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ABSTRACT

A

review of

the

American Petroleum

I n s t i t u t e

Standard 650

and Appendixes poin ts ou t the

advantages

of

using high s t rength s t e e l and

the var i ab le po in t design

method (Appendix K)

to

obta in

reasonably

uniform

s he l l

s t re s ses .

Design l imi t a t ions imposed by

notch

toughness

and

re s idua l s t r esses

are

poin ted

out .

Design cons idera t ions

for

the

i n s t a l l a t i o n of

an

in te rna l

f loa t ing roof in a s tandard cone roof t ank

are

discussed . Methods

of ca lcu la t ing evapora t ion

losses

and an economic

j u s t i f i c a t i on

for a

f l oa t i ng

roof

are

included. Budget es t imate

f igures

have been

compiled

as

a

funct ion

of

tank

capac i ty for tanks

s i t e

prepara t ion

and

tank

r ingwal l o r pi l ed mat foundat ions.

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BOVEGROUND FUEL OIL STOR GE

T NKS

BY

L WRENCE GEORGE P LMER

THESIS

PRESENTED IN P RTI L FULFILLMENT

OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE

OF

M STER OF SCIENCE

IN

CIVIL

ENGINEERING

T

NEW RK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

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APPROVAL

OF

THESIS

ABOVEGROUND

FUEL

OIL STORAGE TANKS

BY

LAWRENCE

GEORGE

PALMER

FOR

DEPARTMENT

OF

CIVIL

ENGINEERING

NEWARK

COLLEGE

OF

ENGINEERING

BY

FACULTY COMMITTEE

APPROVED

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TABLE

O

CONTENTS

bs t rac t

Table o f Contents

L i s t o f

Figures

Li s t

o f

Tables

I n t r oduc t i on

American Pet ro leum I n s t i t u t e

Tank She l l

High S t r eng t h S te e l s

Tank

Bottom

Tank Roof

Floa t i ng

Roof

Appendix H API-650

Roof Sink ings

Evapora t ion

Losses

Tank

Costs

Storage

Tank

i

i v

4

4

11

16

19

21

22

24

25

29

29

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LIST

O

FIGUR S

1. Cone Roof Tank Showing In t e rna l Floa t ing Roof.

2. Elas t i c

Movement

of Shel l Courses a t Gir th Jo i n t

3.

Actual

Stresses y Analysis

in

220 Foot Diameter Tanks.

4. Photograph

of

Cone Roof Supports .

5 .

Floa t ing Roof

Supports .

6. Ten Inch Diameter Automatic

Bleeder

Vent.

7. Photograph

of

80 000

Barre l

Tank.

8.

Photograph

of

Fuel

Oil

In l e t

Diffuser Inp lace

Between Floa t ing Roof and Tank Bottom.

9. Nomograph

for

Calcula t ing Breathing Losses

From

a

Fixed

Roof

Tank.

10.

Nomograph for

Calcu la t ing

Working Losses

From

a

Fixed

Roof

Tank.

11. Nomograph

for

Conversion of Reid Vapor

Pressure

to

Absolute

Vapor Pressure

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LIST

OF

T BLES

1

Minimum Distance

In Fee t From Proper ty Line Or

Nearest Important Bui ld ing

2

Prope r t i e s Of Fuel

Oils

nd Their Hazard

Ide n t i f i c a t i on

iv

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INTRODU TION

The

explosion

of the Liqu i f i ed Natural Gas LNG)

Tank

in Sta ten

Is land

has

increased

publ ic

concern over

the cons t ruc t ion

of

a l l

new

s torage f a c i l i t i e s for

hazardous

mater i a l s .

The

LNG

tank

f a i l u r e

poin t s

out

the need fo r

grea te r understanding

of the

parameters

and hazards

involved

in

the i n s t a l l a t i o n

and

opera t ion

of s to rage tanks .

Aboveground atmospheric

fue l

o i l

s torage

tanks

are

very

d i f f e r e n t from LNG tanks . The clamor

over

i n s t a l l a t i o n of new tanks

ignores

the

overa l l

sa fe

performance of

t he pas t and a lso

ignores the s tandards

developed

by

indus t ry

and government

to

improve

performance

in the

fu ture . The publ ic

outcry i s due

to

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The

purpose of t h i s r epo r t is to

presen t informat ion

on

var ious aspec ts o f

tank

cons t ruc t ion

t o a id the

engineer

respons ib le

for the i n s t a l l a t i o n o f above-

ground fue l o i l

s torage tanks .

The repor t

discusses

the fol lowing:

1 Standards

recommended

by

the

American

Petroleum I n s t i t u t e .

2 Design

cons idera t ions

fo r i n t e rna l

f loa t ing roofs and

j u s t i f i c a t i o n

fo r t h e i r use

3

Cost

ana lys i s

on a f l oa t i ng

roof

and

budget es t imate data

for

tank

i n s t a l l a t i o n .

4 Government

regu la t ion o f s to rage

t ank

cons t ruc t ion .

Publ ic concern

over

cons t ruc t ion

of

aboveground

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s torage

o f

flammable and

combust ible l i qu id s The

conference

inves t iga ted the

records

o f

Oil

Tank

Fires

from 1915 1925 and developed

many

recommendat ions which

promulgated the codes

and spec i f i ca t ions

fo r the

cons t ruc t ion and opera t ion of fue l o i l s to rage tanks

used

t oday l

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MERIC N PETROLEUM

INSTITUTE

ST ND RD

650

The most

prominent

spec i f i ca t ion for fue l o i l

s to rage

tanks has

been developed by the American

Petroleum I n s t i t u t e (API). The

American

Petroleum

I n s t i t u t e Standard 650, Welded Stee l Tanks for Oil

Storage ,

and

seve ra l appendixes , cover the mater i a l ,

design , f abr i ca t ion , e rec t ion and in spec t ion r equ i r e

ments

for

aboveground s to rage tanks with opera t ing

i n t e rna l pressures approximat ing

atmospher ic pre s su re .

Large o i l s to rage tanks t ake the form o f a v e r t i c a l

cy l indr ica l

she l l

with e i t h e r a

f ixed roof or

a

f loa t ing

roof or both . Floa t ing roofs are i n s t a l l ed to l imi t

fue l

evapora t ion

assoc ia ted

with

cone

roof

tanks

and

wi l l be discussed l a t e r .

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The

design ,

by

t h i n

wal l theory ,

o f

a

cy l i nd r i ca l

s he l l under hydros t a t i c l oad ing would produce a uniform

c i rcumfe ren t i a l s t r e s s i

t he

th ickness

o f

t he

s h e l l

5

were t ape red uniformly

from

top to bot tom

and

i the

s he l l

were

f r ee

to

expand

e l a s t i c a l l y

wi t hou t

r e s t r a i n t .

In a

s torage

t ank , however two f ac to r s a f f e c t t he

p a t t e r n

o f the c i rcumfe ren t i a l

s t r e s s e s ,

t he cons t ruc t i on

of the s h e l l

using a

d i f f e r e n t

th ickness

in each s h e l l

course , and t he

r e s t r a i n t o f t he t ank bot tom

aga ins t

the

e l a s t i c

expansion o f the

lower

s he l l .

At each c i rcumferen t i a l g i r t h a d i f f e r e n c e in

p l a t e th ickness r e s u l t s

because

the t h i ckness

i s

governed

by

t he p r e s s u re near the bot tom o f

t he

course .

The

g r e a t e r

th ickness of the lower course reduces the

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The bas ic

equat ion

used by the

API-650

for the

t t

f

h

11 h

k 3

ompu a lon a s t

C

ness ~ S

Where:

2.6D (H-I)G C

t = +

S

t =

ca lcu la ted minimum

th icknes s

i n .

H

= height from bottom of course

under

cons ide ra t ion

to top

of roof curb angle

f t .

G

= design

s pe c i f i c

grav i ty of

l i qu i d

D

=

tank

diameter

f t .

E

=

long i tud ina l

j o i n t

e f f i c i ency

fac tor

bas ic tank E=O.85 fo r

Appendixes

D

and

G E=l.O

S

= design s t r e s s Ib s / i n .

C =

cor ros ion

al lowance

6

(I)

Appendixes

D

and

G

she l l

design.

Appendixes

D

and

G are two a l t e rna t ive s

to

the bas ic API-650 procedure

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s he l l p l a t e

mate r i a l and

the

des ign

s t r e s s e s

used to

determine p la t e t h i ckness a re summarized below:

5

Specification

Min Tensile

Strength

n

psi

Min

Yield

Strength n

psi

Design

Stress

in psi

17 850

23 000

API-650

API-D

API-G

55 000

58 000

70 000

30 000

32 000

50 000

28 000

1s t

course

30 000

upper

course

Appendix K

s he l l design.

The in t roduc t ion of

higher

des ign

s t r e s s e s and s t ronge r mate r ia l s

and t h e i r

app l ica t ion

to

very

l a rge s torage

t anks

l ed

to

renewed

i n v e s t i g a t i o n

of ac tua l

s t r e s s e s

in the

t ank

s he l l s .

The fol lowing

d i scuss ion on

s he l l

th ickness

has been

abs t rac ted from papers by L. P. Zick and R. V. McGrath

and

the

API S p e c i f i c a t i o n

Appendix

K.

t

was found

t ha t loca t ing the des ign po in t

one foo t above t he

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Zick

and

McGrath proposed an a l te rna t ive adopted

by the

API

as

Appendix

K which used

the var iab le design

point for each

she l l

course to ca lcu la te she l l thickness.

This resu l t s in actual c i rcumferent ia l she l l s t resses

closer

to

the

design s t ress and

may

be

appl ied

to the

basic API-6S0 and Appendixes D and

G.

7

Applying

Appendix

K for

the

calcu la t ion of she l l

thicknesses requi res tha t each

course

be calcu la ted

indiv idual ly . The

equat ion for determining

the

bottom

course

thickness ,

using symbols of Equation 1 isS

[

0 O.463D) ~ ] 2.6HDG)

tl = 1.06 -

H SE S

To

determine

the thickness of the

second

course

evaluate the following

ra t io

for

the

bottom course:

2)

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Or:

t2 =

t

2

a ,

if

the r a t i o value i s 2.625;

Or;

the r a t io

value

i s

1.375

but

2.625,

[ 2 .1 -

h i

l

2

=

t

2

a

t

1

t

2

a)

1.25

r t

l

_

Where:

t2

= minimum th ickness of second she l l

course , in

inches

t a =

th ickness of second

course , in

2 inches ,

as

ca lcu la ted

for

an

upper s he l l course

9

4

The

t he o re t i c a l

th ickness

of an upper

she l l course

i s

a

func t ion

of

the two th icknesses a t the

g i r t h j o i n t

a t the lower edge of the she l l

course .

The

e l a s t i c

expans ion and

ro t a t i on

a t the g i r th j o in t must r e su l t

in

common values

s ince the two

pla te

edges are connected

. . t 9

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Where:

Xl

X

2

X

t

u

=

0.61

Crt 2

0.32 (Ch

u

u

=

Ch

u

=

1.22

Crt

2

u

=

t h i ckness

o f

upper course a t

j o i n t

in

inches

=

th ickness

o f lower course

a t

j o i n t in

inches

K) K- I )

C

=

k:

I K K) 2

tL

K

=

tu

=

Height

from bot tom o f course

under c ons ide r a t i on

to

the

top angle or

to

t he bottom

o f

the ove r f low on f l oa t i ng

roof t a nks

in

inches

10

Figure

2

i l l u s t r a t e s

t he

l o c a t i o n

o f the

Xl

X

2

and

X

d i s t a nc e s from the

g i r t h

seam.

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The minimum

th ickness

fo r

the

upper s h e l l

course

sha l l be computed

with

equat ion

6.

x

=

X

2.6D

H

-

- -

G

12

SE

6)

Use

the

f i r s t ca lcu la ted

value of t

to

r e pe a t the

s teps

x

u n t i l

t he r e

i s

littl d i f f e r ence between ca lcu la ted

values

of

x

. . 12

~

succeSS10n.

Figure

3 shows the c i rcumferen t ia l s t r e s s e s in a

220- foo t

diameter

tank wi th

56-foo t s h e l l

he igh t

designed

to

the bas ic

API-6S0

Appendix

D

and

Appendix

G

us ing Appendix K var iab le des ign poin t .

Standard

API

des ign s t r e s s e s are shown in

dashed

l i n e s fo r comparison.

Note

the

bas i c

des ign wi th a

s ing l e des ign s t r e s s r esu l t s

in

high ly

s t r essed

lower

s h e l l

courses .

The

API

Appendix G

design

method

us ing

a

lower

s t r e s s for the

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12

of t ank capac i t i e s

beyond

t he 268 000 b a r r e l

t anks

13

provided

fo r

by

t he

API-650

s tandard

des ign .

The

des ign

uses low

and

in te rmedia te

t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h

carbon

s t e e l

throughout

and prov ides

fo r r e qu i r e d

s t r e n g t h l e ve l s to

meet

inc reased pressures

by vary ing t he

th i c kne s s of

t he

s t e e l

from

top

to

bot tom.

Al l

t anks

a re l im i t e d to a

maximum

s t e e l p la t e

t h i ckness

o f

~ inches

because

a l though des ign c r i t e r i a

i s based p r in c ip a l l y

on y i e l d and

t e n s i l e s t r eng t h

o ther

f ac t o r s

e f f e c t

t he

s e rv i c e a b i l i t y

of the

s t e e l .

Tens i le

s t r e ng th

i s

no t the

break ing

s t r e n g t h

o f

a

s h e l l

p l a t e in

s e rv i c e ; it i s

the breaking s t r eng t h

o f

a l ab

sample.

St ruc tu r e s have f a i l e d a t

50 o f

y ie ld s t r eng th and

25

of

t e n s i l e

s t r eng t h

because

o f

poor

no tch

toughness

s t r e s s

in t e n s i f i c a t i o n poor homogenity and

improper

welding

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toughness fo r

t he

th ickness

and t empera tu re ranges

spec i f i ed .

IS Appendix

D

does

no t

r equ i re add i t i ona l

t e s t s to

demons tra te

s u i t a b i l i t y .

Appendix G, on the

13

o the r hand r e qu i r e s

add i t i ona l

t e s t i n g i

s t e e l s

a re used

below t h e i r

s t a t e d t empera tu res .

l6

The

t e s t us ua l ly performed

to de te rmine

notch

toughness i s

t he

Charpy

V Notch

Tes t . This i s

a dynamic

impac t

t e s t

in which a machined notched specimen i s s t ruck

and

broken

by a s i ng l e

blow.

The energy expres sed

in

foot pounds r e qu i r e d t o break t he specimen i s a measure

of

toughness a t a p a r t i c u l a r t e s t specimen temperature .

The

t e s t

has s e ve ra l

l i m i t a t i o n s

because it i s

unable to t ake the fo l lowing i n to

accoun t :

th ickness

e f f e c t s

o f welding

i nc lud ing

embr i t t l emen t

and

r e s i dua l

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The WW t e s t i s prenotched s low s t r a i n e d wide

pla te t e n s i l e t e s t . The advantages o f t h i s t e s t

a re

tha t va r ia t ions in the s t r eng th of weld and t he e f f e c t

14

of l a rge specimen 4 - f t x 4 - f t permit t he f u l l

e f f e c t s

of r e s idua l

s t r esses

to develop.

The

OD

t e s t i s fu l ly ins t rumented notch bend

t e s t which i s being used

extens ive ly in Europe

to

supple

ment WW t e s t data and

to

inves t iga te weld meta l .

Poor

notch

toughness

alone

wi l l

not

cause

b r i t t l e

fa i lu re . Usual ly

combinat ion of poor toughness

and

s t re s s i n t e n s i f i e r s r e s u l t s in the i n i t i a t i o n of

crack. St re s s i n t e ns i f i e r s a re loca l areas o f high

s t re s s

concent ra t ion re su l t ing from des ign d i s c on t inu i t i e s

misal ignment nozzles and

weld

de fec t s .

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15

necessary

fo r

s h e l l g i r t h seams i au tomat ic welding

h

d

19

mac

~ n s

a r e

use

. Pos the a t ing

us ua l ly used

to

normal ize

s t e e l

p l a t e i nvo lves

he a t ing

the weldment to

over l IOOoF.

ho ld ing t h i s t empera tu re

fo r

se v e ra l

hours

and

then a l lowing t he weldment

to cool . The

r a t e of

hea t ing

should not

exceed

400F.

per

hour

per inch of

p l a t e

t h i c kne s s .

20

Use of h igh

s t r eng t h

s t e e l

for

l a rge

t anks has inc reased the requirements for s t r e s s r e l i e v ing

to i n s u re

aga i ns t b r i t t l e f a i l u r e s .

The h igh

c i rcumfe ren t i a l

s t r e s s e s caused

by

se rv ice

loading were

i l l u s t r a t e d in

Figure

3. High r e s idua l

s t r e s s

can have

a d i sas t e rous

e f f e c t when

added

to

these h igh c i r c um fe re n t i a l s t r e s s e s .

Appendix D and G

r e qu i r e s t e e l

p l a t e s

for low

t empera tu re

s e rv i c e t o be

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16

p la te s ,

or

re inforcement ,

on l a rge

tanks

i n t e r f e r e s with

the

e l a s t i c behavior of

the s he l l and i n t roduces

severe

bending

s t r esses

a t the

toe

o f the fill t welded

connec t ions

between

the

compensating

p l a t e and s he l l .

Appendix D

ou t l ines

a l t e rn a t i v e designs

fo r

connect ions

to

l i m i t

bending

s t r e s s e s .

Openings

near

the

bottom of

the

tank

s he l l

tend

to ro t a t e with v e r t i c a l

bending

of

the

she l l under serv ice loads .

23

Specia l

p recau t i ons

in

the

des ign

of pipework should

be

taken to al low fo r the

loads

imposed by

the

r e s t r a i n t

of

the a t t ached pip ing to

the

she l l ro t a t ion .

Tank Bottom

The tank bottom i s

made

up by l ap

welding

1/4- inch ,

minimum

th ickness , rec tangular

p la te s

and ske t ch pla tes

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qua l i t y connect ion

i s

t he re fo re

necessary i

a

reasonable

tank

l i f e

i s

to

be

achieved.

25

The

tank

17

bottom i s of t en contaminated with

bottom

s ludge and water

which

may have dele te r ious e f f e c t upon fa t igue l i f e .

Bottom s ludge and

water . BSW found in fue l o i l s

var i e s grea t ly in amount

and

composi t ion. The

grea t e s t

amount

of

BSW

i s found

suspended

in re s idua l fue l s

No.6)

because of the

dens i ty

and high

v i s cos i t y of

the

fuel .

The composit ion

of BSW found

a t

t he bottom of

a

tank

i nc ludes

r es ins ,

f ree

carbon

water ,

hydrogen

su l f ide ,

tank sca le and

rus t . This

environment not

only

cont r ibu tes to fa t igue

but a l so

may

i n t roduce

s t r e s s

cor ros ion c racking

i t he

re s idua l s t r e s s e s in the

bo t t om- t o - she l l

connect ions

are

high .

26

Sumps

should

be

provided

to al low for water

drawoff and

the

shel l -bot tom

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8

wi l l occur causing considerable

movement and

readjustment

of the

shape.

The s t resses created by the readjustment

have caused

tank

fa i lures .

Ringwalls

or pi l ed

mat

foundations should be

provided

when so i l condit ions indicate

subs tan t i a l

set t lement

or di f f e ren t i a l

set t lement

might

occur. Appendix

B

of the

API

covers recommended

Pract ice for

Construction

of

a Ringwall Foundation.

The fol lowing recommended cr i t e r i a

for to lerable

set t lement of storage tanks was presented

by

M.I. Esrig

a t

the

A.S.C.E.

Seminar Sett lement

of Structures ,

ay

1, 1973.

Type

of

Movement

ax

se t t l ement

of

she l l

ax di f f e ren t i a l set t lement

Tolerable Distort ion

12

inches

Less than 2-in . in 30-f t .

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19

circumference

of

the tank

t ha t

only

rep re sen t p lana r

t i l t i n g a re p lo t t ed along a l i ne whose l eng th

rep re sen t s

the

c i rcumference

of

the tank.

Tank Roof

The

roof

des ign can be e i t h e r a suppor ted cone

with i t s

pr inc ipa l suppor t

provided y r a f t e r s and

columns

as shown in Figure 4

o r

a se l f - suppor ted

cone

or

dome

roof

suppor ted only a t i t s per iphery . The roof

and suppor t ing s t ruc tu re s s ha l l be designed to suppor t

dead

l oad p lus

a uniform l i v e load o f not

l e s s

than

3 lb s . per sq.

f t . of

pro jec ted area to meet S t a t e o f

ew

Je r sey

Code Requirements.

27

API des ign

provides

for

a l i ve load

o f

only 25 lb s .

per

sq. f t .

Supported cone roofs

are l ap

welded from t he top

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20

was f i l l e d beyond capac i ty causing

excess ive

in te rna l

pressures

t h a t

buldged

the roof

p la t e s . The

roof- to- top

angle weld broke

a t

th ree

po in t s a lmost

equa l di s t an t

around the roof pe r iphe ry . Although some

No.

fue l o i l

shot

out

o f

the

f r ac tu re s and sprayed the a rea , no

jo in ts

in the

s he l l

were

ruptured

and

a

major

ca tas t rophy

was

d d 29

a V 2

Vents .

Fixed roof tanks accommodate a very low

i n t e rn a l

pressu re o r vacuum. Therefore ,

adequate vents

must be

furn i shed to accommodate

v a r i a t i o n s

in pressure

caused

y

the

da i ly

cyc l ica l

thermal

expansion

and

cont rac t ion o f the vapor space (brea th ing losses )

and

the input

and

withdrawal o f l i q u id

working

lo s se s ) .

As the tank vents excess pres su re , evaporated

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21

FLO TING

ROO

f loa t ing

roof , in

d i r e c t

con t ac t

with

t h e

surface of the l i qu i d , e l imina tes the hazardous vapor

space found

in

a s tandard cone roof t ank . Tes t s

have

demonst ra ted tha t ,

No

measurable explos ive vapor

mixture

i s presen t between

t he f loa t ing pan and t he

f i xed

roof of

a tank s to r i n g v o l i t i l e l i qu i d . 30

However, on

a

s tandard

cone roof

t ank the

danger o f

an

explos ive mixture

i s

always p r e s e n t

as

po in ted

out

by Hubbert

O'Br ien

in

Petroleum

Tankage and Transmiss ion

who

s t a t e s ,

A

condi t ion

of

vapor

s t r a t i f i c a t i o n

always e x i s t s in the

vapor space

var ing

from

ne a r ly pure

a i r

a t t he vent to

near ly

a

pure

vapor

a t the l i q u id su r face . 31

Standard cone roof tanks a re be ing

equ ipped wi th

s impl i f i ed i n t e r na l f l oa t e r s , furn i shed

to

API-650,

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22

roof

t ank

equipped

with

a

f loa t ing

roof

combines the

low

cos t

maintenance

o f

a f ixed roof

tank whi le of f e r i ng the

advantages o f

a f loa t ing roof

t ank

b u i l t to Appendix

spec i f i ca t ions .

Appendix H

The

Appendix H

f loa t ing roof cons i s t s o f

a

s t e e l

pla te

deck

and r im with pe r iphe ra l and pene t ra t ion

sea l s .

The space

between

the

outer per iphery

of the deck and the

tank

s he l l i s sea led by a f l ex ib le device which provides

a c lose fit to

the

she l l

sur faces .

32

No

pontoons

are

requi red fo r i n t e r na l f loa t ing roofs .

The

weathermas ter

sea l y

Chicago

Bridge and I ron , fo r example,

i s a

tough envelope of Polyure thane coated Nylon which

pro tec t s

a

r e s i l i e n t

foam

sea l .33 Pene t ra t ion

s ea l s

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23

The upper suppor t pos i t ion

al lows

the

f l o a t i n g

roo f

to

r e s t

a t the

minimum

opera t ing l eve l usual ly th ree

to

four

fee t above the tank

bottom. The lower

suppor t

pos i t ion al lows the

roof to

r e s t a t

the

maintenance leve l

to provide s u f f i c i e n t height

fo r

c leaning

crews

to work

under the f loa t ing roof .

Vents . The API-650 r equ i re s

an

automat ic bleeder

vent

Figure

6

on the f loa t ing

roof

to evacuate a i r and gases

from underneath

the

deck

when the f loa t ing roo f i s

re s t ing

on i t s

suppor t s . t

a l so

requi res t ha t t h i s

vent re l i eve any vacuum genera ted underneath t he deck a f t e r

.

l

d hd 1 . 34

1 t s e t t es on 1 t s suppor t s ur1ng W1t

rawa

opera t1ons .

The

API-650

r equ i r e s

vents

loca ted

in

the

s he l l

above

the

h ighes t

l eve l of the sea l o f the

f l o a t i n g

roof

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24

h

36

t

~

vent .

Sta in le s s

s t e e l

coarse

mesh

f o r the

s he l l

and roof

vent s

should be spec i f i ed to prevent

ing re s s

of

bi rds

and animals . Also

r a i n

sh ie lds on t he roo f

vent

and on each

s he l l

vent should be inc luded .

Overflow

vent .

For

fue l

o i l

tanks

loca ted

in

remote

locat ions

the API 650 requirement for an

overf low

ind ica tor

may

not

be

adequate to insure aga i ns t acc iden ta l

over f i l l i ng of the tank.

Overflow

vents

s ized

to

dump

fue l a t the maximum poss ib le f i l l i n g r a t e

should be

spec i f ied . The

overf low

vents should begin

to

dump

fue l as t he

sea l

r i s e s

pas t

the vent s , thus

s topp ing

the

ver t i ca l

assen t

o f

the

f loa t ing roof .

The

e leva t ion

of

the

overf low

vents

i s

a

func t ion

of

the

l eng th of roo f supports ex tending above the

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5

e a lso

found

t ha t nine roofs

were

r epor t ed sunk

in

opera t ion

because the l i qu id

s t o red

was

sp lashed

on

top of the f loa t ing

roof

by gas bubbles .

38

The s inking

of

a

f loa t ing roof

in Pennsylvania

was

a

d i r e c t r e s u l t

of

l1forwarding l a rge quan t i t i e s o f a i r

to

t he t a nk by

a

la rge

p o s i t i v e

disp lacement barge

unloading

pumps

which

were

used for s t r ipp ing of

a

crude o i l

barge . 39 n

i n l e t

pipe

d i f f u s e r on the tank i n l e t

Figure 8)

w i l l

d i s s ipa t e l a rge

surges of fue l

o r a i r

which could cause

sp lashing

of

the produc t

on

the

deck.

The

d i f f u s e r i s

expected

to l i m i t discharge when forwarding o i l from the

l a rges t barge

an t i c ipa t ed

and

to

d i s t r i bu t e t he incoming

fuel

so

t h a t l a rge f lu id s treams a re not

c rea t ed .

Although

seve ra l f l oa t ing

roofs

have

sunk

in

t h i s

country r e s u l t i ng

in

as

much as s ix months l o s s

in

the

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roof i s 75

of

the

t o t a l

evaporat ion

loss

calcula ted

for

the f ixed

roof

40

The API corre la ted the measured breathing losses

from

data col lec ted on 256

tanks

and es tabl ished tha t

breathing

losses

were a funct ion of the

t rue

vapor

pressure ,

the tank

diameter ,

the average height of the

26

vapor space, the average dai ly

ambient temperature and

the

color

of

the tank pa in t

4l

Breathing

losses

Equation

7

was

developed

to

calculate

breathing losses of gasol ine and f in i shed

petroleum

products from

a

model

equation derived from

tank

data

42

Ly

=

l ~ ~ O

1 4 ~

7-P O.

68

D)

1.

73

x

(H)

0.51

x

T)

0.5

x

Fp)]

7)

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27

Working l o s se s .

Working l o s ses

may be d e f i n e d as

vapor

expe l led

from

a

t ank

as a

r e s u l t

o f

l i q u i d

pumped

i n to

o r

ou t of the t ank . The va lues

s u s c e p t i b l e

to

co r re l a t ion from

da t a

co l l ec t ed on 123 t anks by t h e API

were measured l o s s , t r ue vapor

pressu re

and

r a t e o f

product

movement.

Equat ion

8

was

der ived

f rom

t st

da ta

for e va lua t ing

the working l o s ses for

g a s o l i n e and

4

f in i shed

pet ro leum

produc t s .

Where:

F 3 PV

k t

10,000

F

working losses, n

barrels

p t rue

vapor

pressure a t

bulk

l iquid temperature

V voll llTe of l iquid p1 1Itped

in to

tank, n barrels

k t

turnover

factor

8)

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and 10. Figure 11 a nomograph to conver t Reid

vapor

pressure

t o t r u e

vapor

pressu re

i s

a lso inc luded .

Prevent ion of

evapora t ion

l o s s from pet ro leum

products

i s becoming

ext remely

impor tan t . In

add i t ion

28

to conserving

a

va luable

na tu ra l resource reduct ion of

evaporat ion

l o s s

provides a subs tan t i a l economic savings .

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9

T NK

COSTS

The cos t of i n s t a l l i n g fue l o i l tanks

i s

esca l a t i ng

a t

a

very

f a s t r a t e .

Figure

12 shows

the

t ank cos t

index

as

repor ted

in

the

Eighth Annual Study

of

Pipe l ine

I n s t a l l a t i on

and Equipment

cos t s .

45

Figure

12 was

used

to

update

t ank

c o s t data co l l ec t ed fo r

the

presen t a t i on

of

budget cos t

da ta .

s torage Tank

Figure 13

Cost of erec ted fue l

o i l

s t o rage tank

with

i n t e rn a l

f l o a t i n g

roof

has been compiled

from the

curves presented by Jackson Clerk in Storage Tanks,46

from budget es t i ma t e

pr i ce s

furnished ve rba l ly

by

Chicago

Bridge and I ron and

from

Publ ic

Service

E l ec t r i c and Gas

Company f i l e s on t he cons t ruc t i on

of

nine s torage tanks.

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30

Si te

Prepara t ion

Figure

14

neas t

of

s i t e

prepa ra t i on

U

graphs

tank

capaci ty versus

do l la r s for severa l

es t imated

depths of

f i l l .

This cos t inc ludes

a

s toned ea r then d ike

s ix

fee t

high and

a

twenty

foo t

f i r e l ane . Cons t ruc t ion

of tanks

in

areas

such

as

the

Hackensack

Meadowlands

may

requi re

la rge amounts of ill to

br ing the

top of dike

to

u.s. Coast Geodet ic e leva t ion t en fee t

as

requi red y

the

Hackensack

Meadowlands Development comrnission.

47

Therefore

a d e p t h a f f i l l

curve

for

twelve

f ee t

has

been

included

to

cover

ill in areas where

swampy

s o i l

condi t ions

o r meadow mat

may

cause

excess ive consol ida

t ian .

Foundat ions

Figure

15 Cost of concre te

r ingwal l

foundat ion

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31

more cos t ly

than

s t e e l

p i l e s in tank mat

foundat ions .

Bids were

l e t

for

a

l l O - f t

diameter tank foundat ion

using

e i the r 35-foo t

c reoso ted

wood p i l e s or IO inch diameter

hollow s t e e l

pipe p i l e s

to be f i l l e d with

concre te

a f t e r

pi les were dr iven . P r ices ind ica ted

t h a t even

with the

cost of ca thodic pro tec t ion inc luded for

the

s t e e l p i l e s

the s t e e l p i l e d foundat ion was 37 cheaper .

48

I tems not

inc luded in the

program inc lude hydro-

s t a t i c

t e s t i n g

pa i n t i ng fue l

o i l l i n e s

f i l t e r s

and

valves.

Float ing Roof

The c o s t of a

f l oa t i ng

roof i s a func t ion o f tank

diameter . Figure 17 i l l u s t r a t e s the

cos t

of an Appendix H-

type f l oa t ing roof i n s t a l l e d dur ing tank e rec t ion .

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32

calculated.

Then an

average loss

reduct ion of 75 percent

can

be

appl ied

to the calcula ted

evaporat ion

loss for

the

f ixed-roof tank,

to determine the potent ia l

savings

to

be

derived

by use

of a

f loa te r

To

i l l u s t r a t e the

savings

t ha t

may

be

rea l i zed by

the

use

of a f loa t ing roof

the

following hypothet ica l

case

i s presented.

A gas turbine uni t requires a

nominal

80,000 bbl

fuel o i l tank to s to re

3

lbs Reid

vapor pressure

RVP)

l igh t

naptha.

Given:

Tank diameter = 110 f t

Height

= 8 f t

TOtal

outage

= 30

f t

Color of paint = hite

Average

daily

tempera-

ture change = 16

degrees

Annual

throughput =

1,000,000 bbls

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33

Figure

11. Turnovers per

year

are equal to the annual

throughput

divided

y

tank

capaci ty .

COST

ANALYSIS

OF

A FLOATING

ROOF

Armual

Losses

Cone Roof

Internal

Floating

Roof

Breathing

loss, bbl.

Working

loss, bbl.

Total Annual

loss, bbl.

5

47

97

Net

savings,

bbl. =

8 5

bbls/year

Cost to Install :

From

Figure 10

=

33,500

Return on

Investrrent:

125

125

(Figure 9)

(Figure

10)

Approximate

net savings 735 bbls.

@ 4.89

=

4,100

Years

to

Payout:

33,500/ 4,100 = 8

years

The

savings per year of approximately

4,100

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4

tank

the years

to p a y o u t i s reduced to 2 7

The economic

savings r ea l i zed y

the

i n s t a l l a t i o n

of

a

f loa t ing roof dur ing the

2

to

3

se rv i ce years o f

tank j u s t i f i e s

i t s

i n s t a l l a t i on

on an economic

bas i s

However the envi ronmenta l and sa fe ty bene f i t s a re

gaining

grea t

importance

in

the

des ign

of s torage t anks A

cone

roof

tank with a

f l o a t i n g

roof has a be t t e r chance fo r

acceptance y

Sta t e

Agencies and

Local

O f f i c i a l s

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35

GOVERNMENT

REGULATION

The

committee formed by the twenty-eighth annual

meeting of the

National Fire Protect ion

Associat ion NFPA)

developed the

f i r s t

recommendation

for

the ins ta l la t ion

of tanks

with

respect

to

the i r

distance

from

property

l ines ,

the s iz ing of dikes

and

the

minimum

spacing

between tanks.

49

These recommendations have been

expanded

y the NFPA Standard Flammable and

Combustible

Liquids

Code (No. 30)

and

adopted

by

government

agencies

responsible

for

se t t ing

the

standards

for the s torage

handling or use of Flammable and Combustible Liquids.

Department of Labor and

Industry

The

New

Jersey

Administrative

Code (NJAC),

Ti t l e

f

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36

Flash p o in t , as def ined by the

NFPA

i s l i the

minimum

temperature

a t

which

a

l iqu id

gives o f f

s u f f i c i e n t

vapor

to form

an

i g n i t a b l e mixture with the a i r near t he

surface of

the l i qu i d .

Ign i t ab le mixture i s one w i th in

the

exp los ive range t h a t

i s capable of the

sp read

o f

flame from

the

source

o f l i qu id

through

t he

f lammable

mixture .50

For each f lammable mixture

o f vapor

and

a i r ,

the re i s

a

minimum and maximum concent ra t ion

of

vapor

below

or

above

which propagat ion of

f lame

does no t

occur

on contac t wi th source o f ign i t ion . These concen-

t r a t ions

s e t the l i m i t s of the

flammable

range

fo r a

vapor and a re usua l ly

expressed in

terms

of pe rcentage

by

volume

o f

gas

in

a i r .

The d e f i n i t i o n of combust ib le and f lammable

l i q u i d s

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37

Flammable l i q u i d s a re subdivided i n to

the

fo l lowing

c lasses

by t he

NJAC:

52

Class IA s h a l l

inc lude

those having

f l a sh po i n t s below 73F

and having

a

b o i l i n g p o i n t

below

100

F.

Class

IB s h a l l

inc lude

those

having

f l a sh po i n t s

below

73F

and

a

bo i l ing

po i n t

a t

o r

above IOOoF.

Class IC s h a l l inc lude those hav ing

f l a sh po i n t s a t or

above

73F bu t

l e s s

than

100F.

Class

l i qu i ds s ha l l inc lude those

having f l a sh po in t s

a t

o r

above

1000F bu t l e s s than

140oF.

The

NJAC a l so

cons ide rs

the bo i l -ove r cha r ac t e r i s t i c s

of

a

fue l

when

c l a s s i fy in g

hazardous

mate r i a l s . B o i l -

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38

Locat ion o f

s torage

t anks . Al l aboveground

t anks

for

flammable

and

combust ible

l iqu ids sha l l be

l oca t ed a

minimum

dis tance from the proper ty l i ne o r nea re s t

important bu i ld ing in accordance with Table

1 .

Dikes Pr io r to

the

enactment of NJAC 12:133 the

New

Je r sey Bui ld ing Code requi red the volume o f dike area

for

s torage o f l i qu ids

with boi l -over

c ha ra c t e r i s t i c s to

be ten percent gr ea t e r

than

the capac i ty of the tank to

compensate fo r

the

poss ib le i nc rease

in

volume

of the

foaming

o i l dur ing a t ank f i r e .

54

NJ C 12:133

on

the

o t he r hand r equ i re s the d ike

area for

fue l s

with bo i l -ove r charac te r i s t i c s to equal

the

t o t a l

capac i ty

o f the tank.

A

tank

s to r ing a

l iquid

which

does

no t bo i l over may

be

enclosed by a dike

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47/79

39

The

capac i ty of

the

dike area enc los ing

more than

one

t ank

s ha l l be

ca lcu la t ed

for the capac i t y

o f

the

la rges t tank minus the

volume

of the smal le r t anks

below

the

height of the d ike . The capac i ty

of

the d ike for

boi l -over

fue ls

s ha l l

be ca lcu la t ed

y deduct ing

the

volume of a l l

the

tanks below

the

he ight of the d i ke .

57

Tanks wi th in a common dike enc losure

s ha l l

be separa ted

by an in te rmedia te dike a t l e a s t

18 inches

h igh .

58

Spacing

between

s he l l s . NJAC 12:133 r equ i r e s a

minimum d i s t ance between two

adjacent

t anks

s h a l l

not

be le ss

t han :

59

One

s ix th the

sum

of t he i r diameters

except

when the

diameter

of

one

tank

i s

l e s s

than

one-ha l f

the

diameter

of the

adjacent

t ank the d i s t ance

between

t he

two

t anks

sha l l not be

8/10/2019 njit-etd1973-003

48/79

40

Drawings accompanying an Applicat ion

for Approval

for a fuel o i l storage

tank

should include the

following:

60

1.

Plo t

plan.

2. Dike plan including

loca t ion

of f i re

hydrants, f i r e

l anes dike stairway deta i l s explosion-

proof l igh t ing

and

foam s torage

fac i l i t i e s

i f needed.

3.

St ruc tura l de ta i l s of the tank foundation.

4. Tank drawing

including

schedule of

shel l

pla te

thicknesses

loca t ion

and

s ize of vents grounding

deta i l s i n l e t and

out l e t

nozzles

and valves.

A general

descr ip t ion

of

the fuel to be s tored including

i t s degree

of

hazard

should

be

included with

the

appl icat ion.

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41

Department

o f Environmental Protec t ion

The

New

Jersey

Air

Pol lu t ion

Code,

Chapter 9,

en t i t l ed nPermits empowers

the

Department of Environ-

mental Pro tec t ion

DEP) to

con t ro l

the

cons t ruc t ion and

operat ion o f any device capable

of

causing the emission

of

an

a i r

contaminent

in to

the

open a i r .

Since

fue l

oi l s torage tanks emit fue l

o i l

vapors in the form

o f

breath ing losses and

working

lo s se s the EP i s

empowered

by Paragraph 2.SA of Chapter 9

to

r egu l a t e

the

cons t ruc t ion

and

opera t ion o f tanks having a

capac i ty

in excess of

10,000 ga l lons .

The EP r equ i r e s

the

Owner o f a fue l o i l s to rage

tank to f i l e fo r a

Permi t

to

Const ruc t

and

fo r

a

I ICer t i f ica te

to

Operate Cont rol Apparatus

o r

Equipment .

This

c e r t i f i c a t e

i s

va l id for a per iod of

f ive years and

8/10/2019 njit-etd1973-003

50/79

4

recognized s

an

e f f e c t i v e con t r o l pp r tus in reduc ing

l eve l s

o f emission o f i r contaminents

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4

ON LUSION

The API-650 Appendix K

va r i ab le po i n t

method o f

design

should be

used

for

the

c ons t ruc t ion o f l a rge t anks

to ob ta in reasonab ly uniform

s h e l l

s t re s se s

in

each

course

o f t he s h e l l and grea t e r

economy_

Notch toughness

and s t r e s s r e l i e v in g do no t

r ep resen t

a c o s t l y problem

fo r f ab r i ca to r s who have worked

with

these l im i t a t i o n s for

years

in

the

cons t ruc t i on

of pressure

vesse l s

and water

towers.

The

c o s t o f

Appendix

K

tanks

w i l l

be

lower

than

s tandard

t anks because t he var i ab l e

po i n t

method

y i e l d s

t h inner s h e l l p l a t e s

The

i n s t a l l a t i o n o f a f l oa t i ng roof in a cone roof

tank makes good sense economica l ly and e c o l o g i c a l l y

The

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52/79

3 Very

littl

environmental po l lu t ion i s

crea ted

by

the o pera t ion of the tank

4 The maintenance assoc ia ted with

dra ins

44

i ce and

snow with

regula r

f loa t ing

roofs

i s not requi red .

8/10/2019 njit-etd1973-003

53/79

REFERENCES

1. Report on Records

of

Oil Tank Fi res in the u n i t e d

Sta t e s 1915-1925, American Petroleum I n s t i t u t e

(New York,

1925), p.

5.

2. L. P.

z ick

and R. V.

McGrath, Design

of

L a r g e

Diameter

Cyl indr ica l She l l s f

American

Pe t r o l e um

I n s t i t u t e Divis ion Refinery , 1968, p.

1115.

3. Welded St e e l

Tanks

fo r Oi l S torage

American

Petro leum

I n s t i t u t e

4th

Edi t ion

Standard 650,

(Washington,

June,

1970) ,

p . 14.

4.

L.

P.

Zick

and R.

V.

McGrath, p . 1112.

45

5.

L.

P.

z ick

and

R. V.

McGrath,

New

Design

A p p r o a c h

for Large Storage Tanks, Hydrocarbon P r o c e s s i n g

Volume 47, N o . 5 May, 1968, p . 144.

6.

Ib id

p . 143.

7.

Welded Stee l

Tanks fo r Oi l

Storage p .

100.

8.

Ib id .

9. L.

P. z ick and R.

V.

McGrath, Design of L arge

8/10/2019 njit-etd1973-003

54/79

46

15.

St ee l Tanks

for

Liquid

Storage ,

American I ron and

Stee l

I n s t i t u t e

(New York) ,

p.

8.

16. Welded

S te e l Tanks for

Oi l

Storage , p .

90.

17.

H.

D Cot ton and

J .

B. Denham, European Prac t i ce on

t he Design

and

Const ruct ion of Oi l S torage Tanks,

American Petro leum I n s t i t u t e , Divis ion

of

Refining

Procedures

(Annual) , Volume 48, 1968, p . 108.

18.

Low Temperature

and

Cryogenic

Stee l s , Mater ia l s

Manual, United

Sta t e s Stee l ,

ADUSS

01-1206 (P i t t sburgh ,

Pennsylvania ,

1964), p . 45.

19. H. C. Cot ton and J .

B. Denham,

p .

1087.

20. Ear l R.

Pa rke r ,

St ress Rel ieving o f

Weldments,

Welding Research

Counci l ,

October , 1957, p .

439.

21.

Welded S te e l Tanks for o i l

Storage ,

p . 73.

22.

H. C. Cot ton and J .

B. Denham,

p. 1082.

23.

Welded S t ee l Tanks

for Oil S torage , p .

92.

24. L. P. Zick

and R.

V. McGrath, New

Design

Approach

for Large Storage

Tanks,

p . 1118

25. H C. Cot ton

and

J . B.

Denham,

p . 1093.

8/10/2019 njit-etd1973-003

55/79

47

32.

Welded

S t ee l

Tanks for

Oil

Storage ,

p.

95.

33. Horton

Floa t ing

Roofs,

p . 22.

34. Welded S t ee l Tanks for

Oi l

Storage , p. 96.

35. Ib id , p .

95.

36. Ib id .

37.

R.

W

Bodley,

When

Covered Floa te rs

Are Used,

Hydrocarbon

Processing,

Volume

50,

September, 1971, p. 159.

38.

Ib id , p . 161.

39.

United

Engineers and Constructors ,

Inc . ,

Business

Let t e r ,

November 17, 1972,

p .

2.

40.

Use

of

In t e rna l

Floa t ing

Covers

for

Fixed-Roof

Tanks

to Reduce Evaporat ion

Loss,

American

Petroleum I n s t i t u t e ,

Bul l e t in 2519,

1962, p . 10.

41. Evaporat ion Loss from Fixed-Roof Tanks, American

Petroleum I n s t i t u t e , Bul le t in 2518,

1962,

p . 6.

42. Ib id ,

p .

13.

43. Ib id , p .

19.

8/10/2019 njit-etd1973-003

56/79

50. Fire

Protec t ion Guide on Hazardous

Mater ia ls , 3rd

Edit ion,

National

Fire

Protect ion

Associat ion

(Boston,

1969),

p. 325 M-3.

51.

Flammable

and

Combustible

Liquids, Sta te of New

Jersey

Department o f Labor

and Industry, N.J .A.C.

12:133,

Sect ion 3,

p.

16.

52. Ibid, p .

17.

53. Ibid ,

p .

12 .

54.

Standard

Building

Code, s t a t e

of

New Jersey,

Department

of Conservation and Economic

Development, Trenton, 1965,

p . 85.

55.

Flammable

and Combustible Liquids,

p. 35.

56.

Ibid,

p .

36.

57. Ibid , p .

35.

58. Ibid.

59. Ibid, p. 29.

60.

Format

used

by

author

for

80,000

bbl .

tank.

8

61.

Federal

Register , Volume

36,

No 105, ay 29, 1971,

8/10/2019 njit-etd1973-003

57/79

49

BIBLIOGRAPHY

American I ron and Stee l In s t i t u t e Stee l Tanks fo r Liquid

Storage New York.

American

Pet ro leum I n s t i t u t e Welded Stee l Tanks for

Oil

Storage 4 th Edi t ion

Standard

650 Washington

June

1970.

American

Pet ro leum

In s t i t u t e

Evaporat ion

from

Floa t ing -

Roof Tanks Bul le t in 2517

February

1962.

American

Pet ro leum I n s t i t u t e Use of In te rna l Floa t ing

Covers

for

Fixed-Roof Tanks

to Reduce

Evapora t ion

Loss B u l l e t i n 2519 November 1962.

American Pet ro leum

I n s t i t u t e Evaporat ion

Loss From Fixed-

Roof

Tanks

B u l l e t i n No.

2518

Washington

D.C.

June

1962.

American

Pet ro leum I n s t i t u t e

Report on Records

of Oil

Tank Fi re s in the United Sta te s 1 9 l 5 ~ 1 9 2 5

ew

York

1925.

Ashley

C. C . Evaporat ion Losses of

Petroleum

Oils From

Stee l

Tanks

The

Oil and Gas Journa l Volume 37

No.

26

November

10

1938

pp.

170 172-173

and

177.

8/10/2019 njit-etd1973-003

58/79

Clerk, Jackson, Storage

Tanks,

Chemical Engineering,

Volume

72,

Number

3, February

1 ,

1965,

p.

104.

50

Cotton, H. C. and Denham J .

B .

European Pract ice in

the

Design

and

Construction

of i ~ Storage Tanks,

American Petroleum Ins t i tu t e

Division

of Refining

Prec.

(Annual), Volume 48,

1968, pp. 1075-1113

Horton, Harry,

Tanks,

Petroleum Review,

Volume 24,

July ,

1970, pp. 203-208.

Hughes,

John

R.,

The

Storage and Handling of Petroleum

Liquids:

Prac t ice and

Law

London: Gri f f in

Company

Ltd . 1967.

National Fire Protect ion

Associat ion,

Flammable Liquids ,

Boilers - Furnaces, Ovens,

National

Fire Codes,

Boston, Volume

1,

1971-1972,

pp.

30-1

-

30-38.

National

Fire

Protect ion

Associat ion,

Fire Protect ion

Guide on

Hazardous

Materials , 3rd Edi t ion,

Boston, 1969, pp. 325M-l - 325M-16.

Nelson,

A.

H.,

Indust ry

Experience

Shows In te rna l

Float ing Covers Score High, Oil

and Gas

Journal ,

Volume

69,

September 13, 1971,

pp.

84-86.

O'Brien, Hubbert L. Petroleum Tankage and Transmission,

East Chicago, Indiana: Graver Tank

and

8/10/2019 njit-etd1973-003

59/79

51

Rogers

Walter

F. , Method of

Calcu la t ing

Oil

Evapora t ion

Losses , Par t and I I , Pet roleum Engineer ,

Volume 9

Nos. 9

and I I , June 1938

pp.

39-43

Ju ly 1938 pp. 48-49 and 52.

Schmidt Paul

F . ,

Fuel Oi l

Manual

New

York: I n d u s t r i a l

Press ,

In c . ,

1969.

United

Eng inee r s

and Cons t ruc tor s , Inc . ,

P r i v a t e

Communication

November 17

1972.

Uni ted

S t a t e s St e e l ,

Low

Temperature

and

Cryogenic

St e e l s , Mater ia l s

Manual

Pi t t sbu rgh ,

Pennsylvania , DUSS 01-1206 1964 pp. 43-81

83-105.

Wi lson J .

G.

and P.

D

Thomas Using Carbon St e e l s in

High-S t res s

St ruc tu re s , The

Oil

and

Gas Jou rna l ,

Volume

61

March

3

1963

pp. 103-107.

Zick

L. P. and

R.

V.

McGrath

Design o f Large

Diameter Cyl ind r i ca l She l l s , American Pet roleum

I n s t i t u t e ,

Divis ion

Refinery, 1968 pp. 1115-1140.

Zick L.

P. and R. V. McGrath

New

Design

Approach

fo r

Large Storage Tanks

Hydrocarbon

Process ing ,

Volume 47 N o . 5 , May 1968 pp. 143-146.

Zimmerman o

T. , Cost Indexes , 1945-1971 Cos t

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Floating

Roof

Seal

36 in.

dia. manhole

36 in.

dia.

Circulation

Vents

OVerflew

Vents

- - - - - - - . ~ . - , - , -

L ___

J

110 FT. DI METER

FIGURE

DRAWING OF

CONE RCDF SHELL SHCWING INTERNAL FIDATlliG ROJF

o

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h

u

X3

J

t

u

Variable

Design P i n t ~ 0

I J

Xl

0.32 Chul

Init ial Location

Maximum I / of Tank Shell

~ I r - - - - - - - ~ ~ . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~

/ 1

0.61

h

Deflection

I

/Gi r th

oint

~ ~

/

Min

Height of X

2

hen

= I

C=0=X

2

/

/

unrestrained

Radial

GrCMth

t

u

FIGURE 2 ELASTIC MJVEMENT OF SHELL COURSES AT

GIRrH JOINT

62

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I

i

H

o Basic

API-6S0

,Appendix

D

Appendix

G 0

Top

Course

8t=:;::-= /8

6th

16 t

Course

. /

. /

;L 116

5th

Course

24 I < / I _ .... 124

4th

32 I Course II// ;; : ; ; 1 32

3rd

40 I Course

API-GSO

Y 1

7 c f

140

2nd

48

I Course API

65O-K

'(I

.11 148

Botton

Course

___ rr6' '_

56 56

6

18

23 30

Average

Circumferent ia l Stress

in Kips

per Square Inch

FIGURE 3

ACI UAL

STRESSES BY ANALYSIS :IN 220

FCOT

DIAMETER

TANK

63

34

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63/79

8/10/2019 njit-etd1973-003

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o

3 f t .

loating Roof

Pinned

t

Maintenance

Level

loating Roof at

Minimum

Operating

Level

6 f t .

bolt

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65/79

IO inCh i a m e t e r ~

. / Pin to Alloo for

Floating

o Roof Maintenance

Level

Operation

I

I

I

I

I

. Minimum

I inch.

11-..1 :::==t1

I

I

~ F l o a t i n g

Roof Deck

l l- _ - - I l : : : :== =

I

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66/79

O

8/10/2019 njit-etd1973-003

67/79

i

I

tl

8/10/2019 njit-etd1973-003

68/79

Tank Color

White

Light Grey

Medium

Grey

15

20

30

40

Paint Factor

1.00

1.33

1 46

80 1 15 2

I

I

\ 5 ~

t . f ~ ~ - . A

.l ~ o 6

i.O 0-t-

::::ture

~ ~ _

Change

n

Dp

..

10

Fuel oi l

, I ; I

Cr:ude

o i l 10 100 1000 oJOO

T -

~ _ ~ _ ~

0

100 1000

10000

FIGURE 9 BREATHING LOSSES FROM A FIXED

RCX F

TANK

64

4 >

152& 40

.

&

/J

/d

.

4-

6

8

J.O

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69/79

15

20

00

15

til

rn

S 1

rn

S

M

.r-

10

r I

0

.r-

0

1

r I

,

g

Ul ' .

5

.... f ......

Pivot

l)

4

-5

CQ

.r-I

2

U)

.......

3

4

1 -1

P.

,

Ul

,

0-36

3

~

-

"

\.

-

-

2

,

5 ~ e 2 _

H

U)

-

i

ffi

-

60

2

H

-

,

.

A I

-

80

-

H

-

"

' 6

..-

100

~

1

6

:}-

~

,02

,

0.8

8

"

200

1

.......

10

1

,

400

0

6

0.8

..........

,

0.6

.......

8/10/2019 njit-etd1973-003

70/79

ro

.r-

til

P I

til

Ul

Pol

H

~

:>

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1

2

~

en

rn

2

3

4

:>

3

6

ro

-..-{

4

8

m

1

6

12

1

80

-

Of.t..

0

..iJ

s

i

i

40

8/10/2019 njit-etd1973-003

71/79

300

250

8

8/10/2019 njit-etd1973-003

72/79

1000

100

5

;

/

1 .

I-

/

/

7

v

1/

/

/

/

~

~

I

i

\

I

1

\

8/10/2019 njit-etd1973-003

73/79

N

r I

&

r I

r I

.r-

4-l

4-l

0

S

at

ro

II

r

0

r I

H

q.

I

r I

x

r::4

til

r

H

r

t

8

E-

J l

8

il

8

8/10/2019 njit-etd1973-003

74/79

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~

0

(V )

0

N

~

r I

r-i

fZ

r-i

8

I

1

0

[J

t=:t

8

8

I

8/10/2019 njit-etd1973-003

75/79

U

f

H

P I

;

100

D=llO

D=150

75 I

D==200

5

I . Ji,< ;

25 I

.. jf

: / I

D

=

Diameter

of

Tank

25

500 750

Cost

n Thousnads

of Dollars

FIGURE 6 COST OF PILED MAT

FOUNDATION

8/10/2019 njit-etd1973-003

76/79

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o

o ;Sf

0

M

U)

~

~

-I

8

4-1

]

~

f:1

E-

8

jJ

[J

8

r-I

8/10/2019 njit-etd1973-003

77/79

Type o f Tank

Pro tec t ion

Atmospheric

Tanks

Atmospheric Tanks Sto r ing

Stor ing Flammable

Hazardous

Liquids

With

Boi1

o r Combust ib le

Over Charac t e r i s t i c s

Liquids

Diked

1/2

Times Diameter

Diameter o f

Tank

bu t Need

o r

o f

Tank

but Need

Not Exceed 175 Fee t

F loa t ing

Drained

Not

Exceed 90 Fee t

Roof

None

Diameter

o f Tank

Times Diameter

o f Tank bu t

bu t Need Not Exceed

Need Not

Exceed

350 Fee t

175

Fee t

Approved

1/2

Times Diameter

Diameter o f

Tank

bu t Need

Foam

o r

o f

Tank but Need

Not Exceed

175

Fee t

I ne r t ing

Not Exceed 90 Feet

System on

and

Sha l l

Not Be

The

Tank

Less

Than 5 Feet

Cone

Diked

Diameter

o f Tank bu t

Times Diameter o f Tank but

Roof

o r

Need Not

Exceed

175

Need Not Exceed

350

Fee t

Tank

Drained

Fee t

None

Times

Diameter o f

4 Times i a m ~ t e r o f

Tank

Tank but Need

Not

bu t

Need

Not

Exceed

350

Exceed

350

Feet

Fee t

T BLE

MINIMUM

DISTANCE IN FEET

FROM

PROPERTY LINE OR NEAREST IMPORTANT BUILDING

67

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Suggested

Min.

I gn i -

Hazard

Flash t i o n

Boi l ing I d e n t i f i c a t i o n

Poin t Temp.

Poin t

Flamma- Reac-

Deg.

F.

Deg.

F. Deg. F.

Heal th

a b i l i t y

t i v i t y

Fuel

Oil

No.

1

100

410

304-574

0

2

0

Kerosene)

Range

Oil)

Coal

Oil)

Fuel Oil No. 2

100 494

0 2

0

Fuel Oil

No.

4 130

505

0

2

0

Fuel Oil

No. 5

130

0

2

0

Fuel

Oil-No.

6

150

765

0

2 0

Nap tha V

P .

85 450

280-350

T

3

0

Naptha

V. M

P .

28

450

212-320

T

3

0

The fol lowing

discuss ions on

degrees

o f hazard

a r e an i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of the

i n format ion conta ined

with in NFPA

No.

704M and

a r e r e l a t e d s p e c i f i c a l l y

to the

f i r e

f igh t ing aspec t s .

Refer

to NFPA

No.

704M fo r a

de ta i l ed d i scu s s io n

o f

the

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n sys tem.

TABLE

2

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8/10/2019 njit-etd1973-003

79/79

HEALTH

I Mater ia l s only s l i g h t l y hazardous to hea l th . t

may be des i r ab le

to

wear se l f -conta ined brea th ing

apparatus .

Materials

which

on exposure

under

f i r e condi t ions

would o f f e r

no hazard

beyond t h a t o f

ord inary

combust ible mater ia l .

FLMJI ..MABILITY

3

Mater ia l s

which can be i gn i t ed under almost

a l l

normal

temperature

condi t ions . Water may be

ine f fec t ive because o f

the

low f l a sh po in t .

Mater ia l s

which

must

be

moderate ly

heated

before

ign i t ion

w i l l

occur .

Water spray may be used to

ex t ingu i sh the f i r e because the mater ia l

can

be

cooled

below

its

f lash point .

REACTIVITY

St ab i l i t y )

o

Materials

which

in themselves)

are

normal ly

s tab le

even under

f i r e

exposure

condi t ions

and which are

not r eac t ive

with

water . Normal

f i r e

f ight ing

procedures may be used.

TABLE PROPERTIES OF FUEL

OILS

AND THEIR HAZARD

IDENTIFICATION

68

Sheet of