INTRODUCTION

This project aims to provide unemployment problem in city and villages of Sitapur and

how NGOs are helping in employment generation through their various programmes and

activities. This study covers detailed information about various NGOs and their programs for

skill development and employment generation. Unemployment, NGOs and their role has been

defined below.

Non-governmental organization (NGO) is a term that has become widely accepted as

referring to a legally constituted, non-governmental organization created by natural or legal

persons with no participation or representation of any government. In the cases in which NGOs

are funded totally or partially by governments, the NGO maintains its non-representatives from

membership in the organization

New actor has emerged on the international stage, Non Governmental Organizations

(NGOs) or Private Voluntary Organizations (PVOs) are increasingly making their presence felt.

A decade ago, NGOs were fairly peripheral to major international diplomacy. Today, however,

NGOs participate actively in various political, economical and social matters. NGOs work on

their own, in conjunction with individual governments or with international organizations. As

former UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali and other UN officials have noted, the

involvement of NGOs in making decisions on the environment, sustainable development, human

rights and women have increased the legitimacy and transparency of intergovernmental

deliberations.

NGOs come in all sizes, shapes, ideologies, nationalities, organizing structures and styles. Some

focus on nothing but local issues. Others, address issues that span whole continents, and some

like Amnesty International span the entire globe. Their very diversity reflects the complexity of

these organizations. NGOs encompass everything from charities and relief agencies to political

parties; think tanks and academic centers to community organizations; cultural associations to

continent wide farmers' networks; women's groups to environmental federations; social

movements to human rights and religious groups.

NGOs are usually formed among private groups of individuals sharing specialized

interests in regards to issues that can be local, national or international. While a few such

organizations had existed from the early beginnings of the nation-state, they were to proliferate

in the trans-national era and increased even more dramatically after World War II. This change

can be attributed to technological developments, industrialization, and urbanization. Further still

these factors are likely to continue to make the presence of NGOs felt in global arena.

Their tasks involve sharing information and advancing proposals as part of a web of

governmental, intergovernmental, and nongovernmental efforts aimed at global problem solving.

NGOs, then, are a indispensable organ of international importance.

Motivation

Unemployment is one of the major problems of developing countries like India. This

study aims to provide information about unemployment status in Sitapur and efforts done by

NGOs to generate Employment. The project is important because importance of Employment is

not uknown, government only cannot overcome with the problem bodies like NGOs have to help

to overcome the problem.

Objectives the study

1. To study the employment conditions in Sitapur and villages that come in Sitapur District

2. To study various NGOs and their programs of Employment generation in District Sitapur.

3. To study the perception of people towards NGO development programmes.

4. To study the impact of training of NGOs on rural population in Sitapur District.

Scope of Study

The rural human resource development, which involves rural education, vocational skill training,

health care, social security, and so on has a great influence on the country, society and

individual. However, most studies conducted were concerned to other parts of India or States,

this project is related to Sitapur only so can give exact position of the city which my main goal.

The study can also be implemented overall.

Introduction to NGOs

What are NGOs?

World Bank definition of an NGO:

The diversity of NGOs strains any simple definition. They include many groups and institutions

that are entirely or largely independent of government and that have primarily humanitarian or

cooperative rather than commercial objectives. They are private agencies in industrial countries

that support international development; indigenous groups organized regionally or nationally;

and member-groups in villages. NGOs include charitable and religious associations that mobilize

private funds for development, distribute food and family planning services and promote

community organization

HISTORY

International non-governmental organizations have a history dating back to at least 1839. Rotary,

later Rotary International, was founded in 1905. It has been estimated that by 1914 there were

1083 NGOs. International NGOs were important in the anti-slavery movement and the

movement for women's suffrage, and reached a peak at the time of the World Disarmament

Conference. However, the phrase "non-governmental organization" only came into popular use

with the establishment of the United Nations Organization in 1945 with provisions in Article 71

of Chapter 10 of the United Nations Charter for a consultative role for organizations which are

neither governments nor member states. The definition of "international NGO" (INGO) is first

given in resolution 288 (X) of ECOSOC on February 27, 1950: it is defined as "any international

organization that is not founded by an international treaty". The vital role of NGOs and other

"major groups" in sustainable development was recognized in Chapter 27of Agenda 21, leading

to intense arrangements for a consultative relationship between the United Nations and non-

governmental organizations.

Rapid development of the non-governmental sector occurred in western countries as a result of

the processes of restructurization of the welfare state. Further globalization of that process

occurred after the fall of the communist system and was an important part of the Washington

consensus

Globalization during the 20th century gave rise to the importance of NGOs. Many problems could not be

solved within a nation. International treaties and international organizations such as the World Trade

Organization were perceived as being too centred on the interests of capitalist enterprises. Some argued

that in an attempt to counterbalance this trend, NGOs have developed to emphasize humanitarian issues,

developmental aid and sustainable development. A prominent example of this is the World Social Forum

which is a rival convention to the World Economic Forum held annually in January in Davos,

Switzerland. The fifth World Social Forum in Porto Alegre, Brazil, in January 2005 was attended by

representatives from more than 1,000 NGOs.Some have argued that in forums like these, NGOs take the

place of what should belong to popular movements of the poor. Others argue that NGOs are often

imperialist in nature, that they sometimes operate in a racialized manner in dominant countries, and that

they fulfil a similar function to that of the clergy during the high colonial era.

Types of NGO:

NGOs may be widely classified into the following broad groups :

1. Donor Agencies:

These comprise international NGOs dispensing funds they raise or receive from their governments to

various NGOs- national and expatriate-engaged in social, economic and development activities. Apart

from providing funds to the local and national NGOs, some of them implement projects directly. Major

such organizations operating in Bangladesh include OXFAM, Swedish Free Church Aid (SFCA),

Canadian University Service Overseas (CUSO), South Asia Partnership (SAP), The Aga Khan

Foundation (AKF), etc.

2. International Action NGOs:

Such NGOS are those expatriate organizations who operate on various geographic and sectoral areas

with operating funds obtained from foreign donors. Some of these NGOs are also acting as co-financing

agents of their respective governments. Such major NGOs operating include Rangpur, Dinajpur Rural

Services (RDRS), Mennonite Central Committee (MCC), CONCERN, Voluntary Services Overseas

(VSO), International Development enterprise (IDE), etc.

3. National action NGOs:

There are many of these NGOs in the country. Some of them have earned reputation as effective

organizations helping the poor and the disadvantaged through health activities, educational and training

programmes, and income generating activities. Prominent such NGOs include Bangladesh Rural

Advancement Committee (BRAC) Proshika Manobik Unnayan Kendro, Caritas Bangladesh, Nijera Kari,

etc.

4. Local Action NGOs:

There are organizations operating in local areas covering single or few villages, and are engaged in

traditionally specialized activities in the locality. Sources of funding of these NGOs include the

government and or nationally based donor agencies and other NGOs.

5. Service NGOs:

There does exist some service NGOs. Generally, they work in the field of medical service, education

and family programme.

NGO type can also be understood by orientation and level of co-operation.

NGO type by orientation

Charitable orientation;

Service orientation;

Participatory orientation;

Empowering orientation;

NGO type by level of co-operation

Community- Based Organisation;

City Wide Organisation;

National NGOs;

International NGOs;

Apart from "NGO", often alternative terms are used as for example: independent sector,

volunteer sector, civil society, grassroots organizations, transnational social movement

organizations, private voluntary organizations, self-help organizations and non-state actors

(NSA's).

Non-governmental organizations are a heterogeneous group. A long list of acronyms has

developed around the term "NGO".

These include:

BINGO, short for business-friendly international NGO or big international NGO;

CITS , helping scientific community by motivating young talent towards research & development

CSO , short for civil society organization;

DONGO: Donor Organized NGO;

ENGO : short for environmental NGO, such as Greenpeace and WWF

GONGOs are government-operated NGOs, which may have been set up by governments to look

like NGOs in order to qualify for outside aid or promote the interests of the government in

question;

INGO stands for international NGO; Oxfam is an international NGO;

QUANGOs are quasi-autonomous non-governmental organizations, such as the International

Organization for Standardization (ISO). (The ISO is actually not purely an NGO, since its

membership is by nation, and each nation is represented by what the ISO Council determines to

be the 'most broadly representative' standardization body of a nation. That body might itself

be a nongovernmental organization; for example, the United States is represented in ISO by

the American National Standards Institute, which is independent of the federal government.

However, other countries can be represented by national governmental agencies; this is the

trend in Europe.)

TANGO: short for technical assistance NGO;

GSO: Grassroots Support Organization

MANGO: short for market advocacy NGO

CHARDS:Community Health and Rural Development Society

NGOs exist for a variety of reasons, usually to further the political or social goals of their members

or funders. Examples include improving the state of the natural environment, encouraging the

observance of human rights, improving the welfare of the disadvantaged, or representing a corporate

agenda. However, there are a huge number of such organizations and their goals cover a broad range

of political and philosophical positions. This can also easily be applied to private schools and athletic

organizations

FORMATION

A Non Governmental Organization is perceived to be an association of persons or a body of

individuals. An association of persons with non-profit motive may be registered under any of the

following Indian Acts:

Procedures of Formation:

Trust: "Trust" is defined as an obligation annexed to the ownership of property, and arising out of a

confidence reposed in and accepted by the owner or declared and accepted by him for the benefit of

another, or of another and the owner.

A Trust may be created by any language sufficient to know the intention and no technical words are

necessary. A trust deed, generally, incorporates the following:

i. The name(s) of the author(s)/settlor(s) of the trust;

ii. The name(s) of the trustee(s);

iii. The name(s) if any, of the beneficiary/ies or whether it shall be the public at large;

iv. The name by which the trust shall be known;

v. The name where its principal and/or other offices shall be situate;

As a Charitable Trust

As a Society registered under the Societies Registration Act

As a Company licensed under section 25 of the Companies Act

vi. The property that shall devolve upon the trustee(s) under the trust for the benefit of the beneficiary/ies;

vii. An intention to divest the trust property upon the trustee(s);

viii. The objects of the trust;

ix. The procedure for appointment, removal or replacement of a trustee. Their rights,duties and powers

etc;

x. The rights and duties of the beneficiary/ies;

xi. The mode and method of determination of the trust.

A charitable trust is not required to obtain registration under the Indian Registration Act.

Society: A society may be defined as a company or an association of persons united together by mutual

consent to deliberate, determine and act jointly for same common purpose. Minimum seven persons,

eligible to enter into a contract, can form society. When an NGO is constituted as a society, it is required

to be registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.

The chief advantage of forming a society are that it gives a corporate appearance to the organization, and

provides greater flexibility as it is easier to amend the memorandum and bye laws of the society than in

case of trust, terms of which are strictly manifested in the trust deed. However, formation of a society

requires more procedural formalities than in case of a trust.

A Society for its inception requires:-

I. Memorandum of Association, and

II. Rules and Regulations

For the purpose of registration, following documents are required to be filed with the registrar of

Societies:

a) Covering letter requesting for registration stating in the body of the letter various documents annexed

to it. The letter is to be signed by all the subscribers to the memorandum or by a person duly authorised

by all of them to sign on their behalf.

b) Memorandum of Association, in duplicate neatly typed and pages serially numbered.

c) Rules and Regulations/Bye-Laws, in duplicate, certified by at least three members of the governing

body.

d) An affidavit of the president/Secretary of the society, on a non-judicial stamp paper of prescribed

value, stating the relationship between the subscribers, duly attested by an oath commissioner, notary

public or 1st class magistrate.

e) Documentary proof such as house tax receipt, rent receipt in respect of premises shown as registered

office of the society or no objection certificate from the landlord of the premises.

f) An authority duly signed by all members of the managing committee.

g) A declaration by the members of the managing committee that the funds of the society shall be used

only for the purpose of furthering the aims and objects of the society.

Company: Under Section 25 of the company's act, an association formed or to be formed:

a) For the purposes of promoting commerce, art, science, religion, charity to any other useful object

b) With intention to apply its profits or other income for promoting its objects, and

c) Which prohibits payment of any dividend to its members,

Is permitted to be incorporated without addition of the word "Limited" or "Private Limited". Procedure

for applying is same as applicable in the case of all companies.

If the registrar is satisfied that all formalities have been complied with, he will issue a certificate of

incorporation from which date the company comes into existence.

Major works of NGO’s

Below are the notable examples of NGOs innovation that have been tried, tested, and replicated.

◙ Group Based Mobilization and Beneficiary Participation:

The most important NGOs innovation has been in the way reach the poor. A group based or target group

mobilization strategy to serves to fulfill not only the goal of economic improvement but also that of social

and institutional development.

◙ Micro-Credit:

The identification of credit as critical need felt by the poor and cost effective delivery mechanism to

service have justifiably become the most well known of the development NGOs innovations in

Bangladesh. The model pioneered by Grameen Bank has established micro-credit as the most widely

replicated anti- poverty program.

◙ Women as beneficiaries:

The micro-credit revolution pioneered in Bangladesh has in fact a double innovation because

women have been consciously targeted as the principal beneficiaries group. Currently over 80% of the

Grameen Bank and other credit giving NGOs are women.

A number of NGOs have organized land less group also whom collectively leased Khas lands

and dry riverbeds. Some NGOs organize and mobilize fishing communities to protect the fish released

into open water. Others promote production of seedling in village-based nurseries to protect-sal (a local,

self regenerating tree) forest. Besides, the following programs have been taken:

◙ Health education

◙ Non formal primary education

◙ Non-traditional agricultural extension

◙ Development of appropriate irrigation technology

OBJECTIVES OF NGO’s

General Objectives

To describe and discuss the common characteristics of health system functioning in the given socio-

economic, socio-cultural, political and ecological settings

To highlight and delineate crucial factors responsible for the health sector reforms and to undertake,

as the most challenging endeavour, effective and efficient health management and quality health care

service provisions in the community

The fundamental objective is to act as a catalyst in bringing about local initiative and community

participation in overall improvement in quality of life.

Civic and Environmental Objective

This aims at developing civic and environmental consciousness among the public. Organisation of civic

amenities and sanitary facilities on a self- help basis, enactment of suitable legislation for the betterment

of civic standards, environmental protection is some means by which a cleaner and healthier environment

can be achieved.

Service Objective

This was formulated to provide service to all segments of the society like the poor, women, children and

youth through various schemes like drug and alcohol addiction programmers, organisation of rallies

against child labour, medical camps, blood donation camps, etc. This also includes the protection and

preservation of nature, wildlife, historical and heritage monuments.

INDIA & NGOs

India has a long tradition of social service, social reform and voluntary agencies. NGOs emerged

in India soon after Independence when Mahamata Gandhi made a plea for dissolving the Indian

National Congress (the political party which came into power upon Independence), and

transforming it into a Lok Sevak Sangh (Public Service Organization). This plea was, however,

rejected; nevertheless, it did not halt the formation of non-governmental organizations in India.

Many Gandhi followers established voluntary agencies to work closely with the governmental

programs on social and economical issues. These agencies organized handicrafts and village

industries, rural development programs, credit cooperatives, educational institutions, etc.

The second stage of growth of NGOs in India was around 1960 when many individuals noticed

that the governmental programs seemed to be inadequate to deal with the deprived sections of

India. These groups formed organizations that worked on behalf of the poor, the landless, the

tribals, the bonded labourers, and many other social groups that were being discriminated against

by the policies of the state and social structure. These grass roots organizations work at the

micro-level and work with limited resources and lack of coordination.

Since Independence in 1947 until around 1980 there was little effort on the part of the Indian

Government to define the role of a voluntary agency or to recognize its importance. In 1980,

however, with the Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-1985), the government identified new areas in

which NGOs as new actors could participate in development. These areas included:

1. Optimal utilization and development of renewable source of energy, including forestry through

the formation of renewable energy association at the block level

2. Family welfare, health and nutrition, education and relevant community programs in the field

3. Health for all programs

4. Water management and soil conservation

5. Social welfare programs for weaker sections

6. Implementation of minimum needs program

7. Disaster preparedness and management (i.e. for floods, cyclones, etc)

8. Promotion of ecology and tribal development, and

9. Environmental protection and education.

This plan, nevertheless, was to become the first of a series. Under the Seventh Five Year Plan

(1985-1990) the Indian government envisioned a more active role for voluntary organizations to

aid in making communities as self-reliant as possible. These groups were expected to show how

village and indigenous resources could be used and how human resources, rural skills and local

knowledge, grossly underutilized at present could be used for their own development. NGOs

because of their situation and interaction with local people can be very effective in bringing

change since they are able to address issues that governments are often not able to comprehend.

That is, because these organizations work at the grass roots level they are able to sense the

urgency of issues and prioritize into the problem solving mode at a quicker pace.

This advantage has also been noticed by the Indian government. In the Eight Five Year Plan the

importance of NGOs is further enhanced, paying particular attention to the role of these agencies

as participants in rural appraisal for drawing up development plans at a very low cost and

involving the rural community. The plan document states, "A nation-wide network of NGOs will

be created. In order to facilitate the working of this network, three schemes relating to the

creation, replication, multiplication and consultancy development have been worked out by the

Planning Commission."

Today, India has a vigorous NGO sector. Although there has been no complete census of NGOs,

it is estimated that about 25,000 to 30,000 are active in India. In fact, as of December 31st, 1989,

there were 12,313 NGOs registered with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India

under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA) 1976; furthermore, 726 NGOs are

unregistered but under the prior permission category. One problem with NGOs in India, as with

NGOs anywhere else in the world, has been the increasing dependency on governmental funds or

donations from external (foreign) donors like the World Bank. This dependent relationship has

resulted in a lack of flexibility on the part of NGOs to pick their missions and objectives since

many are expected to perform certain tasks in return for funding. But, further still, it has also

created structures that have become more bureaucratic in nature and, hence, less effective in

development. Nevertheless, NGOs are here to stay and will continue to work in India on

political, economical or social issues, the task before before them is how they will manage to

produce change will keeping track for governmental documentation.

NGO’S IN INDIA

Non Governmental Organizations or NGOs perform multifarious jobs for the development of the

people and society. They are non-profit voluntary groups organized at the local, national or

international level. Non-governmental organizations either campaign or advocate sensitive issues,

work on capacity building programs, concentrate on social research, or provide significant

networking opportunities. NGOs are not directly involved in the structure of the government but

at the same time they cannot work without the support or help from the government. NGOs bring

up issues and concerns of the people to the government and policy makers. In India there are

several types of NGOs performing a particular job or jobs. The sectors have been wide spread

across the country especially in rural and remote areas.

TYPES OF NGO’S IN INDIA

volunteer sector

civic society

grassroots organizations

transnational social movement organizations

private voluntary organizations

self-help groups (SSG) and many other related organizations

NGOs cover areas that include welfare of street children, women and old people, youth, slum dwellers,

child laborers, sex workers, and landless workers. India is estimated to have more than 2 million NGOs at

present. The figure is continuously increasing

SOME IMPORTANT NGO’S IN INDIA

INDIAN RED CROSS SOCIETY

India Red Cross Society The Indian Red Cross is a voluntary humanitarian organization having a

network of over 700 branches throughout the country, providing relief in times of

disasters/emergencies and promotes health & care of the vulnerable people and communities. It

is a leading member of the largest independent humanitarian organization in the world, the

International Red Cross & Red Crescent Movement.

The Mission of the Indian Red Cross is to inspire, encourage and initiate at all times all forms of

humanitarian activities so that human suffering can be minimized and even prevented and thus

contribute to creating more congenial climate for peace.

1) Sammaan Foundation-

The purpose of establishing Sammaan foundation (Jan 25, 2007) was empowering the

downtrodden and linking them with the main stream through education, training and financial

support. More specifically, at the moment, Sammaan is working towards organizing the

rickshaw-pulling class of people by providing them with opportunities to earn their livelihood. It

is taking giant strides in areas like women empowerment, health services, employment

generation, micro credit and children’s education. ()

2) Goonj-

Goonj’s mission is to solve the clothing problems of the underprivileged. It was the recipient of

the NGO of the year award in 2007 at the India NGO Awards. The various initiatives of Goong

are-

Vastra Samman- Goonj believes that reusing old clothes can help solve the clothing problem of

the poor.

Not just a piece of cloth- Goonj has been striving to establish partnerships between rural and rich

urban schools.

Rahat Floods- Goonj initiates Rahat floods annually for collect relief material during floods to

aid affected victims in West Bengal, Assam and Bihar.

Rahat Winters- Similar to Rahat floods, Goonj initiates Rahat winters every year to solve the

problem of winter clothing of the underprivileged

3) Akshaya Trust-

The mission of Akshaya trust is to care for the helpless, forsaken, mentally ill, old, sick and the

road side destitute who live in Madurai. This is accomplished by providing love and affection,

healthy food, rehabilitation opportunities. Their sole aim is to restore human dignity. ()

4) Smile Foundation-

Formed in 2002, the Smile foundation comprises corporate professionals who had a target of

providing universal education and healthcare services to the underprivileged thereby changing

their lives forever. They aim to set the foundation for nation building by making the

downtrodden emerge as productive assets.

5) Udaan Welfare Foundation-

The Udaan Welfare foundation was formed with a mission to empower lives of the downtrodden.

Their main areas of focus are children, destitute women, senior citizens and environment

protection. Till date, they have launched various health and education initiatives involving

children and destitute women. They even have a cancer chemotherapy centre as one of their main

projects.

6) Pratham-

Pratham is one of the largest NGO which works towards educating the underprivileged children

in the slums of Mumbai. Their team comprises people from various fields who expertly bring

their experiences and own unique perspectives and work together to create a bright future for our

children. The programs of Pratham are designed in such a way that enrolment of children in

schools increases, their learning levels increase and those people who are unable to attend school

receive education receive it in a proper manner.

7) LEPRA Society-

LEPRA society actively promotes quality health care through various initiatives. It aims to

support various health programmes in the prevention and control of diseases like AIDS, Leprosy,

and Tuberculosis etc. Their programmes are mainly focussed to communities which are poor

comprising women and children.

8 ) Deepalaya-

Deepalaya is a development-based NGO which works on issues pertaining to the poor and the

downtrodden, especially children. It has successfully made inroads into slums of Delhi and

initiated rural development in Haryana and Uttarakhand. It works in collaboration with both

governmental and non-governmental agencies and makes interventions in the state’s policy

making. Their areas of focus include education, healthcare, gender equality, vocational training,

empowering other NGOs which have the same vision and upliftment of the differently-abled.

9) Uday Foundation-

Based in New Delhi, the Uday foundation provides support to the families of children suffering

from critical disorders, congenital defects and other diseases and syndromes which affects their

health, growth and education. It has launched various health related projects for the common

man in general. Their special focus is child rights i.e. providing a right to live with dignity. It is

more of a parents support group who tackle the problem of saving the lives of the future of our

country. They also support research to develop new healthcare technologies.

10) HelpAge India-

HelpAge India, since its establishment in 1978 has constantly been striving to raise resources to

protect the rights of senior citizens of our country. They are involved with the local and national

government to implement policies which will be beneficial to the elderly. Their objective is to

make the senior citizens aware of their rights so that they can play an active role in the society.

To accomplish this, they are also working constantly to make the society aware of the concerns

regarding the elderly and also promoting better understanding of similar issues.

11) CHILD RELIEF & YOU (CRY)

Child Rights and You commonly abbreviated as CRY is a non-profit organization in India that

aims to restore children's rights in India. The organisation was established in 1979. The

organization partners with grass-roots Non governmental organisations to uplift thousands of

Indian children denied basic children's rights. It works towards restoring basic rights to children,

especially from India and works across levels from direct action to advocacy, mobilizing public

opinion and policy change.

It was started by Rippan Kapur, who died in 1994 at a very young age of 40 .

It focuses mainly on the 4 basic rights of survival, development, protection and participation

which were defined by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), an

international human rights treaty which has been ratified by 192 countries.

National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development (NIPCCD) .

The objects of the Institute are to develop and promote voluntary action in

social development, take a comprehensive view of child development and

develop and promote programmes in pursuance of the National Policy for

Children, develop measures for coordination of governmental and voluntary

action in social development, and evolve framework and perspective for

organising children’s programmes through governmental and voluntary efforts.

 

Functions

The Institute conducts research and evaluation studies; organises

training programmes/seminars, workshops, conferences; and

provides documentation and information services in the field of

public cooperation and child development. It also provides

technical advice and consultancy to government and voluntary

agencies in promoting and implementing policies and

programmes for child development and voluntary action. In

addition, it collaborates with regional and international agencies,

research institutions, universities and technical bodies.

 

OXFAM

Oxfam is an international confederation of 14 organizations working together in 99 countries and

with partners and allies around the world to find lasting solutions to poverty and injustice.

We work directly with communities and we seek to influence the powerful to ensure that poor

people can improve their lives and livelihoods and have a say in decisions that affect them.

Oxfam works on the following issues :

Active citizenship

Agriculture

Aid effectiveness

Climate change

Education

Emergency response

Gender justice

Health

HIV and AIDS

Indigenous & minority rights

Natural resources

Peace & security

Private sector

Trade

Youth outreach

What is Unemployment?

Unemployment is a state of joblessness in an economy. This unemployment is usually measured

in terms of unemployment rate where the number of unemployed individuals will be divided by

the total number of employed individuals. This unemployment can also be referred as joblessness

or out of work. The Office of National Statistics (ONS) has given an official estimation of

unemployment using the International Labor Organization definition.

According to this definition, public aged 16 and above will be called as unemployed if they are

out of work, need a job, have vigorously wanted work in the last four weeks and are available to

start work in the next two weeks, have found a job and are waiting to join the job in the next two

weeks.

Unemployment is a major problem in many countries, especially India. There are many reasons

for this, but technological progress can be figured out as one of the main reasons. Everything is

getting computerized in these modern days and this in turn leads to unemployment by decreasing

the number of labors needed for a work. Unemployment is used by the government as a statistic

to measure the health of the economy. Based on the rate of unemployment, like if the rate is

around 6% or more, then the government will try to stimulate the economy and create jobs.

Unemployment in India

India as a nation is faced with massive problem of unemployment. Unemployment can be

defined as a state of worklessness for a man fit and willing to work. It is a condition of

involuntary and not voluntary idleness. Some features of unemployment have been

identified as follows:

1. The incidence of unemployment is much higher in urban areas than in rural areas.

2. Unemployment rates for women are higher than those for men.

3. The incidence of unemployment among the educated is much higher than the overall

unemployment.

4. There is greater unemployment in agricultural sector than in industrial and other major

sectors.

Economists and social thinkers have classified unemployment into various types. Generally

unemployment can be classified in two types:

(1) Voluntary unemployment

In this type of unemployment a person is out of job of his own desire doesn't work on the

prevalent or prescribed wages. Either he wants higher wages or doesn't want to work at all.

It is in fact social problem leading to social disorganization. Social problems and forces

such as a revolution, a social upheaval, a class struggle, a financial or economic crisis a war

between nations, mental illness, political corruption mounting unemployment and crime etc.

threaten the smooth working of society. Social values are often regarded as the sustaining

forces of society. They contribute to the strength and stability of social order. But due to

rapid social change new values come up and some of the old values decline. At the same

time, people are not is a position to reject the old completely and accept the new altogether.

Here, conflict between the old and the new is the inevitable result which leads to the social

disorganization in imposed situation. In economic terminology this situation is voluntary

unemployment.

(2) In voluntary unemployment

In this type of situation the person who is unemployed has no say in the matter. It means

that a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is

capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them. Forms and types of

unemployment according to Hock are.

a. Cyclical unemployment - This is the result of the trade cycle which is a part of the

capitalist system. In such a system, there is greater unemployment and when there is

depression a large number of people are rendered unemployed. Since such an economic

crisis is the result of trade cycle, the unemployment is a part of it.

b. Sudden unemployment - When at the place where workers have been employed there is

some change, a large number of persons are unemployed. It all happens in the industries,

trades and business where people are employed for a job and suddenly when the job has

ended they are asked to go.

c. Unemployment caused by failure of Industries - In many cases, a business a factory or

an industry has to close down. There may be various factors responsible for it there may

be dispute amongst the partners, the business may give huge loss or the business may not

turn out to be useful and so on.

d. Unemployment caused by deterioration in Industry and business - In various

industries, trades or business, sometimes, there is deterioration. This deterioration may be

due to various factors. In efficiency of the employers, keen competitions less profit etc.

are some of the factors responsible for deterioration in the industry and the business.

e. Seasonal unemployment - Certain industries and traders engage workers for a particular

season. When the season has ended the workers are rendered unemployed. Sugar industry

is an example of this type of seasonal unemployment.

The problem of unemployment has becoming a colossal. Various problems have caused this

problem. There are individual factors like age, vocational unfitness and physical disabilities

which restrict the people. External factors include technological and economic factors. There

is enormous increase in the population. Every year India adds to her population afresh. More

than this every year about 5 million people become eligible for securing jobs. Business field is

subject to ups and downs of trade cycle and globalization. Economic depression or sick

industries are often close down compelling their employees to become unemployed.

Technological advancement contributes to economic development .But unplanned and

uncontrolled growth of technology is causing havoc on job opportunities. The computerization

and automation has led to technological unemployment. Strikes and lockouts have become

inseparable aspect of the industrial world today. Due to these industries often face economic

loses and production comes down. Since workers do not get any salary or wages during the

strike period they suffer from economic hardships. They become permanently or temporarily

unemployed. Today young people are not ready to take jobs which are considered to be

socially degrading or lowly. Our educational system has its own irreparable defects and its

contribution to the unemployment is an open truth.Our education does not prepare the minds

of young generation to become self-employed on the contrary it makes them dependent on

government vacancies which are hard to come. Our State right from the beginning of Five

year plans has introduced several employment generating schemes and programmes over the

years but in the absence of proper implementation and monitoring have failed to achieve the

required targets. Recently UPA Government has come up with Rural Employment Guarantee

program which aims to provide minimum days of employment to people living in the villages.

This is a laudable programme if implemented sincerely because it will provide employment to

people during natural calamities like drought, floods etc. The remedial measures for reducing

unemployment may lay greater emphasis on creation of opportunities for self -employment,

augmentation of productivity and income levels of the working poor, shift in emphasis from

creation of relief type of employment to the building up of durable productive assets in the

rural areas and instead of attempting to revert somewhat to protectionist policies the pace of

privatization may be accelerated.

“Jobs in India are shrinking at an alarming rate. Privatization and globalization have further

aggravated the problem. Instead of generating employment, they have rendered millions of hands

idle. American policies are effective there but not in India where the accursed ones are left to

fend for themselves leading to frustration, disappointment, anger and violence".

Unemployment is the mother of countless ills. It is such a poison that pollutes the society,

endangers the democratic fabric of the country. We can't expect nobility, honesty and truth from

a person who is unable to manage two square meals a day for his family. An unemployed person

has no sense of self-respect as he has no sense of security.

"Rightly", said by Franklin, “A ploughman on his feet is better than a gentleman on his knees. "

Estimates of the total number of Indians unemployed or underemployed vary between 70 and

100 million. This figure can cause concern to any nation, but to a developing country like ours, it

is the cause of great distress. A developing country must mobilize its manpower resources to the

maximum possible extent and a developing country with such a large segment of its population

unemployed or underemployed is a contradiction in terms.

In India the specter of frustration of misery and hunger of fallen hopes and barren dreams of

bitter pain and dark despair haunts the unemployed.

It is true that the future of a country depends on the ability and the mental attitudes of its young

men and women then India has already lost the will to develop. If India allows her young men to

be gripped by insecurity and frustration, she will have to pay for modernization and rapid

advancement with several years of stagnation.

The universities with their techniques of mass education and system of examination, offer little

information and less understanding. The grapes at the end of the course, acquired after many

years of ill-spent effort and spending bulk of hard earned money of the parents, very often turn

out to be sour, as the degrees soon prove valueless, and succeed neither in increasing the

students' mental alertness and intellectual capabilities nor in raising their chances of

employment.

The student unable to secure employment passes on from one academic degree to another from

one vacuum to another and as he goes on, the employment that he desires becomes increasingly

elusive. At the end of the process, the student very soon realize that he is not a first-class

intellectual who can step out of the university into waiting eager commercial units; that he is not

doing them a favor by joining them but that they are doing him a favor by accepting him.

Many of them drift aimlessly into coffee houses, theatres and billiard clubs in an effort to escape

from the world in which they are sure they have no place and utility., Should not this in itself

cause distress to a nation which requires all possible physical and psychological assistance with

which to develop?

"Employment generation is an issue of life and death for our democracy”, says Amit Mitra,

secretary general of the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry, a business

lobby.

India was Asia's fastest expanding economy in the most recent quarter data Growth is its highest

in nearly 15 years. Glitzy shopping malls are springing up and a culture of consumption is taking

root as foreign companies are attracted by cheap labour.

But growing unemployment is forcing people from rural areas to migrate in hordes to nearby

cities and towns, creating slums, social unrest and electricity and water shortages. "There is some

truth in the fact that jobs have not grown as much as expected as the economy has grown,"

Ashok Lahiri, chief economic adviser to the government, told Reuters, "We have to expand

employment. There is no doubt about that. "But even getting to grips with the scale of the

problem is hard enough: India does not regularly release unemployment data and forming a view

on the trends has to come from a combination of rarely issued official reports and anecdotal

evidence.

Millions of laboring, street vending and farm jobs fall below the government’s radar screen and

getting information on them is a daunting task. Some 92 percent of Indian jobs are thought to be

informal. Even for the remaining eight percent, the numbers are hard to come by. The

government issues an employment report once every five years and economists can glean trends

from Indian census data which is published every 10 years. The world’s top economies publish

data every month. India estimate un-employment currently to be around 7.8 percent, a

government official said. Whether it is, the figure looks to be on the rise. The Planning

Commission says nearly35 million people are registered with employment exchanges from 27

million four years ago.

India knows one thing based on demographic trends, is that to keep the jobless rate from rising

more, it must create some 60 million jobs in five years as more Indians enter the job market.

More than 65 percent of the population is under 35. India expects economic growth of at least

eight percent in the year ended March 2004. But economists say it's not enough to create 12

million jobs a year. For instance,the country's success in information technology and emerging

areas such as retail and tourism is expected to adjust some 2.2 million jobs in the next few years,

according to industry estimates. Government adviser Lahiri bristles at the suggestion this is a

jobless recovery. "I don 't think the growth has been jobless is an overstatement” he said.

But economists say the trend threatens long-term prospects."If we fail to create more jobs it will

lead to a lot of social tension which in turn will hurt the economy," said Saumitra Chaudhuri,

economic adviser at Indian credit finl1 ICRA."Large unemployment for a country like India is

not something desirable," he said.

Some economists say the jobs problem stems from an economic liberalization programme

launched more than a decade ago. The country's huge public sector has shed thousands of jobs

since it stepped on the road to privatization in the early 1990s.The Planning Commission, in a

report on employment published last year, attributed rising joblessness to a policy of shedding

excess labour in both the private and public sector. It said companies had stepped up investment

in plants and machinery more than in labour-intensive industries.Economists add that a $53

billion fiscal deficit prevents the government from creating employment by spending more on

social sectors such as health and education." We should be looking for a fiscal-led economic

expansion based on the basic needs of the people which will have a much higher multiplier

effect," says Jayati Ghose, professor at New Delhi's Jawaharlal Nehru University.

In the light of this the task of harnessing the unemployed should be put on a war footing.

Massive urban recruitment will be useless as the cities which have got along well enough

without the recruits, can certainly continue to do so. Besides, massive urban recruitment will be.

inflationary and hence is impracticable. The unemployed population should be mobilized for

rural reconstruction, especially as the villages lack technical know-how and also that 70 per cent

of India's population lives there. Stressing on agronomy will augment rural reconstruction,

enlighten the farmers, raise agricultural production, conserve foreign exchange and above all be

a step towards self-sufficiency and employment for ail.

The only other country which successfully mobilized vast populations for national development

is China. If we are to mobilize our man power resources we must learn from the mistakes of

China during her Great Leap Forward. The Chinese made three basic mistakes. Firstly, the

peasants were given inadequate training. Secondly, the tax levied on agriculture communes was

exorbitant often is high as 70 per cent the total produce. Finally, recruitment was governed not

by considerations of merit and ability to do the job, but by loyalty to the Communist Party and

on ideological grounds. In India the counterpart of this last mistake is recruitment of workers on

communal, regional and linguistic grounds. This must go. It is the duty of every responsible and

patriotic Indian to herald in a new 'meritocracy.'

Unemployment in our country has become such a complicated, economic, social and political

issue, that requires urgent steps to eliminate its scourge. Half hearted measures or temporary

solutions will not yield any fruitful results. The foremost requirement is the overhauling the

existing educational system. We have to change the system from producing white collar job

seekers to practically job oriented technocrats, capable to start their own ventures There should

be perfect coordination and integration between our education and the industrial environment.

We have to search new avenues in farm sector, herbal and medical fields to provide job

opportunities after completing the education by the students. India should also go for fast

development of cottage and small industries. Government should take effective steps so that the

globalization does not effect the small and cottage industries.The industrial development can

relieve us from this problem to a great extent. We must concentrate on labour intensive units. We

have to plan and exploit our industrial potential to the fullest extent to provide jobs to the fellow

youths. In a nutshell the problem of unemployment has to be dealt with on war footing lest the

youth should be diverted to some wrong path.

Role of NGOs in Employment Generation

The task of employment generation requires concerted action by several ministries and

departments of government both at the national as well as the state levels. But it is not a task for

governments alone. Employers’ and workers’ organizations, as well as NGOs play an

increasingly active role in the process.

The NGOs are engaged in imparting training for development of entrepreneurship, technical

innovation as well as capacity building of relevant micro and medium enterprises. The initiatives

are aimed at cultivating entrepreneurship and employment generation opportunities for the local

communities.

It has been observed that due to lack of necessary skills as required by various service and

manufacturing organizations many of the students of the state even after completion of their

formal education are unable to find suitable employment; whereas demand for the local youths

for various industry for their operation within and outside the state has been increasing. Even the

people whose main occupation is agriculture, Pisciculture, Pottery, Cattle farming/Dairy,

Handicrafts/furniture, Handloom, Horticulture, Sericulture etc. did not flourish much as they

could have been and this is just because of lack of proper skill and knowledge. Though, the

Governments are implementing various developmental schemes for the welfare of the weaker

section of the society. But, owing to many factors including non-association of grass-root

institution in implementation, the programme could not yield the expected result.

NGOs play a vital role where government fails to help rural and urban Population as they

are directly linked to people.

Research Methodology

Description of Project

Research Problem

Research problem of the project is to find role of NGOs in Employment generation in

Sitapur?

Universe of the Study: The universe of the study consists of the individuals identified and

trained by the selected NGOs in the Sitapur districts . For this, the researcher will identify five

major NGOs, involved in developing human resources at the grass root level. The selection of

the five NGOs will be done very carefully in consultation with industry experts as well as

considering genuineness and credibility of NGOs.

Sampling procedure: A list of individuals attended the training and development programmes

organized by NGOs will be collected. To be more specific and systematic, the researcher with

the help of industry experts will identify a set of training programmes specifically suiting to the

objectives of the study and the respondents for the interview will be selected from the list of

individuals in each category. The researcher will be using purposive sampling in the selection

NGOs and Multi stage sampling in the selection of villages and selection of respondents

(participants).

Source of data

Both primary and secondary data will be used in the study. The primary data will be collected by

the researcher through field study, employing appropriate tools.

Primary data: The major part of the data for the analysis of the problem will be collected by the

researcher from the field using appropriate data collection tools. The collected data will be

processed and analyzed, using statistical methods such as correlation, regression.

Secondary data: The relevant secondary data will be collected from various web sites,

government records, news papers, research articles, NGO documents and reports etc. The

confidentiality of the documents and reports from the NGOs will be strictly maintained by the

researcher and all the data collected will be used only for the purpose of the research.

Sample Size : 50 Respondents have been taken.

Tools of data collection: Appropriate questionnaires and interview schedules will be

developed to address various types of respondents for the study.

Definition of terms

NGOs: Non Governmental Organizations

Human resource: Includes knowledge, skill, and expertise that individual possess

Perceptions and outlook: The way individuals view and see realities and forms opinions about

them.

Empowerment: Making people capable of attaining the goals and objectives of life and career.

DATA ANALYIS AND

INTERPETATIONS

Are you currently...?

a) Employed 30

b) Unemployed 20

EMPLOYMENT STAUS

EMPLOYEDUNEMPLOYED

2 Organizations or NGO play any role in getting the employment

NGO AND ORGANISATION PLAY ROLE IN GETTING THE EMPLOYMENT

YESNO

Yes No19 31

3. If employed kindly describe the kind of employment

a) Private job 25

b) Public sector job 10

c) Self employed 15

KIND OF EMPLOYMENT

PRIVATE JOBS PUBLIC SECTOR JOBSSELF EMPLOYED

4. Household Income

What is your total household income?a) Less than one lakh 40b) Less than two lakh 3c) Less than three lakh 3d) Less than four lakh 3e) Less than five lakh 1f) Above five lakh 1

HOUSE HOLD INCOME

LESS THAN ONE LAKHLESS THAN TWO LAKHLESS THAN 3 LAKHLESS THAN 4 LAKHSLESS THAN 5 LAKHSAVOBE 5 LAKHS

5. Received assistance and help from NGOs in getting education

a) Yes b) NO C) NONE

NGO HELP IN GETTING EDUCATION

YESNONONE

6Have you received any training and assistance in skill and knowledge development by the

NGOsYes No19 31

NGO HELP IN DEVELOPMENT IN SKIL, TRAN-ING,& KNOWLEDGE

YESNO

7The training and assistance provided by the NGOs helped in

Finding Employment Self Employment Perform my present job better

Creating employment and absorbs the people in the organization

17 14 17 2

048

1216

Series 1

8. Have you received any assistance to get your children educated?

Yes No39 11

CHLIDREN EDUCATION

YESNO

9. Very often the programmes of the NGOs are directed towards

a) Health improvement programmes 10b) Education of the children 8c) Education of the adults 6d) Employment generation 8e) Care and welfare of women and Children 10f) Infrastructural development 8

02468

1012

THE PROGRAM OF THE NGO ARE DRICETED TOWARDS

THE PROGRAM OF THE NGO ARE DRICETED TOWARDS

Bibliography

G.Priya & Pushpalatha.A. (July-September, 2007) “Performance of Small Scale Industries in Recent Years”, The Economic Challenger.

B. Yerram Raju. (2000). SMEs: Issues in the changing global economic Environment, ssi.

Dr. Gupta C.B. and Dr. S.S. Khanka. Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management,

Sultan Chand and sons, New Delhi, P.2.13.

Dr. Vasant Desai. (2006). Small Scale Industries and Entrepreneurship, Himalaya Publishing House, New Delhi, P.17.

Mowday, R. T. (1998). “Reflections on the Study and Relevance of Organization

Commitment”, Human Resource Management Review, Vol.8 (4): 387-402. Nottingham

Trent University.

s

Questionnaire

1) Name :2) Age : 3) Gender Male Female4) Religion5) Caste6)  Marital Status7) Education

8. Employment Status

Are you currently...?

c) Employedd) Unemployed

9. Did some organizations or NGO play any role in getting the employment?

Yes No

10. If employed kindly describe the kind of employment

d) Private jobe) Public sector jobf) Self employed

11. Household Income

What is your total household income?g) Less than one lakhh) Less than two lakhi) Less than three lakhj) Less than four lakhk) Less than five lakhl) Above five lakh

12. Received assistance and help from NGOs in getting education

a) Yes b) NO

13. Have you received any training and assistance in skill and knowledge development by the NGOs

Yes No

14. The training and assistance provided by the NGOs helped in

Finding Employment Self Employment Perform my present job better

Creating employment and absorbs the people in the organization

15. Have you received any assistance to get your children educated?

Yes No

16. Very often the programmes of the NGOs are directed towards

a) Health improvement programmesb) Education of the children c) Education of the adultsd) Employment generatione) Care and welfare of women and Childrenf) Infrastructural development

Date:

Place: Signature