NMS Total Slides
Transcript of NMS Total Slides
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L1-2 3
R e g i o n a l C e n t e r
C l a s s 1 s w i t c h
S e c t i o n a l C e n t e r
C l a s s 2 s w i t c h
P r i m a r y C e n t e r
C l a s s 3 s w i t c h
T o l l C e n t e r
C l a s s 4 s w i tc h
E n d O f f i c e
C l a s s 5 s w i t c h
R e g i o n a l C e n t e r
C l a s s 1 s w i t c h
S e c t i o n a l C e n t e r
C l a s s 2 s w i t c h
P r i m a r y C e n t e r
C l a s s 3 s w i t c h
T o l l C e n t e r
C l a s s 4 s w i tc h
E n d O f f i c e
C l a s s 5 s w i t c h
V o ic e V o ic e
T o o t h e r
R e g i o n a l c e n t e r s
S e c t i o n a l c e n t e r s
P r i m a r y c e n t e r s
T o l l c e n t e r s
E n d o f fi c e s
T o o t h e r P r i m a r y c e n t e r s
T o l l c e n t e r s
E n d o f fi c e s
T o o t h e r
C l a s s 4 t o l l p o i n t s
E n d o f fi c e s
F i g u r e 1 . 1 T e l e p h o n e N e t w o r k M o d e l
L e g e n d :
L o o p
D i re c t T r u n k
T o l l - C o n n e c t i n g T r u n k
T o l l T r u n k
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L1-3 4
Notice the hierarchy of switches
Primary and secondary routes programmed
Automatic routing
Where is the most likely failure?
Use of Operations Systems to ensure QoS
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L1-4 5
Operations Systems / NOC
Monitor telephone network parameters S/N ratio, transmission loss, call blockage, etc.
Real-time management of network
Trunk (logical entity between switches) maintenance
system measures loss and S/N. Trunks not meeting
QoS are removed before customer notices poorquality
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L2-1 7
Data and Telecommunication Network
T e r m i n a l
M o d e m
V o i c e
T e r m i n a l
M o d e m M o d e m
V o i c e
H o s t
D a t a c o m m u n i c a t i o n n e t w o r k
T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n n e t w o r k
F i g u r e 1 . 3 D a t a a n d T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n N e t w o r k s
L o o p L o o p L o o p
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L2-5 11
U s e r A
A p p li c a ti o n L a y e r s
T r a n s p o r t L a y e r s
U s e r Z
A p p li c a ti o n L a y e rs
T r a n s p o r t L a y e r s
P h y s i c a l M e d i u m
P e e r - P r o t o c o l I n t e r f a c e
( a) D i re c t C o m m u n ic a ti o n b e tw e e n E n d S y s t e m s
U s e r A
A p p li c a ti o n L a y e rs
T r a n s p o r t L a y e r s
U s e r Z
A p p li c a ti o n L a y e rs
T r a n s p o r t L a y e r s
P h y s i c a l M e d i u m
P e e r - P r o t o c o l I n t e r f a c e
( b ) C o m m u n ic a ti o n b e t w e e n E n d S y s te m s v i a a n I n t e rm e d i a te S y s t e m
T r a n s p o r t L a y e r
C o n v e r s i o n
F i g u r e 1 .1 1 B a s i c C o m m u n i c a ti o n A r c h i te c t u r e
S y s te m A In t e rm e d i a t e s y s te m S y s te m Z
P h y s i c a l M e d i u m
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L2-6 12
Inter-layer interface: user and service provider
Peer-layer protocol interface
Analogy of hearing-impaired student
Role of intermediate systems
Gateway: Router with protocol conversion asgateway to an autonomous network or subnet
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L3-2 16
NM Case Histories The case of the Footprint
Case of the crashing bridge
R epeater R epea te r R epea te r R ep eater
B ridge
Mai l ServerBackup Server
ISP
R ep ea te r R epea te r R epe ate r R e pe a te r
B ridge
Mai l ServerBackup Server
ISP
Bridge
M a i l S e r v e r Backup Server
ISP
Hub Hub Hub
(a) Mult i-Segment Bus LAN with Single Port Bridge Connect ion
(b) Dual Mult i-Segment Bus LANs with Two-port Bridge Connect ion
(c) Mult i-Segment Hub Conf iguration
Figure 1.20 Case History 2: Network Conf iguration Evolut ion
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L4-2 19
Network ManagementN e t w o r k
M a n a g e m e n t
N e t w o r k
P r ov i s i on i ng
N e t w o r k
Op e r a t i ons
N e t w o r k
M a i n t e n a n c e
P l a n n i n g
D e s i gn
F a u l t M a n a g e m e n t
T r ou b l e T i c k e t
Ad m in is tra tio n
Network Ins tal lat ion
N e t w o r k R e p a i r s
Fac i l i t ies Ins tal lat ion
& M a i n t e n a n c e
R ou t i ne N e t w o r k
T e s t s
F au l t M anage m e n t / Se r v i c e R e s t o r a ti on
C o n f ig u r a ti o n M a n a g e m e n t
Pe r f o r m anc e M anage m e n t / T r a f f i c M anage m e n t
S e c u r it y M a n a g e m e n t
Ac co un tin g M an ag em en t
R e p o r ts M a n a g e m e n t
I n v e n to r y M a n a g e m e n t
D a t a Ga t he r i ng & Ana l y s e s
Figure 1.21 Network Management Functional Groupings
OAM&P Operations Administration Maintenance Provisioning
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L5-3 23
Status and Future Trends
Future trends: Object-oriented approach
Service and policy management
Business management
Web-based management
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M d H b
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L1-3 27
Managed Hub:
System Information
Information obtained querying the hub
Data truly reflects what is stored in the hub
Title: System Information : 172.16.46.2
Name or IP Address : 172.16.46.2
System Name :System Description : 3Com LinkBuilder FMS, SW
version:3.02System Contact :
System Location :System Object ID :.iso.org.dod.internet.private.enterprises.43.1.8.5System Up Time : (2475380437 ) 286 days, 12:03:24.37
Figure 4.2(a) System Information on 172.16.46.2 Hub
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L1-4 28
Managed Router:
System Information
Tit le: System Information: router1.gatech.eduNam e or IP A ddress: 172.16.252.1
S yste m N am e : rou te r1 .g atech.eduS yste m De scription: Cisc oInternetwork Operat ing S ystem S oftware
: IO S (tm) 7000 Software (C7000 -JS-M), Ve rsion
: 11.2(6),REL EASE S O FTW ARE (g e 1 ): Copyr ight (c) 198 6-1997 by Cisco System s, Inc.: Compi ledTue 06-May-97 19 :11 bykuong
System ContactS yste m L oca tio n :System O bject ID : iso.org.dod. in ternet .pr ivate.enterpr ises.c isco.c iscoP roducts.
c isco 7 000S yste m U p T im e : (3 15 13 17 95) 36 days, 11:21:57.95
Figure 4.2(c) System Information on Router
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L2-4 33
SNMP Model
Communication Model
Transfer syntax
SNMP over TCP/IP
Communication services addressed by messages
Security framework community-based model
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L3-1 34
Two-Tier Organization Model
N e t w o r k
E l e m e n t
S N M P A g e n t
S N M PM a n a g e r
N e t w o r k
E l e m e n t
N e t w o r k A g e n t
S N M PM a n a g e r S N M PM a n a g e r
( a ) O n e M a n a g e r - O n e A g e n t M o d e l( b ) M u l t i p l e M a n a g e r s - O n e A g e
Any host that could query an agent is a manager
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Three Tier Organization Model:
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L3-3 36
Three-Tier Organization Model:
RMON
Managed object comprises network
element an management agent
RMON acts as an agent and a manager
RMON (Remote Monitoring) gathers data
from MO, analyses the data, and stores
the data
Communicates the statistics to the
manager
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System Architecture
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L3-5 38
System Architecture
S N M P M a n a g e r
Ap p li ca ti on
Get-Response
Get-Request
GetNext-Request
Set-Request
Trap
S N M P M a n a g e r
S N M P
U DP
IP
DL C
P H Y
S N M P A g e n t
Ap p lic a tio n
Get-Response
Trap
S N M P A g e n t
S N M P
U D P
IP
D L C
PH Y
P h y s i c a l M e d i u m
Figure 4.9 SNMP N etwork Management Architecture
Manage-
ment
Data
Get-Request
GetNext-Request
Set-Request
Messages between manager and agent Direction of messages - 3 from manager and
2 from agent
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L3-6 39
SNMP Messages
Get-Request Sent by manager requesting data from agent
Get-Next-Request Sent by manager requesting data on the next
object to the one specified
Set-Request Initializes or changes the value of network
element
Get-Response Agent responds with data for get and set
requests from the manager
Trap Alarm generated by an agent
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L4-1 40
Information
Structure of Management Information (SMI)
(RFC 1155)
Managed Object Scalar Aggregate or tabular object
Management Information Base (RFC 1213)
RFCs can be downloaded from
http://www.nic.mil/dodnic/RFC/
Managed Object
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L4-2 41
Managed Object
Object type and data type are synonymous
Object identifier is data type, not instance
Object instance IP address
O b j e c t
O b j e c tI n s t a n c e
O b j e c tT y p e
E n c o d i n g :B E R
S y n t a x :A S N . 1
N a m e :O B J E C TI D E N T I F I E R
F i g u r e 4 . 1 0 M a n a g e d O b j e c t : T y p e a n d I n s t a n c e
P i t MIB E l
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L4-3 42
Private MIB Example
e n t e r p r i s e s
(1 )
p r i v a t e
(4 )
h p
( 1 1 )
c i s c o
( 9 )3 C o m
( 4 3 )
C a b l e t r o n
( 5 2 )
F i g u r e 4 . 1 4 P r iv a t e S u b t r e e f o r C o m m e r c ia l V e n d o r s
I n t e r n e t
{ 1 3 6 1 }
private MIB intended for vendor equipment IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) assigns
identifiers
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E di C td
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Encoding- Contd.
SNMP Data Types and Tags Type Tag OBJECT IDENTIFIER UNIVERSAL 6 SEQUENCE UNIVERSAL 16 IpAddress APPLICATION 0
Counter APPLICATION 1 Gauge APPLICATION 2 TimeTicks APPLICATION 3 Opaque APPLICATION 4
00000110 00000011 00101011 00000110 00000001 would be the BER for the object identifier {1 3 6 1} Type = 6, length = 3, and the value is {1 3 6 1} where {1 3} is
represented by the octet 43 (00101011)
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L5-1 45
OBJECT-TYPE MACRO::=
BEGIN
TYPE NOTATION::=SYNTAX type(TYPE ObjectSyntax)
ACCESS Access
STATUS StatusVALUE NOTATION::=value(VALUE ObjectName)
Access ::= read-only | write-only | not-accessible
Status ::=mandatory | optional | obsolete
END
Figure4.18(a) OBJECT-TYPEMacro[RFC1155]
Managed Object: Macro
sy sDescr OBJECT-TYPESYNTAX DisplayString(SIZE(0 ..255))
ACCESSread-onlySTATUS mandatoryDESCRIPTION
Atextual descriptionof theentity. This valueshouldincludethefull nameandversionidentificationof the
systems hardwaretype, software operating-system, andnetworkingsoftware. It is mandatorythat this onlycontainprintableASCII characters.
::={system1}
Figure4.18(b) Scalar or SingleInstanceMacro: sysDescr
[RFC1213]
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L5-2 46
MIB
m g m t
(2 )
directory
(1 )
e xp e r i m e n ta l
(3 )
p r iva te
(4)
In te rne t
{1 3 6 1 }
mib -2
(1 )
Figure 4.26 Internet M IB-II Group
sys te m ( 1 )
in te r faces (2 )at (3)
ip (4)
i cm p ( 5 )
sn m p (1 1 )
t ransmiss ion (10 )cm ot (9 )
egp (8 )
udp (7 )
tcp (6)
MIB-II (RFC 1213) is superset of MIB-I Objects that are related grouped into object groups MIB module comprises module name, imports from
other modules, and definitions of current module RFC 1213 defines eleven groups; expanded later
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L5-3 47
TCP Group
tc p
(m ib -2 6 )
t c pR t oA lgo r i t hm (1 )
t c pR t oM in (2 )
t c pR t oMax (3 )
tc p M a x C o n n ( 4)t c pAc ti v eOpe ns (5 )
t c pOut R s t s (15 )
tcpInErrors (14)
t c pC onnT ab le 13 )
t c pR e t ranS egs (12 )
t c pOut Segs (11 )
tc p P a s s iv e O p e n s (6 ) tc p In Se gs (1 0 )
tcpCurrEstab (9)tcpAt temptFa i ls (7)
t c pEs t abR es e t s (8 )
Figure 4.35 TCP Group
Connection-oriented transport protocol group Has one table
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L1-1 49
Introduction
Standards
Standards organizations
Protocol standards of transport layers
Protocol standards of management
(application) layer
Management Models
Language
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L1-2 50
Table3.1NetworkManagement Standards
Standard Salient Points
OSI / CMIP International standard(ISO/ OSI)
Management of datacommunications network - LANand
WAN
Deals withall 7layers
Most complete
Object oriented
Well structuredandlayered
Consumes largeresourceinimplementation
SNMP/Internet
Industry standard(IETF)
Originally intendedfor management of Internet components,currently adoptedfor WANandtelecommunicationsystems
Easy toimplement
Most widely implemented
TMN International standard(ITU-T)
Management of telecommunications network
BasedonOSI network management framework
Addresses bothnetwork andadministrativeaspects ofmanagement
IEEE IEEEstandards adoptedinternationally
Addresses LANandMANmanagement
Adopts OSI standards significantly
Deals withfirst twolayers of OSI RM
Web-basedManagement
Web-BasedEnterpriseManagement (WBEM)
JavaManagement ApplicationProgramInterface(JMAPI)
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L1-3 51
OSI Architecture and Model
N e t w o r k
M a n g e m e n t
I n f o r m a t i o n
M o d e l
O r g a n i z a t i o n
M o d e l
F u n c t i o n a l
M o d e l
C o m m u n i c a t i o n
M o d e l
F i g u r e 3 . 1 O S l N e t w o r k M a n a g e m e n t M o d e l
Organization
Network management components Functions of components Relationships
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L2-1 53
OSI Architecture and Model
N e t w o r k
M a n g e m e n t
I n f o r m a t i o nM o d e lO r g a n i z a t i o nM o d e l F u n c t i o n a lM o d e lC o m m u n i c a t i o nM o d e l
F i g u r e 3 . 1 O S l N e t w o r k M a n a g e m e n t M o d e l
Communication Transfer syntax with bi-directional messages Transfer structure (PDU)
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SNMP Architecture and Model
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SNMP Architecture and ModelN e t w o r k
M a n g e m e n t
In fo r m a t io nM o d e l
O r g a n i z a t i o nM o d e l
F u n c t i o n a lM o d e l
C o m m u n i c a t i o nM o d e l
F i g u r e 3 . 1 O S l N e t w o r k M a n a g e m e n t M o d e l
Organization Same as OSI model
Information Same as OSI, but scalar
Communication Messages less complex than OSI
and unidirectional
Transfer structure (PDU) Functions
Application functions Operations Administration
Security
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TMN Architecture
Addresses management of telecommunication
networks
Based on OSI model
Superstructure on OSI network
Addresses network, service, and business
management
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Organizational Model
Manager Sends requests to agents
Monitors alarms Houses applications Provides user interface
Agent
Gathers information from objects Configures parameters of objects Responds to managers requests Generates alarms and sends them to
mangers
Managed object Network element that is managed Houses management agent All objects are not managed / manageable
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L3-4 60
A g e n t / M a n a g e r
M a n a g e d o b j e c t s
A g e n t p r o c e s s
M a n a g e r
F i g u r e 3 . 3 T h r e e - T i e r N e t w o r k M a n g e m e n t O r g a n i z a t i o n M o d e l
M D B
M D B
M D B M a n a g e m e n t D a t a b a s e
Three-Tier Model
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Three-Tier Model
Middle layer plays the dual role
Agent to the top-level manager
Manager to the managed objects
Example of middle level:
Remote monitoring agent (RMON)
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M o M
A g e n t
A g e n t N M SM a n a g e r
M a n a g e d o b j e c t s
M a n a g e d o b j e c t s
F i g u r e 3 . 4 N e t w o r k M a n g e m e n t O r g a n i z a ti o n M o d e l w i th M o M
A g e n t p r o c e s s
M D B
M D B M D B
M o M M a n a g e r o f M a n a g e rsM D B M a n a g e m e n t D a t a b a s e
A g e n tM a n a g e r
A g e n t N M S
A g e n t
A g e n t N M SM a n a g e r
Manager of Managers
Agent NMS manages the domain MoM presents integrated view of domains Domain may be geographical, administrative,
vendor-specific products, etc.
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Structure of Management Information(SMI)
SMI defines for a managed object Syntax Semantics plus additional information such as status
Example
sysDescr: { system 1 }
Syntax: OCTET STRING
Definition: "A textual description of the entity. "
Access: read-onlyStatus: mandatory
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Management Data Base / Information Base
Distinction between MDB and MIB
MDB physical database; e.g.. Oracle, Sybase
MIB virtual database; schema compiled into
management software
An NMS can automatically discover a managedobject, such as a hub, when added to the network
The NMS can identify the new object as hubonly after the MIB schema of the hub is compiled
into NMS software
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Managed Object
Managed objects can be
Network elements (hardware, system)
hubs, bridges, routers, transmission facilities
Software (non-physical)
programs, algorithms
Administrative information
contact person, name of group of objects
(IP group)
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Obj t T d I t
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Type
Name
Syntax
Definition
Status
Access
Instance
Object Type and Instance
Example of a circle circle is syntax Semantics is definition from dictionary
A plane figure bounded by a single curvedline, every point of which is of equal distance
from the center of the figure. Analogy of nursery school (i.e. rings, donuts, )
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Managed Object:
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B e h a v i o u r
O b j e c t C l a s s :
C i r c u l a r o b j e c t
ObjectClass:
Elliptical
object
A t t r i b u t e s :c i rc l e , d i m e n s i o n
O p e r a t i o n s :P u s h
A t t r i b u t e s :e l l i p s e , d i m e n s i o n
N o t i f i c a t i o n s :N o t i fy c h a n g e s i n
a t tr ib u t e v a l u e s
F i g u r e 3 . 9 ( b ) O S I P e r s p e c t i v e
Managed Object:
OSI Perspective
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ASN 1 Symbols
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ASN.1 Symbols
Symbol Meaning
::= Defined as
| or, alternative, options of a list
- Signed number
-- Following the symbol are comments
{} Start and end of a list
[] Start and end of a tag
() Start and end of subtype
.. Range
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SNMP Architecture
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L1-1 83
SNMP Architecture
S N M P M a n a g e r
Ap p li ca ti on
Get-Response
Get-Request
GetNext-Request
Set-Request
Trap
S N M P M a n a g e r
S N M P
U DP
IP
DL C
P H Y
S N M P A g e n t
Ap p lic a tio n
Get-Response
Trap
S N M P A g e n t
S N M P
U D P
IP
D L C
PH Y
P h y s i c a l M e d i u m
Figure 4.9 SNMP N etwork Management Architecture
Manage-
ment
Data
Get-Request
GetNext-Request
Set-Request
Truly simple network management protocol Five messages, three from manager and two from agent
SNMP Messages
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L1-2 84
SNMP Messages
Get-Request Get-Next-Request Set-Request Get-Response
Trap Generic trap Specific trap Time stamp
Generic trap coldStart warmStart linkDown linkUp authenticationfailure
egpNeighborLoss enterpriseSpecific
Specific trap for special measurements such asstatistics
Time stamp: Time since last initialization
Administrative Model
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L2-1 85
Administrative Model
Based on community profile and policy
SNMP Entities: SNMP application entities
- Reside in management stations and networkelements
- Manager and agent
SNMP protocol entities
- Communication processes (PDU handlers)- Peer processes that support application entities
SNMP Community
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L2-2 86
S N M P M a n a g e r
A u t h e n t i c a t i o n S c h e m e
S N M P M a n a g e r
A u t h e n t i c a t i o n S c h e m e
S N M P M a n a g e r
A u t h e n t i c a t i o n S c h e m e
S N M P A g e n t
A u t h e n t i c a t i o n S c h e m e
A u t h e n t i c M e s s a g e s
F i g u r e 5 . 1 S N M P C o m m u n i t y
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C it P fil C td
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L2-5 89
Community Profile-Contd.
MIB view An agent is programmed to view only a subset
of managed objects of a network element
Access mode Each community name is assigned an access
mode:: read-only and read-write
Community profile: MIB view + access mode
Operations on an object determined by communityprofile and the access mode of the object
Total of four access privileges Some objects, such as table and table entry are
non-accessible
Administration Model
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L3-1 90
Administration Model
Administration model is SNMP access policy SNMP community paired with SNMP
community profile is SNMP access policy
Parameters:
Community / communities
Agent / Agents
Manager / managers
Access Policy
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L3-2 91
Access Policy
C o m m u n i t y
C o m m u n i t y P r o f i l e 1
C o m m u n i t y P r o f i l e 2 A g e n t 2
A g e n t 1
M a n a g e r
Access Policy
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L3-3 92
Access Policy
Manager manages Community 1 and 2 network
components via Agents 1 and 2 Agent 1 has only view of Community Profile 1,
e.g. Cisco components Agent 2 has only view of Community Profile 2,
e.g. 3Com components Manager has total view of both Cisco and 3Com
components
Generalized Administration Model
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L3-4 93
C o m m u n i t y 1
C om m un i t y P ro fi l e 1
C om mu n i t y P ro fi le 2
M a n a g e r 3
( C o m m u n i ty 1 , C o m m u n i t y 2 )
A g en t 2
A g e n t 1
C o m m u n i t y 2
C om m un i t y P ro fi l e 3
C o m m u n i ty P ro fi le 4 A g en t 4
A g e n t 3
M a n a g e r 2
(C o m m u n i t y 2 )
M a n a g e r 1
(C o m m u n i t y 1 )
Figure 5.3 SNM P Access Policy
Manager 1 manages community 1, manager 2community 2,and manager 3 (MoM) both communities1 and 2
Protocol Entities
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L4-1 94
Protocol Entities
Protocol entities support application entities
Communication between remote peer processes
Message consists of
Version identifier Community name
Protocol Data Unit
Message encapsulated and transmitted
A p p li ca ti on
H e a d e r
IP
H e a d e r
U D P
H e a d e r
Vers ion Comm unit y SNMP PDU
A p p li c a ti o n P D U
D L C
H e a d e r
T rans por t PD U
N et w ork PD U
A pp li c a ti o n
P D U
T rans por t
P D U
N et w ork
P D U
D at a L ink
P D U
Figure 5.5 Encapsulated SNM P Message
DataS N M P
P D U
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SNMP Operations
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L4-3 96
p
F i g u r e 5 . 1 0 G e t - R e q u e s t O p e r a t i o n f o r S y s t e m G r o u p
G e t R e q u e s t ( s y s D e s c r . 0 )
G e t R e s p o n s e ( s y s D e s c r . 0 = " S u n O S " )
G e t R e q u e s t ( s y s O b j e c t I D . 0 )
G e t R e s p o n s e ( s y s O b j e c t I D . 0 = e n t e r p r i s e s . 1 1 . 2 . 3 . 1 0 . 1 . 2 )
G e t R e q u e s t ( s y s U p T i m e . 0 )
G e t R e s p o n s e ( s y s U p T i m e . 0 = 2 2 4 7 3 4 9 5 3 0 )
G e t R e q u e s t ( s y s C o n t a c t . 0 )
G e t R e s p o n s e ( s y s C o n t a c t . 0 = " " )
G e t R e q u e s t ( s y s N a m e . 0 )
G e t R e s p o n s e ( s y s N a m e . 0 = " n o c 1 " )
G e t R e q u e s t ( s y s L o c a t i o n . 0 )
G e t R e s p o n s e ( s y s L o c a t i o n . 0 = " " )
G e t R e q u e s t ( s y s S e r v i c e s . 0 )
G e t R e s p o n s e ( s y s S e r v i c e s . 0 = 7 2 )
M a n a g e r P r o c e s s
A g e n t
P r o c e s s
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Lecture Plan
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101
Unit-5
1. RMON Components
2. RMON MIB
3. RMON2 & MIB4. ATM RMON
5. A Case Study
6. ATM MIB
RMON Components
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L1-1 102
p
RMON Probe Data gatherer - a physical device
Data analyzer Processor that analyzes data
D a t a
A n a l y z e r
R M O N
P r o b e
B A C K B O N E
N E T W O R K
S N M P
T r a f f i c
S N M P
T r a f f i c
L A N
R o u t e rR o u t e r
RMON Components Contd
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L1-2 103
RMON Components-Contd.
RMON Remote Network Monitoring
Standards-based network management
protocol
Allows network information to be gathered
at a single workstation
Defines additional MIBs to provide a richer
set of data about network usage
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L2-3 107
RMON2
Applicable to Layers 3 and above
Functions similar to RMON1
Enhancement to RMON1
Defined conformance and compliance
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A Case Study
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L3-1 111
A Case Study
A study at Georgia Tech on Internet traffic
Objectives Traffic growth and trend Traffic patterns
Network comprising Ethernet and FDDI LANs
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ATM Technology
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L4-1 114
ATM technology based on: VP / VC Fixed packet size or cell Small packet size (53 bytes) Statistical multiplexing Integrated services
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ATM LAN Emulation (LANE)
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L4-3 116
ATM LAN Emulation (LANE)
Difference between ATM and Ethernet
ATM is connection-oriented ATM makes one-to-one connection
ATM 20-byte addressing schemedifferent from 6-byte Ethernet MAC
address
LANE emulates services of a traditional LAN
LANE Protocol ArchitectureN e t w o r k L a y e r
N e t w o r k L a y e r
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L4-4 117
L o g i c a l L i n k L a y e r
L A N E m u l a t i o n L a y e r
A T M A d a p t a t i o n L a y e r
A T M
P h y s i c a l L a y e r
A T M N e t w o r k
F i g u r e 9 . 3 L a y e r e d A r c h i t e c t u r e o f L A N E m u l a t i o n
L U N I
L o g i c a l L i n k L a y e r
L A N E m u l a t i o n L a y e r
A T M A d a p t a t i o n L a y e r
A T M
P h y s i c a l L a y e r
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ATM LAN Emulation
D t t i
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L5-1 119
Ethernet
Bridge
LEC
L E S
L E C S
B U S
A T M W o r k s t a t i o nL E C
U n i c a s t P k t
M u l t i c a s t / B r o a d c a s t P k t
L U N I I n t e r f a c e
L E C L A N E m u l a t i o n C l i e n t
L E C S L A N E m u l a t i o n C o n f i g u r a t i o n S e r v e r L E S L A N E m u l a t i o n S e r v e r
B U S B r o a d c a s t a n d U n k n o w n S e r v e r L U N I L A N U s e r N e t w o r k I n t e r f a c e
F i g u r e 9 . 5 L A N E m u l a t i o n C l i e n t C o n n e c t i o n s a c r o s s L U N I
D a t a c o n n e c t i o n
C o n t r o l c o n n e c t i o n
I n t e r f a c e
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LANE Protocol Architecture
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L5-3 121
N e t w o r k L a y e r
L o g i c a l L i n k L a y e r
L A N E m u l a t i o n L a y e r
A T M A d a p t a t i o n L a y e r
A T M
P h y s i c a l L a y e r
N e t w o r k L a y e r
L o g i c a l L i n k L a y e r
M A C
P h y s i c a l L a y e r
L A N E m u l a t i o nL a y e r
A T M A d a p t a t i o n
L a y e r
A T M
P h y s i c a l L a y e r
M A C
P h y s i c a l L a y e r
L o g i c a l L i n k L a y e r
A T M E L A N E t h e r n e t L A N
F i g u r e 9 . 6 P r o t o c o l A r c h i t e c t u r e o f A T M E L A N w i t h E t h e r n e t L A N
B r i d g e L E C
ATM Campus Network
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L5-4 122
F D D I B a c k b o n e
N e t w o r k
R o u t e r
A T M S w i t c h
R o u t e r
R o u t e r
H u b
H u b
F i g u r e 9 . 7 A T M S w i t c h a s B r i d g e i n C a m p u s N e t w o r k
. . .
. . .
R o u t e r
R o u t e r
R o u t e r
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ATM WAN Management
P i t P b l i P b l i
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L6-1 126
F i g u r e 9 . 1 0 A T M F o r u m M a n a g e m e n t I n t e r f a c e R e f e r e n c e A r c h i t e c t
P r i v a t e
N e t w o r k
M a n a g e r
( N M S )
P r i v a t e
A T M
N e t w o r k
E n d
U s e r
M 2
P u b l i c
N e t w o r k
M a n a g e r
( N M S )
P u b l i c
A T M
N e t w o r k
M 4
P u b l i c
N e t w o r k
M a n a g e r
( N M S )
P u b l i c
A T M
N e t w o r k
M 4
M 5M 3
M 1
B I C IP u b l i c
U N I
P r i v a t e
U N I
BICI Broadband inter-carrier interface
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ATM MIB
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L6-3 128
a t m F o r u m N e t w o r k M a n a g e m e n t ( 5 )
a t m f L a n E m u l a t io n ( 4 )
m g m t( 2 )
p r i v a t e( 4 )
I n t e r n e t{ 1 3 6 1 }
a t m F o r u m A d m i n ( 1 )
a t m F o r u m U n i ( 2 )
a t m U n i D x i ( 3 )
m i b - 2( 1 )
i n t e r fa c e s
( 2 )
i fM I B
( 3 1 )
e n t e r p r i s e s
( 1 )
a t m F o r u m( 3 5 3 )
t r a n s m i s s i o n
( 1 0 )
a t m M I B
( 3 7 )
a t m M I B O b j e c t s( 1 )
s y s t e m
( 1 )
i fM I B O b j e c t s( 1 )
ATM MIB
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L6-4 129
MIBs defined in two sets of documents - IETF(5 nodes) & ATM Forum (1 node)
ATM MIBs address ATM sublayer parameters only
ifMIB contains additional objects not covered in
interfaces MIB atmMIB contains ATM objects
atmForum specifies interfaces, LANE, Mx, and ILMI
atmRMON (experimental) address ATM remotemonitoring (covered in Chapter 8)
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ATM UNI Group
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L8-3 138
a t m f A d d r e s s R e g i s t r a t i o n A d m i n G r o u p ( 1 1 )
a t m f V c c A b r G r o u p ( 1 0 )
a t m f V p c A b r G r o u p ( 9 )
a t m f S r v c R e g i s t r y G r o u p ( 8 )
a t m f N e t P r e f i x G r o u p ( 7 )
a t m f P h y s i c a l G r o u p ( 1 )
a t m F o r u m U N I( 2 )
a t m f A t m L a y e r G r o u p ( 2 )
a t m f A t m S t a t s G r o u p ( 3 )
a t m f V p c G r o u p ( 4 )
F i g u r e 9 . 1 8 A T M U N I M I B O b j e c t G r o u p
a t m F o r u m{ e n t e r p r i s e s 3 5 3 }
a t m f V c c G r o u p ( 5 ) a t m f A d d r e s s G r o u p ( 6 )
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Network Element ViewN M S
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L8-8 143
N M S
E n v i r o n m e n t
A T M
N E
A T M
N E
A T M
N E
A T M
N E
A T M
N E
M 4 I n t e r f a c e
( A T M N E V i e w O n l y )
F i g u r e 9 . 2 2 N E - V i e w M a n a g e m e n t A r c h i t e c t u r e
Network element view architecture proposed byATM Forum
Multiple agent layers - SNMP and ILMI agents
implied in the representation
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OS: Trunk Testing SystemT r u n k
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L1-1 146
T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n N e t w o r k
F i g u r e 1 1 . 1 O p e r a t i o n s S y s t e m f o r N e t w o r k T r a n s m i s s i o n
P u b l i c S w i t c h
T r a n s m i s s i o nT e s t S y s t e m
T r a n s m i s s i o nT e s t S y s t e m
P u b l i c S w i t c h
T e s t S y s t e m
V o i c e V o i c e
N o d e s
T r a n s m i s s i o n L i n k s
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L2-2 152
Functional architecture: Functional modules or blocks Reference points between modules
Physical architecture: Physical blocks Physical interfaces between the blocks
Informational architecture: Information exchange between entities Object oriented
TMN Architecture
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Information Architecture
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L3-4 158
M a n a g e r A g e n t
O p e r a t i o n s / R e q u e s t s
R e s p o n s e s
N o t i f i c a t i o n s / T r a p s
F i g u r e 1 1 . 1 0 T M N I n f o r m a t i o n A r
Service Architecture
B u s in e s s M a n a g e m e n t
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L3-5 159
S e rv i c e M a n a g e m e n t
N e t w o rk M a n a g e m e n t
E l e m e n t M a n a g e m e n t
M a n a g e d N e t w o rk E le m e n t
q 3
q 3
q 3
q 3
Figure 11.11 TMN S ervice Architecture
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L1-3 163
BERT
Physical layer monitoring tool Generates and detects bits
Bit error rate (BER) is calculated by comparingthe transmitted pattern with received pattern
Loop back is a feature of the modem BER can be measured for a modem or two modems
and the link in between
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Host
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L3-1 170
Command: host
Displays host names using DNS
Available from ftp.nikhef.nl:/pub/network/host.tar.Z
% host -a sun4-gw.cc.gatech.edu
Trying null domain
rcode = 0 (Success), ancount=1
The following answer is not authoritative:
sun4-gw.cc.gatech.edu 85851 IN A 130.207.111.100
Example:
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tcpdump
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L4-4 177
14:03:36.798269 noc1.btc.gatech.edu.snmp > noc3.btc.gatech.edu.164:Co mm uni ty = pub l icGetResponse(196)Reques t ID = 4
system.sysDescr .0 = "SunO S noc1 5 .5 .1 G ener ic_103640-08 sun4u"system.sysO b jectID.0 = E:hp.2.3.10.1.2system.sysUpT ime.0 = 24739645 3system.sysCon tact.0 = "Brandon R hodes"system.sysNa me .0 = "noc1"system.sysLocat ion.0 = "B T C N M L a b "
system.sysServ ices.0 = 72
Figure 5.17(b) Get-Response M essag e from Ag ent-to-M anag er (After
Example: SNMP message
Network Routing Tools
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L4-5 178
Table 12.7 Route-Monitoring ToolsName Operating System Description
netstat UNIX Displays the contents of various network-
related data structures
arprarp
UNIX, Windows95/x/00NT
Displays and modifies the Internet-to-Ethernetaddress translation tables
traceroute
tracert
UNIX
Windows
Traces route to a destination with routing
delays
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L4-6 179
Network Management Tools
SNMP command tools
MIB Walk
snmpsniff
SNMP Command Tools
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L5-1 180
snmptest
snmpget
snmpgetnext
snmpset
snmptrap
snmpwalk
snmpnetstat
SNMP Command Tools
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L5-2 181
SNMP Command Tools
Test tool is an interactive tool to get values of severalmanaged objects, one at a time.
Get, Get-next and Set are the SNMP commands thatwe learned under SNMP architecture / messages.Execution of these will return an SNMP Responsemessage.
SNMPWalk uses snmpgetnext to trace the entire MIB.
Network status command is used to test the status ofnetwork connections of a host.
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SNMP Set Command
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L5-4 183
SNMP Get Next Command
% snmpgetnext noc5.btc.gatech.edu public
interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifIndex.1
interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifIndex. 2 = INTEGER: 2
Command: snmpset host community
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Protocol Analyzer
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L6-2 185
Analyzes data packets on any transmission line
including LAN Measurements made locally or remotely
Probe (data capture device) captures data andtransfers to the protocol analyzer (no storage)
Data link between probe and protocol analyzer
either dial-up or dedicated link or LAN Protocol analyzer analyzes data at all protocol levels
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RMON Probe
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L6-4 187
Network Associates Sniffer Stand-alone and Networked
HP NetMetrix / HP OpenView
Communication between probe and analyzeris using SNMP
Data gathered and stored for an extended period
of time and analyzed later Used for gathering traffic statistics and used for
configuration management for performance tuning
Network Monitoring with RMON Probe
E t he r ne t
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L6-5 188
T o k e n R i n g
L AN
Protoco l
A n a ly z e r
Rou t e r
Rou t e r
T o k e n R i n g
Probe
E t he r ne t
Probe
E t he r ne t LA N
F DDI LA N
B a c k b o n e
Probe
Rou t e r
FDDI Probe
Figure 12.15 Monitoring of Total Network with Individual RM ON P robes
B a c k b o n e
Ne t wo r k
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L7-1 189
Network Statistics
Protocol Analyzers RMON Probe / Protocol analyzer MRTG (Multi router traffic grouper)
see notes for chapter 8 Home-grown program using tcpdump
Protocol Distribution
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L7-2 190
Figure 12.19 Protocol Distribution (NetMetrix)
NMS Components
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L7-3 191
Ven dor Spec i fi c N MS Serv i c es
C o m m o n S N M P S e r v ic e s
C ore App l i c a t i on Serv i c es
Opera t i ng Sy s t em
H ardw are
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Web-Base ManagementDisplay on Web browser
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L1-1 197
Economical displays
Ubiquitous access
Reduction in network load for non-polled
configuration
Web Interface vs Web-base management
Web-based management Desktop management interface
Web-based enterprise management Java management extensions
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Web Interface
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L1-3 199
SNMP-based NMS
NMS database transferred to Web-server
View with Web browser
Protocol between NMS and network elements
is SNMP
HTTP between Web server and browsers
Proxy Server
D e s k t o p P C
Similar to Web interface
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L2-1 200
P r o x y S e r v e r
M a n a g e r
A p p l i c a t i o n s
M a n a g e d O b je c tsS N M P / O t h e r
A g e n t
W e b S e rv e r
W e b B ro w s e r
p
F i g u r e 1 4 . 2 P r o x y S e r v e r w i th W e b I n t e r fa c e
S N M P /O t h e r
HTT
P
No NMS monitor
No GUI in manager applications
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Desktop Management InterfaceD e s k t o p - r e s i d e n t
M a n a g e m e n t A p p li c a ti o n
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L2-3 202
D e s k t o p M a n a g e m e n t I n t e rfa c e s o f tw a re (D M I )
M a n a g e m e n t In t e rfa c e A P I
C o m p o n e n t In t e rfa c e A P I
C o m p o n e n t
A g e n ts
M IF
D a t a b a s e
Figure 14.5 DMI Infrastructure
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DMI MIB
enterpr ises
(1 )
pr ivate
{1 3 6 1 .4}
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L3-3 205
(1 )
dm t f
(412)
d m i M I B
(1 )
dmt fS tdMi f s
(2 )
dm t f Dy nO ids
(3 )
d m i C o n f o r m a n c e
(3 )
dmiNot i f ica t ion
(2 )
dm iO b jec t s
(1 )
Figure 14.7 DMI MIB
MIF specified using ASN.1 syntax Can be managed by an SNMP manager DMTF task expanded to specify WBEM -
Web-based enterprise management
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Web-Based Enterprise Management
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L4-2 207
WBEM based on Common Information Module,developed by Microsoft
CIM is information-modeling framework intended
to accommodate all protocols and frameworks
Object-oriented
Five components: Web client CIM object manager (CIMOM) CIM schema
Management protocol Managed objects with specific protocol
WBEM
Web client is Web browser with management
applications: Application requests use CIM schema
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L4-3 208
Multiple instances of Web clients feasible
CIM object manger mediates between Web clients,
managed objects, and CIM schema
Microsoft Windows Management Instrumentationuses Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM)
Suns CIMOM uses JMX
CIM modules: Core model: high level framework Common models: protocol-specific domains Extension model: technology specific
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Solid lines indicate inheritances
Common Information Module
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L5-2 210
Dashed lines indicate associations
PhysicalElement (e.g. interface card) and
LogicalElement (IP address) subclasses of
ManagedSystemElement
System is aggregate of managed system elements
Service access point is management, measurement,
and configuration of a service
Managed system element considered as groups of
components
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Looking Ahead Future network and system management
frameworks should accommodate well-established
SNMP entities
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Web agents are intelligent and future points to
the use of Web technology
Web-based management offers two options
WBEM is comprehensive and centralized approachto enterprise management; accommodates both
scalar and object-oriented schemes
JMX is decentralized and uses Java technology;