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Lead consultant: Ana Katnic, MSc Management of Biodiversity National Parks of Montenegro consultant: Nela Vesovic Dubak, MA Ornithology; Water Research Institute of Shkodra Region, University of Shkodra “Luigj Gurakuqi”: Marash Rakaj, Prof. As. Dr.; Administration of Protected Area-Shkoder, Directory of Forest Services of Shkodra District: Islam Laci, Ing.

Engaged By NGO Green Home

Shkoder, Podgorica, September 2013

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Executive summary

The assessment and the Plan present overview of the situation and recommendations for sustainable use and management of Skadar/Shkoder Lake ecosystem especially targeting protection of the aquatic and forest vegetation. The Action Plan was developed with the support of relevant institutions in this area, enforcing their cooperation, communication and commitment toward the implementation of joint actions. The most prominent identified measures for improvement of critical gaps are framed around research, combat with anthropogenic threats, and improvement of protection system on both sides and establishment of joint management body in the long run. As a major hold back of the sustainable development process on the Lake, having in mind hug investments and attention given to the region, several cross cutting issues are identified, which could be hold responsible for problems in the project implementation and sustainability, as well as for the overall performance of the region. These are: low commitment and ownership over the process followed by week management and leadership of relevant institutions and lack of coordination and public participation mechanisms. Urgent actions for the improvement of the current state of the Lake ecosystem have been agreed on with the relevant institutions on the Montenegrin side, these are:

Revision of the natural reserves in the NP Skadar/Shkoder Lake. Combat with invasive species. Monitoring and habitat revitalization of Skadar/Shkoder oak, laurel and Marsilea quadrifolia.

Revitalisation/cleaning of the river beds and canals suffering from the eutrophication.

And on the Albanian side:

Limiting the grazing on protected area of the Lake.

Limiting the agriculture on protected area of the Lake

As well as joint:

Develop and run web page/portal for documents and information sharing.

Great opportunity lies in developing models for sustainable use of the resources and for reconciliation of

tourism, agriculture, energy and protection. Following priorities are identified:

Education of local population for involvement in management issues of the Lake

Establishment of advisory board to NP Skadar/Shkoder Lake as to support communication,

coordination and public participation processes in planning and implementing.

Support and promotion of traditional products development.

Joint and integrated research and planning of sustainable development of the whole Skadar/Shkoder Lake,

crucially including Bojana/Buna River, is seen as a long term and demanding task but the only

consequential and weighty.

Acknowledges: This assessment and action plan had a great support and attention of the: Environment Protection Agency namely Milena Batakovic and Lidija Scepanovic and National Parks of Montenegro, namely Slavica Djurovic, Goran Skataric and Zoran Mrdak. . Great support and attention was also given by Regional Environmental Agency of Shkodra District, namely Dritan Dhora.

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List of abbreviations:

AEF – Agency of Environmental and Forestry Alb - Albania APA - Agency of Protection Areas APALSH - Agency of Protection Areas of Lake Shkodra BC - Bern Convention CBD – Convention for Biological Diversity CR – Critically risked CSBL - Conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity at Lakes DFS – Directory of Forestry Services E/EN – Endangered EPA – Environnent Protection Agency EUHD - EU Habitats and Species Directives fAKT – Active citizens fund (fond za aktivno gradjanstvo) FD – Directory of Forestry FSP - Full Size Project GEF – Global Environment Fund IPA – Instrument for Pre-Accession IWRM - Integrated Water Resources Management LSIEMP - Lake Skadar/Shkoder Integrated Ecosystem Management Project MAB BR – Man and Biosphere Reserve MAFLD - Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Local Government MARD – Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MEFWA – Ministry of Environmental, Forestry and Water Administration Mne - Montenegro MORT – Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tourism MPSHLPA - Management Plan of Shkodra Lake Protected Area NAE – National Agency of Environmental NBSAP – National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NGO – Non Government Organisation NP – National Park NPSL – National Park Skadar/Shkoder Lake Montenegro PA – Protected Area PPG - Preparatory Grant RCG – decision on species protection in Montenegro (Rješenje o stavljanje pod zaštitu pojedinih biljnih i životinjskih vrsta Sl. list RCG br. 76/06) RE (CR) -regional endangered (critically endangered) REA – Regional Environmental Agency RSRD – Research Centre for Rural Development SEA – Strategic Environmental Assessment SH - Stakeholder ToR – Terms of Reference UNESCO – United Nation Education Science Culture Organisation UNOPS – United Nation Office for Project Services VU - Vulnerable WB – World Bank WRISHR - Water Research Institute of Shkodra Region

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Content

Introduction: .................................................................................................................... 7

1. Analysis and description of the situation/problem ..................................................... 9

2. Role and importance of the action plan for the issue and for the integrated

management planning ................................................................................................... 11

2.1. Development of joint actions and initiatives .......................................................... 12

2.2. Finding and analyse of the critical issues .............................................................. 14

2.3. Measures ................................................................................................................. 15

3. State of biodiversity (aquatic and forest vegetation) ................................................ 16

3.1. Key actions necessary for preservation of aquatic and forest vegetation ........... 24

3.2. Identifying problems and gaps ............................................................................... 26

3.3. Measures ................................................................................................................. 26

4. Identification and evaluation of threats (to aquatic and forest vegetation) ......... 27

3.4. Identifying key areas, protection/reaction sector .................................................. 33

3.5. Monitoring of treats and trends .............................................................................. 35

4. Protection system and protection system support ................................................... 36

4.1. Findings and analysis of critical issues (enforcement) ......................................... 39

4.2. Measures ................................................................................................................. 41

5. Protection and agriculture and other relevant development sectors ......................... 44

5.1. Findings and analysis of critical issues ................................................................. 46

5.2. Measures ................................................................................................................. 47

6. Setting up key strategic objectives on the threats and protection ............................ 50

7. Resource mobilization/ funding/ budgeting of the activities .................................... 51

8. Action plan .............................................................................................................. 53

List of references: .......................................................................................................... 59

ANNEX I: The Red List of plant species of Lake Shkodra ................................................ 61

ANNEX II: List of Rare and Threaten Plant Associations of Lake Shkodra ....................... 62

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Introduction: The name and scope of the document here in hand according to a project proposal is “Assessment of the threatening factors on biodiversity of the lake, especially aquatic and forest vegetation and to draft actions that guarantees their protection”. The project is implemented under the IPA Cross – Border Programme Albania – Montenegro, 2007 – 2013 "Economic, Environment and Social Development Grant Scheme"; Reference: EuropAid/130-293/L/ACT/IPA under the title: Performing the Integrated Environmental Management Plan at local level in the Shkodra Lake Ecosystem – EMA PLAN. The Assessment and action plan was produced on the basis of the Terms of Reference (ToR) provided by NGO Green Home, within the scope and arrangement laid out here. The assessment will be prepared in the course of 3 months: Jun, July and August 2013 and verified and presented in the course of September and October 2013. An Albanian team, familiarized with the habitats, aquatic and terrestrial vegetation will prepare a report on the measures to be taken for the Protection of habitats/species from the disturbing phenomenon and/or human activities. The report will be focused on defining plan of action in order to reduce or eliminate the factors that are contributing to the habitat degradation. After a draft is prepared, it will be discussed in 5 communes and the Municipality of Shkodra as well as with APA. After incorporating all the remarks and suggestions, it will be approved in the Ministry by the Directorate of Biodiversity.

The Montenegro part will play an important role in the preparation of the plan and its discussion, based on their relevant experience. Montenegrin consultant will cover the same issue on the Montenegrin side of the lake, on the basis of desktop studies and consultative process, verifying the findings and conclusions with relevant institutions. The leading consultant shall be the only responsible entity in front of the Contracting authority and will be monitoring the work of the team.

In line with the methodology and approaches given in the ToR, the assignment will be further strengthened with the following: The format/template for the EMA Plan will be produced by the lead consultant Ms. Katnic, in order to support swift and efficient execution of the task and facilitate production of the integrated document. The meetings and intensive communication between Montenegrin and Albanian team of consultants will be practiced. The information given in the 8 studies on Albanian side and 4 on Montenegrin, produced within this project, will be studied carefully. Also, much general information and details provided by many other documents please refer to the reference list, will be studied in order to have a comprehensive overview of the pressure to aquatic and forest vegetation, summarizing that information and putting it into a practical context. The deck researches will be finely supported with the consultative process, bringing up important discussion points, conclusions, measures and identification of the gaps.

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Some of the focus of this assessment will be given to the biodiversity pressure coming from agriculture, common feature of both countries, so far poorly explored, holding potential for development into ecologically sensitive industry, possibly combined with tourism, all arguing against intensive conventional agriculture. For the purpose of better ownership and enhancement of the document, the regular verification of the findings and inputs will be seek from the representatives of National Parks of Montenegro, NP Skadar/Shkoder Lake, Agency of Protection Areas of Lake Shkodra in Albania, National Agency of Environment Albania, Environmental Protection Agency Montenegro, Ministry of Sustainable development and tourism and Ministry of rural development and agriculture in Montenegro, as well as from the other authorities and actors relevant (who will be informed about the project and the scope of this task, asked to provide support with the background documentation and expertise, to give valuable inputs and endorse the document within their respective institutions). The list of meeting minutes, e-mail exchange and other sources of communication will be kept within NGO Green Home dossier. Sharing and finalizing findings with the extended group of relevant institutions is foreseen in the last stage of the document creation. The final activity anticipated under the project, the Conference, will be organized in order to present this document and other studies to the wider public and for closure of the project. The follow ups and sustainability of the work done here will be ensured trough introducing findings of this document in Management plan of the NP Skadar/Shkoder Lake, resource mobilisation pipelines of NGO Green Home, NGO Ylber, and also taken into consideration by Directory of Forest Service of Shkodra District.

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1. Analysis and description of the situation/problem Skadar/Shkoder/Shkodra's Lake basin is shared between Montenegro and Albania with the ratio 2/3 to 1/3 respectively. The Skadar/Shkoder/Shkodra Lake is the largest in the Balkan and of a special importance for countries sharing it, both as a resource and protected area. The Montenegrin side of the basin of Skadar/Shkoder/Shkodra Lake has been proclaimed a

National Park (IUCN category II) in 1983, while the Albanian side is a protected area

“Managed Natural Reserve” (IUCN category IV), since 2005. In 1996, it has been included in

the Ramsar list of wetlands of international importance based on the richness and diversity

of ornithofauna (20.000ha on Mne side and 49,562 ha on Alb together with

Buna/Bojana river)1. Buna/Bojana River is also nationally protected on Albanian side with

status "Protected Waterscape/Landscape" (IUCN category V) in 2005. Skadar/Shkoder

Lake region is on the list of Important Plant Areas (IPA). It is on the list of Important Bird

Areas (IBA), too. Based on the criteria of Bern Convention, 17 Emerald habitats with good

representation have been identified in the Lake region. Although the work on identification

of Natura 2000 habitats, based on the Habitat and Bird directives of the EU, has started for

Montenegro, the list of those habitats is not yet complete, though some of the habitats that

meet relevant criteria to be considered Special Areas of Conservation have been identified

for Skadar/Shkoder Lake region.2 They include: 91E0 - alluvial forests with Alnus, Fraxinus

and Salix, 91F0 - riparian mixed forests of Quercus, Ulmus and Fraxinus, among others

(Schwarz, 2010). It is proposed to be nominated as trans-boundary UNESCO Man and

Biosphere Reserve (MAB BR).

Despite all of this, there has been an evident lost of biodiversity caused by the high anthropogenic pressure, and notified in several studies. Around the Lake live about 540.000 inhabitants (310.000 inhabitants in the MN side and 230.000 in the AL side). This was and persisted to be a challenge of the Lake protected area designation. Local population, small businesses and industries, are mainly interested in using Skadar/Shkoder Lake as a resource. According to the statistical data3, the majority of settlements on Montenegrin side of the Lake, within or nearby NP Skadar/Shkoder Lake, have a negative demographic trend. The main occupations of the inhabitants are fishery, tourism and small-scale agriculture. However, population density in the Park’s buffer zone and the wider Lake region is much higher, and therefore pressures on the resources are more substantial. This particularly refers to Zeta Valley, one of the most intensively cultivated agricultural areas in

1 http://www.ramsar.org

2 Analysis of synergies, gaps and complementarities on integrated environmental management at regional level

Skadar Lake – Montenegro, Marija Vugdelic, 2013: Study 2 3 Study 2

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Montenegro that stretches alongside the northern shore of Skadar/Shkoder Lake, and which has a relatively stable demographic trend. Beside the intensive agricultural activity in the Zeta Plain (includes the use of artificial fertilizers) the large amount of waste, municipal and industrial water (over 69 million m3/year), brought to the lake with Morača river negatively affects and intensifies eutrophication of the lake (Radujkovic & Sundic, 2013). On the Albanian side the majority of the settlements nearby Shkodra Lake, (Shkodra and Kopliku towns) have a negative demographic trend and the main occupation of their inhabitants is fishery, tourism and agriculture. Mbishkodra Lowland, one intensively cultivated agricultural area in Albania stretches alongside the eastern shore of Shkodra Lake, and has a relatively non-stable demographic trend. The main activities of the population in Shkodra Lake are agriculture with food crops, vegetables and fruits, livestock with cattle, sheep, and some less goats, pigs and horses; and very intensive fishing. Beside the intensive agricultural activity in the Mbishkodra Lowland (includes the use of artificial fertilizers) the large amount of waste, urban water, brought to the lake negatively affects and intensifies eutrophication of the Albanian part of the Lake (DHORA et al., 2012), too.

The challenges of protecting the biodiversity are of many origins: natural such as flooding, earthquake, eutrophication of the lake, than climate change, an evident pollution and other anthropogenic pressures: hydrological interventions, human activities in the lake which are many, traffic, exploitation of sand, trees logging, illegal construction, illegal fishing, grazing, tourism and so connected disturbances, introduction and advancement of invasive alien species, extraction and unsustainable use of the species and materials, etc. Habitat destruction is the most prominent pressure on biodiversity in general, at Skadar/Shkoder Lake present in the form of expansion of human population (construction, tourism, and agricultural activities expansion), introduction of invasive species, extraction of materials, etc. Further to this, there are institutional constrains of the protection and management system: government policy in the field of environment (long lasting and repeated revision and updates of strategies and laws, low enforcement and commitment), lack of clear vision and directions, weak institutional capacities and accountability, poor coordination and intersectional collaboration, lack of consultative processes in planning and implementation, lack of education, awareness raising and promotional activities. Weakness in the research and monitoring system as a consequence to lack of coherent and consistent research and monitoring activities are evident. When all's said and done conservation is on the very declarative level. Trans-boundary joint initiatives are sporadic and not sustainable, very often fund driven. However, great opportunity lies in developing models for sustainable use of the resources for reconciliation of tourism, agriculture, energy and protection, enhancing eco-tourism, agro-ecological measures support, renewable energy sources, and participative management of protected areas.

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2. Role and importance of the action plan for the issue and for the integrated management planning

Integrating water management across a range of political, social, economic, legal, environmental diversities requires considerable human, financial and temporal resources. It is a long-term exercise that changes over time and is resource intensive. IWRM has been defined by the Global Water Partnership (GWP) as “a process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems”. IWRM is based on the principles defined and adopted by the international community since the Rio and Dublin Summits in 1992. These principles summarise as follows: 1) Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environment; 2) Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners and policy-makers at all levels; 3) Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water; 4) Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good. EMA Plan refers to protection of biodiversity (aquatic and forest vegetation), in the context of economic, social and environmental diversities in and among two countries, for integrated sustainable planning and use of the resources and minimization of the threats. The assignment here in hand, considering it relatively small budget, and time frame, aims to build upon following objectives: - To identify and agree on critical issues, measures, gaps, roles, responsibilities, funding

and actions of the two countries and the joint ones; - To inform relevant institutions and raise awareness on the findings and critical issues

related to integrated management of Skadar/Shkoder Lake; - To involve different institution (agriculture, tourism, protection, etc.; ministries,

agencies, local institutions, individuals), in the planning process and build on different expertise and mandates;

- To support communication and coordination, between and among different SHs. - To incorporate the AP in other planning documents (in NP Management Plan, APALSH,

WRISHR; resource mobilisation pipelines of NGO Green Home, EPA, NP, AEF, FD, WD, etc.)

- To aligning plans and interventions, projects, strategies; - To call for accountability; - To educate and pass on/replicate good practices, share knowledge and approaches.

Plan has to reveal real situation in real time, raise awareness and commitment and call for action!

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2.1. Development of joint actions and initiatives

2000 – The first international project, “Promotion of Networks and Exchanges in SEE countries”, started its implementation. The main aim of the project was to enhance cooperation between neighbouring countries over shared natural resources. 2003 – Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed by two relevant Ministries from two involved countries over environmental protection and implementation of the principle of sustainable development. 2000-2009 – Cross-border Forum for Skadar/Shkoder Lake has been established, gathering representatives of different institutions from two countries relevant for the management and protection of Skadar/Shkoder Lake (National Park, local authorities, ministries, NGOs, nature protection institutes, educational institutions). They further enhanced cooperation between two countries through many different activities implemented jointly. 2005 – International workshop “Lake Skadar/Shkoder International Designations for Territorial Development”, held in October 2005, when two Prime-ministers expressed the necessity and willingness to work further on joint protection of Skadar/Shkoder Lake. The workshop was conducted by international organizations: UNDP, UNESCO and IUCN. 2008-2012 - Skadar/Shkoder Lake Integrated Ecosystem Management Project (LSIEMP), the largest international project regarding management of Skadar/Shkoder Lake resources so far. Through this project, the Agreement between the Ministry of Tourism and Environment of Montenegro and Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Water Administration of the Republic of Albania for the protection and sustainable development of the Skadar/Shkoder-Shkoder Lake has been signed, thus establishing Skadar/Shkoder-Shkoder Lake Commission. Ongoing projects and initiatives: EU IPA cross-border component Alb-Mne - had 2 calls announcement so far. Under first call the projects undertaken on the Skadar/Shkoder Lake ecosystem have been: “Support to the proposed cross-border Biosphere Reserve of Lake Skadar/Shkoder region, trough participative approach” and “Valorisation of etno-gastronomic heritage of Skadar/Shkoder Lake”. Under second: EMA Plan and “Development of hydrological and hydraulic study of regulation of Skadar/Shkoder lake and Bojana river water regime”.

The utilisation of the available funds is not jet full, proving lack of capacities in this area.

GIZ - Improving the transboundary water management: Conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity at Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkoder (CSBL) - The Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Water Administration in Albania, Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning in Macedonia and the Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tourism in Montenegro are jointly implementing this project from January 2012 till June 2014. The CSBL project provides technical assistance to administrative entities and public authorities that are responsible for environmental monitoring and management of protected areas, as well as users of biological resources. The aim is to improve the enforcement of laws, regulations and management plans for the

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conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity at Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Skadar/Shkoder. The project covers four main topics: monitoring of fauna and flora in line with the European Union's Habitats Directive (Natura 2000); management of fish and fisheries, including the establishment of quotas; the protection and restoration of wetlands; characterization of lakes and defining of environmental objectives under the EU Water Framework Directive. In addition to the projects budget of two million Euros, the support of the German government is reflected in long-term and short-term assignments of experts, provision of materials and equipment, as well as financial arrangements, grants and subsidies. NGO Green Home - Towards the designation of Lake Shkodra/Skadar/Shkoder as Trans-boundary Biosphere Reserve - Main objective of the proposed project will be the designation of the Shkodra/Skadar/Shkoder Lake as the first TBR in the region. The specific objective is carrying out the complete process of nomination and for Skadar/Shkoder Lake to be accepted as Transboundary Biosphere Reserve based on the UNESCO procedures. CEPF, IUCN - Supporting the Long-Term Sustainable Management of Transboundary Lake Skadar/Shkoder - Long-term Impacts (3+ Years) is defined as: Enable the effective management of the biodiversity of trans-boundary Skadar/Shkoder Lake shared by Albania and Montenegro by 2020; Short-term Impacts (1-3 Years) as: Improve management practices and capacity for the management of protected areas of Skadar/Shkoder Lake. This is planned to be achieved through following results: Capacity of PA authorities for management planning increased; Awareness of local communities on PA management raised; Information on illegal activities within PAs publicly available; Transboundary cooperation between PAs administration improve. CEPF, Noé Conservation - Conservation of Pelicans, a key biodiversity Species of Skadar/Shkoder Lake - Through its 3 years project funded by CEPF, Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), EuroNatur and Tour du Valat, aims at contributing to the effective management of Skadar/Shkoder Lake National Park, a wetland of international importance, with (i) healthier populations of key biodiversity species, especially Dalmatian Pelicans, (ii) greater appropriation by local stakeholders of their natural heritage and (iii) capacitated local institutions. Drin River basin UNOPS project - GEF is funding the project Preparatory Grant (PPG) phase for the Full Size Project (FSP) "Enabling Trans-boundary Cooperation and Integrated Water Resource Management in the Extended Drin River Basin". The project will contribute towards the joint management of the water resources of the extended trans-boundary Drin River Basin. The project builds on the on-going cooperation of the Drin Riparians under the Memorandum of Understanding for the Management of the Extended Drin River Basin (Drin MoU -signed in Tirana, 25 November 2011) and the Action Plan for its implementation. The project will include the following components: 1) Consolidating a common knowledge base; 2) Building the foundation for multi-country cooperation; 3) Institutional strengthening for Integrated River Basin Management; 4)Demonstration of technologies and practices for IWRM and ecosystem management; 5) Stakeholder Involvement, Gender Mainstreaming and Communication Strategies.

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2.2. Finding and analyse of the critical issues There are some strapping differences between the two countries when it comes to Lake Skadar/Shkoder protected area management. There is no management body on the Albanian side of the Lake, thought proclaimed protection level is IUCN category IV. Also there are different development plans being imposed on this ecosystem not taking into account its cumulative effects. Also many commonalities: the local population on both sides is not involved in protection of the lake but in usage of it resources. Sharing of information, knowledge and experience is a problem that both countries are facing, too. Lack of transparency and participative processes in planning and implementing is also a common feature. Consequently, there are lot of discrepancies in the work of different organisation on the same issue; there is a lot of overlapping of studies, initiatives and projects, and many of the neither complete nor sustainable actions. Application of the same methodology for research and monitoring as to be comparable to respectful EU practices is something that is taken on recently, still project driven and waiting to be sustainability tested.

The designation of the Lake under UNESCO MAB BR programme civil society lead and driven is ongoing activity, still missing commitment and ownership of the top authorities. Skadar/Shkoder Lake region institutional and development set up is very complex on both sides, adding the trans-boundary component it require joint multi-disciplinary and multi-sartorial planning and actions. Formal partnerships will need to be established and clear planning guidelines developed for all major activities, because doing business as usual could bring Lake Skadar/Shkoder region in the irreversible danger. Furthermore, Buna/Bojana River, the main outflow of the Lake represents one important and sensitive connection of the lake with the Adriatic Sea, important for the hydrological regime of the Lake and migration of the species. It is however, poorly cover with planning and management documents. Together with the Drin River it does require more attention under the integrated water management. All in all, wider region of Skadar/Shkoder Lake severely lacks coordination, clear vision and directions for development.

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2.3. Measures

There is a great opportunity to build on some of the previous initiatives and projects. This would not require big funding resources but a clear and strong commitment of both countries and the relevant institutions within. There is a need for better cooperation between institutions and information sharing. Starting point of this process could be establishment of joint database for Skadar/Shkoder Lake region, something that could be done as a continuation of the WB LSIEMP project activity. This would improve information sharing, exchange and coordination of activities in both countries and in-between them. The Environmental Protection Agency is interested to take a lead on this activity, with the support of National Parks and NGO Green Home (which could provide funds for the implementation in due course of this project). Establishment of joint protocols for tourism, agriculture, construction etc. would be of the great importance for cross-border equivalent in terms of introduction of rather support measures for sustainable development. Also for the reason of improvement the research and monitoring techniques, approaches and methodology agreement on joint protocol on research and monitoring should be introduced and applied as to correspond to international/EU standards in order to be comparable. This could be supported also by implementation of international conventions signed by both countries. There is also need for joint and involving planning process, what could be done trough producing and endorsing joint public planned Skadar/Shkoder Lake Strategy. As a medium term goal and follow up activity of many projects improvement of Management body on Mne and Alb side would be a necessity for sustainable development push trough. Moreover, establishment of permanent joint trans-boundary management body should be agreed on. This could be done on the basis of establishment of focal points on both sides, supported with initial joint planning document, to be further expanded into a formal structure. These activities have a potential to be supported and realised under the international designation UNESCO MAB BR, for what the initiative already exist.

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3. State of biodiversity (aquatic and forest vegetation)

HABITATS AND THEIR STATUS Ten main types of wet habitats are identified in Lake Shkodra/Skadar/Shkoder under the Habitats Directive System for the classification of habitats: 1. Permanent lake surface freshwater with a surface water round 300 km2, with rich flora and very much developed aquatic macrophytes during summer, composed of floating, submerged and emerged species, such as Nymphea alba, Nuphar luteum, Trapa natans, Najas marina, Potamogeton sp.div., Schoenoplectus lacustris, Typha latifolia, Myriophyllum spicatum, Ceratophyllum demersum, etc. 2. Permanent rivers / streams of Buna, Morača, Prevalka and Crnojevica, characterized by different species of the aquatic makrophytes (Potamogeton sp., Myriophyllum sp. etc.) and different species of phytoplankton. 3. Seasonal / Intermittent rivers / streams of Kiri, Rrjolli Stream, Dry Stream, Vraka Stream etc. 4. Non-forested peatlands of the eastern part of the lake, with a few shrubs and open field dominated mainly by hygrophytes and hygromesophytes. 5. Permanent freshwater marshes / ponds of the northern and eastern part of the lake (Jubice-Kamice, Gashaj) with a rich flora and fauna and developed vegetation composed by floating, submerged-leaved and helophytes, as Nymphea alba, Hydrocharis morsus-ranae, Myriophullum spicatum, Potamogeton pectinatus, Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia, Schoenoplectus lacustris, Cyperus longus, and green algae and cyanobacteria. 6. Seasonal / intermittent freshwater marshes / ponds on inorganic soils on the northern, north-eastern and southern part of the lake (Vranj, Gostilje, Polje, Zabljacke Livade, Kaldrun, Livade of Shkodra etc.) dominated mainly by helophytes and hemicryptophytes (Scirpus, Cyperus, Carex etc.) 7. Freshwater springs (cryptodepresions), as Radush, Viri, Shegan, Hordhana etc. with a few species of macroalgae (Chara) and diatom in small ponds round them. 8. Freshwater tree-dominated wetlands (Riparian forest) on the north and partly eastern part of the lake, composed mainly by deciduous trees and brushes, like Populus alba, Salix alba, Salix eleagnus, Alnus glutinosa, Fraxinus angustifolia, Ulmus minor etc. 9. Shrub-dominated wetlands on the north-eastern part of the lake composed mainly by broad-leaved deciduous, as Vitex agnus-castus, Cornus sanguinea, Amorpha fruticosa etc. 10. Rocky shores of the western (Tarabosh-Virpazar), north-western and partly eastern part of the lake (Mokset, Zabljak) with a poor vegetation of broad-leaved evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, as Phillyrea latifolia, Olea europaea, Punica granatum, Paliurus spina-christi, Prunus spinosa, Prunus muhaleb, Prunus webbi, Crataegus monogyna, Rubus ulmifolius and poor herbaceous vegetations (garrigue) of meso- and xerophytes [addressed in the report].

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Terrestrial vegetation Vegetation around the complex of Lake Shkodra-Delta Buna is dominated mainly by xerophytes evergreen and deciduous forests and shrubs known as maquis, shibljac, garrigue and steppe. Forests of Skadar/Shkoder's oak (Quercus robur ssp. Scutoriensis), which were widespread in the past, have substantially degraded. The most significant forest communities are: domestic chestnut and oak (Querco - costanetum montenegrinum), and European Turkey oak (Quercetum confertae), as well as hornbeam (Corpinetum orientails) with several sub-communities. Only degraded stands remain from the once well developed forests, especially from English or French oak (Quercus robur) or otherwise known as Shkodra oak (Quercus robur susbsp. scutariensis).

According to the Habitat Directive, on the coast of the lake (ash-oak-alder forests) are very important in the territory of the National Park Skadar/Shkoder Lake.

SPECIES DIVERSITY AND THEIR STATUS

- Phytoplankton community Lake Shkoder is characterized by rich phytoplankton communities. About 214 genues with 1069 species and intraspecific taxa have been found so far (RAKAJ, et al., 2007, 2010). Phytoplankton is dominated by Bacillariophycea (421 species) and then Chlorophyta (237) Charophyta (241), Euglenoza (107) Chrysopphycea (20), Dinoflagjelata (17) Xanthiphyceae (12) and Cryptophyceae with 6 species and taxes intraspecific. In the lake two endemic species were identified: Cyclotella scadanensis and Cymbella scutariana. Regarding the trophy-valences of the bioindicator species of Lake Shkoder diatoms, the highest number belong to the oligo-mesotrophic and tolerant groups, which shows the lake is in a good state for living organisms.

- Macrophytes Aquatic and wetland flora of Lake Shkodra is very rich. It is recognized about 242 species of macrophytes on Skadar/Shkoder Lake, of these: 10 species are algae (Characeae), 1 moss, 7 horstail, 1 fern, while others are plants with flowers (Angjiosperma), 115 Mokodiledone and 107 Dykotiledone. About 62 species are aquatic and 180 herbaceous species are of a wet or humid affiliation with alterations to water-wet to dry land. Of these, about 21 are seldom trees and shrubs or they form stained woods, as willows, white poplar, alder, tamarisk, vitex or invasive bush, and indigo bush.

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From 62 aquatic species, about 17 species are aquatic (hydrophytes) with root or rootless in the sediment and floating in the water surface, while 45 species are immersed in water (submerse) or immersed in water, but have a part of the plant above the sea (emergent). The most dominant species are: Phragmites communis, Scirpus lacustris, Nuphar filtea, Nymphea alba and Trapa natans. Macrophyte vegetation of the lake plays an important role in nutrient cycling and provides shelter and substratum for the development of most animal and plant species. Macrophytes species with greater frequency and cover in the wetland and waters of the Lake Shkoder are: Schoenoplectus lacustris, Phragmites australis, Typha sp. div., Sparganium erectum, Potamogeton perfoliatus, Potamogeton lucens, Potamogeton crispus, Ceratophyllum demersum, Miryophyllum spicatum, Nuphar lutea, Nymphaea alba, Trapa natans, Valisneria spiralis, Najas marina, Najas minor, Ranunculus trichophyllus, Gratiola officinalis, Sagittaria sagittifolia, Fontinalis antipyretica. Dominant in the lake of floating makrocites distinguish: Nymphaea alba, Nuphar lute, Nymphoides peltata, Traria natans, Polygonum amphibium erectum, Potamogeton natans, Lemna minor, Lemna major, Lemna trisulca , etc.; dominant submerged macrophytes are: Potamogeton perfoliatus L., Potamogeton lucens L., Potamogeton crispus L., Potamogeton pectinatus L., Potamogeton pusilus, Myriophillum spicatum L., Myriophillum verticilatum L., Ceratophyllum demersum L., Ceratophyllum submersum L., Vallisneria spiralis L., Najas marina All., Najas minor All., Chara sp., Nitella sp. etj., while domonant emerged plants: Phragmites communis, Scirpus lacuster, Typha angustipholia. In marshy areas of the northern, eastern and southeastern coast of the Lake grow willow forests (Salicetum alba) or alder (Alnetum glutinosa) or mixed forest (willow, ash and alder water, etc.). Separately to them used by the local population for the production of wood for heating plant endemic species to the lake, Trapa longicarpa subsp. Scutariensis and Quercus robur subsp. scutariensis were cited. There is still just a proposal of the Red list in Montenegro. Meanwhile, the description of aquatic vegetation is given below. Skadar/Shkoder Lake holds almost all aquatic habitats and ecosystems that are present in the Adriatic basin. On a horizontal profile on the lake, alternate flood zone meadow (very important for spawning of many carp species), then flood zone with willows, coastal areas with flooded vegetation, littoral zone with emersive and floating vegetation, and areas with floating vegetation and worship (Chara), a zone of Worship swarm and zone of flies without vegetation, with several types of substrates. Additionally, there are numerous underwater springs and crypto-depressions with water-sources, what guarantees relatively stable environmental conditions for aquatic organisms including fish. Moreover,

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NP Skadar/Shkoder Lake encompasses river systems with the trout species. All this is the reason for finding 99% of the fish fauna of the Adriatic basin.4 Aquatic vegetation: submerged, floating and emerged macrophytae are dominant characteristic of Skadar/Shkoder Lake. Because of small depth of the Lake vertical differentiation of those communities is not sharp and obvious but still we can distinguish several vegetation zones. Zoning is dominantly determined by the available light (light depending zonation) and with thermal stratification which is poorly expressed. Flooded area of Skadar/Shkoder Lake is characterized by development of shrubbery and forest ecosystems with following species as most dominant ones: Viticetum agni-casti, Salicetum albae, Salicetum albae-fragilis, Periploco-Quercetum scutariensis, Salicetum incanae, Salicetum purpurae, Fraxinetum oxycarpae, Alnetum glutinosae. Terrestrial ecosystems are represented with degraded stages of forest trees (remnants of underbrush - maquis, bushes - garrique and final stage vegetation of the rocky area). Around the lake stands of willow (Solicetum alba) are the most abundant forests around the lake, mainly on the northern shore and in the flooding area. They are used by the local population for the production of heating wood, for construction and for wooden handicraft products. Forests of Skadar/Shkoder's oak (Quercus robur ssp. Scutoriensis), which were widespread in the past, have substantially degraded. The most significant forest communities are domestic chestnut (Castanea sativa) and oak (Querceto castonetum montenegrinum), and European Turkey oak (Quercetum confertae ceris), as well as hornbeam (Corpinetum orientalis) with several sub-communities. Only degraded stands remain from the once well developed forests. According to the Habitat directive, wet forests on the coast of the Lake (Montenegrin ash-oak-alder forests) constituted from endemic Skadar/Shkoder Oak Quercus robur ssp. Scutoriensis are very important in the territory of the NP Skadar/Shkoder Lake.5 Distribution: the north and south sides of the Lake differs in many ways. Skadar/Shkoder Lake is characterized by large marsh vegetation along the northern part, since the lake bottom there is flat, gently sloping towards the south and south-west coast, which is steep, but within the many bays along the south shore this vegetation is still present. Willow forests are particularly developed at river mouths. The most spacious and spreaded forest with the expansion of the willow forest "Manastirska tapija" (natural reserve, IUCN I category) is at the mouth of Moraca River. The largest area in the back cover flood meadows in the dry season or processed hair. It is these areas were once covered by forest community of Skadar/Shkoder oak with ash. Today's the oak only occurs singly or in small groups. Terrestrial ecosystems are developed on rocky limestone slopes of the south coast and parts of north-western area (Crnojevića River - Zabljak Crnojevića). Degraded forest communities are in the process of renewing from scrubs into forestry scrubs. Real forests almost don’t exist. Some are preserved in Lipovik (outside park boundaries) and partial (as

4 EPA report 2011.

5 Monitoring program development WB

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less surface boundary areas) on private land. Higher up in Krajina there is still preserved and relict forest of chestnut (Aesculus hypocastanum). On the islands there is still remaining relict laurel community with black oak (Quercus ilex).

The macrophyte community of Lake Skadar/Shkoder, as other organisms in the lake, has been changed over the last thirty years. The surface area under macrophyte vegetation was 33.5 km2 (Ristić & Vizi, 1981), while today is considerably larger and covers approximately 56.52 km2 (Schneider-Jacoby M. et al, 2006). At least, six important plant associations are considered as endangered (Dhora & Sokoli, 2000): Nymphoidetum peltatea, Potameto – Vallisnerietum, Myriophyllo – Nupharetum lutei, Trapetum natans, Phragmitetum australis and Leucojo – Fraxinetum angustifolia. 20 vascular plant species, most of them macrophytes, are endangered in the Lake Shkodra/Skadar/Shkoder and its coasts. The most threatened are considered: Marsilea quadrifolia, Hydrocotile vulgaris, Hidrocharis morsus – ranae, Butomus umbellatus, Cladium mariscus, Nuphar luteum, Nymphaea alba, Nymphoides peltata, Sagittaria sagittifolia and Trapa natans.

The status of plants of the Lake Shkodra in Albania, however, was specified according to the Red List of Flora of Albania (Anonymous, 1997, 2007; Vangjeli et al., 1995, Rakaj & Kashta 2010), IUCN categories (Walter & Gillet, 1998) and their actual situation verified during our field trip (consultants Marash et Islam during ongoing field research). In the Lake Shkodra wetland ecosystems grown 23 rare and threatened plant species or 7.7% of the Red List of Albania, of them 12 species belong to hydrophytes and helophytes, 5 phanerophytes, 4 geophytes and 2 hemicryptophytes. Two species belong to ferns and 21 belong to angiosperms, of them 18 herbaceous and 5 trees and shrubs (Fig. 1, 2; Table 1). Three globally and European threatened species grown on the investigated area: Trapa natans, Marsilea quadrifolia and Caldesia parnassifolia, and were included in the Bern Convention as regionally endangered.

Almost extinct in that area would be considered Marsilea quadrifolia, since have not been found in the reported areas since 1945 (Schütt, 1945). Quercus robur [subsp. scutariensis] was considered critically risked due to damage and destruction of its habitat as a result of human activity. It does not create forest groups, but grow as solitary tree in that region.

Three species (Anacamptis palustris, Leucojum aestivum and Hyacinthela dalmatica) were proposed to include in the Red List of Plants, for their very limited distribution area in Albania (Rakaj & Kashta, 2010). The Table 1 in the annex I of this document gives the overview of the Lake Shkodra Red List of Albania plant species.

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From 76 plant associations identified in Shkodra Lake wetland complex, 17 of them are considered endangered and are included in the Red List of plants and plant associations of Flora of Albania. About 5 associations belong to shrubs and trees, 11 to herbaceous or rooted vascular plants, 6 to persistent emergent and floating-leaved. Of these, 9 associations grow in the open water, 2 in the marshes and shallow waters and 1 associations in canals (Figure 1, 2; Table 2). Rare and Threaten plant associations of aquatic and wetland of Lake Shkodra belong to bellow groups: - Associations of submersed plants: Potameto-Najadetum, Potameto-Vallisnerietum,

Potamogetum perfoliati, Ruppietum cirrhosae. - Associations of floating leaved plants: Nympheaetum albo-luteae, Trapetum natantis,

Nymphoidetum peltatae, Hydrochari-Nymphoidetum peltatae, Hydrochari-Nymphoidetum peltatae.

- Associations of submersed and floating leaved plants: Myriophyllo-Nupharetum Myriophyllo-Nympheaetum, etc.

- Associations of helophytes that have roots and a part of stalk underwater (persistent emergent): Typhetum latifolia Cypero-Paspaletum distichi, Butomo-Sagittarietum angustifoliae etc.

- Associations of scrub-shrubs and trees of wetland habitats (riparian) on the lakeside of Lake Shkodra that are flooded sesonaly (temporarily emergents): Alno-Fraxinetum angustifoliae, Populetum albae, Salicetum triandro-eleagni, Querco-Fraxinetum angustifoliae, Quercetum roboris (scutariensis), Tamarici-Salicetum purpureae, etc.

Figure 1. a - Distribution of species Adianthum capillus-veneris (circle), Caldesia parnassifolia, Hippuris vulgaris, Nymphoides peltata, (triangle 1), Marsilea quadrifolia (triangle 2) Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Oenanthe tenuifolia, Gladiolus palustris, Anacamptis palustris, Quercus robur (scutariensis), Laurus nobilis (triangle) in Lake Shkodra. b - Distribution of associations Nymphoidetum peltatae, Querco-Fraxinetum angustifoliae (triangle1), Potameto-Najadetum, Potameto-Vallisnerietu, Hydrocotile-Caricetum elatae, Cypero-Paspaletum distichi, Leucojo-Fraxinetum angustifoliae (triangle) in Lake Shkodra.

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Figure 2. a - Distribution of species Ranunculus lingua (triangle 1), Trapa natans, Nuphar lutea, Nymphea alba, Butomus umbelatus, Sagittaria sagittifolia, (triangle) Hydrocharis morsus-ranae (triangle 2) in Lake Shkodra. b - Distribution of associations Nympheaetum albo-luteae, Myriophyllo-Nupharetum, Myriophyllo-Nympheaetum, Potamogetum perfoliati, Trapetum natantis, Butomo-Sagittarietum angustifoliae Typhetum latifolia, Populetum albae (triangle), Hydrochari-Nymphoidetum peltatae, Lemnetum minoris, Salicetum triandro-eleagni, Tamarici-Salicetum purpureae, (triangle 2) in Lake Shkodra.

Hydrophytes are more threaten since their survival depends on the preservation of the ecosystem, often very sensitive to climate change and impact of human.

Buna/Bojana River originated at the south-eastern part of lake Shkodra and discharged its water at the Buna Delta in the Adriatic Sea, about 44 km distance from Shkodra. The Buna joints the Drin River straight 1.3km downstream of Shkodra Lake, resulting in a doubling in water flow from 320 m3 s-1 to 680 m3 s-1. This ranks the river third, after the Rhone and the Po in the Northern Mediterranean. The characteristic of the river it its furcating bed within 16 km upstream of the delta, forming bare islands (Ada), sand walls, and branches, with succession stages of floodplain forest inside of an area of 4 km2. Six marshes (three in Montenegro and three in Albania) and Lake Sasko are located along Buna River. The marshes are characterized by floating meadows, submerged and emerged vegetation and reed. Those special habitats give to a high occurrence of several bird species as Dalmatian pelican, and are also an important spawning area, especially for sturgeon. Furthermore, Buna River acts as filter for urban waste water carelessly disposed into river. The Buna floodplain alluvial forests cover about 7.5km2 (6.7km2 in MNE) composed mainly of softwood canopy trees (Salix sp., Fraxinus angustifolia, Alnus glutinosa, Populus alba etc.). Floodplain forest of Buna are distinguished for the richness of their flora and fauna and many ecological functions, especially as the protection from floods. Table 2. in Annex II) present the Red List of Albania for Rare and Threaten Plant Associations of Lake Shkodra.

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The rare, endemic and threatened plant species of Lake Shkoder risk to extinct as result of their direct damages by deforestation, grazing, intensive exploitation and introduction of invasive species or as a result of their habitats lost and degradation by changing of water regime, erosion, drainage and pollution by urban and solid residues. Improvement and rigorous enforcement of the legislation, along with the creation of permanent structure of management and monitoring for protected areas of Shkodra/Skadar/Shkoder Lake and Buna River are some important obligations for their preservation and sustainable development.

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3.1. Key actions necessary for preservation of aquatic and forest vegetation

Measuring biodiversity of all taxonomic groups is very complex and expensive. Therefore it would be needed to monitor specific species (groups) that represent biodiversity in general (umbrella species) and which are endangered in the environment (Quercus robur subsp. scutariensis, Trapa natans, Anacamptis palustris, Caldesia parnasifolia). Among the high number of species, it is necessary to make a selection of species that are considered to be of interest to maintain, or so-called "target species". Target species are defined as species of European importance, which meet at least one criteria: the Berne Convention (EMERALD Network), Habitats Directive for the protection of wildlife and plant species and natural habitats (Natura 2000), listed in the IUCN Red List and endemism. For that reason were selected macrophytes, phytoplankton, fish and bird status and several species status as indicators of these groups. The actions proposed for several endangered species and communities important nationally and internationally, of significance for both countries (to be implemented trans-boundary) are listed below.

1. Monitoring and habitat revitalization of Skadar/Shkoder oak (Quercus robur subsp. scutariensis)

2. Determining the status and monitoring of the species Marsilea quadrifolia 3. Monitoring and habitat revitalization of laurel (Laurus nobilis) and oak.

1. Skadar/Shkoder Oak (Quercus robur ssp. scutariensis) - CR, E/EN, VU; Montenegro

(local endemic species), EUHD. Once widespread forest species, under pressure of converting its habitat in arable land, now had been reduced to smaller groups and individual trees. It is necessary to determine current situation on the ground in the watershed and Gostiljska and Crmnicka River. It is needed to collect basic population and dendrometric parameters, GPS coordinates of habitats and species. Also it is necessary to identify the property relations of the site on which oak occurs. If necessary, the purchase of private lands should be executed in order to revitalize the forest community with Skadar/Shkoder oak. Cooperation with the local communities through education and the implementation of protection measures is needed.

2. Marsilea quadrifolia – RE (CR); RCG, BC, Emerald, IPA, EUHD. There are indications that the rapid urban and touristic development at the site Plavnica, contributed to disappearance of this wetland species. It is needed to examine the existence of this type of wetland species on Plavnica site. Positive findings on the field require further monitoring of the species and the implementation of the conservation measurements.

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3. Laurel (Laurus nobilis) and black oak (Quercus ilex) community – EUHD

In the area of Krajina along the southern coast, prevalent relict communities of laurel and black oak had been reduced into fragments and islands mostly because of the over-harvesting and grazing. Determination of the field status, taking GPS coordinates is needed. Identify the property relations of the site where the laurel and black oak are growing. If necessary, purchase of private land to be executed in order to revitalize the forest community. Cooperation with the local communities through education and the implementation of protection measures is needed.

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3.2. Identifying problems and gaps

There is a general problem in lack of strategic, organised, objective lead research and monitoring activities on both sides of the Lake. The funds and commitment for these activities have been very low for a very long period of time, especially taking in the consideration time of wars, crisis, dictatorship, closure, overuse and unsustainable exploitation. The last good and coherent researches are dating back to several decades ago but are still in use for analysis and decision making processes support. Nowadays, many of the research and monitoring activities that support knowledge and conservation are project driven, thesis driven, short term and unsustainable. There is also general lack in capacities of multidiscipline approaches and applicable science what is reflected in the research documentation which is mainly based on the old fashion techniques, approaches and methodology, week hypothesis and criteria for a quality document, even when done for the academic level. Adding together there is management and institutional weakness to put research, monitoring and other tools of conservation in priority and in focus and ensure directions and funds for it. Moreover, lack of the information sharing, knowledge brokering within and between institutions that have a mandate on this is of a great concern. Education and promotion comes very sporadic or target the issues of biodiversity and conservation as a crosscutting and declarative point. Involvement, education and empowerment of locals on these issues have very negative trends, not even satisfying the bare minimum of holding up a public debate when necessary and obliged to.

3.3. Measures

- Reassess the natural reserves in NP, what will require improvement and clarification of the legislation, introduction of the protocols for execution of this and associated activities and concrete in site studies.

- Develop a program for identifying where rare and threatened plant species and associations occur, and how to quantitatively assess management.

- Establish and maintain a desirable situation by re-vegetation with native species while reducing the noxious exotic vegetation that appears in the lake.

- Conduct actions as to revitalize and clean important zones from the pressures causing eutrophication, here especially urging for north side river beds.

- Utilize public input from all stakeholders to establish priority areas for vegetation management.

- Develop public education and prevention program, to prevent extinction of rare and endogenous species, cutting of woods, introduction of alien species and grazing near the lake (for the both last measures, at list 400-500 far away from lake shores).

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4. Identification and evaluation of threats (to aquatic and forest

vegetation)

Data for this chapter are very much relying on the Study 2 of this project done by Marija Vugdelic, and inputs from the NP expert group. Additionally inputs from colleagues from Shkoder, Albania are provided. 1. Land use changes (fragmentation and degradation of habitats) by making new

anthropogenic areas (agricultural, infrastructural, etc.), have been present trough history, today mostly as an illegal construction activity. Abandonment of traditional forms of land use (like small scale farming, cattle grazing, grass cutting) and conversion of agricultural land or natural habitats into construction land for tourist and other infrastructure, has been taking place around Skadar/Shkoder Lake in the past few decades. The most affected region includes northern shores of the Lake (Virpazar and Crmnica region, villages in Krajina and Riječka nahija), also eastern and southern regions of Alabnian part of lake (from Bajze to Dobrac), where a drastic land use have been practiced until 1990. Such practices have caused losses of natural or anthropogenic habitats with high biodiversity, and have also created pollution of the landscape which compromises its aesthetic values. Abandonment of certain habitats, like the floodplains along the North shores traditionally used for grazing and haying, left way for natural succession by trees (poplars, willows), leading to the loss of species that require open and seasonally disturbed grassland habitats. In Albania, Lake Shkoder is a popular tourist destination, and there are regional plans for the development of nature oriented and rural tourism. Accordingly, there are lot of activities through which natural and semi-natural habitats are modified and destroyed by conversion of habitats into building sites or agricultural land (on eastern part of Shkodra Lake or Mbishkodra field from Dobrac to Vukpalaj), or in transport infrastructure lines (construction of bend from Buna Bridge to Shtoj i Vjeter).

2. Exploitation of minerals and other natural goods: Exploitation of gravel and sand (and to a lesser degree peat) is an ongoing activity within the Lake system. Large quantities are being extracted at the downstream areas of Morača River, including its mouth at the Lake, as well as from smaller rivers and tributaries. Some of those activities are carried out as concessions controlled by the National Park, though the small-scale ones on the rivers are illegal. All of them have caused observable modifications of river channels. This is particularly obvious in the parts of Morača River few kilometres upstream from the National Park, where its natural channel has been significantly modified (Special Purpose Spatial Plan for National Park Skadar/Shkoder Lake 2001; Katnic, 2007; and present observations). During the periods of low water levels, the river at parts becomes cut off, and large schools of fish become stranded in pools that rapidly become deoxygenated. Reports on those events are sporadic and anecdotal, and no proper research has been done to estimate the extent of modification of natural river flow dynamics or the effects this has on the Lake hydrological regime and ecosystems.

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Exploitation of gravel and sand from the rivers and streams from different places at the Albanian side of the Lake (in north and south of Buna Bridge, Kamice) is also present. Those have caused observable modifications of river, tributary and lakesides.

Exploitation of water is done trough building Regional Water Supply System for Montenegrin Coast from the water source of Bolje Sestre, this without taking into consideration ecosystem services concept. Exploitation of water, especially underground water is present in Albania through the irrigation system. This lead to decrease of underground water that furnishes the lake, influencing further shallowness of lake during the summer and causing increase of trophy level and changes in the vegetation composition.

Serious threat is also present from extracting peat still present as an idea of good revenue stream even within NP management.

3. Deforestation in the region, caused primarily by gathering of fuel-wood and conversion of natural habitats into agricultural or construction lands, has been taking place for a long time. The effect is that forests in the immediate surroundings of the Lake are generally degraded and fragmented. This is the trend in the wider watershed area of the Lake, as well, and in that respect not only does it cause direct loss of biodiversity, but can cause erosion, especially of the shallow soils on sloping terrains, such are the ones along the South shores of the Lake. Cutting of trees has reduced the spread of forests, and has directly affected the abundance of certain species, most notably the endemic subspecies of oak – Quercus robur scuteriensis, which presently occurs only as small patches or isolated trees scattered around the region6. On the Albanian side deforestation is a serious problem of the Lake's catchment's areas. Deforestation around the lake and its basin has been very prominent during the period of collectivization in order to increase agricultural land. However, the cutting of forests has continued even after ‘90. Forests are cut down, mainly for the fire wood. Cutting trees happens during the winter, especially at Dobrac forest (Pylli i Dobracit), 3-4 km on the north of Shkodra town.

Often, in addition to deforestation there have been fires in some areas of Albanian and Montenegrin Lake basin. Cutting of trees has reduced the surface of forests, and has directly affected the abundance of certain species, oak, ash, willows etc. It also caused the substitution of the native species by alien species, such as Amorpha fruticosa. Deforestation, erosion and intensive grazing have caused increase of water pollution, sediment accumulation, filling the basin of the lake with alluviums and probably extinction of some rare plant species, such as Marsilea quadrifolia.

6 Special Purpose Spatial Plan for NP Skadar Lake, 2001

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4. Species exploitation: One of the primary economic activities in the Lake region of both countries is fishing. Ilegal fishing in Albanian side is very serious issue, being among the main environmental threats of lake fauna; also exploitation of birds (illegal in Montenegro, as since 2002 there is an official ban), snakes, and other animal species will not be consider here due to the focus of the project on aquatic vegetation. Uncontrolled use and exploitation of plant resources (trees, herbs, peat) - leads to significant changes in the abundance and species composition, which results in the disruption of biological diversity and ecosystem stability. The final stage is complete habitat degradation accompanied by erosion.

At the area of NP it is present illegal logging, uncontrolled harvesting of reed and peat extraction, as well as over-harvesting of medicinal plants (sage, Salvia officinalis) from eroded soil, very often done from Albanians on the Montenegrin side (narrative sources s and media cover). Keeping of domestic livestock (goats and sheep) and grazing on the islands where the laurel and evergreen oaks grow, threaten the survival of these relict communities.

5. Introduction of species - Invasive species are due to its wide ecological amplitude and

velocity of propagation a major threat, suppressing native species with natural habitat, what may result in the disappearance of certain species, even entire communities, and thus they are recognized as the second biggest threat to biodiversity globally, and as such represent an important part of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Bonn and Bern Conventions. There are no enough detailed data and research on the invasive alien species in the area of Lake Shkoder. Most worrying is the spread of the tree of heaven or swindle (Ailanthus altissima) in the vicinity of the village and along the roads and indigo bush (Amorpha fruticosa) on the lake shores, riversides and tributaries banks.

The most dangerous invasive plant species in the area of Skadar/Shkoder Lake at the moment, which is spread evident in recent years, and very intensively, is the Amorpha fruticosa. With its strong competitive ability in wetland forest corridors it is taking an increasingly large area in the premises of lake shores, tributaries and channels banks. It is considered an invasive species typical for forest of white willow (Salix alba), soft willow (Salix eleagnus) and black poplar (Populus nigra). At some localities it formed almost mono-dominant community in the area of hundreds square meters. The spread of this species is an indicator of increased concentrations of phosphorus. Some invasive weedy species, as Xanthium strumarium also have occupied a large surface of the Lake shores. In recent years some invasive weedy species little or previously unknown with the presence in the Lake, have been identified: Bidens frondosa, Elodea 29anadensis (in the southern part of the lake) and Paspalum distichum. Although, these species are currently with limited spread, it is necessary to carry out a systematic study of invasive species, to recognize and manage them, in order to prevent their further spread in the Lake area, as there are no particular plans for controlling/eliminating major alien species at the moment.

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It is necessary to do the mapping of the populations on the lake and taking actions to combat its spread. In addition, it is important to identify other invasive species and monitoring their work. General measures for invasive species would be to identify sites where there are invasive species and take measures for their removal and rehabilitation of natural habitats. Cooperation with the local population through education and the implementation of protection measures would be of necessity. There are frequent occurrences of fish species introductions that are not to be elaborated here.

6. Air, water and land pollution – directly affect habitats and species causing structural changes in ecosystems, particularly in sensitive aquatic ecosystems. In the catchment area of Skadar/Shkoder Lake (industrial centres, agricultural areas, waste water) the pollution of air, water and soil, is permanently present, what is reflected in the quality of land and water along the north shore of the lake and is resulting in increased eutrophication and spread of the wetland habitat at the expense of other types. Disposal of solid waste outside of the specific locations of the local population, as well as by many tourists during the summer season is a direct pressure on habitats, endangering existing populations. Industrial and municipal water pollution – will not be elaborated on here, as it was dealt with trough WB project and the work on these issues is agreed on. However outlet of the sewage waters from towns and villages directly to the lake, cause an enrichment of waters with nutrients and chemical detergents increasing the eutrophication of waters and the accumulation of harmful chemicals in the food chain.

7. Solid waste disposal: is another issue in the Lake region. Numerous illegal dumps, especially along the tributaries and in the vicinity of villages, contribute to large amounts of solid waste (most often plastic) in the Lake. Research on the impact on human health, flora, fauna and habitats has not been done, but it certainly creates aesthetic pollution, which is the most common complaint of visitors of the Lake, and as such can have adverse effect on tourism development.

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In the vicinity of Lake Skadar/Shkoder, in the municipalities of Golubovci and Tuzi, there are about fifteen illegal waste dumping, where construction waste, municipal solid waste and so called “garden waste” is disposed, with a total volume of 12300m3. In the “garden waste” there is often plastic, glass and paper packaging of toxic herbicides and pesticides, with the remains of the same. Although inspections in charge remove this waste, population creates new dumplings, with the same type of waste. In Albania these contribute to a large amount of unpleasant materials on the lakes shores. The main polluter with solid waste and wastewaters is the city Shkodra with about 110.000 inhabitants, and the villages Zogaj and Shiroke on the west part of the Lake, and Gril, Koplik, Sterbeq, Kamice and Gashaj on the east side of the lake. Certain toxic and even hazardous substances can be washed out from the dumping site, and get into the lake. The total annual quantity of such waste is not known, but it’s a big problem for lakesides pollution of Albanian part.

It is therefore very important to set the system for real time and location information gathering such as CRMS.

8. Agricultural areas Flooding, washing out or irrigation of agricultural land, the most important, nonpoint source of pollution, leads to the introduction of fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, biostimulators, and other chemicals into water, by surface or underground watercourses. Agricultural impacts on the lake ecosystem include: (1) increased loads of nutrients and pesticides from agricultural areas, especially vineyards, (2) increased loads of nutrients causing increased eutrophication in the lake that is reflected in algal blooms, and also (3) an increasing abundance of aquatic weeds (macrophytes) along the shores of the Lake. The level of pollution can be monitored via analyzing those compounds in living organisms such as phytoplankton and benthic organisms.

In the Zeta Plain, approximately 9.000ha of land is used for agricultural purposes: about 4000ha of vineyards and orchards (mainly A.D. Plantaže) and about 5000ha of other crops. There are no precise figures on the amount of fertilizer used, but we estimate that it is about 2970t per year. Agriculture uses about 80t per year of herbicides, insecticides, fungicides and pesticides. A good portion of these chemicals (some of which are poisons of category III and IV), migrate into the lake. The total flooded area of agricultural land is estimated at about 5000ha, and the amount of water used for irrigation is approximately 1500000m3 per year (Radujkovic et Sundic, 2012).

Changes in agricultural practices, and change in varieties (autochthon genetic fond) are leading to biodiversity lost, too.

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9. Disturbances: Although there is a general trend of population decrease in rural areas around the Lake, alteration of land uses and increase in visitation have resulted in the increased presence of humans in remote and sensitive areas of the Lake ecosystem. Tourist and fishermen boats enter marshlands and destroy floating vegetation, etc. There are initiatives to solve this problem through Zonation of the Lake and creation of water corridors where traffic and passage of vessels is controlled.

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4.1. Identifying key areas, protection/reaction sector

Table 1: Proposed measures to remedy identified threats Threat Responsibility Protection/reaction Proposal

1.1. Land Use changes

NP, Municipality, Inspections, Communities

Better monitoring and reaction

Development and application of CRMS Production of Land use maps, Support medicinal plants sustainable practices.

1.2. Migrations NP, Municipalities MORT , MARD, MAFLD Alb

Positive motivation Green jobs

Subventions/grants for development of eco-friendly economy. Setting up criteria and funds

2.1.Exploitation of sand and gravel7

NP, General Directorate of Forestry and Forestry Directorate of Districts, Alb

Better control of the activity

Research and identification of river channels modification. Impact assessment for exploitation activity. Revitalisation measures prescribed. Concession tenders given Development of CRMS, for transparency and monitoring.

2.2.Regional water supply

NP, Municipalities Water directorate, Water District Alb

Introduction of Payment for ecosystem services

Introduction of the fee to be paid to NP for using its service.

3.0. Deforestation

NP, General Directorate of Forestry and Forestry Directorate of Services (Districts) Alb

Revitalisation Law enforcement

Research and revitalisation, Strengthening laws and

regulation and capacity

building of local

administration

Education and awareness

raising

4.0. Species exploitation

NP, General Directorate of Forestry and Forestry Directorate of Services (Districts), Alb

Revitalisation Awareness raising

Research and revitalisation. Training and Education

5.0. Invasive species

NP, AEF, FDS Revitalisation Awareness raising

Identification of the locations and revitalisation of the occupied sites. Education, volunteerism, promotion activities.

7 As this activity is not going to be banned any time soon, as it is important contribution to NP budget inflow, the

corrections and better management has to be introduced.

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6.0. Solid waste disposal

NP, Municipalities, Communities

Monitoring Awareness raising

Introduction of CRMS

Establishment of landfill system and waste water treatment plants Introduction of penalties

7.0. Agricultural pollution

MARD, NPs, MEFWA, MAFLD APASHL

Subsidies for agro ecological measures Raising awareness Promoting

Promotion of subventions/grants scheme developed GAP KOD. Support of agro-ecological measures. Support of joint ventures of tourism and agriculture Built brand for ecologically sound produced goods

8.0. Disturbances

NPs, AEF, APASHL, DF, FDS, WD

Promotion Education and awareness rising. Protocols on noise, boat routs, etc.

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4.2. Monitoring of treats and trends

As mentioned earlier it will be too complex and expensive to measure status of all taxonomic groups in the frame of biodiversity monitoring. For this reason particular species (groups), which are used to represent biodiversity in general, should be identified. Umbrella species concept could be used for this purpose, as it serve protecting whole ecosystem but focusing on one species. They could be charismatic, appealing to the wider public, used to steer conservation and then called flagship species. These are very affective for raising awareness on conservation and boosting sympathy for nature and species. Such could be Pelicans. Also, otter is one of mammal species, very sensitive on disturbances and pollution of the environment, could be assigned to serve as the indicator of pollution and flagship specie. Caldesia parnasifolia and Anacamptis palustris are plant species sensitive on disturbance of the environment and deforestation and could be assigned to serve this concept. This concept could to be developed in details as to cover several aspects, research, monitoring, decision making, education, promotion and involvement of citizens. When species have the ability to respond to the threats in a certain way, then they could be used as indicator species, and moreover, objective led indicator species. Nationally and internationally important species and populations should be monitored, too. Also very important and efficient could be development of citizens reporting and monitoring system (CRMS). Since monitoring of chemical status of the lake request educated staff and special equipment it cannot be conducting by citizen. The same conclusion can be made for monitoring of biodiversity at this point. However, biodiversity monitoring long term could rely on citizens/tourist involvement, when an educational program for biodiversity monitoring (on the voluntary basis) is established. At the moment citizens and tourists can be involved in monitoring specially in the identifying threats such as identifications of illegal waste dumps, illegal constructions, deforestation, introduction and expansion of invasive alien species, etc. This system is very useful for real time and place monitoring, easy and cheap to introduce and maintain. The applications could be developed for smart phones and computers, and the support system for assessing, analysing and presenting data established within NP, EPA or NGO (or in coordination). It has many benefits, among others, building aware and responsible citizens and reaction system applied in both countries. There are many examples of such system being introduced and being very efficient.

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5. Protection system and protection system support The legislative framework for protection and management of Skadar/Shkoder Lake region and its natural resources in Montenegro is in place. A number of legal instruments have been endorsed in the past and more recently, within the context of EU integrations, where national legislation has to be harmonised with the EU acquits. In Montenegro there are following: Law on National Parks (under revision), Law on Nature Protection (under revision), then relevant strategic documents are developed: National Biodiversity Strategy with Action Plan 2010-2015 (updating); National Strategy for Sustainable Development (under revision); Tourism Development Strategy until 2020, etc. Regulations on the national level are following: Rules on modes and conditions for collection, use and trade of unprotected wild species of animals, plans and fungi used for commercial purposes; Rules on the protection measures and modes of maintenance of road crossings for wild animals; Rules on the monitoring of abundance and conditions of populations of protected wild birds; Rules on content and management of the registry of protected natural assets; Rules on the risk assessment for introduction of alien wild species of plants, animals and fungi; The List of Protected Species (which can’t be killed, collected in adult and/or juvenile stages, nor their habitats, nesting and spawning sites disturbed). Relevant regulations endorsed by PENP based on the Law on National Parks and the Statute of PENP: Decision on the modes and conditions for sport fishing on Skadar/Shkoder Lake; Decision on the modes and conditions for tourist transportation on Skadar/Shkoder Lake waters; Decision on modes and conditions for conducting birdwatching in NP Skadar/Shkoder Lake. On the level of the Public Enterprise for National Parks of the Montenegro and National Park Skadar/Shkoder Lake, there exist following documents: Special Purpose Spatial Plan for National Park Skadar/Shkoder Lake (to be updated), Management Plan (2010-2015) and Management Programs (Annual Program drown out of 5 year Management plan). The main goal for development of Management Plan seen as such by management of NP is to provide quality and practical pragmatic document which represents the basis for the management of PA, as well as, for the rational and strictly controlled valorization of natural potential in the NP in the function of sustainability. The Main Goals of the Plan are listed here: - Protection, use and management of protected natural area; - Conservation, maintaining and monitoring natural and other values from the

environment segment; - Sustainable use of natural resource, development and arrangement of space; - Promotion and valorization of the protected natural area; - Cooperation and partnership with the local people, owners and users of property. - Good and efficient Management of Protected area NP Skadar/Shkoder Lake, require fine cooperation between management of NP, 3 municipalities and their relevant local units, stakeholders and all citizens that could support enhancement of management trough joint activities, trough identification of main challenges and solutions within, for the safeguard of biodiversity and ecosystems, is the opinion of the NP consultant.

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A number of legal instruments have been endorsed after political changes in 1991, and more recently, in Albania, within the context of EU integrations, where national legislation has to be harmonised with the EU acquits. In Albania several modern laws were approved by the Albanian Parliament aiming the protection of the natural resources of the country including the transitional waters: Law on Construction, Administration, Maintenance and operation of Water and Drainage System, 1994; Law on Protection of the Wild Fauna and Hunting, 1994; Law on Fishing and Aquaculture, 1995, 2000; Law on Water Resources, 1996; Law on Regulatory Framework of Water Supply and Discharged and Treatment of Waste Waters, 1996; Law on Environmental Protection, 1993, 2002; Law on Protected Area, 2002, 2008; Law on Environmental Impact Assessment, 2003; Law on Protection of Transboundary Lakes, 2003; Law on adhering Albania to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 2003; Law on Proclaiming the Shkodra Lake areas as a Managed Natural Reserve, 2005; Law on Biodiversity Protection, 2006; Law on Integrated Management of Waste, 2011. Relevant strategic documents that have impact on the protection and administration of the transitional waters approved by Council of Ministries are: Approval of zones of priority for the tourism development, 1993; Convention on Biological Diversity - National Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity, 1999; Environmental Monitoring in the Republic of Albania, 2002; Approval of the new list of the Natural Monuments in Albania, 2002; Protected area administration, 2003; Proclamation of Buna River and its wetland surrounding areas as Water/Land Protected Landscape, 2005; Proclamation of Shkodra Lake wetland complex and natural area of Buna River as special protected areas, 2005; Proclamation of Shkodra Lake as Managed Natural Reserve, 2005; Order for the approve of the Red List of Albanian Flora and Fauna, 2007. Responsible bodies for the management of transitional waters in Albania are: - Ministry of Environmental, Forest and administration of Waters with responsibilities

for preparation and elaboration of Environmental policies and legislation; - Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Local Government with responsibilities for

agriculture; - Ministry of Tourism and Territory Planning with responsibilities for tourism

development and Water Strategy; - Ministry of Education and Research with responsibilities for education and public

awareness; - General Directorate of Forestry; Forestry Directorate of Shkodra District with

responsibilities of Coastal Forests and Protected Areas; - General directorate of Fishery; Fishing Inspectorates of Shkodra District with

responsibilities Fishing and Aquaculture; - National Council of Water; River Basin Councils; River Basin Agencies with

responsibilities of Management of Water Resources; - Agency of Environmental and Forestry with mission to restore improve and protect the

environment, while ensuring sustainable development. - Regional Environmental Agencies with responsibilities for application of the

environmental legislation and environmental protection in local area;

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- Water Research Institute of Shkodra Region, University of Shkodra “Luigj Gurakuqi” Shkoder with responsibilities scientific research and education.

- Environmental NGOs with responsibilities education and public awareness. As for the Albanian side, taking in consideration the status of protection area of Lake Shkodra (Cat. IV), “Ramsar site”, “Lake Shkodra as biosphere reserve” (future status), but no management body, several actions are proposed and approved for improvement of the situation: Zoning: Core area (ca) - which seeking legal protection, or strictly protected - Surface of floating macrophytes in Jubice-Kamice and Gashaj (Nymphoidetum peltatea,

Nympheaetum albo-luteae, Trapetum natans, Myriophyllo – nupharetum lutei, Myriophyllo-nympheaetum albae);

- Surface of terrestrial forest of Zogaj and Taraboshi mountain include “Vllage of Peace”, which stand for floristic richness (both caa – free access and use by man);

- 20 sublacustrin springs or okos extended along eastern lakeside, which are important habitats for some rare and interesting plant (and animal) species (Potamogeton sp., Gamarus, Salmonids etc;

- Small islands on the western part and outlet of lake and beginning of Buna river (Shiroke, Buna bridge, Zuse) – important for forest vegetation (Alno-fraxinetum angustifoliae, Leucojo-fraxinetum angustifoliae) and birds.

- Surface of riparian forest and marshes of Shkoder – Gril (Pylli I Dobracit) and Kamice – Kosan which stand for floristic (and bird) richness (Quercus robur, Salix triandra, populus alba, Hydrocotile vulgaris, Sagittaria sagittifolia, Hydrocharis morsus-ranae, Utricularia australis etc.)

Buffer zone (bz) – where