Ngayon ang araw that I have a presentation.

¡ Mi tio greeted his amigo feliz cumpleaños !

Today is the day that I have a presentation.

My uncle greeted his friend a happy birthday.

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UNDERSTANDING CODESWITCHING

A Quick Overview By Irma Sheryl Crespo

CODESWITCHING is the alternative use, by bilinguals, of two or more languages in the same conversation. Scholars have used this term interchangeably with:

-         hyphenated “code-switching”-         “codemixing” or “code-mixing”-         “code alternation”

-         language mixing

- “codeshifting”(occasionally)

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Codeswitching is not Borrowing.

Codeswitching can be of any length. It can occur at the word, phrase, or sentence level as long as it is a complete shift into the other language. Here, speakers are aware of the grammar of both languages and their relationship to one another and uses this knowledge to produce grammatical sentences. Often switches occur within the sentence or clause (intrasentential). It can also be between sentences or clauses (intersentential).

Borrowings are short. They are phonologically and morphologically adapted to the language being used. They are separated from their original grammar and they conform to the structure of the host language.

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Codeswitching: Ngayon ang araw that I have a presentation.

Borrowing: Ngayon ang araw ng aking presentasyon.

Combined Codeswitching and Borrowing: Ngayon ang araw that I have a presentasyon.

EXAMPLES

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MORE EXAMPLES

Japanese borrowed word “hai teku” for the English term “high tech”

Yesterday, pumunta ako sa syudad para bumili ng pansit

TAGALOGENGLISH

BORROWEDBORROWED

CODESWITCHING

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THEORIES

Pragmatics How do bilinguals use codeswitching?Why do they use it in a certain way?

- Linguistics and Extralinguistics

- “We-codes”/ “They-codes”

- External and Internal

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THEORIES

Psycholinguistics How is codeswitching processed?

- Codeswitching takes more time?

- The bilingual grammar

- The language switch mechanism.

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THEORIES

Syntactic What is the structure of codeswitching?

- Random Switching

- Assumed Constraints and Restrictions   Poplack and Sankoff

FREE MORPHEME CONSTRAINT

EQUIVALENCE CONSTRAINT

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THEORIES

FREE MORPHEME CONSTRAINTSPANGLISH:I /told him/ that/ pa que/ la trajera/ ligero.( Yo lo dije eso pa que la trajera ligero.)(I told him that so that he would bring it fast.)Not acceptable: eat-iendo (English “eat” and Spanish“-iendo” which is English“-

ing”)

EQUIVALENCE CONSTRAINTSPANGLISHNo se porque I never used it.No se porque nunca lo use.(I do not know because I never used it.)

POPLACK and SANKOFF

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THEORIES

Studies made that dispute the universality of the constraints established by Poplack and Sankoff.

Syntactic

- The Counter Examples

Languages like the Andanme-English, Arabic-French and Kannada-English don’t follow the Free Morpheme Constraint while Lingala-French in Zaire is an exception to the Equivalence Point.

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CONCLUSION

To accurately state the current positions on Codeswitching, I end this presentation with a quote from Rodolfo Jacobson:

“…codeswitching universals are still not within grasp. It appears that not enough language contexts are yet known to make any far reaching predictions about the principles that govern ‘all’ language mixing events…the scholarly debate was merely a suggestion that a different route should be taken to unravel the complexity of codeswitching behavior.”

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THE END

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REFERENCESAuer,Peter 1998. Code-Switching in Conversation. London: Routledge.Bautista, Maria Lourdes 1980. The Filipino Bilingual’s Competence, Australia: Linguistic Circle of Canberra.Jacobson, Rodolfo 1998. Codeswitching Worldwide, Berlin;New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Kamwangamalu, Nkonko Mudipanu 1989. Code-Mixing Across Languages:Structure, Functions, and Constraints, Michigan:University Microfilms International.Mahootian, Shahrzad 1993. A Null Theory of Codeswitching, Michigan: University Microfilms International.Milroy, Lesley and Muysken, Peter 1995. One Speaker, Two Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Myers-Scotton, Carol 1997. Duelling Languages: Grammatical Structure in Codeswtiching, New York: Oxford University Press.

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