, free and fair elections;

(b)Promoting, protecting and respecting alling the right to development, and fundameticular:

(i) Freedom of thought, conscience,

ful assembly and association, aexpression, freedom of opinion,andpluralistic media;

(ii) The rights of persons belonginreligious or linguistic minorities

freely to express, preserve and dwithout any discrimination and in law;

Appendixes

( ii) C id i b i i i


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(vii) Considering becoming parties to i

rights instruments;(viii) Fulfilling their obligations under the

rights instruments to which they ar

(c)Strengthening the rule of law by:

(i) Ensuring equality before the law and ethe law;

(ii) Ensuring the right to liberty and seright to equal access to justice, a

brought promptly before a judge or rized by law to exercise judicial powertion with a view to avoiding arbitra

(iii) Guaranteeing the right to a fair tri

(iv) Ensuring due process of law and the innocent until proven guilty in a co

(v) Promoting the independence and iciary and, by means of appropriate esupport and allocation of resources, strity to render justice with fairness from improper or corrupt outside i

( i) G i h ll d


(d) D l i t i d i t i i


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(d)Developing, nurturing and maintaining a

provides for the free and fair expressionthrough genuine and periodic elections, in

(i) Guaranteeing that everyone can eto take part in the government of hily or through freely chosen repre

(ii) Guaranteeing the right to vote frin a free and fair process at regulasal and equal suffrage,conducted bfull respect for the right to freedo

(iii) Taking measures,as appropriate, to aof underrepresented segments of

(iv) Ensuring, through legislation, innisms, the freedom to form demo

that can participate in elections, as wand fairness of the electoral proceappropriate access under the law tpendent and pluralistic media;

(e)Creating and improving the legal framewoanisms for enabling the wide participation society in the promotion and consolidation

(i) R ti th di it f i t

Appendixes

(iv) Guaranteeing mechanisms for consu


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(iv) Guaranteeing mechanisms for consu

contribution of civil society in procand encouraging cooperation betwand nongovernmental organization

(v) Providing or improving the legal framework for nongovernmental, co

other civil society organizations;

(vi) Promoting civic education and edrights, inter alia, in cooperation with society;

(f)Strengthening democracy through good goto in the United Nations Millennium Declar

(i) Improving the transparency of pubpolicy-making procedures and enh

ability of public officials;(ii) Taking legal, administrative and

against corruption, including by disgating and punishing all those invoruption and by criminalizing paymand bribes to public officials;

(iii) Bringing government closer to the t l l f d l ti


(i) Taking effective measures aimed


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(i) Taking effective measures aimed

ization of economic, social and cthe right to education and the riging adequate for health and well-clothing, housing, medical care anvices, individually and through inte

(ii) Taking effective measures aimedinequalities and creating an environto development and to the elimin

(iii) Promoting economic freedom an

and pursuing active policies to pfor productive employment and s

(iv) Ensuring equal access to economic pay and other rewards for work o

(v) Creating a legal and regulatory frto promoting sustained economiable development;

(h)Enhancing social cohesion and solidar

(i) Developing and strengthening, aal levels, institutional and educaresolve conflicts and disputes th h di ti d t

Appendixes

2 Requests the Secretary-General to disse


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2. Requests the Secretary-General to disse

resolution as widely as possible.

81st plenary meeting4 December 2000


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APPENDIXE

PROMOTION OF THE RIGHT TO DCOMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS RE

The Commission on Human Rights,

Bearing in mind the indissoluble links between in the Universal Declaration of Human R

tion of any democratic society,

Recalling that all peoples have the right of virtue of which they freely determine their popursue their economic, social and cultural

Recognizing that democracy, developmehuman rights and fundamental freedoms amutually reinforcing, and that democracy expressed will of the people to determin

economic, social and cultural systems and in all aspects of their lives,

Appendixes

1. Affirms that democracy fosters the full rea


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1. Affirms that democracy fosters the full rea

rights, and vice versa;2. Also affirms that the rights of democratic

inter alia, the following:

(a) The rights to freedom of opinion

thought, conscience and religion, anation and assembly;

(b) The right to freedom to seek, receivmation and ideas through any media

(c) The rule of law, including legal protectinterests and personal security, and faistration of justice and independence

(d) The right of universal and equal sufvoting procedures and periodic and f

(e) The right of political participation, inctunity for all citizens to become cand

(f ) Transparent and accountable govern

(g) The right of citizens to choose their gthrough constitutional or other dem

(h) The right to equal access to public


through the observance of human right


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t oug t e obse va ce o u a g t

society and other appropriate measuresratic governance;

5. Requests the Office of the United Nationfor Human Rights, in continuing angrammes and projects of technical cooperat

racy and the rule of law, and in the Commissioners activities in the promoto give priority assistance to such progrademocracy-related activities throughousystem;

6. Requests human rights treaty bodies, thed Nations High Commissioner for Humrights mechanisms of the Commissioand the Sub-Commission on Prevention

Protection of Minorities to pay due attendates, to those elements of democratic gparagraph 2 of the present resolution;

7. Requests the High Commissioner, in hmission at its fifty-sixth session, to re

implementation of the present resolutio

8. Requests the Secretary-General to brintion to the attention of Member States


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APPENDIXF

PROMOTING AND CONSOLIDATING DCOMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS RESO

The Commission on Human Rights,

Bearing in mind the purposes and principles oUnited Nations, and reaffirming that one of t

United Nations is to promote and encouragrights and fundamental freedoms for all, withrace, colour, sex, language or religion, politicnational or social origin, property, disability, b

Recalling its resolution 1999/57 of 27 April 19the right to democracy,

Reaffirming the indissoluble link betweeenshrined in the Universal Declaration of H

the international human rights treaties andany democratic society,


Recalling further General Assembly resolu


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g y

tember 1999 containing the Declaration andfor a Culture of Peace,

Reaffirming its commitment to the processStates, and recognizing that democracy, dev

for human rights and fundamental freedomand mutually reinforcing, and that democracexpressed will of the people to determineconomic, social and cultural systems and in all aspects of their lives,

Reaffirming also that good governance, incparency and accountability, is indispensableprosperous and democratic societies,

Aware of the crucial importance of active invety in processes of governance that affect t

Recalling commitments undertaken by Memmotion of democracy and the rule of law, wof the United Nations and other internatio

Welcoming measures such as resolution 108of American States, decision 141/XXXV o

Appendixes

Noting the initiatives taken by the countries


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g y

the first, second and third International ConRestored Democracies, held respectively in Min Managua in July 1994 and in Bucharest Noting that the Fourth International ConRestored Democracies is scheduled to be held

in December 2000, the initiative taken by Poing of Governments committed to the demosaw in June 2000, as well as the initiative of Mali to host in Bamako, in 2000, following thadopted in September 1999 in Moncton, CaSummit of the International Organization oan international symposium at ministerial leof democracy in the francophone areas,

1. Calls upon States:

(a) To consolidate democracy through the pism, the protection of human rights and funmaximizing the participation of indivmaking and the development of competetutions, including an independent judiaccountable legislature and public servisystem that ensures periodic, free and fai

(b) To promote, protect and respect all humal f d i i l



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The rights of children, the elderly and permental disabilities;

By actively promoting gender equality withfull equality between men and women;

By considering becoming parties to internationments;

By fulfilling their obligations under internationments to which they are parties;

(c) To strengthen the rule of law by:

(ii) Ensuring equality before the law andthe law;

Ensuring the right to liberty and securitaccess to justice, and to be brought promptlyofficer authorized by law to exercise judiciadetention, to avoid arbitrary arrest;

Guaranteeing the right to a fair trial;

Ensuring due process of law and the right il il i f l

Appendixes

Ensuring appropriate civil and administrative


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inal sanctions for violations of human rightsprotection for human rights defenders;

Including information on human rights obligcivil servants, police forces and the military;

(iii) Ensuring that the military remains acratically elected civilian governme

(d)To develop, nurture and maintain an elprovides for the free and fair expression of the

genuine and periodic elections, in particu(iv) Ensuring the right of everyone to t

ernment of his/her country, directly osen representatives;

Guaranteeing the right freely to vote and toand fair process at regular intervals, by universopen to multiple parties, conducted by secre

(v) Taking measures as appropriate to addof under-represented segments of s

Ensuring, through legislation, institutions anfreedom to form democratic political parti

d f i f th l t l i l


(vii) Fostering, through education and


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ness and respect for democratic v(viii) Encouraging the exercise of the r

participate in non-governmental ations or groups, including trade

(ix) Guaranteeing mechanisms for thsociety in processes of governanceeration between local authorities tal organizations;

(x) Providing or improving the leg

framework for non-governmentand other civil society organizatio

(xi) Promoting active civil educatiohuman rights, inter alia by organiz

(f ) To strengthen democracy through good

(xii) Improving the transparency of ppolicy-making procedures and enability of public officials;

(xiii) Taking legal, administrative anagainst corruption, disclosing it ainvolved in acts of corruption of

Appendixes

(g) To strengthen democracy by promoting si i l b


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ment, in particular by:

(xvii) Taking effective measures aimed at ization of economic, social and culthe right to education and the righting adequate for health and well-be

clothing, housing and medical care services, individually and through ination;

(xviii)Also taking effective measures aim

social inequalities and eliminating (xix) Promoting economic freedom and p

cies to provide opportunities for pment and sustainable livelihood;

(xx) Ensuring equal access to economic oppay and other rewards for work of

(xxi) Creating a legislative and regulator view to promoting sound and sudevelopment;

(h) To enhance social cohesion and solidarity

(xxii) Developing and strengthening inst


2. Requests the Office of the United Nationf H Ri ht d h i ht


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for Human Rights and human rightCommission and the Sub-Commissioand Protection of Human Rights to pain their mandates, to the content of par

3. Also requests the United Nations High Co

Rights, in her report to the Commission sion, to reflect progress on the implemeresolution;

4. Further requests the Secretary-Genera

missioner to bring the present resolution tober States, the competent United intergovernmental and non-governmento disseminate it on the widest possible

5. Decides to continue consideration of t

seventh session under the same agenda

62nd meeting25 April 2000[Adopted by a roll-call vote of 45 votes to non


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APPENDIXG

OAS AG/RES. 1080 (XXI-OREPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRA

(Resolution adopted at the fifth plenheld on June 5, 1991)

WHEREAS:

The Preamble of the Charter of the OAS estsentative democracy is an indispensable condity, peace, and development of the region;

Under the provisions of the Charter, one of tthe OAS is to promote and consolidate reprecy, with due respect for the principle of non-

Due respect must be accorded to the policies of

try in regard to the recognition of states and

In view of the widespread existence of demoi h H i h h i i l h i d


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APPENDIXH

OAS INTER-AMERICAN DEMOCRATI

Lima, September 11, 200

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY,

CONSIDERING that the Charter of the Or

ican States recognizes that representative dpensable for the stability, peace, and developand that one of the purposes of the OAS is tsolidate representative democracy, with due ciple of nonintervention;

RECOGNIZING the contributions of thregional and sub-regional mechanisms to consolidation of democracy in the Americas

RECALLING that the Heads of State and Americas, gathered at the Third Summit offrom April 20 to 22, 2001 in Quebec City, ad


consolidation of democratic values and to ty in the Hemisphere;


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ty in the Hemisphere;

CONSIDERING that solidarity among anAmerican states require the political organbased on the effective exercise of representhat economic growth and social developmeequity, and democracy are interdependenforcing;

REAFFIRMING that the fight against povelimination of extreme poverty, is essentialconsolidation of democracy and constitutes responsibility of the American states;

BEARING IN MIND that the American Dand Duties of Man and the American Convencontain the values and principles of liberty, etice that are intrinsic to democracy;

REAFFIRMING that the promotion andrights is a basic prerequisite for the existsociety, and recognizing the importance of opment and strengthening of the inter-Amsystem for the consolidation of democracy

Appendixes

BEARING IN MIND that the Protocol of Snomic, Social, and Cultural Rights emphasiz


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nomic, Social, and Cultural Rights emphasiztance of the reaffirmation, development,protection of those rights in order to consolidaresentative democratic government;

RECOGNIZING that the right of workerselves freely for the defense and promotion of damental to the fulfillment of democratic id

TAKING INTO ACCOUNT that, in the Sato Democracy and the Renewal of the Interthe ministers of foreign affairs expressed theadopt a series of effective, timely, and expedensure the promotion and defense of representadue respect for the principle of noninterventition AG/RES. 1080 (XXI-O/91) therefore enism for collective action in the case of a interruption of the democratic political institthe legitimate exercise of power by the democrernment in any of the Organizations membefilling a long-standing aspiration of the Hemrespond rapidly and collectively in defense o

RECALLING that, in the Declaration of N


en democratic structures in the region will mentation of a strategy based on the interd


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gyplementarity of those values;

CONSIDERING that, in the Declaration omotion of Democracy and Developmenexpressed their conviction that the Organizlimited to the defense of democracy wherevues and principles have collapsed, but alsocreative work to consolidate democracy as weto prevent and anticipate the very causes of tthe democratic system of government;

BEARING IN MIND that the Ministersthe Americas,at the thirty-first regular sessionbly, held in San Jose, Costa Rica, in keepingtions from the Heads of State and GovernThird Summit of the Americas, in Quebec document of the Inter-American Democratied the Permanent Council of the Organizaing and expanding the document, in accordancefor final adoption at a special session of the

Lima, Peru;

RECOGNIZING that all the rights and o

Appendixes

INTER-AMERICAN DEMOCRATIC C


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I. Democracy and the Inter-American System

Article 1The peoples of the Americas have a right to d

governments have an obligation to promote

Democracy is essential for the social, politdevelopment of the peoples of the Americas

Article 2The effective exercise of representative demothe rule of law and of the constitutional registates of the Organization of American States.Rracy is strengthened and deepened by permanen

sible participation of the citizenry withinconforming to the respective constitutional o

Article 3Essential elements of representative demo

alia, respect for human rights and fundamento and the exercise of power in accordance wthe holding of periodic, free, and fair elections


The constitutional subordination of all state ily constituted civilian authority and respect


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y y pthe part of all institutions and sectors of soctial to democracy.

Article 5The strengthening of political parties and zations is a priority for democracy. Specialto the problems associated with the high cosand the establishment of a balanced and ttheir financing.

Article 6It is the right and responsibility of all citizensions relating to their own development. Tcondition for the full and effective exercise ofand fostering diverse forms of participation s

II. Democracy and Human Rights

Article 7

Democracy is indispensable for the effective efreedoms and human rights in their univand interdependence, embodied in the resp

Appendixes

Article 9The elimination of all forms of discriminatio


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ethnic and race discrimination, as well as diverance, the promotion and protection of humnous peoples and migrants,and respect for ethnicdiversity in the Americas contribute to strency and citizen participation.

Article 10The promotion and strengthening of democrand effective exercise of workers rights and thlabor standards, as recognized in the Internatnization (ILO) Declaration on FundamenRights at Work, and its Follow-up, adopted inrelated fundamental ILO conventions. Demoby improving standards in the workplace and ity of life for workers in the Hemisphere.

III. Democracy, Integral Development, and C

Article 11

Democracy and social and economic developmeand are mutually reinforcing.


Article 13The promotion and observance of econom


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rights are inherently linked to integral develonomic growth, and to the consolidationstates of the Hemisphere.

Article 14Member states agree to review periodically thcarried out by the Organization to promotefor integral development,and the fight againssphere, and to take the appropriate meaobjectives.

Article 15The exercise of democracy promotes the pstewardship of the environment. It is essethe Hemisphere implement policies and st

environment, including application of varioutions, to achieve sustainable development fogenerations.

Article 16

Education is key to strengthening democraticthe development of human potential, and afostering greater understanding among our pe

Appendixes

Article 18When situations arise in a member state


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development of its democratic political institulegitimate exercise of power, the Secretary-GeneCouncil may,with prior consent of the governmefor visits or other actions in order to analyzSecretary-General will submit a report to thcil, which will undertake a collective assessmand, where necessary, may adopt decisions fothe democratic system and its strengthening

Article 19

Based on the principles of the Charter of the its norms, and in accordance with the demtained in the Declaration of Quebec City, an unruption of the democratic order or an unconsof the constitutional regime that seriously im

tic order in a member state, constitutes, whilemountable obstacle to its governments partiof the General Assembly, the Meeting of Concils of the Organization, the specialized conferenworking groups, and other bodies of the Org

Article 20In the event of an unconstitutional alteration


diately convene a special session of the Genereral Assembly will adopt the decisions ii l di h d ki f di l i i i


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including the undertaking of diplomatic iniwith the Charter of the Organization, inteprovisions of this Democratic Charter.

The necessary diplomatic initiatives, includin

ter the restoration of democracy, will contin

Article 21When the special session of the General Assthere has been an unconstitutional interrup

tic order of a member state, and that diplofailed, the special session shall take the demember state from the exercise of its right to by an affirmative vote of two thirds of taccordance with the Charter of the OAS.Th

effect immediately.

The suspended member state shall continue to the Organization, in particular its huma

Notwithstanding the suspension of the menization will maintain diplomatic initiativecy in that state.

Appendixes

Member states, in the exercise of their soverthat the Organization of American States pi i f h i d d l


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vices or assistance for strengthening and develinstitutions and processes, including sending pfor that purpose.

Article 24

The electoral observation missions shall brequest of the member state concerned.To thment of that state and the Secretary-Generaagreement establishing the scope and coverage ovation mission in question.The member state

ditions of security, free access to information,with the electoral observation mission.

Electoral observation missions shall be carriewith the principles and norms of the OAS.Th

ensure that these missions are effective anshall provide them with the necessary resourcThey shall be conducted in an objective, impent manner and with the appropriate techni

Electoral observation missions shall presenactivities in a timely manner to the Permanethe General Secretariat.


VI. Promotion of a Democratic Culture


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Article 26The OAS will continue to carry out prdesigned to promote democratic principstrengthen a democratic culture in the Hemis

that democracy is a way of life based on libeof economic, social, and cultural conditionsAmericas.The OAS will consult and cooperwith member states and take into account thsociety organizations working in those fiel

Article 27The objectives of the programs and activitgood governance, sound administration, dthe strengthening of political institutions

nizations. Special attention shall be given programs and activities for the education as a means of ensuring the continuance including liberty and social justice.

Article 28States shall promote the full and equal partthe political structures of their countries as a


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*AmericaStill Unprepared, Still in Danger(2002)

Gary Hart and Warren B. Rudman, Co-Chairs; StepDirector

OTHERREPORTS OFINDEPENDENTTSPONSORED BY THE COUNCIL ON FORE


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y pDirector*Balkans 2010(2002)

Edward C. Meyer, Chair; William L. Nash, Project *Terrorist Financing(2002)

Maurice R. Greenberg, Chair; William F. Wechsler Project Co-Directors

*Enhancing U.S. Leadership at the United Nations(2David Dreier and Lee H. Hamilton, Co-Chairs; LeKaratnycky, Project Co-Directors; Cosponsored with

*Testing North Korea: The Next Stage in U.S. and ROMorton I. Abramowitz and James T. Laney, Co-ChProject Director

*The United States and Southeast Asia: A Policy AgenAdministration (2001)

J. Robert Kerrey, Chair; Robert A. Manning, Project*Strategic Energy Policy: Challenges for the 21st CentEdward L. Morse, Chair; Amy Myers Jaffe, Project

*State Department Reform (2001)Frank C. Carlucci, Chair; Ian J. Brzezinski, Project CCosponsored with the Center for Strategic and Inter

*U.S.-Cuban Relations in the 21st Century: A FollowBernard W. Aronson and William D. Rogers, Co-C

Walter Mead, Project Directors*A Letter to the President and a Memorandum on U.

(2001)Stephen Robert, Chair; Kenneth Maxwell, Project D

*Toward Greater Peace and Security in Colombia(20Bob Graham and Brent Scowcroft, Co-Chairs; MichDirector; Cosponsored with the Inter-American Dia

Future Directions for U.S. Economic Policy Toward Laura DAndrea Tyson, Chair; M. Diana Helweg N*Promoting Sustainable Economies in the Balkans(20

Steven Rattner, Chair; Michael B.G. Froman, Projec* N l h l T h l i P d P (

Threats to Democracy:

Prevention and Response

REPORT OF AN INDEPENDENT TASK FORCE

SPONSORED BY THE COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS

The work of the international community of democratic states does notend when a countrys people choose democracy. Rather, democratic gov-


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end when a country s people choose democracy. Rather, democratic governments must endeavor also to help one another to nurture and main-tain their democracies. In particular, governments must work to securemore effective international action against coups detat and erosions ofdemocracy, which continue to plague countries on the democratic path.UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan expressed this best when he stated,Wherever democracy has taken root, it will not be reversed.

This reportthe work of an Independent Task Force composed ofleading civil society, academic, and former government figures fromAfrica, Asia, Australia, Europe, Latin America, and the Middle Eastdevelops a framework for the coordination of international communityaction against such threats to democracy. It recommends preventiveand responsive measures that will enable the international communityof democratic states to act quickly and collectively.

The Task Force argues that helping countries maintain and consol-

idate democratic gains is consistent not only with the values but also with the security interests of the worlds democracies. Democraticstates are less likely to breed terrorists or to be state sponsors of terror-ism. They are less likely to go to war with one another and are morelikely to be active participants in the global economy.

The report concludes that ultimately the international communitycan encourage democracy to take root and flourish only by showing thecitizens of nondemocratic countries that democracy is both beneficial

and sustainable over the long term. The recommendations in thisreport provide one important set of tools for doing so.

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No. 42 - Threats to Democracy: Prevention and Response

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Transcript of No. 42 - Threats to Democracy: Prevention and Response