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COMPARATIVE EMISSION LOAD FROM BRICK KILNS A

SPECIAL CASE WITH MOVABLE AND FIXED CHIMNEYS,RUPANDEHI DISTRICT

Case study prepared in the fulfilment of the partial requirement for the Master of

Science (M.Sc.) degree in Environment Science of Tribhuvan University

Submitted To

College of Applied Science Nepal (CAS)

Anamnagar, Kathmandu

Submitted By

Nisha Amatya

T.U. Reg. No. 5-2-38-1330-2005

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2067 (2010)

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Acknowledgements

This report is the result of study of Brick kilns of which occupies the Tarai

region of our country. The study was only possible with initiation,

support, permission and guidance of a few people and I feel obliged to

pay them my sincere gratitude.

I am indebted to my Supervisor Mr. Sunil Babu Khatry for his guidance,

support all the way through and making me understand all the

procedure of case study and report preparation. I am equally thankful to

Mr. Dr. Bhupendra Devkota, Principal of our college as long as

permission for the case study at Rupendhai District.

I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to Clean Energy Nepal for

best coordination in the field and Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln (VSBK) for

providing me the opportunity to take part in the survey that had

approach to CDM Project.

I am equally grateful to District Brick Committee for their support.

I would like to extend my deep appreciation to all individuals, my friends

and family along with the factory workers, the related institutions and all

the staff members of College of Applied Science Nepal (CAS) who

cooperated directly or indirectly in any imaginable way for constructing

my task to this stage.

THANK YOU!!

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Acronyms

ADB Asian Development Bank

BTK Bulls Trench Kilns

CDM Clean Development Mechanisms

DCSSI Department of Cottage and Small Scale Industry

DHM Department of Hydrology and Meteorology

EIA Environment Impact Assessment

EPA Environment Protection Act

EPR Environment Protection Rules

ESPS Environment Sector Program Support

FCBTK Fixed Chimney Bulls Trench Kilns

GoN Government of Nepal

HAP Hazardous air pollutants

IEE Initial Environment Examination

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

MCBTK Movable Chimney Bulls Trench Kilns

MDG Millennium Development Goals

MOICS Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Supplies

MOPE Ministry of Population and Environment

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAST National Academy of Science and Technology

PM Particulate Matter

QC Quality Control

SDAN Sustainable Development Agenda for Nepal

TOC Total Organic Compounds

TSP Total Suspended Particles

VDC Village Development Committee

VOC Volatile Organic Compounds

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Results showed that brick kiln emits PM10 and other major air pollutants throughout

the manufacturing processes.Based on the calculation, the gaseous emission loads

were very minimum than the particles emission for every brick industry. The gaseous

emission load followed the order of NOx>CO>SOx.

The PM10 loads were 55.02, 40.93, 29.54 and 59.06 tons per year for Siddhartha,New Heena, Manakamana & LBB respectively. The PM10 emission load for

MCBTK kiln was about 20 tons higher than that of FCBTK with the reference

production of 50 lakh (FCBTK) & 60 lakh (MCBTK).

Among the gaseous loads, NOx came in the top level, within 10% of the totalemission whereas the CO emission percentage load was lesser than 1%. This

signified that the combustion was nearly completed. SOx is emitted in least

concentration of 0.01% in all of the brick kilns whose emission depends on the

amount of sulphur contained in the coal.

The chimney heights in the visited industries were varied from /// to /// (m).Chimney height

To recommend the appropriate control measures for the pollutants reduction.

For sustainability of the factory, keen interest should be given for the management

of environmental and social matter through the respective entrepreneurs. The

department of industries with other line agencies should motivate the brick

entrepreneurs for the substitution of existing kiln technology towards VSBK through

the technical assistance and ways out to financial uplifting.

All applicable environmental regulations applicable to brick manufacturing suchas:

- Height of chimney (////): pollution control norms (6.5m 8.5 m from the loading

platform)

Use of internal fuel: increases energy efficiency and reduces emissions Regular analysis of calorific value of coal should be done that is utilized as a

major fuel.

Management of water for brick making

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Mechanization of unloading of fired bricks Onsite training of fire crew Training of moulders on material handling and preparation First aid box should be available on site Covering of face with a clean cloth during manual mixing of soil, coal breaking

and unloading

Health and Accidental insurance for brick workers at kiln sites Provision of toilet facilities for brick workers at kiln sites Utilization of industrial waste: to conserve soil Restoration of top soilBottom ash (generated from kiln) put back in green bricks, wherever possible,

especially in mechanized mixing