NGC 6231: a young open cluster under X-rays *
description
Transcript of NGC 6231: a young open cluster under X-rays *
NGC 6231: a young open cluster under X-rays*
H. Sana &
E. GossetY. NazeG. Rauw
J.-M. Vreux
& H. Sung
* an adaptation of the novel ‘An XMM-Newton view of the young open cluster NGC 6231’
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays
Contents
Generalities Generalities XMM-NewtonXMM-Newton NGC 6231NGC 6231
The X-ray emitters in NGC 6231 :The X-ray emitters in NGC 6231 : O-type starsO-type stars B-type starsB-type stars Optically faint X-ray emitters Optically faint X-ray emitters
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays 33
XMM-Newton
• ESA X-ray Multi-Mirror observatory: December 1999
• 3 X-ray telescopes containing 58 concentric mirrors each
• large effective area• high sensitivity• high spectral resolution• moderate spatial resolution
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays 44
• 3 X-ray telescopes containing 58 concentric mirrors each
• large effective area• high sensitivity• high spectral resolution• moderate spatial resolution
• ESA X-ray Multi-Mirror observatory: December 1999
RGS: Reflection Grating Spectrometer (2 instr., Δλ= 0.04 Å )
EPIC: European Photon Imaging Camera (2 MOS + 1pn)
OM: Optical Monitor
XMM-Newton
X-ray spectro-photometry :
energy time of arrival
of every single X-ray photon
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays
N
E
Scorpius
~5°
The young open cluster NGC 6231
NGC 6231
Sco OB1
2’
NGC 6231
N
E
• d ~ 1.6 kpc
• age ~ 3-5 Myr
• rich early-type star population
• core of the Sco OB1 association
• α = 16h54m, δ = -41°50’ (J2000)
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays
The X-ray observing campaign
• September 2001 : XMM-Newton – 180 ks (~50h)
– splitted in six 30ks observations spread over 5 days
• One of the deepest exposures towards a young open cluster
RGS: Reflection Grating SpectrometerEPIC: European Photon Imaging CameraOM: Optical Monitor
not usable (too faint)
not usable (too bright)
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays
The X-ray observing campaign
~ 30’ ~ 108 early-type stars * 92 B stars * 15 O stars * 1 WR
• September 2001 : XMM-Newton – 180 ks (~50h)
– splitted in six 30ks observations spread over 5 days
• One of the deepest exposures towards a young open cluster
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays
610 X-ray sources 610 X-ray sources
> 520 optical/IR counterparts> 520 optical/IR counterparts
0.5-1.0 keV1.0-2.5 keV
2.5-10.0 keV
An XMM-Newton view of NGC 6231
Sana et al. 2006a,
A&A 454, 1047
Nature of the X-ray emitters in NGC 6231Nature of the X-ray emitters in NGC 6231 O-type starsO-type stars
B-type starsB-type stars
Optically faint X-ray emitterOptically faint X-ray emitter
Contamination by foreground/background sources ?Contamination by foreground/background sources ? ~ 20 field stars (mostly F and G dwarfs)~ 20 field stars (mostly F and G dwarfs)
~ 21 active stars~ 21 active stars
~ 16 extragalactic sources~ 16 extragalactic sources
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays 1010
O-type stars are hot, massive stars
O-type stars:– 30 kK < Teff < 45 kK– 15 M < M* < ?– 5×104 L < L* < 5×105 L
• Powerful stellar winds
– 10-7 M yr-1 < Ṁ* < 10-4 M yr-1 affect the star’s evolution
– v∞ ~ 2000-3000 km s-1 ( v = v∞ (1–R*/r)• Strong influence (radiative & kinetic energy, chemical input)
short life-time (a few 106 yr) few in number
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays 1111
O-type stars are hot, massive stars
O-type stars:– 30 kK < Teff < 45 kK– 15 M < M* < ?– 5×104 L < L* < 5×105 L
A (very) few hot topics:
• Upper mass limit : ~ 100-150 M • Formation process : coalescence vs. accretion
• Convective core but radiative enveloppe no surface B field
still a few O stars have one ! (e.g. Gagne et al. 2005)
fossile field ? / transported from the core to the enveloppe ?
short life-time (a few 106 yr) few in number
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays 1212
X-ray emission from O-type stars
Berghöfer et al. 1997 Log Lbol
Log
LX
Rosat All Sky Survey
• 1978: launch of EINSTEIN: massive stars are‘intrinsic’ X-ray emitters
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays 1313
X-ray emission from O-type stars
Berghöfer et al. 1997 Log Lbol
Log
LX
Rosat All Sky Survey
• 1978: launch of EINSTEIN: massive stars are‘intrinsic’ X-ray emitters
• Produced by shocks within the dense layers of the winds
• Strong but soft emission– Lx ~ 1031-1033 erg s-1 – Emission peak ≤ 1keV
• Harnden et al. 1979; Long &
White1980; Pallavicini et al. 1981; …
Canonical relation Lx ~ 10-7 Lbol
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays 1414
• Produced by shocks within the dense layers of the winds
• Strong but soft emission– Lx ~ 1031-1033 erg s-1 – Emission peak ≤ 1keV
• Harnden et al. 1979; …
Canonical relation:
Lx ~ 10-7 Lbol
X-ray emission from O-type stars
Mass of star A larger than mass of star B
• Pollock 1987: WR binaries tend to be more X-ray luminous compared to equivalent single stars • Chlebowski & Garmany 1991: same trend for O-type stars
signature of a wind interaction
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays 1616
O-type X-ray emitters in NGC 6231
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays 1717
O-type X-ray emitters in NGC 6231
All the O-type stars are detected
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays 1818
O-type X-ray emitters in NGC 6231
To be fitted by optically thin thermal plasma (e.g. mekal models) flux Lx
All the O-type stars are detected as
bright and soft X-ray sources
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays 1919
Stars of spectral type O9 or earlier
O-type X-ray emitters in NGC 6231
To be fitted by optically thin thermal plasma (e.g. mekal models) flux Lx
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays
Sana et al. 2006b, MNRAS 372, 661Filled : O-type
Open : B-type
Binary
Single
LPVs
III
V
I
CPD-41°7742 (10-3 cnt s-1)
Sana et al. 2005a,A&A 441, 213
HD 152248 (cnt s-1)
Sana et al. 2004, MNRAS 350,809
O-type X-ray emitters in NGC 6231
Stars of spectral type O9 or earlier
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays
Filled : O-type Open : B-type
Binary
Single
LPVs
III
V
I
• dispersion ~ 40% much more limited than previously admitted
• within our sample, O-type star X-ray variability only seen for probable CWBs + only identified mechanism that produces a significant deviation from the ‘canonical’ relation
)153.0(912.6loglog bolX LL
Canonical relation for O starsO stars:
Sana et al. 2006b, MNRAS 372, 661
O-type X-ray emitters in NGC 6231
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays
V
I
O-type X-ray emitters in NGC 6231
What have we learned from XMM-Newton ?
• The canonical relation is tightly constrainedbut still not understood on firm theoretical ground !
• Our sample is inhomogeneous in terms of spectral sub-type and luminosity class same mechanism for all
• Confirmed by a recent study by Anthokin et al. on Cyg OB2
• Very limited room for the B field
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays 2323
B-type stars
– 10 kK < Teff < 30 kK
– 3 M < M* < 15 M
• radiative enveloppe no dynamo no surface B field
• Weak winds weak shocks (if any)
No X-ray emission expected
but still … some B-type stars are associated to X-ray sources e.g. Berghofer et al. 1997 : 10% detection rate
hidden companion ? (e.g. Stelzer et al. 2003)
Berghöfer et al. 1997
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays 2424
B-type X-ray emitters in NGC 6231
• 92 B-type stars in the FOV
• ~ 20% are associated with an X-ray source
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays 2525
B-type X-ray emitters in NGC 6231
• 92 B-type stars in the FOV
• ~ 20% are associated with an X-ray source
• fainter and harder than O stars
B star
O star
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays 2626
B-type X-ray emitters in NGC 6231
• 92 B-type stars in the FOV
• ~ 20% are associated with an X-ray source
• fainter and harder than O stars
• 4/15 display flare-like activity
• spectral properties indistinguishable from those of other faint X-ray sources
B star
X-ray faint star
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays 2727
B-type X-ray emitters in NGC 6231
• 92 B-type stars in the FOV
• ~ 20% are associated with an X-ray source
• fainter and harder than O stars
• 4/15 display flare-like activity
• spectral properties indistinguishable from those of other faint X-ray sources
favours the hidden companion hypothesis
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays 2828
B-type X-ray emitters in NGC 6231
• 92 B-type stars in the FOV
• ~ 20% are associated with an X-ray source
• fainter and harder than O stars
• 4/15 display flare-like activity
• spectral properties indistinguishable from those of other faint X-ray sources
favours the hidden companion hypothesis but still…
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays
Filled : O-type Open : B-type
Binary
Single
LPVs
III
V
I
• limited dispersion; linear correlation coefficient r ~ 0.75 significant at 0.99 confidence level
)4.2(8.22log)06.0(22.0log bolX LL
LX-Lbol relation for detected B-starsB-stars:
Sana et al. 2006b, MNRAS 372, 661
B-type X-ray emitters in NGC 6231
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays
V
I
B-type X-ray emitters in NGC 6231
What have we learned from XMM-Newton ?
• The detected X-ray sources associated with B-type stars are probably ‘hidden’ companion
• There seems to be a link between Lx and Lbol if real, its origin is ????
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays 3131
Optically faint X-ray sources in NGC 6231
610 X-ray sources 610 X-ray sources
~ 60 foreground/background sources~ 60 foreground/background sources
~ 15 O-type stars + 1 WR~ 15 O-type stars + 1 WR
~ 18 B-type stars (if any)~ 18 B-type stars (if any)
What are the > 500 remaining sources ?What are the > 500 remaining sources ?
most of them have V~16-20 optical counterpartsmost of them have V~16-20 optical counterparts
• NGC 6231 age ~ 3-5 Myr NGC 6231 age ~ 3-5 Myr All stars with M All stars with M < 2 Msol are still in the PMS stage< 2 Msol are still in the PMS stage
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays 3232
Pre-Main Sequence (PMS) stars
The main kind of PMS are the T Tauri objects :
• Classical T Tauri (cTTs) : • emission in the Balmer lines• near-IR excess (accretion disk)
• Weak-line T-Tauri (wTTs) : • no significant IR excess• weak Balmer emission (if any) difficult to disentangle from field stars
X-ray is one of the best criterion
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays
An XMM-Newton view of NGC 6231
0.5-1.0 keV1.0-2.5 keV
2.5-10.0 keVSana et al. 2007, MNRAS, submitted
X-ray + Hα candidateX-ray + Hα emitter
X-ray source
7.0M
0.2M
X-ray + Hα candidateX-ray + Hα emitter
X-ray source
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays
An EPIC view of NGC 6231
0.5-1.0 keV1.0-2.5 keV
2.5-10.0 keV
7.0M
0.2M
10.0Myr
0.5Myr1.5Myr
20.0Myr
4.0MyrX-ray + Hα candidateX-ray + Hα emitter
X-ray source
Sana et al. 2007, MNRAS, submitted
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays
An EPIC view of NGC 6231
0.5-1.0 keV1.0-2.5 keV
2.5-10.0 keV
O-type stars
2Myr
4Myr
6Myr
8Myr
Sana et al. 2007, MNRAS, submitted
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays
V
I
PMS X-ray emitters in NGC 6231
What have we learned from XMM-Newton ?
• XMM has allowed to disentangle the PMS from the numerous field stars
• There is no spatial trends between the cTTs and the wTTs
• There is no very significant difference in their ages
• Star formation in NGC 6231 was most probably not a punctual event
• Formation scenario is compatible with the coalescence model for massive star formation
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays
What have we learned from XMM-Newton
One of the deepest X-ray observations of a young open cluster, spread over 5 days Crowded FOV: 610 sources (mostly PMS)
star formation history in NGC 6231: not a punctual event
O-type stars display a limited dispersion around the canonical relation : within our sample, X-ray variability only seen for probable CWBs only identified mechanism that produces a significant deviation from the
‘canonical’ relation we need to compare the new ‘canonical’ relation with other relations derived
in a homogeneous way At least two exceptional O-type colliding wind binaries (CWBs) X-ray emission associated with B-type stars? PMS companions
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays
Final remarks
X-ray observations supported by high quality optical data are a powerful tool across the HR diagram
Young open clusters are privileged laboratories - homogeneous population : age, distance, environment
Thank you for your attention
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays
Colliding wind binaries (CWBs)• In a massive binary system
– The winds from the two stars collide Gas heated up: T ≈ a few 107 K
kT ≈ a few keV
substantial X-ray emission can display phase-locked modulations due :
• to the changing opacities along the line of sight• in an eccentric system, to the variations of the shock strength because
of the changing separation
– The geometry of the interaction depends on the balance between the ram pressure of the two winds the interaction region wraps around the star that has the weaker
wind
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays 4040
Traquer les propriétés physiques : la spectroscopie, un outil puissant
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays 4141
Traquer les propriétés physiques
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays 4343
O miroir mon beau miroir, quelle est la plus massive d’entre nous ?
Contraintes observationnellesContraintes observationnelles Amas des Arches Amas des Arches
Centre galactique
Amas des Arches : * Pop.: 2000 étoiles* Age ~ 2-2.5 Myr* D ~ 25 000 a.l.
Particules de haute énergie
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays 4444
O miroir mon beau miroir, quelle est la plus massive d’entre nous ?
Contraintes observationnellesContraintes observationnelles Déficit d’étoiles au dessus de 120-150 MDéficit d’étoiles au dessus de 120-150 M
Considération théoriqueConsidération théorique Ledoux : instabilité vibrationnelleLedoux : instabilité vibrationnelle
Mesures directes : difficiles à mettre en oeuvreMesures directes : difficiles à mettre en oeuvre R136R136 WR20aWR20a
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays 4545
Berghöfer et al. 1997
Emission X des étoiles O
Produite par des chocs dans les basses couches du vent
Emission X intense mais
relativement peu
énergétiqueLx ~ 1031-1033 erg s-1 Pic d’émission ≤ 1keV
Relation canonique* :
Lx ~ 10-7 Lbol
* large dispersion observée
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays 4646
Binaires à collision de vents
keV2.1k
K104.12,8
2,8
7
vT
vT
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays 4747
Binaires à collision de vents courbes de lumière X
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays 4848
Interaction d’un type particulier
20-Dec-200620-Dec-2006 NGC 6231: a cluster under X-raysNGC 6231: a cluster under X-rays 4949
Merci de votre attention
Conclusions :Conclusions :
* Cent mille à un million de fois plus * Cent mille à un million de fois plus lumineuses que le soleillumineuses que le soleil
* Au moins 5 à 6 fois plus chaudes, * Au moins 5 à 6 fois plus chaudes,
objets fascinants et variésobjets fascinants et variés
* Leur leitmotiv : "Vivre vite, mourir jeune …* Leur leitmotiv : "Vivre vite, mourir jeune …
……et faire un maximum de bruitet faire un maximum de bruit