Nitrogen Fertility of Organic Vegetable Production...
Transcript of Nitrogen Fertility of Organic Vegetable Production...
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Nitrogen Fertility
of Organic Vegetable
Production Systems
Richard Smith
University of California Cooperative Extension
Monterey County
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Organic Fertilizer Evaluation
• Evaluation nitrogen and phosphorus
management in organic leafy green
vegetables production on the Central
Coast
• Funded by the Fertilizer Research
and Education Program (FREP) of the
California Department of Food and
Agriculture
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Why this Project?
• Organic vegetable production in Monterey
County is growing rapidly
• Nitrogen management in organic production
systems is more complicated than conventional
systems and is in need of greater understanding
Organic Agriculture:
8.6% of total ag value
100
0’s
do
llars
0
50
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Organic Fertilizer EvaluationPrimary Objectives
• Determine the magnitude of mineralization
by soil organic matter and its role in
providing the N needs of leafy green
vegetables
• Evaluate mineralization behavior of
commonly used dry and liquid organic
fertilizers
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In-field Soil Organic Matter
Mineralization Evaluations
• A survey of 20 sites in the Salinas Valley
was conducted in 2016 & 17 with
cooperating growers in commercial
vegetable production fields
Crops included baby lettuce & chard,
spinach, full term romaine and broccoli
• Replicated fertilized and non-fertilized
plots were established in each field
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Range of Soil Characteristics of
Survey Sites
pH 7.28 – 8.17
Total N 0.05 – 0.18*
Organic Matter 0.64 – 4.13
Olsen P 10.2 – 111.8
Clay percent 5.6 - 53.3
* a change of 0.01 = 380 lbs of N/A
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In-field Soil Organic Matter
Mineralization Evaluations• In each unfertilized plot
subplots included:
1. Plants present
• Estimate of soil N mineralized,
plant removal, leaching
2. No plants
• Estimate of soil N mineralized,
no plant removal, leaching
3. No plants, covered with
plastic
• Estimate of soil N mineralized,
no plant removal, no leaching
Plastic
Plants removed
Soil moisture/temperature
data logger
Irrigation water catchment
funnels to measure
amount applied
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In-field Soil Organic Matter
Mineralization Evaluations
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Sources of N for 30-day Vegetables
Crop Initial
nitrate-N
lbs N/A
Fertilizer N
applied
lbs N/A
mineralized over
crop cycle
lbs N/A
Spinach 49 210 58
Spinach 129 120 ---
Baby lettuce 30 90 16
Baby lettuce 57 120 33
Baby lettuce 86 160 73
Baby chard 97 160 82
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Initial Nitrate-N and Percent
Yield Increase with Fertilization
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
% Y
ield
In
cre
as
e
Nitrate-N lbs/A
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Initial Nitrate-N and Percent
Yield Increase with Fertilization
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
% Y
ield
In
cre
as
e
Nitrate-N lbs N/A 20 ppm
NO3-N
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Initial Nitrate-N and Percent
Yield Increase with Fertilization
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
% Y
ield
In
cre
as
e
Nitrate-N lbs N/A
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Initial Nitrate-N and Percent
Yield Increase with Fertilization
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
% Y
ield
In
cre
as
e
Nitrate-N lbs N/A
Water management
and rooting depth
could affect these
responses
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Spinach Baby Lettuce
-20.00
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
180.00
0 10 20 30 40
6.0 lbs N/A/day
-20.00
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
4.1 lbs N/A/day
Nitrogen UptakeConventional Production
124 lbs N65 lbs N
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Effective Synchrony Between
Mineralization from the Various
Sources and Crop Demand
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Nitrogen Management of Short-
Season Organic Vegetables
• A soil test for residual soil nitrogen prior
to planting is the only realistic opportunity
to adjust fertilizer applications given the
short cropping cycle and the lag time in
the release of nitrogen from the organic
fertilizer material
• Some growers use liquid materials during
the crop cycle and this may have utility
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In-field Fertilizer Mineralization
Studies• Pouches with fertilizer
were placed into the soil
at the beginning of the
crop cycle
• Two studies conducted:
• 4-4-2 (blend of chicken
manure, bone and meat
meals) buried and on soil
surface (direct seeded
romaine)
• 4-4-2 and feather meal
buried in soil (broccolini)
Polypropylene Pouches with Fertilizer
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In-field Fertilizer Mineralization
Studies
Buried in soil Place on top of soil
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In-field Fertilizer Mineralization
Studies
• 3-4 pouches were collected each week
and the contents were collected, weighed
and analyzed for N, P and K
• This technique has limitations (e.g. loss of
particulate matter)
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4-4-2
Percent N Mineralized from Pouches Buried vs Surface
Days after Planting
Perc
en
t m
inera
lized
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Typical Two Phase Breakdown of Organic
Fertilizer (and other Organic Materials)
Days after Planting
Perc
en
t m
inera
lized
Rapid
phase
Slow phase
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4-4-2
Percent Phosphorus Removed from Pouches Buried vs Surface
Perc
en
t re
mo
ved
Days after Planting
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Organic Management Impact
on Soil Phosphorus
4-4-2
lbs/A
Phosphorus
lbs/A
Net Available P
lbs/A*
2000 31 4.6
3000 46 7.0
4000 62 9.3* 15% released
A large percent of the P in 4-4-2 is insoluble at soil pH values
> 7.0. Soil P values in our survey ranged from 10.2 to 111.8
ppm (Olsen P) with an average = 36.0 ppm, which is not
elevated in comparison with conventional fields. We are
evaluating to see if total soil P is increasing in organic fields.
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4-4-2
Percent Potassium Removed from Pouches Buried vs Surface
Perc
en
t re
mo
ved
Days after Planting
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Buried 4-4-2 vs 12-0-0
Percent N Mineralized from Pouches
Perc
en
t m
inera
lized
Days after Planting
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Laboratory Incubations of
Fertilizer MaterialsPercent N Mineralized
Material 2 weeks 4 weeks 8 weeks
2.5-2.0-2.5 4.0 5.8 13.6
4-4-2 28.8 30.5 37.5
8-5-1 47.2 43.5 58.5
10-5-2 43.8 49.3 58.8
12-0-0 48.7 56.5 59.3
Higher N content fertilizers released N more rapidly
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Overview of Organic Soil Fertility in Large-
Scale Organic Vegetable Production
• Many of the operations do not have the
ability to routinely cover crop and some
have also gotten away from the use of
composts
• Do double or triple crops using organic
fertilizers may substitute to some degree
for cover crops and compost?
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Input of Carbon to the Soil System
from the Organic Fertilizer 4-4-2
4-4-2
lbs/A
Net
lbs/A
Carbon
lbs/A
2000 1800 504
3000 2700 756
4000 3600 1008
Amount of carbon from other sources:
Cover crop (2-4 tons/A): 1600 to 3200 lbs carbon/A
Compost (3-5 tons/A): 1340 to 2240 lbs carbon/A
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Overview of Organic Soil Fertility in Large-
Scale Organic Vegetable Production
• Carbon inputs can be significant from
organic fertilizers
• It appears that the organic fertilizers are
also leaving significant amounts of
residual N from the fertilizer in the soil
• What is the fate of this N?
• Is it continuing to slowly mineralize or is it
recalcitrant and building up total N in the
soil?
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Management Considerations
• Higher N content fertilizers released
available N more rapidly
• The efficiency of soil surface applications
is lower than incorporated applications
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Management Considerations
• The need to apply the organic fertilizer N
early in the crop cycle makes an early
season evaluation of soil N necessary in
order to adjust fertilizer N application
rates
• A nitrate quick test following the germ
water may be the best tool for getting an
understanding of N available for the crop
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Acknowledgements
• Cooperating growers
• Crop consultants
• Patricia Love, Bibiana Urbina, Jose
Delgado
• Funding provided by FREP