Nixon and Ford
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Transcript of Nixon and Ford
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Nixon and Ford
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Bellwork
The 1960s was an era of turbulent change. Violence erupted in both the north and the south from the Civil Rights movement. Protests engulfed campuses all over America. Leaders were assassinated, and many Americans began to wonder if the country was on the right path. What are the defining characteristics of the type of leader you believe the U.S. needs in a time of crisis?
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Nixon and Ford
Election of 1968 Nixon
› Foreign Policy and Détente› Domestic Policy
Election of 1972 Oil Embargo Watergate Ford
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Election of 1968
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Democratic Party
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Martin Luther King Jr. Assassinated
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Race Riots
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Race Riots
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Democratic National Convention
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Republican Party
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America Independent Party
George C. Wallace
Dixiecrat Reestablish
Jim Crow South
Nuclear war on Vietnam
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Results
Nixon won:› 31.8 million› 301 electoral votes
Wallace’s Results› Won 10 million popular votes› Largest third-party vote in American
history
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Nixon and Ford
Election of 1968 Nixon
› Foreign Policy and Détente› Domestic Policy
Election of 1972 Oil Embargo Watergate Ford
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Henry Kissinger› Secretary of
State
Foreign Policy
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Détente
Easing of Tensions
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Nixon’s Détente With BeijingPing-Pong Diplomacy
March 1971 - Lifts restrictions on travel to China
June 1971 – Ended 21-year embargo on trade with China
February 1972 – Nixon visits China
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Nixon’s Détente With Beijing and Moscow
Nixon traveled to the Soviet Union in May 1972
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Nixon’s Détente With Beijing and Moscow
The Deal› Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty I (SALT I)
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Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty I (SALT I)
Five-year agreement that held the number of ICBMs at 1972 levels
Step forward in limiting nuclear arms,
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Both started developing MIRVs
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Nixon and Ford
Election of 1968 Nixon
› Foreign Policy and Détente› Domestic Policy
Election of 1972 Oil Embargo Watergate Ford
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Welfare Programs
Expanded welfare programs:› Food Stamps› Aid to families with Dependent Children
(AFDC)
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Environmental Actions (1970)
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1970
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Environmental Actions (1970)
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1970
Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) 1970
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Environmental Actions (1970)
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1970
Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) 1970
Clean Air Act of 1970
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Environmental Actions (1970)
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1970
Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) 1970
Clean Air Act of 1970 Endangered Species Act of 1973
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Inflation
Removed U.S. off the gold standard
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Nixon and Ford
Election of 1968 Nixon
› Foreign Policy and Détente› Domestic Policy
Election of 1972 Oil Embargo Watergate Ford
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Election of 1972
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Election of 1972
Southern Strategy› To achieve a solid majority in 1972, he:
Appointed conservative Supreme Court justices
Softly applied civil rights Opposed school busing to achieve racial
balance
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Election of 1972
Results of the Election of 1972› Nixon won:
47.2 million-29.2 million 520-17
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Nixon and Ford
Election of 1968 Nixon
› Foreign Policy and Détente› Domestic Policy
Election of 1972 Oil Embargo Watergate Ford
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The Arab Oil Embargo and the Energy Crisis
Attack In the Middle East› October 1973› Syrians and Egyptians surprise
attacked Israel› U.S. supported Israel
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Oil Embargo
late October 1973, OPEC led by Arab nations put an oil
embargo on the U.S.
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Check Up!
Nixon believed that he was going to be remembered as one of the greatest presidents of the 20th Century, and had recording devices installed in the White House so that historians could later examine the actions he took as president. › Briefly create a list of Nixon’s accomplishments. › Then create a list of the accomplishments of
Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and LBJ.› Based on your list evaluate Nixon’s presidency.
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Nixon and Ford
Election of 1968 Nixon
› Foreign Policy and Détente› Domestic Policy
Election of 1972 Oil Embargo Watergate Ford
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Pentagon Papers
1971: Daniel Ellsberg –› a former Defense Department official› Pentagon Papers to the New York Times
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Plumbers
Response› Plumbers – Special White House unit
created to stop government leaks.
› Goal: gather intelligence/political information
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The Watergate Break-In
Watergate Washington, D.C. Wiretapped the phones at the DNC
headquarters
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The Watergate Break-In
Nixon authorized CIA to stop investigation on the grounds that the matter involved “national security”
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Watergate Scandal
January 1973 –› Watergate burglar Trial
Results: All either pleaded guilty or were found guilty
› Nixon approved “hush money” to at least one of the defendants
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Watergate Scandal
May 1973 –› John Dean (former White House lawyer) revealed
recording system in White House
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Watergate Scandal
October 1973 –› VP Spiro Agnew
accused of taking bribes
› Agnew resigned › Gerald Ford
became VP
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Watergate Scandal
January 1974 –› Congress ordered Nixon to turn over the
tapes. › Nixon refused, citing the executive
privilege – the power of the president to withhold information secret that is vital to the nation’s security
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Watergate Scandal
July 1974 –› Supreme Court ruled that tapes must be
turned over› Tape recorded Nixon’s giving order to
CIA
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Watergate Scandal
The House Judiciary Committee voted to impeach the President on the following charges:› Obstruction of justice› Abuse of power› Refusal to obey a congressional order to
turn over his tapes
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Impeachment Process
Impeachment: To bring official charges against the president (majority vote in House of Representatives)
Trial/Removal: The individual stands trial (Senate acts as jury; 2/3 majority vote it needed for removal)
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Impeachments in U.S. History
Andrew Johnson Richard Nixon Bill Clinton
Recommended for Impeachment
Why? Violated law by firing a cabinet member
Obstruction of justiceAbuse of powerRefusal to obey a congressional order
Lied under oath
Impeached by Congress
Impeachment confirmed by Senate
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Resignation
August 9, 1974 –› Nixon became the
first President ever to resign
› VP Gerald Ford was sworn in.
Should Nixon be charged with a crime?
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“When the President does it, that means that it is not illegal.”
-Richard Nixon
Should Nixon be charged with a crime?
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Resignation
August 9, 1974 –› Nixon became the
first President ever to resign
› VP Gerald Ford was sworn in. A month later Ford pardoned Nixon.
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Nixon and Ford
Election of 1968 Nixon
› Foreign Policy and Détente› Domestic Policy
Election of 1972 Oil Embargo Watergate Ford
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Ford
Ford’s Critics› When Nixon resigned in August 1974, Ford
became the first non-elected President. He appointed Nelson Rockefeller to be VP. Now, both the P and VP were appointed. People criticized him as being an illegitimate president
› Some people, including LBJ, believed Ford to be a dim-witted former college football player
› The new President took a lot of criticism from the public for pardoning Nixon. Some people had even suggested that a bargain had been made between Nixon and Ford before he had left office
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Ford
Helsinki Accords› Ford generally followed Nixon’s
approach, working for détente› In 1975, Ford, the Soviet Union, and
about 30 other nations signed the Helsinki Accords
› In signing the agreement, the countries pledged to cooperate economically, respect existing national boundaries, and promote human rights