Njatc Pv Powerpoint Acte Naae

1

Solar Photovoltaics and Distributed Generation

National Joint Apprenticeship and Training Committeefor the Electrical Industry

2

Market Drivers for Renewable Energy and Distributed Generation

Increasing costs and dependence on imported energy from unfriendly countries

Environmental impacts from fossil fuel use – pollution and global warming

Electric utility restructuring and deregulation Net metering and interconnection rules Legislative mandates for new generation –

renewable portfolio standards Utility surcharges and public benefit funds Federal, state and other incentives – rebates,

tax credits, production incentives and tradable renewable energy credits Financing, power purchase agreements and energy services contracts

Increasing public awareness and interest

3

U.S. Total Energy Consumption

Since 1950, U.S. annual energy consumption has increased three fold to over 100 quadrillion Btu (Quads), accounting for 25% of total world consumption! (U.S. population is 5% of world)

Since 1970, U.S. net energy imports have grown from zero to 30% of total consumption.

Source: U.S Dept. of Energy Energy Information Agency

http://www.eia.doe.gov

The turning point: production peaks, consumption exceeds production

http://www.eia.doe.gov/


4

U.S. Energy Flow: 2007(Quadrillion Btu)





5

Renewable Contribution to U.S. Energy Supply: 2007





6

U.S. Electricity Generation: 2007

70% of U.S. electrical energy is produced from burning non-renewable coal and natural gas





8

Conventional Central Power Generation

Conventional thermal power plants convert only 30-40% of the energy content in the fuel source to electrical energy, with the remainder wasted as heat.

Most power plants are located remote from population centers and thermal energy users, resulting in this excess heat going unutilized.

Electricity 33%Fuel 100%

67%Waste Heat

CO2 + Pollution

Power Plant

(Remote from thermal users)

9

Distributed Generation: Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

When smaller, distributed power generation is located closer to end users and thermal loads, waste heat can be recovered and utilized.

While many CHP technologies rely on fossil fuels, their value lies in utilizing the fuel more efficiently and providing power where and when it is needed.

Fuel100% Steam

Electricity

Chilled Water

90%

10% Waste Heat

CO2 + Pollution

CHP Plants

(located close to thermal users)

10

Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems

load

energysource

power conditioning

energyconversion

InverterPV Array

powerdistribution

LoadCenter

Battery

energystorage

electricutility

The total components and subsystems that, in combination, convert solar energy into electrical energy suitable for connection to a utilization load.

11

Types of Photovoltaic Systems

Stand-Alone SystemsOperate independent of the utility grid

Utility-Interactive (Grid-Connected) SystemsOperate interconnected (in parallel) with

the utility grid, a bi-directional interface is required

Bi-Modal SystemsMay operate in either utility-interactive or

stand-alone mode, but not concurrently

12

Interactive PV Systems

A solar photovoltaic system that operates in parallel with and may deliver power to an electrical production and distribution network.

Electric production and distribution network connection

Interactive Inverter

Photovoltaic source circuits

Photovoltaic output circuit

Inverter output circuit

Inverter input circuit

Adapted from NEC®

13

Basic Utility-Interactive or Grid-Connected PV System

LoadCenter

PV Array Inverter

AC Loads

ElectricUtility

14

Utility-Interactive PV System with Energy Storage

PV Array

Inverter/Charger

Battery

Critical LoadSub Panel

BackupAC Loads

Main Panel

PrimaryAC Loads

ElectricUtility

* Arrows indicate directions of power flows

Bypass circuit

15

NJATC Photovoltaic Systems Textbook

Developed in partnership with American Technical Publishers, SMEs and training partners in 2007.

An industry standard on the fundamentals, design and installation of PV systems.

Emphasis on safe, code-compliant and accepted industry practice.

16

Working Safely with PV Systems

Conducting a Site Assessment

Selecting a System Design

Adapting the Mechanical Design

Adapting the Electrical Design

Installing Components and Subsystems

Maintaining and Troubleshooting Systems

Curriculum ScopeTask Analysis for PV System Installers

Performing System Checkout and Inspection

17

Textbook Features

18

Textbook Features

Full-color, durable hard-bound book; 15 chapters, 450 pages, including appendix and glossary.

Detailed, full-color illustrations depict the principles of PV systems, and testing and measurement procedures.

Photographs are used extensively to detail components used in PV installations, and to exemplify best installation practices.

Factoids contain technical tips or background information.

Vignettes highlight cases studies, additional technical, historical or safety information that supplement the text material.

19

Chapter Layout

Full-page openersIntroductionChapter objectives

20

Illustrations

Electrical diagramsComponent detailInstallation

21

Chapter Summary and Review

22

CD-ROM Overview

23

CD-ROM Main Menu

24

Illustrated Glossary

25

Solar Radiation Data Sets

26

Video Clips

27

Instructor Resource Guide

Instructor’s GuideInstructional OutlinesPowerPoint® PresentationsSample ExamsElectronic SlidesMedia ClipsAnswer KeysTest Development Software

28

NJATC Training and Workforce Development

Meeting the Needs of the Electrical Industry DVD Training Partners Training Centers Training Programs Markets and Opportunities

29

NJATC Solar Industry Training Partners

Sharp ElectronicsWorld’s leading PV module manufacturerwww.sharp-usa.com/solar

Sunwize TechnologiesLargest U.S. distributor of PV products www.sunwize.com

• Contact: David Love, 888-870-9493• [email protected]

30

Worldwide PV Markets are Booming!

Record high 2,826 MW installations in 2007 - 62% growth from 2006!

Germany's PV market reached 1,328 MW in 2007, 47% of world total

Spain grew 480% to 640 MW

Japan declined 23% to 230 MW

United States increased by 57% to 220 MW

Source: www.solarbuzz.com

31

Show Me the Money

The PV industry raised nearly $10 billion in 2007

84 identified financial transactions accounted for $7.5 billion in 2007, including $5.3 billion from equity

financing $2.2 billion from debt

financing The PV industry generated $17.2

billion in global revenues in 2007 $30 billion expected by

2012

Source: www.solarbuzz.com

32

2007 U.S. Grid-Connect PV Market

The U.S. grid-connect market grew 57%, from 112 MW in 2006 to 175 MW in 2007 California Solar Initiative funded at $3.3 billion, 63% of total US

market PV systems above 1 MW accounted for 23% of the market Over 1 GW of PV projects planned in utility, corporate and

government sectors

33

Solar Big-Box Boom

Big-box stores across the country are going green and investing in PV systems and energy efficiency measures. Safeway plans to install solar arrays on the roofs

of 23 stores as part of a broad renewable energy initiative.

Wal-Mart plans installations at 22 stores across California and Hawaii, totaling 20 MW, meeting about 30% of energy use.

Best Buy plans PV installations on 35 stores in 2008.

Others with announced plans include Staples, Target, Home Depot and Costco.

34

Financial Incentives for PV Installations

Rebate programs Typically based on $/watt of PV

capacity installed Offered by states, local government

and utilities; qualified participation Federal tax credits,

depreciationProduction incentives, feed-in

tariffsGrants and loansSales and property tax

exemptions

35

Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy (DSIRE)

National resource for PV project developers: www.dsireusa.org

Includes financial incentives, grants, rules, regulations and policies for renewable energy and energy efficiency

Also see SEIA Guide to Federal Tax Incentives for Solar Energy: www.seia.org

www.dsireusa.org

36

Power Purchase Agreements (PPA)

A legal contract between an electricity generator and a purchaser of energy. Used by owners of power generation assets to raise

financing and capital, and create revenue streams. Depends on accurately defining costs and performance,

typically based on unit energy price and escalation factor.

In 2007, 50% of non-residential photovoltaic installations in the U.S. used a PPA, and expected to exceed 90% by 2009.

Major financial and venture capital firms are accelerating investments in PV markets.

37

Typical Big Box Retail500 kW PV System

Home DepotDaytona, FL

270 ft

370 ft

Total roof area: 100,000 sq. ft.

If 50% of roof (50,000 sq. ft.) can be covered with PV, a 500 kW array can be installed.

A 500 kW PV array will produce enough energy on an average basis to meet the electrical load in typical light commercial retail.

38

Estimating Tools

PVWATTS: http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/codes_algs/PVWATTS/

Clean Power Estimator http://www.clean-power.com/ http://www.clean-power.com/nyserda/

On-Grid Solar www.ongrid.net

Back of Napkin: DC Rating x 75% = Peak AC Output (kW)

• 75% factor includes inverter efficiency, losses and temperature derating

AC Output x peak sun hours = Energy Production (kWh)

39

PVWATTS Performance Calculator for Grid-Connected PV Systems

Based on array DC rating (sum of module ratings)

Factors in system losses for AC output

Energy production determined by array orientation and solar resource

Provides monthly total energy production and value

40

Green Building Technologies and theElectrical Industry

Electrical Contractor Magazine www.ecmag.com

Electrical Construction and Maintenance (EC&M) Magazine http://www.ecmweb.com GreenBiz opportunities for

electrical markets: E-mail

41

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

(LEED) Green Building Rating System™ National benchmark for the design, construction,

and operation of high performance green buildingsOver 50% of LEED points can be attained by work

under the scope of the electrical contractor: Building automation Lighting controls Energy management Photovoltaics and other renewable and distributed

energy systems

www.usgbc.org/leed/

42

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

LEED certified buildings: have lower operating costs and increased value are healthy and comfortable for their occupants reduce waste sent to landfills conserve energy and water reduce harmful greenhouse gas emissions qualify for tax rebates, zoning allowances and other

incentives in hundreds of cities demonstrate an owner's commitment to environmental

stewardship and social responsibility

www.usgbc.org/leed/

43

NABCEP PV Installer Certification

North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners (NABCEP) Voluntary credential for PV professionals Not a contractor’s license

A job task analysis for PV installations is the basis for the certification program and examination content

Becoming increasingly important to participate in this industry Over 500 individuals certified nationwide Electrical industry is encouraged to attain certification www.nabcep.org

44

NABCEP Entry Requirements

Due to numerous issues, the NJATC/IBEW/NECA have gained NABCEP board approval to modify candidate entry requirements for installation experience.

Qualfied JWs will be able to take exam based on “installation training equivalent” – to be defined by special committee.

Will include compulsory hands-on training and independent recognition for such training programs

Qualifying candidates will be permitted to take exam in September 2009, look for details early next year

45

International Association of Electrical Inspectors (IAEI)

Regular articles in IAEI News on PV installations, code compliance and inspections:

Article on licensure and qualifications for PV installations to appear in September issue of IAEI News. http://magazine.iaei.org/ http://www.iaei.org

46

Bigger is Better

A total of 30 systems larger than 500 kW accounted for 30% of the 2007 U.S. installed PV capacity.

IBEW and NECA are involved with some of the largest installations in the U.S.

47

Nellis Air Force Base - Las Vegas, NV14 MW Installed by Bombard Electric

Largest PV system in U.S.

48

Google Complex – Mountain View, CA1.6 MW Installed by Cuppertino Electric

49

Habilitation Center - Portland, OR 870 kW Installed by Dynalectric

Largest PV system in Pacific Northwest

50

Denver International Airport2 MW Inter-Mountain Electric

51

Wind Turbine Generators

Wind energy is the fastest growing renewable energy resource in the world. U.S. wind generation capacity has increased three-fold over the past 5 years

and now totals over 7000 MW (< 1% of total U.S. generation) Utility-scale wind power projects now under development will add at least

5,000 megawatts of U.S. capacity over the next five years. Wind turbine systems are generally classified as either small scale (<100

kW) or large scale (> 100 kW) generating units.

52

Wind Energy Systems: IBEW Initiatives

Strengths of Electrical IndustryConstruction vs. Maintenance

Maintenance is multi-craftCompetencies Involved

OSHA - safety training Climbing and fall protection Substation work Transformers Cable splicing Grounding, bonding and lightning protection

Industry Partnerships?

53

Contact Information

Jim Dunlop, NJATC Curriculum Specialist321-704-1097 [email protected]

Presentation Downloads:http://www.njatc.org/http://www.farm-energy.ca/IReF/

Bill Ball, NJATC Dir. of Inside Curriculum:[email protected]

Njatc Pv Powerpoint Acte Naae

Technology

Transcript of Njatc Pv Powerpoint Acte Naae