Nickelanode.pdf

7/29/2019 Nickelanode.pdf

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Nickel Anode MaterialsNickel Anode Materials

Productionand

Performance

Productionand

Performance



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Production ProcessProduction Process

?Electrolytic

?Chemical Vapor Deposition

(Nickel Carbonyl)

?Electrolytic

?Chemical Vapor Deposition

(Nickel Carbonyl)


Productionand

Performance

Productionand

Performance



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Electrolytic ProductionElectrolytic Production

?Electro winning with sulfide anodes:?Electro winning with sulfide anodes:



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Ni3S2 = 3Ni++ + 2S + 6e- (at the anode)

Ni++ + 2e- = Ni0 (at the cathode)

Ni3S2 = 3Ni++ + 2S + 6e- (at the anode)

Ni++ + 2e- = Ni0 (at the cathode)



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?Electro winningwith sulfideanodes: (non-sheared products)?R- and S-Rounds

are made withoutshearing using

special coated

stainless steelmandrels(cathodes)

?Electro winningwith sulfideanodes: (non-sheared products)?R- and S-Rounds

are made withoutshearing using

special coated

stainless steelmandrels(cathodes)


?Electro winning withsulfide anodes: (non-sheared products)?R- and S-Rounds are

made withoutshearing usingspecial coatedstainless steel

mandrels(cathodes)

?Electro winning withsulfide anodes: (non-

sheared products)?R- and S-Rounds are

made withoutshearing usingspecial coatedstainless steel

mandrels(cathodes)



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?Electro winning withsulfide anodes:(sheared products)?Nickel starting sheets

are also produced atthe Inco Refinery.

?These starting sheetsare placed in refinerytanks for 10-12 days toproduce full-sizedcathodes.

?Squares and

electrolytic nickel stripare made by shearingthick, full-sized nickelcathodes

?Electro winning withsulfide anodes:(sheared products)?Nickel starting sheets

are also produced atthe Inco Refinery.

?These starting sheetsare placed in refinerytanks for 10-12 days toproduce full-sizedcathodes.

?Squares and

electrolytic nickel stripare made by shearingthick, full-sized nickelcathodes

Chemical Vapor DepositionChemical Vapor Deposition

Reactions occurring in the nickelcarbonyl process-

?Ni0 + H2 = Ni + H20

?Ni + 4C0 = Ni(C0)4 gas

40°C – 90°C

?Ni(C0)4 = Ni + 4C0150°C – 300°C

Reactions occurring in the nickelcarbonyl process-

?Ni0 + H2 = Ni + H20

?Ni + 4C0 = Ni(C0)4 gas

40°C – 90°C

?

Ni(C0)4 = Ni + 4C0150°C – 300°C



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Chemical Vapor DepositionChemical Vapor Deposition

?The reactions take place in large pelletdecomposers.

?S-Nickel pellet is made by addition ofa sulfur-containing compound tonickel carbonyl gas.

?Other carbonyl products-?Melting Pellet?Nickel Pellet for Plating

?Nickel Powder

?The reactions take place in large pelletdecomposers.

?S-Nickel pellet is made by addition ofa sulfur-containing compound tonickel carbonyl gas.

?Other carbonyl products-?Melting Pellet?Nickel Pellet for Plating

?Nickel Powder



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Inco Nickel Anode MaterialsInco Nickel Anode Materials

Electrolytic NickelStrip

25 mm x 25mmsquares

Nickel Pellet Plating(P-Pellet)R-Rounds

S-Nickel PelletS-Rounds

Carbonyl ProductsElectrolytic Products

Sulphur-ContainingSulphur-Containing

Sulphur-FreeSulphur-Free

?Anode maintenanceinvolves replenishing thenickel that has beendissolved.

? The size and shape of thebasket can be designedfor a particular

application

?Anode maintenanceinvolves replenishing thenickel that has beendissolved.

? The size and shape of the

basket can be designedfor a particular

application

Advantages…lower operating costs, improved qualityAdvantages…lower operating costs, improved quality

? Large, constant anodearea leads to uniformcurrent density at thecathode.

? Large, constant anodearea leads to uniformcurrent density at thecathode.

Titanium Anode BasketsTitanium Anode Baskets



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?Titanium not attacked

by Watts, all-chloride,

sulfamate or

proprietary bright

nickel plating

solutions, unless

baskets are not kept

filled or if the load in

the basket bridges.

?Titanium not attacked

by Watts, all-chloride,

sulfamate or

proprietary bright

nickel plating

solutions, unless

baskets are not kept

filled or if the load in

the basket bridges.

?Titanium can not beused with solutions that

contain fluoride ions.

?Titanium can not beused with solutions that

contain fluoride ions.




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Anode BagsAnode Bags

?Anode residues cancause roughness atthe cathode.

?Anode bags made ofcotton orpolypropylene retainresidues.

? Tightly fitting anodebags arerecommended.

?Double anodebagging is common.

?Anode residues cancause roughness atthe cathode.

?Anode bags made ofcotton orpolypropylene retainresidues.

? Tightly fitting anodebags arerecommended.

?Double anodebagging is common.



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Dissolution Characteristics of

Sulfur-Free Nickel


Sulfur-Free Nickel?Forms an oxide

film anddissolves in the

passive state.

?Forms an oxide

film anddissolves in the

passive state.


Sulfur-Free Nickel


Sulfur-Free Nickel?Chlorides attack the oxide

film but do not eliminate it.?Dissolves non-uniformly.?Forms metallic residues.?Has a “high” dissolution

potential.

?Chlorides attack the oxidefilm but do not eliminate it.?Dissolves non-uniformly.?Forms metallic residues.?Has a “high” dissolution

potential.



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S-Rounds and S-Nickel

Pellet


Pellet

? Pack well in basketsdue to their uniqueshapes.

? Semi- and fully-automatic basketloading is possible.

?Dissolves uniformly,

settling well inbaskets.

?Pack well in basketsdue to their uniqueshapes.

?Semi- and fully-automatic basketloading is possible.

?Dissolves uniformly,

settling well inbaskets.

?Contain sulfur toimprove dissolutioncharacteristics.

?Contain sulfur toimprove dissolutioncharacteristics.


Pellet


Pellet

?Low dissolutionpotential reducespower costs by 2-20%.

?Low dissolutionpotential reducespower costs by 2-20%.



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Pellet


Pellet?Dissolve at 100%

anode efficiencywith or withoutnickel chloride insolution.

?Dissolve at 100%anode efficiencywith or withoutnickel chloride insolution.


Pellet


Pellet?Form a black, insoluble nickel sulfide

residue (less than 0.1% of the nickeldissolved).

?Sulfur from the anode does not enter thesolution & is not transferred to thecathode.

?Residues extracts copper impurities from

solution.

?Form a black, insoluble nickel sulfideresidue (less than 0.1% of the nickeldissolved).

?Sulfur from the anode does not enter thesolution & is not transferred to thecathode.

?Residues extracts copper impurities from

solution.



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Pellet


Pellet?High-purity

materials.

?Quality of Inco

packaging

preserves

product integrity.

?High-purity

materials.

?Quality of Inco

packaging

preserves

product integrity.

?R-Rounds are button-shaped.

?Nickel Pellets arespherical.

? Semi- or fully-automatic basket

loading is possible.? Packing and settling in

baskets is better than

with squares.

?R-Rounds are button-shaped.

?Nickel Pellets arespherical.

?Semi- or fully-automatic basket

loading is possible.?Packing and settling in

baskets is better than

with squares.

? Sulfur-free, non-activated, high purityproducts.

?Sulfur-free, non-activated, high purityproducts.

R-Rounds and Nickel Pellet for

Plating


Plating



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Plating


Plating

?R-Rounds forms less than 0.05% residue.Nickel Pellet forms more residue thanR-Rounds.

?Packing density of Nickel Pellet is higherthan for other anode materials.

?R-Rounds forms less than 0.05% residue.Nickel Pellet forms more residue thanR-Rounds.

?Packing density of Nickel Pellet is higherthan for other anode materials.

?Form metallic residues when dissolved.?Form metallic residues when dissolved.


Plating


Plating?Available in convenient 10 kg plastic

bags and other packs.

?Available in convenient 10 kg plastic

bags and other packs.



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Electrolytic Nickel Squares and StripElectrolytic Nickel Squares and Strip

?Inco Electrolytic

Nickel Strip forplating without

anode baskets is

thicker thanmaterial from

other sources.

?Inco Electrolytic

Nickel Strip forplating without

anode baskets is

thicker thanmaterial from

other sources.

?Sulfur-free, non-activated, high-purity products.

?Sulfur-free, non-activated, high-purity products.

SummarySummary

?S-Rounds and S-Nickel Pellet contain

sulfur which improves dissolution.

?R-Rounds and Nickel Pellet are

sulfur-free and dissolve like regularelectrolytic nickel.

?S-Rounds and S-Nickel Pellet contain

sulfur which improves dissolution.

?R-Rounds and Nickel Pellet are

sulfur-free and dissolve like regularelectrolytic nickel.

?Inco produces high-purity nickelanode materials by electrowinningand by the carbonyl process.

?Inco produces high-purity nickelanode materials by electrowinningand by the carbonyl process.



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SummarySummary

?Button-shaped and spherical

products settle better in baskets thando squares.

?R- and S-Rounds are the most widelyused Inco nickel anode materials.

?S-Nickel Pellet is popular for

electroforming.

?Button-shaped and spherical

products settle better in baskets thando squares.

?R- and S-Rounds are the most widelyused Inco nickel anode materials.

?S-Nickel Pellet is popular for

electroforming.

?R-Rounds produces the least amountof residues.?R-Rounds produces the least amount

of residues.

ProductsProducts



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Productionand

Performance

Productionand

Performance

Nickelanode.pdf

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