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Chapter 3: Mesopotamia
city-state --Made up of the city and the farmland that surrounds it. Each city-state was considered a state within itself, with its own god and government
artisans--Skilled workers.They made pottery, jewelry, tools, weapons, sculptures, etc
ziggurat--A temple at the center of a Sumerian city. **the word literally means "mountain of god" or "hill of heaven"
cuneiform--Sumerian writing made up of wedge shaped signs. It was made up of hundreds of markings.
scribe--Sumerian writer. They worked for the temple, palace, government, or the army
priest-kings--Sumerian priests who were also kings of city-states
empire--a group of states under one ruler
culture--a way of life-beliefs and customs of a particular society **shared the same language, religion, etc
reform--change that leads to improvement
reign--a period of power
Chapter 4: Egypt
shadoof--a machine that lifted water out of the Nile and into basins
pharaoh--Egyptian ruler--to Egyptians the Pharoah was a ruler, priest , and god**word literally means "Great House"
pyramids--Large Egyptian tombs Known as "houses of eternity"
embalming--preserving the bodies of the dead
mummy--wrapped body of a preserved dead person
planned communities--cities built to a definite plan
citadel--a fortress
dynasty--series of rulers from the same family; a ruling family
Chapter 5: Eastern River Valleys
hieroglyphic--Egyptian writing system based on pictures
papyrus--Egyptian paper
ancestors--those from whom one is descended or family members from past generations
oracle bones--bones used by the Shang to receive messages from ancestors
nobles--people having a high rank in a kingdom