NIOSH Nanotechnology Program: Research · † Utilizing the properties of nanoscale materials that...
Transcript of NIOSH Nanotechnology Program: Research · † Utilizing the properties of nanoscale materials that...
NIOSH Nanotechnology Program:Research
Vladimir MurashovSpecial Assistant to the Director
National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthWashington, D.C.
2006 International Conference on Nanotechnology, April 26, 2006
"The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent any agency determination or policy."
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Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970
• To assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women.
• OSH Act established OSHA and NIOSH
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Mine Safetyand Health
Administration(MSHA)
Department ofHealth and Human Services
(HHS)
Department of Labor(DOL)
Standards/Enforcement
Occupational Safety and Health
OccupationalSafety and Health
Administration(OSHA)
Research, Training, andRecommendations
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC)
National Institute forOccupational Safetyand Health (NIOSH)
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Strategic Goals
• Generate New Knowledge -- Conduct research to eliminate worker illnesses and injuries.
• Transfer Research into Practice --Promote safe and healthy workplaces through interventions, authoritative recommendations and capacity building.
• Collaborate Globally -- Enhance global worker safety and health through international collaborations.
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Emerging Technologies
OSH Act directs NIOSH to “conduct special research, experiments, and demonstrations relating to occupational safety and health as are necessary to explore new problems, including those created by new technology in occupational safety and health.”
29 USC 669 Sec. 20(a)(4)
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NanotechnologyTurning fiction to reality
Science fiction
Science Fact
Michigan Center for Biologic Nanotechnology
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Nanotechnology
• Definition “includes either or both
• Understanding and control of matter and processes at the nanoscale, typically, but not exclusively, below 100 nanometers in one or more dimensions where the onset of size-dependent phenomena enables novel applications
• Utilizing the properties of nanoscale materials that differ from the properties of individual atoms, molecules, and bulk matter, to create improved materials, devices, and systems that exploit these new properties.”
ISO TC229 Draft Scope (11/09/2005, London)
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NanotechnologyChallenges
• Great variability in chemical composition
• Distinct properties
• Dynamic properties from dynamic structure
• Gaps in knowledge base and instrumentation
• New toxicity metrics?
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NanotechnologyOpportunities
• Pro-active risk assessment and risk management
• Design of hazard-free materials and processes
• Applications in OSH
Dravid & Shekhawat, NWU
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Potential Health Risk/ToxicityExpert opinion
“[PCAST] findings … indicated that the primary area for immediate concern is in the workplace, where nanomaterials are being used or manufactured and where there is the greatest likelihood for exposures.”(Wall Street Journal, June 24, 2005)
E. Floyd Kvamme, Co-Chair, President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology
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NIOSH Nanotechnology InitiativeAddressing the implications and applications of nanotechnology in the workplace
PartnershipsResearch
Outreach
GovernmentAcademiaIndustryLabor
Communication andEducationRecommendations
Exposure and DoseToxicityEpidemiology and
SurveillanceRisk AssessmentMeasurement
MethodsControlsSafetyApplication
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Activities In Nanotechnology Research
I. Intramurali. NORA: Nanotechnology Safety and Health Research Program
(2004-2008)ii. NIOSH Nanotechnology Research Center (2005-)iii. Nanotechnology Research Supplement (2006-2010)iv. Small NORAv. Nano-Related Division Projects
II. Extramurali. Research Grantsii. STAR Program (EPA, NIOSH, NSF, NIEHS)iii. Contracts
www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/nanotech/strat_plan.html
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Exposure and Dose: Projects
• Generation and Characterization of Occupationally Relevant Airborne Nanoparticles
• Ultrafine Aerosols from Diesel-Powered Equipment
www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/nanotech/strat_plan.html
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Exposure and Dose: Results
p / cc
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
Assembly
Cam-CrankBlock-Head-
Rod
particle cm-3particle cm-3
Peters, Heitbrink, Evans, Slavin & Maynard (2005) Ann. Occup. Hyg.
0.0E+00
5.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.5E+05
2.0E+05
2.5E+05
3.0E+05
0.01 0.1 1 10
Aerodynamic Diameter Dae (μm)
Num
ber C
once
ntra
tion
dN/d
log(
Dae
) (#
cm-3
)
Assembly AreaHeat Treating
Crank Line"Slip and Slide"Outdoors
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Toxicity: Projects
• Pulmonary Toxicity of Carbon Nanotube Particles• Role of Carbon Nanotubes in Cardio-Pulmonary
Inflammation and COPD Related Diseases• Particle Surface Area as a Dose Metric Systemic
Microvascular Dysfunction: Effects of Ultrafine vs. Fine Particles
• Pulmonary Deposition and Translocation of Nanomaterials
• Dermal Effects of Nanoparticles• Pulmonary Effects of Exposure to Various Nanoparticles• Pulmonary Toxicity of Diesel Exhaust Particles• Pulmonary, Immune, and Dermal Effects of Welding
Fumes
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Toxicity: Results
• Surface area as dose metrics
• Translocation
• Poor clearance by macrophages
• Suppression of defense responses
• Acute inflammation and oxidative stress combined with progressive fibrosis
NIOSH Research, 2006
Lung Blood Heart Liver Kidney Brain Lung Blood Heart Liver Kidney Brain
% o
f Tot
al D
etec
ted
Gol
d
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 Hour Post Aspiration 1 Day Post Aspiration
Au-labeled SWCNT in Organs (R. Mercer)
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Epidemiology and Surveillance: Projects
• Nanoparticles in the Workplace
• An Ultrafine Particle Intervention Study in Automotive Production Plants
• Respiratory Effects of Particulate Exposures in WildlandFirefighters
• Longitudinal Surveillance/Beryllium Disease Prevention
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Epidemiology and Surveillance: Work in Progress
• Formation of NIOSH Field Research Team for partnerships in studying, assessing nanotechnology processes (December, 2005)
• assess and obtain insight on materials, processes, current and potential worker exposures, work practices, control procedures, and medical monitoring in operations where nanomaterials are developed or utilized.
• NIOSH-led working group to develop medical surveillance guidelines. Includes OSHA, DOD, DOE, EPA.
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Risk Assessment: Projects
• Dosimetry and Risk Assessment
• Emerging Issues for Occupational Respiratory Disease
• Current Intelligence Bulletin on TiO2
• Assessing the Utility of Control Banding in the U.S.
• Current Intelligence Bulletin on Welding Fumes
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Risk Assessment: Results
• NIOSH Current Intelligence Bulletin: Evaluation of Health Hazard and Recommendations on Occupational Exposure to Titanium Dioxide (December 2005).
• TiO2 studies suggest that particle surface area for particles of different sizes – but of the same chemistry (anatase) — is a better dose metric than is particle mass or particle number.
• Two mass-based recommended exposure limits for ultrafine (0.1 mg/m3) and fine particles (1.5 mg/m3)
www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/preprint/tio2/
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Measurement Methods: Projects
• Web-Based Nano-Information Library Implementation• Assessment Methods for Nanoparticles in the Workplace• Monitoring and Characterizing Airborne Carbon Nanotube
Particles• Direct Reading Instrument Metrology• Reducing Diesel Particulate Exposures in Western Mines• Portable Monitors for Airborne Metals at Mining Sites
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Measurement Methods: Results
www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/nanotech/NIL.html
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Controls: Projects
• Filter Efficiency of Typical Respirator Filters for Nanoscale Particles
• Respirator Testing and Certification
• Performance Test of High APF Respirators
• Development of Computer-Aided Face Fit Evaluation Methods
• Respirator Approval: Policy and Standards Development
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Controls: Results
David Pui (U Minnesota), Samy Rengasamy (NIOSH). Presented at 2nd Int. Symposium on Nanotechnology and Occupational Health, Minneapolis, US October 3-6, 2005
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Safety: Projects
• Nanoparticles in the Workplace
• Guidelines for Working with Nanomaterials
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Safety: Results
www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/nanotech/nano_exchange.html
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Safety: Results
www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/nanotech/nano_exchange.html
Approaches to Safe Nanotechnology
• Interim precautionary measures focused on the development of safe working practices and risk management program tailored to specific processes and materials where workers might be exposed.
• Control technologies, work practices, and personal protective equipment demonstrated to be effective for fine and ultrafine particles.
• Solicits comment, feedback, and experiences
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Applications: Projects
• From Nanoparticles to Novel Protective Garments
• End of Service Life (ESLI) Technologies
• Degradation and Decontamination Efficacy of Chemical Protective Clothing
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Outreach: Communication and Education
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Outreach: Information Exchange
3rd Int. Symposium on Nanotechnology & OSHTaipei, Taiwan, August, 2007
Nanotechnology Symposium: NanoparticlesIn the WorkplaceChicago, IL May 13, 2006www.aiha.org/Content/CE/aihce/aihce-nano.htm
NT Occupational and Environmental Health and Safety: Research to PracticeCincinnati, OH Dec 4-8, 2006www.uc.edu/noehs/
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Partnerships
• Collaborations, information exchange and resource leveraging:
• Intra-organization: NIOSH Nanotechnology Research Center
• Inter-organization: Nanotechnology Environmental and Health Implications working group, DuPont-led Industry Consortium, partnerships (Altairnano, Luna)
• International: ISO, WHO, OECD, EU
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Conclusions
• Partnering to insure safety and health in the nano-workplace
• Work with NIOSH Nano Field Team
• Contribute to NIOSH Approaches to Safe Nano
• Contribute to NIOSH Nanoparticle Information Library
• Collaborate with NIOSH researchers