NHTV Centre for Sustainable Tourism and Transport CrossTour Fair 2012 26 - 30 January 2012 “The...

NHTV Centre for Sustainable Tourism and Transport

CrossTour Fair 2012 26 - 30 January 2012

“The Danubian AL-TOUR-native”

NHTV Centre for Sustainable Tourism and Transport

"Alternative cross-border tourism: cycle tourism“

AL-TOUR-native TOURISM:

TOOL FOR SUSTAINABLE CROSS-BORDER REGIONAL / LOCAL

DEVELOPMENT?

Pieter Piket PhD

NHTV Breda University of Applied Sciences, Breda, The Netherlands

Tourism Academy

CrossTour Fair 2012 26 - 30 January 2012

“The Danubian AL-TOUR-native”

NHTV Centre for Sustainable Tourism and Transport 3

Contents

Alternative Tourism

Slow Tourism

Cycle Tourism

European cycle tourism market: Cycle holiday / overnight trips and day trips

Direct expenditures European cycle tourism

The Economic Impact Model

Case Study 1 D-Route 3 (Germany)

Case Study 2 EuroVelo Route

Case Study 3 Iron Curtain Trail

Sustainable Cycle Tourism

Suggestions for Future Model Input and Refinements


Alternative Tourism

Alternative tourism combines tourist products or individual tourist services, different from the

mass tourism by means of supply, organization and the human resources involved. It includes rural, ecotourism, adventure (biking, horseback riding, snowshoeing, ski mountaineering, rafting,

diving, caving, climbing), thematic tourism – connected with the cultural and historical

heritage, justice and solidarity tourism, the esoteric, religion, wine, traditional cuisine,

ethnography and traditional music and handicrafts.


Slow Travel / Tourism

Holiday travel involving shorter trips (distance) and longer stays (time) where air transport is rejected in favour of less environmentally damaging forms of overland transport which become incorporated as part of the holiday experience.

Response of the tourism industry to climate change concerns.

"Rediscover the joy of slow travel, to experience the transition of landscape, people, culture, food, drinks and language, to move through the world and not just over and above it."


Cycle Tourism

Cycle tourism is an excellent vehicle to “promote the development of sustainable, responsible and high-quality tourism” (EU Commission 2010) in Europe, e.g. by “minimising resource use and pollution at tourism destinations” and “addressing the environmental impact of transport linked to tourism” (EU Commission 2007)


Existing Infrastructure Europe

Recreational & touristic cycle routes

Km Mi

Germany 76,000 47,000

Netherlands 50,000 31,000

National Cycle Network (UK) 10,500 6,500

Veloland Schweiz (Switzerland) 8,500 5,300

Denmark 12,500 7,800

Envisaged EuroVelo network (EU); ~65% is already in existence

66,000 41,000


Trend: (inter)national route networks


Trips and Expenditures

Cycle Holiday or Overnight

trips

Day trips Direct expenditures

Dutch cycle tourism (2008) 1.3 million 35 million €565 million

Veloland Schweiz (2008) 230,000 4.8 million €114 million

German cycle tourism

(per year) 3.9 million 153 million €3.9 billion

Total European cycle tourism (per year) 25.6 million 2.8 billion €54 billion

Sources: Stichting Landelijk Fietsplatform 2009, Utiger & Rikus 2010, BMWi 2009, EP 2009


Direct Expenditures

Weighted averages based on 13 regional and national cycle tourism studies (North-Western Europe)

Cycle tourists spend €53 per day on average similar to average tourist, based on accommodation type used (German case)

Cycle tourists spend € 353 per trip on average based on average length of stay of 6.6 days

Day excursion cyclists spend almost €16 per day on average similar to average tourist in rural areas (German case)

High share of spending goes directly to local economies, often in rural areas


Economic Impact Model

Testing of various relationships between a multitude of variables (like GDP/km², population/km ², nights/km² and beds/route-km) and number of cycle holidays and day trips

Geographically based on the EU NUTS (Eurostat Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) 3 (= small level) regions

Number of cycle tourists dependent on bed density of all accommodation types in the respective NUTS 3 region(s)

Number of day cyclists dependent on population density in the respective NUTS 3 region(s)



Cycle holidays or overnight trips:

trips/km per year = f (beds/km²) = 29.41 x beds/km²

direct expenditures = f(€ per trip) using weighted averages of (daily) spending (slide 10)

Cycle day trips:

trips/km per year = f (population/km²) = 4.63 x population/km²

direct expenditures = f(€ per trip) using weighted averages of (daily) spending (slide 10)


Case Study 1: D-Route 3 (Germany)

Federal State Distance Holiday Trips Day Trips Total

Federal State - Total

Km Trips (x1,000)

Expend. (Mio. €)

Trips (x1,000)

Expend.(Mio. €)

Expend.(Mio. €)

NRW 302 57.5 20.3 409.1 6.7 27.0

Niedersachsen 128 53.3 18.8 80.1 1.3 20.1

Sachsen-Anhalt 258 44.2 15.6 140.6 2.3 17.9

Brandenburg 180 26.8 9.5 102.7 1.7 11.1

Berlin 66 192.8 68.1 1162.0 19.0 87.1

Total (incl. Berlin) 934 374.6 132.4 1894.6 31.0 163.4

Total(excl. Berlin) 868 181.8 64.2 732.6 12.0 76.2


Case Study 1: D-Route 3 – Niedersachsen

Federal State/ District

Distance Holiday Trips Day Trips Total

Federal State (FS) / NUTS 3

District (D)

Km Trips (x1,000)

Expend. (Mio. €)

Trips (x1,000)

Expend.(Mio. €)

Expend.(Mio. €)

NRW (FS) 302 57,5 20,3 409,1 6,7 27,0

Niedersachsen(FS) 128 53,3 18,8 80,1 1,3 20,1

Holzminden (D) 24 3,2 1,1 12,7 0,2 1,3

Northeim (D) 47 6,1 2,2 25,5 0,4 2,6

Goslar (D) 57 44,0 15,5 42,0 0,7 16,2


Case Study 2: EuroVelo Route

Per year:12.5 million holiday-makers = 82.5 million holiday cycle daysTotal direct expenditures from holiday-makers of €4.4 billion.

33.3 million day trips€0.54 billion of direct day trip

expenditures



14 Routes:

http://www.eurovelo.org/routes/

Route 6: The Rivers Route

http://www.eurovelo6.org/?set_language=en

Route 13: The Iron Curtain Trail


Case Study 3: Iron Curtain Trail

If developed as a part of the EuroVelo network:

– 950,000 holiday trips per year

– 3.3 million day excursions per year

– €390 million in direct expenditures per year

Uneven distribution over countries due to:

– Distance of the trail per country

– Large variations in tourism infrastructure (bed density) & population density


Case Study 3: Iron Curtain Trail

Country Dist Holiday trips Day excursion Total

Km Trips (x1,000)

Exp. (mill. €)

Trips (x1,000)

Exp. (mill. €)

Exp. (mill. €)

Serbia 650 18.0 6.4 289.4 4.6 11.0

Rumania 173 3.0 1.1 39.8 0.7 1.7

Bulgaria 722 40.3 14.2 165.0 2.7 16.9

Macedonia 130 2.5 0.9 47.6 0.8 1.7

Greece 59 1.9 0.7 9.6 0.2 0.8

Turkey 140 1.8 0.6 36.5 0.6 1.2



Low energy use and emissions– High public transport and overland share

– Shorter average return distance Origin/Destination transport

– Lower accommodation emissions (less in hotel)

– Emissions cycle holidays < other holidays

High eco-efficiency: Average per day spending similar to average tourist, and more focused in local rural economies, combined with low emissions

But environmental advantage could be lost when long-haul cycle holidays increase



Importance of good public transport integration


Some Conclusions

Cycle tourists’ daily spending is comparable to that of other tourists, specifically in rural areas

Cycle tourism can provide a significant contribution to rural regional and local economies that have not enjoyed mainstream tourism development

Cycle holidays produce considerably less greenhouse gas emissions than average holidays, due to shorter Origin/Destination distances, high public and overland transport share and low accommodation energy-use


Suggestions for Future Model Input and Refinements

Input from existing Eastern, Central, Southern etc. European cycle routes, away from the Western European focus and taking into account differences in direct expenditures per country and region

Direct expenditures are only a part of the total economic impact: costs, inflation (and local differences), indirect and induced multiplier effects, leakages

Differences in cycle culture (possession and use of bicycles) should make a difference especially with regard to numbers and expenditures of day trippers


Information & Suggestions & Contact

NHTV: www.nhtv.nl

CSTT: www.cstt.nl

Pieter Piket: [email protected]

NHTV Centre for Sustainable Tourism and Transport CrossTour Fair 2012 26 - 30 January 2012 “The...

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