NGC 6231: a young open cluster under X-rays *

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NGC 6231: a young open cluster under X-rays* H. Sana & E. Gosset Y. Naze G. Rauw J.-M. Vreux & H. Sung * an adaptation of the novel ‘An XMM-Newton view of the young open cluster NGC 6231’

description

H. Sana &. NGC 6231: a young open cluster under X-rays *. E. Gosset Y. Naze G. Rauw J.-M. Vreux. & H. Sung. * an adaptation of the novel ‘An XMM-Newton view of the young open cluster NGC 6231’. Contents. Generalities XMM-Newton NGC 6231 The X-ray emitters in NGC 6231 : - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of NGC 6231: a young open cluster under X-rays *

Page 1: NGC 6231: a young open cluster under X-rays *

NGC 6231: a young open cluster under X-rays*

H. Sana &

E. GossetY. NazeG. Rauw

J.-M. Vreux

& H. Sung

* an adaptation of the novel ‘An XMM-Newton view of the young open cluster NGC 6231’

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Contents

Generalities Generalities XMM-NewtonXMM-Newton NGC 6231NGC 6231

The X-ray emitters in NGC 6231 :The X-ray emitters in NGC 6231 : O-type starsO-type stars B-type starsB-type stars Optically faint X-ray emitters Optically faint X-ray emitters

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XMM-Newton

• ESA X-ray Multi-Mirror observatory: December 1999

• 3 X-ray telescopes containing 58 concentric mirrors each

• large effective area• high sensitivity• high spectral resolution• moderate spatial resolution

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• 3 X-ray telescopes containing 58 concentric mirrors each

• large effective area• high sensitivity• high spectral resolution• moderate spatial resolution

• ESA X-ray Multi-Mirror observatory: December 1999

RGS: Reflection Grating Spectrometer (2 instr., Δλ= 0.04 Å )

EPIC: European Photon Imaging Camera (2 MOS + 1pn)

OM: Optical Monitor

XMM-Newton

X-ray spectro-photometry :

energy time of arrival

of every single X-ray photon

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N

E

Scorpius

~5°

The young open cluster NGC 6231

NGC 6231

Sco OB1

2’

NGC 6231

N

E

• d ~ 1.6 kpc

• age ~ 3-5 Myr

• rich early-type star population

• core of the Sco OB1 association

• α = 16h54m, δ = -41°50’ (J2000)

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The X-ray observing campaign

• September 2001 : XMM-Newton – 180 ks (~50h)

– splitted in six 30ks observations spread over 5 days

• One of the deepest exposures towards a young open cluster

RGS: Reflection Grating SpectrometerEPIC: European Photon Imaging CameraOM: Optical Monitor

not usable (too faint)

not usable (too bright)

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The X-ray observing campaign

~ 30’ ~ 108 early-type stars * 92 B stars * 15 O stars * 1 WR

• September 2001 : XMM-Newton – 180 ks (~50h)

– splitted in six 30ks observations spread over 5 days

• One of the deepest exposures towards a young open cluster

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610 X-ray sources 610 X-ray sources

> 520 optical/IR counterparts> 520 optical/IR counterparts

0.5-1.0 keV1.0-2.5 keV

2.5-10.0 keV

An XMM-Newton view of NGC 6231

Sana et al. 2006a,

A&A 454, 1047

Nature of the X-ray emitters in NGC 6231Nature of the X-ray emitters in NGC 6231 O-type starsO-type stars

B-type starsB-type stars

Optically faint X-ray emitterOptically faint X-ray emitter

Contamination by foreground/background sources ?Contamination by foreground/background sources ? ~ 20 field stars (mostly F and G dwarfs)~ 20 field stars (mostly F and G dwarfs)

~ 21 active stars~ 21 active stars

~ 16 extragalactic sources~ 16 extragalactic sources

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O-type stars are hot, massive stars

O-type stars:– 30 kK < Teff < 45 kK– 15 M < M* < ?– 5×104 L < L* < 5×105 L

• Powerful stellar winds

– 10-7 M yr-1 < Ṁ* < 10-4 M yr-1 affect the star’s evolution

– v∞ ~ 2000-3000 km s-1 ( v = v∞ (1–R*/r)• Strong influence (radiative & kinetic energy, chemical input)

short life-time (a few 106 yr) few in number

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O-type stars are hot, massive stars

O-type stars:– 30 kK < Teff < 45 kK– 15 M < M* < ?– 5×104 L < L* < 5×105 L

A (very) few hot topics:

• Upper mass limit : ~ 100-150 M • Formation process : coalescence vs. accretion

• Convective core but radiative enveloppe no surface B field

still a few O stars have one ! (e.g. Gagne et al. 2005)

fossile field ? / transported from the core to the enveloppe ?

short life-time (a few 106 yr) few in number

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X-ray emission from O-type stars

Berghöfer et al. 1997 Log Lbol

Log

LX

Rosat All Sky Survey

• 1978: launch of EINSTEIN: massive stars are‘intrinsic’ X-ray emitters

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X-ray emission from O-type stars

Berghöfer et al. 1997 Log Lbol

Log

LX

Rosat All Sky Survey

• 1978: launch of EINSTEIN: massive stars are‘intrinsic’ X-ray emitters

• Produced by shocks within the dense layers of the winds

• Strong but soft emission– Lx ~ 1031-1033 erg s-1 – Emission peak ≤ 1keV

• Harnden et al. 1979; Long &

White1980; Pallavicini et al. 1981; …

Canonical relation Lx ~ 10-7 Lbol

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• Produced by shocks within the dense layers of the winds

• Strong but soft emission– Lx ~ 1031-1033 erg s-1 – Emission peak ≤ 1keV

• Harnden et al. 1979; …

Canonical relation:

Lx ~ 10-7 Lbol

X-ray emission from O-type stars

Mass of star A larger than mass of star B

• Pollock 1987: WR binaries tend to be more X-ray luminous compared to equivalent single stars • Chlebowski & Garmany 1991: same trend for O-type stars

signature of a wind interaction

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O-type X-ray emitters in NGC 6231

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O-type X-ray emitters in NGC 6231

All the O-type stars are detected

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O-type X-ray emitters in NGC 6231

To be fitted by optically thin thermal plasma (e.g. mekal models) flux Lx

All the O-type stars are detected as

bright and soft X-ray sources

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Stars of spectral type O9 or earlier

O-type X-ray emitters in NGC 6231

To be fitted by optically thin thermal plasma (e.g. mekal models) flux Lx

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Sana et al. 2006b, MNRAS 372, 661Filled : O-type

Open : B-type

Binary

Single

LPVs

III

V

I

CPD-41°7742 (10-3 cnt s-1)

Sana et al. 2005a,A&A 441, 213

HD 152248 (cnt s-1)

Sana et al. 2004, MNRAS 350,809

O-type X-ray emitters in NGC 6231

Stars of spectral type O9 or earlier

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Filled : O-type Open : B-type

Binary

Single

LPVs

III

V

I

• dispersion ~ 40% much more limited than previously admitted

• within our sample, O-type star X-ray variability only seen for probable CWBs + only identified mechanism that produces a significant deviation from the ‘canonical’ relation

)153.0(912.6loglog bolX LL

Canonical relation for O starsO stars:

Sana et al. 2006b, MNRAS 372, 661

O-type X-ray emitters in NGC 6231

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V

I

O-type X-ray emitters in NGC 6231

What have we learned from XMM-Newton ?

• The canonical relation is tightly constrainedbut still not understood on firm theoretical ground !

• Our sample is inhomogeneous in terms of spectral sub-type and luminosity class same mechanism for all

• Confirmed by a recent study by Anthokin et al. on Cyg OB2

• Very limited room for the B field

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B-type stars

– 10 kK < Teff < 30 kK

– 3 M < M* < 15 M

• radiative enveloppe no dynamo no surface B field

• Weak winds weak shocks (if any)

No X-ray emission expected

but still … some B-type stars are associated to X-ray sources e.g. Berghofer et al. 1997 : 10% detection rate

hidden companion ? (e.g. Stelzer et al. 2003)

Berghöfer et al. 1997

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B-type X-ray emitters in NGC 6231

• 92 B-type stars in the FOV

• ~ 20% are associated with an X-ray source

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B-type X-ray emitters in NGC 6231

• 92 B-type stars in the FOV

• ~ 20% are associated with an X-ray source

• fainter and harder than O stars

B star

O star

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B-type X-ray emitters in NGC 6231

• 92 B-type stars in the FOV

• ~ 20% are associated with an X-ray source

• fainter and harder than O stars

• 4/15 display flare-like activity

• spectral properties indistinguishable from those of other faint X-ray sources

B star

X-ray faint star

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B-type X-ray emitters in NGC 6231

• 92 B-type stars in the FOV

• ~ 20% are associated with an X-ray source

• fainter and harder than O stars

• 4/15 display flare-like activity

• spectral properties indistinguishable from those of other faint X-ray sources

favours the hidden companion hypothesis

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B-type X-ray emitters in NGC 6231

• 92 B-type stars in the FOV

• ~ 20% are associated with an X-ray source

• fainter and harder than O stars

• 4/15 display flare-like activity

• spectral properties indistinguishable from those of other faint X-ray sources

favours the hidden companion hypothesis but still…

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Filled : O-type Open : B-type

Binary

Single

LPVs

III

V

I

• limited dispersion; linear correlation coefficient r ~ 0.75 significant at 0.99 confidence level

)4.2(8.22log)06.0(22.0log bolX LL

LX-Lbol relation for detected B-starsB-stars:

Sana et al. 2006b, MNRAS 372, 661

B-type X-ray emitters in NGC 6231

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V

I

B-type X-ray emitters in NGC 6231

What have we learned from XMM-Newton ?

• The detected X-ray sources associated with B-type stars are probably ‘hidden’ companion

• There seems to be a link between Lx and Lbol if real, its origin is ????

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Optically faint X-ray sources in NGC 6231

610 X-ray sources 610 X-ray sources

~ 60 foreground/background sources~ 60 foreground/background sources

~ 15 O-type stars + 1 WR~ 15 O-type stars + 1 WR

~ 18 B-type stars (if any)~ 18 B-type stars (if any)

What are the > 500 remaining sources ?What are the > 500 remaining sources ?

most of them have V~16-20 optical counterpartsmost of them have V~16-20 optical counterparts

• NGC 6231 age ~ 3-5 Myr NGC 6231 age ~ 3-5 Myr All stars with M All stars with M < 2 Msol are still in the PMS stage< 2 Msol are still in the PMS stage

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Pre-Main Sequence (PMS) stars

The main kind of PMS are the T Tauri objects :

• Classical T Tauri (cTTs) : • emission in the Balmer lines• near-IR excess (accretion disk)

• Weak-line T-Tauri (wTTs) : • no significant IR excess• weak Balmer emission (if any) difficult to disentangle from field stars

X-ray is one of the best criterion

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An XMM-Newton view of NGC 6231

0.5-1.0 keV1.0-2.5 keV

2.5-10.0 keVSana et al. 2007, MNRAS, submitted

X-ray + Hα candidateX-ray + Hα emitter

X-ray source

7.0M

0.2M

X-ray + Hα candidateX-ray + Hα emitter

X-ray source

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An EPIC view of NGC 6231

0.5-1.0 keV1.0-2.5 keV

2.5-10.0 keV

7.0M

0.2M

10.0Myr

0.5Myr1.5Myr

20.0Myr

4.0MyrX-ray + Hα candidateX-ray + Hα emitter

X-ray source

Sana et al. 2007, MNRAS, submitted

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An EPIC view of NGC 6231

0.5-1.0 keV1.0-2.5 keV

2.5-10.0 keV

O-type stars

2Myr

4Myr

6Myr

8Myr

Sana et al. 2007, MNRAS, submitted

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V

I

PMS X-ray emitters in NGC 6231

What have we learned from XMM-Newton ?

• XMM has allowed to disentangle the PMS from the numerous field stars

• There is no spatial trends between the cTTs and the wTTs

• There is no very significant difference in their ages

• Star formation in NGC 6231 was most probably not a punctual event

• Formation scenario is compatible with the coalescence model for massive star formation

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What have we learned from XMM-Newton

One of the deepest X-ray observations of a young open cluster, spread over 5 days Crowded FOV: 610 sources (mostly PMS)

star formation history in NGC 6231: not a punctual event

O-type stars display a limited dispersion around the canonical relation : within our sample, X-ray variability only seen for probable CWBs only identified mechanism that produces a significant deviation from the

‘canonical’ relation we need to compare the new ‘canonical’ relation with other relations derived

in a homogeneous way At least two exceptional O-type colliding wind binaries (CWBs) X-ray emission associated with B-type stars? PMS companions

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Final remarks

X-ray observations supported by high quality optical data are a powerful tool across the HR diagram

Young open clusters are privileged laboratories - homogeneous population : age, distance, environment

Thank you for your attention

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Colliding wind binaries (CWBs)• In a massive binary system

– The winds from the two stars collide Gas heated up: T ≈ a few 107 K

kT ≈ a few keV

substantial X-ray emission can display phase-locked modulations due :

• to the changing opacities along the line of sight• in an eccentric system, to the variations of the shock strength because

of the changing separation

– The geometry of the interaction depends on the balance between the ram pressure of the two winds the interaction region wraps around the star that has the weaker

wind

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Traquer les propriétés physiques : la spectroscopie, un outil puissant

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Traquer les propriétés physiques

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O miroir mon beau miroir, quelle est la plus massive d’entre nous ?

Contraintes observationnellesContraintes observationnelles Amas des Arches Amas des Arches

Centre galactique

Amas des Arches : * Pop.: 2000 étoiles* Age ~ 2-2.5 Myr* D ~ 25 000 a.l.

Particules de haute énergie

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O miroir mon beau miroir, quelle est la plus massive d’entre nous ?

Contraintes observationnellesContraintes observationnelles Déficit d’étoiles au dessus de 120-150 MDéficit d’étoiles au dessus de 120-150 M

Considération théoriqueConsidération théorique Ledoux : instabilité vibrationnelleLedoux : instabilité vibrationnelle

Mesures directes : difficiles à mettre en oeuvreMesures directes : difficiles à mettre en oeuvre R136R136 WR20aWR20a

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Berghöfer et al. 1997

Emission X des étoiles O

Produite par des chocs dans les basses couches du vent

Emission X intense mais

relativement peu

énergétiqueLx ~ 1031-1033 erg s-1 Pic d’émission ≤ 1keV

Relation canonique* :

Lx ~ 10-7 Lbol

* large dispersion observée

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Binaires à collision de vents

keV2.1k

K104.12,8

2,8

7

vT

vT

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Binaires à collision de vents courbes de lumière X

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Interaction d’un type particulier

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Merci de votre attention

Conclusions :Conclusions :

* Cent mille à un million de fois plus * Cent mille à un million de fois plus lumineuses que le soleillumineuses que le soleil

* Au moins 5 à 6 fois plus chaudes, * Au moins 5 à 6 fois plus chaudes,

objets fascinants et variésobjets fascinants et variés

* Leur leitmotiv : "Vivre vite, mourir jeune …* Leur leitmotiv : "Vivre vite, mourir jeune …

……et faire un maximum de bruitet faire un maximum de bruit