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TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED FAN FOR HOME APPLICATION
NIK LUQMANUL HAKIM BIN NIK ARIFFIN
2003470748
THESIS IS SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT
FOR
B. Sc. (HONS) DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORK ING
(CS 225)
FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
AND
QUANTITATIVE SCIENCE
MARA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
SHAH ALAM
APRIL 2006
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APPROVAL SHEET
Name of Candidate : Nik Luqmanul Hakim Bin Nik Ariffin
Title of Thesis : Temperature Controlled Fan For Home Application
Approved By :
________________________
Encik J amaludin Md Yusof
(Supervisor)
Date : 27 April 2006
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DECLARATION
I certify that this thesis and the research to which it refers are the product of my own
work and that any ideas or quotation from the work of other people, published or
otherwise are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard referring practices of
the discipline
April 27, 2006 NIK LUQMANUL HAKIM BIN NIK ARIFFIN
2003470748
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah, praise Allah for his Almighty and Graciousness I was able tocomplete this thesis report in the dateline given.
First and foremost, I would like to thank my respective supervisor Encik
Jamaludin Md Yusuf for the guidance and brilliant ideas from him. Without his kindness
to lending hand helping me, this project cant be completed as it right now. Moreover,
thank you so much to my examiner Puan Rozita for her concern and in the same time
inculcating in me not to give up easily about my project.
Besides that, I would like to take this opportunity to jot down a million of
appreciation to my lecturer Encik Yusri Dak for spending times with me giving
explanation and provide solution for the problems that occurs during this research.
Furthermore, other lecturer such as Prof. Madya Dr. Saadiah and Encik Adzhar
also involved with my project by providing full support since proposal phase. Without
their concern, maybe it is hard for me to express my thesis in good manner.
Last but not least, thank you so much to my beloved parent and friends that gave
me encouragement and morale support from behind.
Thank you so much.
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ABSTRACT
Over the last decade, advances in digital electronics have made computer smaller,
cheaper and faster. Throughout this revolution as well, mobile computing environment
such as PDA has been created and undoubtedly other advances in technology like smart
home also play an important role towards better life in the future. This project is about
how we can control the fan based on temperature sensor regardless of traditional
thermostat. It is also part of smart home application where the fan will gradually increase
the speed if the temperature in the environment is increasing. Besides that, the component
that made up the temperature sensor is known as thermistor. A sensor is a type of
transducer. In a broader sense, a transducer is sometimes defined as any device that
converts energy from one form to another.There are two types of thermistor depend on
the sign ofk. Firstly is positive temperature coefficient (PTC). PTC thermistor works by
increasing the resistance with increasing temperature. Secondly is negative temperature
coefficient (NTC). NTC thermistor works by decreasing the resistance with increasing
temperature. This project will focus on NTC type of thermistor. Experiment can be
followed to evaluate whether this circuit can save energy through the use of temperature
sensor and thus promote efficiency. Finally, after some experiments have done, the result
of the experimentation and finding can be concluded.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER PAGE
DECLARATION i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
ABSTRACT iii
TABLE OF CONTENT iv
LIST OF FIGURE ix
LIST OF TABLE x
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Problem Statement 1
1.1.1 What is Integrated Circuit 21.1.2 What is Temperature Control 31.1.3 What is Temperature Controlled Fan 41.1.4 What is Wind Chill Factor 5
1.2 Problem Description 51.3 Objective 71.4 Scope of Project 71.5 Project Significance 7
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 82.2 Several fan controlled by temperature 82.3 Introduction to several basic electronic components 10
2.3.1 Thermistor 10
2.3.2 Potentiometer 11
2.3.3 Capacitor 11
2.3.4 Diode 12
2.4 Type of temperature sensor 132.5 The different between 4 blade and 5 blade fan 132.6 Related studies regarding ceiling fan 14
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 193.2 Phase I
System Initialization and Feasibility Study 22
3.2.1 Non Electronic Media 223.2.2 Electronic Media 22
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3.3 Phase II
Project Planning and Functional Analysis 23
3.4 Phase III
Hardware Design 23
3.4.1Hardware Component 23
3.4.2Electronic Component 24
3.5 Software 25
3.6 Phase IVTesting and Implementation 25
3.7 Phase VPost Implementation Evaluation 26
3.7.1 Comparing Output 263.7.2 Gantt Chart 26
3.8 Setting Up 273.9 Testing and Experiment 28
3.9.1 Automatically Test 293.9.2 Manually Test 29
3.10 Data Analysis 293.11 Conclusion 30
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CHAPTER 4
ARCHITECTURE
4.1 Introduction 31
4.1.1 Description of model type A 324.1.2 Description of model type B 33
4.2 Description of Architecture 34
4.2.1 Transformer 354.3 Description of the circuit 37
4.4 Conclusion 39
CHAPTER 5
RESULT AND FINDING
5.1 Introduction 405.2 Result and Finding for Automatically Testing 40
5.2.1 The Room Temperature 415.2.2 The Transistor Vulnerabilities 415.2.3 The Base Emitter Junction Characteristic 42
5.3 Result and Finding for Manually Testing 425.4 Factors that Affect the Result and Finding 43
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CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1 Introduction 456.2 Summary of Conclusion 456.3 Recommendation 46
REFERENCE 47
APPENDIX
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Total energy consumed by electrical appliances
Figure 2.3.1 Thermistor symbol
Figure 2.3.2 Potentiometer symbol
Figure 2.3.2 Capacitor symbols
Figure 2.3.4 Diode symbol
Figure 2.5 a The fan spins counter clockwise
Figure 2.5 b The fan spins clockwise
Figure 2.5 c Energy cost in average of 10 hours usage
Figure 2.6 Blades that are true air foils with both taper and twistFigure 3.1 a Steps in system development life cycle
Figure 3.1 b Methodology flow
Figure 3.8 Setting up hardware flow
Figure 4.1.1 Temperature controlled fan model type A
Figure 4.1.2 Temperature controlled fan model type B
Figure 4.2 Step down transformer
Figure 4.3 a Schematic diagram of the circuit
Figure 4.3 b Wheatstone bridge
Figure 5.2.3 Absence of voltage and current
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 5.2 Result from automatically testing
Table 5.3 Result from manually testing
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT
In the age of communication and information technology there are tremendous impacts
on globalization that affect our life. Undoubtedly electricity has played an important role
in empowering our life towards better future and prosperity. There is about 90 percent of
Malaysians use electricity in their daily life. For instance, we use electricity for washing
machine, electric fan, refrigerator, air conditioning and so on. In fact, most factories
depend on electricity to generate their operation as their main source everyday.
The increasing in cost of living especially in town has force all of us to spend
wisely. The cost of petrol for vehicles which had rise up to 75 US dollar per gallons
definitely burden poor people livelihood. Therefore it will be an advantage if we could
use an energy saving appliance in our home. In this research, we are going to focus on
electric standing fan on how we can use its capability to maximum with little bit
modification in order to save energy.
Furthermore, some disabled people who are paralyzed and handicapped with no
hands find it difficult to monitor the fan speed. They have to manually change motor
speed according to their needs and environment with the help of other people. This will
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cause burden to them if there is nobody besides them to assist. Besides that, in Malaysia
special purpose ICs is quite difficult to obtain and often very costly. This is because
most of the ICs are imported from overseas.
1.1.1 WHAT IS INTEGRATED CIRCUIT?
According to Wikipedia.com an integrated circuit (IC) is a thin chip consisting of at least
two interconnected semiconductor devices, mainly transistors, as well as passive
components like resistors. As of 2004, typical chips are of size 1 cm
2
or smaller, and
contain millions of interconnected devices, but larger ones exist as well.
Among the most advanced integrated circuits are the microprocessors, which
drive everything from computers to cellular phones to digital microwave ovens. Digital
memory chips are another family of integrated circuits that are crucially important in
modern society.
The integrated circuit was made possible by mid-20th-century technology
advancements in semiconductor device fabrication and experimental discoveries that
showed that semiconductor devices could perform the functions performed by vacuum
tubes at the time. The integration of large numbers of tiny transistors onto a small chip
was an enormous improvement to the manual assembly of finger-sized vacuum tubes.
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The integrated circuit's small size, reliability, fast switching speeds, low power,
mass production capability, and ease of adding complexity quickly pushed vacuum tubes
into obsolescence.
Only a half century after their development was initiated, integrated circuits have
become ubiquitous. Computers, cellular phones, and other digital appliances are now
inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies. That is, modern computing,
communications, manufacturing and transport systems, including the Internet, all depend
on the existence of these circuits. Indeed, many scholars believe that the digital
revolution brought about by integrated circuits was one of the most significant
occurrences in the history of mankind.
1.1.2 WHAT IS TEMPERATURE CONTROL?
Temperature is the physical property of a system which underlies the common notions of
"hot" and "cold"; the material with the higher temperature is said to be hotter.
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of
matter. In other words, temperature is a measure of activity and the frequency of
collisions of molecules.
The formal properties of temperature are studied in thermodynamics. Formally,
temperature is that property which governs the transfer of thermal energy, or heat,
between one system and another. When two systems are at the same temperature, they are
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in thermal equilibrium and no heat transfer will occur. When a temperature difference
does exist, heat will tend to move from the higher-temperature system to the lower-
temperature system, until thermal equilibrium is established. This heat transfer may occur
via conduction, convection or radiation.
Temperature is related to the amount of thermal energy or heat in a system. As
more heat is added the temperature rises, similarly a decrease in temperature corresponds
to a loss of heat from the system. On the microscopic scale this heat corresponds to the
random motion of atoms and molecules in the system. Thus, an increase in temperature
corresponds in an increase in the rate of movement of the atoms in the system.
1.1.3 WHAT IS TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED FAN?
In brief, temperature controlled fan is an alternative way to deal with the speed of the
motor. Temperature control is a process in which the temperature of an object is
measured and the passage of heat energy into or out of the object is adjusted to achieve a
desired temperature.
A thermostat is a simple example for a closed control loop. It constantly measures
the current temperature and controls the heater's valve setting to increase or decrease the
room temperature according the user-defined setting. A simple method switches the
heater or cooler either completely on, or completely off, and an overshoot and undershoot
of the controlled temperature must be expected.
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1.1.4 WHAT IS WIND CHILL FACTOR?
Howstuffworks.com quoted that a fan does not cool down the rooms temperature.
However it does create wind chill effect. By blowing air around, the fan makes it easier
for the air to evaporatesweat from your skin, which is how you eliminate body heat. The
more evaporation, the cooler you feel.
The wind chill factor is the temperature that a person feels because of the wind.
For example, if a thermometer reads 35 degrees Fahrenheit outside and the wind is
blowing at 25 miles per hour (mph), the wind chill factor causes it to feel like it is 8
degrees F. In other words, your 98-degree body loses heat as though it is 8 degrees
outside.
1.2 PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
Fans are widely used in industrial and commercial applications. From shop ventilation to
material handling to boiler applications, fans are critical for process support and human
health. In commercial sector, electricity that is needed to operate fan motors composes a
large portion of energy costs for space conditioning. In home application, most of us use
fan rather than air conditioner because it is more economical.
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The air movement from the fan evaporates moisture on the skin and makes a person feel
cooler. Note that the electric power to run the fan comes from alternator. The fan does not
cool the room at all. What a fan does is create a wind chill effect. However, sometimes
we forget to switch off the fan when it is cool enough. This situation presents a waste of
energy that most of us usually dont realize.
The fan rotational speed is typically measured in revolutions per minute (RPM).
Fan rotational speed has a significant impact on fan performance as shown in the
following laws:-
Airflow (final) =Airflow (initial) [RPM final / RPM initial]
Pressure (final) =Pressure (initial) [RPM final / RPM initial]
Power (final) =Power (initial) [RPM final / RPM initial]
To a large degree, temperature range determines the fan type and material selection. In
high temperature environments, many materials lose mechanical strengths. The stress of
rotating components increase as the fans operating speed increases.
Consequently, for high temperature application, the fan type that requires the
lowest operating speed for a particular service is often recommended. Room temperature
are normally 20 F-30 F cooler than body temperature as mentioned by Chris Calwell
and Noah Horowitz. However, because the furniture and thermostat are already at
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roughly the same temperature as the room air, they cant feel the wind-chill. Therefore,
when we leave the room, switch the fan and its lights off to save energy and money.
1.3 OBJ ECTIVE
The underlying principle or objective of this research is to:
a) Develop a product or hardware that can control the speed of the fan based on
temperature
1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The focus of this research will be on the implementation of sensor that controls the speed
of the fan. Scopes of this research are:
a)The project will concentrate on electric standing fan rather than other type offan such as ceiling fan
1.5 PROJ ECT SIGNIFICANCE
a) To monitor the environments that is not comfortable, or possible, for humans
to monitor, especially for extended periods of time
b) Prevents waste of energy when its not hot enough for a fan to be needed
c) To assist people who are disabled to adjust the fan speed automatically
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Wikipedia.com define temperature control is a process in which the temperature of an
object is measured and the passage of heat energy into or out of the object is adjusted to
achieve a desired temperature. According to Tito Smailagich, given the high cost of
electrical power, replacing a conventional on/off temperature control with a proportional
controller can often save energy and money.
2.2 SEVERAL FAN CONTROLLED BY TEMPERATURE
If we refer to power supply unit or PSU, it is the most underrated part of a PC. A PC with
a basic video card and only one hard disk drive could get by with a 300 watt PSU, but if
another hard disk drive, a compact disc burner and a high-end video card are installed,
one might need a higher-rated PSU for example a PSU with 400 watt capacity.
Rolfe James stated that the PSU can also act as part of the cooling system for the
PC, expelling hot air from the top rear of the case. Cheaper PSUs have only one fan
which keeps the PSU cool. More expensive PSUs have another fan on the bottom of the
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unit, drawing air up from the CPU and video card area. This type of PSUs have
temperature-controlled fans so as to run quietly when the PC is cool and speed up when
the system is producing a lot of heat.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in their articles mentioned that in the
manufacturing sector, fans use about 78.7 billion kilowatt-hours of energy each year.
This consumption represents 15 percent of the electricity used by motors. Besides that,
fan that are oversized for their serviced requirement do not operate at their best efficiency
point. Oversized fans generate excess flow energy resulting in high flow noise thus
increase stress on the fan and system.
Ceiling fan
Figure 2.1: Total energy consumed by electrical appliances
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2.3 INTRODUCTION TO SEVERAL BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
There are many electronic components that will be used during the development of
temperature controlled fan circuit. There are some that we familiar with and some are
rarely used. All components play its important role and interrelated between each other in
completing the circuit design.
2.3.1 THERMISTOR
According to Wikipedia.com, thermistor is a type resistor used to measure temperature
changes, relying in its resistance with changing temperature.
Figure 2.3.1: Thermistor symbol
There are two types depending on the sign ofk. Ifk is positive, the resistance increases
with increasing temperature. This is known as positive temperature coefficient (PTC)
thermistor. However, if the k is negative, the resistance decreases with increasing
temperature. This is known as negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor.
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2.3.2 POTENTIOMETER
Wikipedia.com stated that the original meaning of the term potentiometer, which is still
in use is an apparatus used to measure the potential (or voltage) in a circuit by tapping off
a portion of a known voltage from a resistive slide wire and comparing it with the
unknown voltage by means of a voltmeter of galvanometer. If all the three terminals are
used, it can act as variable voltage divider.
Figure 2.3.2: Potentiometer symbol
The arrow represents the moving terminal, called
thewiper
2.3.3 CAPACITOR
A capacitor is a device that stores energy in the electric field created between a pair of
conductors on which electric charges of equal magnitude, but opposite sign, have been
placed. A capacitor is occasionally referred to using the older term condenser
(www.wikipedia.com).
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Capacitor symbols
Capacitor Polarizedcapacitors
Variablecapacitor
Figure 2.3.3: Capacitor symbols
2.3.4 DIODE
Besides that, wikipedia.com also stated that a diode is a component that restricts the
direction of movement of charge carriers. It allows an electric current to flow in one
direction, but essentially block the opposite direction. Rectifiers are constructed from
diodes where it used to convert alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC).
Figure 2.3.4: Diode symbol
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Capacitor_symbol.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Diode_symbol.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Variable_capacitor_symbol.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Polarized_capacitor_symbol_4.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Polarized_capacitor_symbol_3.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Polarized_capacitor_symbol_2.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Polarized_capacitor_symbol.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Capacitor_symbol.png