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n`f"V ifCyds'kUl641, izFke ry] MkW- eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&110009

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lkekU; vè;;u rFkk fuca/k

2013–18 rd ds vkbZ-,-,l- (eq[; ijh{kk) ds iz'uksa dk [k.Mokj gy

esUl lkWYOM isilZ

r`rh; laLdj.k& tuojh 2019

ewY; % ` 360

izdk'kd

n`f"VifCyds'kUl] (A Unit of VDK Publications Pvt. Ltd.)

641]izFkery]

MkW-eq[kthZuxj]

fnYyh&110009

fofèkd?kks"k.kk,¡

bl iqLrd eas izdkf'kr lwpuk,¡] lekpkj] Kku ,oa rF; iwjh rjg ls lR;kfir fd;s x, gSaA fiQj Hkh] ;fn dksbZ

tkudkjh ;k rF; xyr izdkf'kr gks x;k gks rks izdk'kd] laiknd ;k eqnzd mlls fdlh O;fDr&fo'ks"k ;k laLFkk

dks igq¡ph {kfr ds fy;s f”kEesnkj ugha gSA

ge fo'okl djrs gSa fd bl iqLrd esa Nih lkexzh ys[kdksa }kjk ekSfyd :i ls fy[kh xbZ gSA vxj dkWihjkbV

mYya?ku dk dksbZ ekeyk lkeus vkrk gS rks izdk'kd dks f”kEesnkj ugha Bgjk;k tk,xkA

lHkh fooknksa dk fuiVkjk fnYyh U;kf;d {ks=k esa gksxkA

© dkWihjkbV% n`f"V ifCyds'kUl (A Unit of VDK Publications Pvt. Ltd.)] lokZfèkdkj lqjf{krA bl izdk'ku

ds fdlh Hkh va'k dk izdk'ku vFkok mi;ksx] izfrfyihdj.k] ,sls ;a=k esa HkaMkj.k ftlls bls iqu% izkIr fd;k

tk ldrk gks ;k LFkkukUrj.k] fdlh Hkh :i esa ;k fdlh Hkh fofèk ls (bysDVªkWfud] ;kaf=kd] iQksVks&izfrfyfi]

fjdkWfM±x ;k fdlh vU; izdkj ls) izdk'kd dh iwokZuqefr ds fcuk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

,e-ih- fizaVlZ] ch&220] isQ”k&2] uks,Mk (mÙkj izns'k) ls eqfnzrA

nks 'kCnfiz; ikBdks]

flfoy lsok dh rS;kjh dj jgs çR;sd vH;FkhZ dk liuk gksrk gS fd og flfoy lsod cusA bl lius dks lkdkj djus ds fy;s og dM+h esgur Hkh djrk gSA ijarq ;g liuk fliZQ dM+h esgur ls ugha] cfYd mlds lkFk lVhd j.kuhfr viukus ls gh lkdkj gks ldrk gSA è;krO; gS fd ;w-ih-,l-lh- }kjk flfoy lsok ijh{kk rhu pj.kksa (oLrqfu"B] fyf[kr ,oa ekSf[kd) esa vk;ksftr dh tkrh gSA fuLlansg bldk çR;sd pj.k vius vki esa egÙoiw.kZ gksrk gS] ijarq buesa fyf[kr ijh{kk (eq[; ijh{kk) lcls egÙoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd blesa vPNs çn'kZu ds fcuk vki vafre lwph esa viuk LFkku ugha cuk ldrsA

vkids bl lius dks lkdkj djus ds fy;s gh nf"V ifCyds'kUl us o"kZ 2017 esa ^vkbZ-,-,l- esUl lkWYOM isilZ* iqLrd izdkf'kr dh FkhA vkius bl iqLrd dks gkFkksa&gkFk ysdj gekjk mRlkg c<+k;kA vkils izkIr bUgha mRlkgtud izfrfØ;k ds iQyLo:i gesa ,d o"kZ ds vanj gh bl iqLrd dk f}rh; laLdj.k fudkyuk iM+k ftlesa o"kZ 2017 dh eq[; ijh{kk ds lkekU; vè;;u ,oa fuca/ ds iz'ui=kksa dk gy Hkh 'kkfey fd;k x;k FkkA blh dM+h dks vkxs c<+krs gq, vc ge blds rrh; laLdj.k ds lkFk vkids le{k mifLFkr gSaA blesa o"kZ 2018 dh eq[; ijh{kk ds ç'ui=kksa dk gy Hkh lfEefyr gSA

;w-ih-,l-lh- }kjk çdkf'kr fjiksV~lZ ds vè;;u ls irk pyrk gS fd gky ds o"kks± esa vafre p;u lwph esa fgUnh ekè;e ds vH;fFkZ;ksa dh fgLlsnkjh fujarj de gqbZ gSA bl lanHkZ esa] ;fn vH;fFkZ;ksa ds ifj.kke dk fo'ys"k.k djsa rks Kkr gksrk gS fd lkekU; vè;;u ds ç'ui=kksa esa vPNs vad ugha yk ikuk gh mudh vliQyrk dk lcls cM+k dkjd gS vkSj bldh cqfu;knh otg gS& ç'u dh ekax ds vuqlkj mÙkj u ns ikukA bl leL;k dk lekèkku ;gh gks ldrk gS fd vH;FkhZ ds ikl ,d ,slh ekud iqLrd gks tks iz'uksa dh ekax ds vuq:i lkekU; vè;;u ds mÙkj izLrqr djrh gks rkfd vH;FkhZ mu mÙkjksa dks i<+dj viuh ys[ku 'kSyh dh dfe;ksa dks nwj dj ldsA

xkSjryc gS fd ck”kkj esa flfoy lsok eq[; ijh{kk ds lkWYOM isilZ dh deh ugha gS] ijarq muds vè;;u ds mijkar gekjh laikndh; Vhe us ik;k fd muesa iz'uksa ds lkFk i;kZIr U;k; ugha fd;k x;k gSA blds vykok] muesa ls dbZ iqLrdksa esa v|rurk dk vHkko ,oa v'kqf¼;ksa dh Hkjekj Hkh gSA ,slh vf/dka'k iqLrdksa esa iz'uksa esa mfYyf[kr egÙoiw.kZ 'kCnksa tSls ^leh{kk*] ^vkykspukRed foospuk*] ^ewY;kadu* vkSj ^O;k[;k* dks ,d gh rjk”kw ij rkSyrs gq, lkjs ç'uksa ds mÙkj ,d tSls rjhds ls fy[k fn;s x, gSaA bl rjg ds lkWYOM isilZ vH;fFkZ;ksa dh nqfo/k dk lekèkku djus dh ctk; mUgsa vkSj my>k nsrs gSaA bUgha lc fLFkfr;ksa dks ns[krs gq, gekjh Vhe us ;g iqLrd rS;kj djus dh pqukSrh Lohdkj dhA geus blds fy;s ,d dksj Vhe cukbZ ftlesa eq[; ijh{kk dk lqnh?kZ vuqHko j[kus okys 15 lnL; 'kkfey FksA blh vuqHkoh Vhe us jkr&fnu ,d djds bl egRdk;Z dks vatke rd igq¡pk;kA

iqLrd esa geus ç'uksa dh ekax ds vuq:i mÙkj çLrqr fd;s gSaA Hkwxksy ds mÙkjksa esa ;Fkksfpr LFkkuksa ij ekufp=kksa ,oa js[kkfp=kksa dk ç;ksx Hkh fd;k x;k gSA mÙkjksa dh xq.koÙkk o çkekf.kdrk cuk, j[kus ds fy;s mÙkjksa esa fofHkUu ea=kky;ksa ,oa vk;ksxksa dh fjiksV~lZ ,oa lq>ko ;Fkksfpr LFkkuksa ij fn;s x, gSaA

xkSjryc gS fd geus mÙkj ys[ku esa ;w-ih-,l-lh- }kjk fuèkkZfjr 'kCn lhek dk dbZ LFkkuksa ij tku&cw>dj ikyu ugha fd;k gS D;ksafd ge pkgrs Fks fd vH;FkhZ mÙkj i<+rs le; ml VkWfid ds fofoèk igyqvksa ls ifjfpr gksa rkfd os eq[; ijh{kk ;k lk{kkRdkj esa lqy>h gqbZ jk; çLrqr dj ldsaA vH;FkhZ dks ;w-ih-,l-lh- ds iz'uksa dk vuqokn le>us esa dksbZ ijs'kkuh u gks] blds fy;s fgUnh ds lkFk&lkFk vaxzs”kh esa Hkh ç'u fn;s x, gSaA lkFk gh] ;w-ih-,l-lh- }kjk fiNys o"kks± ds nkSjku vuqokn esa dh xbZ Hkwyksa dks Hkh ;FkkLFkku bafxr fd;k x;k gS rkfd vH;FkhZ ijh{kk Hkou esa ç'ui=k i<+us ds nkSjku lpsr jgsa ,oa mÙkj fy[krs le; vaxzs”kh ç'u ij fuxkg j[kus dh vknr fodflr dj ysaA

bl iqLrd esa lkekU; vè;;u ds lkFk&lkFk fucaèk ds iz'ui=kksa dk Hkh gy fn;k x;k gSA ofj"B ,oa vuqHkoh ys[kdksa }kjk lexzrk ls fy[ks x, ;s fucaèk lgt çokg ,oa lVhd vfHkO;fDr ds mnkgj.k gSaA bu fucaèkksa dks i<+dj vH;fFkZ;ksa esa u dsoy fdlh VkWfid ds fo'ys"k.k dh {kerk fodflr gksxh] cfYd os fopkjksa dks larqfyr rjhds ls O;Dr djus dh dyk ls Hkh voxr gksaxsA

lkekU; vè;;u ,oa fucaèk ds mÙkjksa ds lkFk eq[; ijh{kk dh j.kuhfr ds fofoèk vk;keksa] tSls& eq[; ijh{kk dh rS;kjh esa fdu lzksrksa dk ç;ksx djsa] mÙkj dSls fy[ksa] ijh{kk esa le; çcaèku dSls djsa bR;kfn ij Hkh foLr`r ppkZ dh xbZ gSA eq[; ijh{kk dh ;g j.kuhfr tgk¡ rS;kjh çkjaHk djus okys vH;fFkZ;ksa dks lgh jkg fn[kk,xh] ogha dbZ o"kks± ls eq[; ijh{kk ns jgs vH;fFkZ;ksa dh j.kuhfrd [kkfe;ksa dh igpku dj mUgsa nwj djus esa Hkh enn djsxhA

dqy feykdj] gekjh Vhe dks iwjk fo'okl gS fd flfoy lsok eq[; ijh{kk ij vkèkkfjr ;g iqLrd vkids mÙkj ys[ku ds Lrj esa u dsoy xq.kkRed lqèkkj yk,xh] cfYd vkidh liQyrk esa dsanzh; Hkwfedk Hkh fuHkk,xhA vkils fuosnu gS fd iqLrd i<+dj gesa ”k:j crk,¡ fd ge vius mís'; esa fdrus liQy jgs\ vxj vkidks bl iqLrd esa dksbZ Hkh deh fn[ks ;k vki blesa dksbZ lqèkkj pkgrs gksa rks Ñi;k viuh ckr csf>>d ^8130392355* uacj ij okV~l,i eSlst ls Hkst nsaA vkidh fVIif.k;ksa ds vk/kj ij ge iqLrd ds vkxkeh laLdj.kksa dks vkSj csgrj cuk ldsaxsA

lkHkkj]

iz/ku laiknd

n`f"V ifCyds'kUl

1&18

19&328

329&420

vuqØef.kdk

[kaM&1

vkbZ-,-,l- eq[; ijh{kk esa lQyrk gsrq lVhd j.kuhfr

[kaM&2

2013&18 rd vkbZ-,-,l- (eq[; ijh{kk) esa iwNs x,

lkekU; vè;;u ds iz'ui=ksa dk vadokj oxhZdj.k ,oa o"kkZuqxr gy

lkekU; vè;;u&1 ............................................................................................................................ 25–101 Hkkjrh; fojklr ,oa laLÑfr vk/qfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (Lora=krk ls iwoZ) vk/qfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (Lora=krk ls i'pkr~) fo'o bfrgkl Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa lkekftd leL;k,¡ Hkkjr ,oa fo'o dk Hkwxksy

lkekU; vè;;u&2 ..........................................................................................................................102–176 Hkkjrh; lafo/ku] 'kklu O;oLFkk] 'kkklu iz.kkyh ,oa lkekftd U;k; varjkZ"Vªh; laca/

lkekU; vè;;u&3 ..........................................................................................................................177–261 vFkZO;oLFkk foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh i;kZoj.k vkink izca/u lqj{kk

lkekU; vè;;u&4 ..........................................................................................................................262–328 uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk#fp dsl LVMh”k

[kaM&3

2013µ18 rd vkbZ-,-,l- (eq[; ijh{kk) esa iwNs x, fucaèkksa dk o"kkZuqxr gy

o"kZ 2018

o"kZ 2017

o"kZ 2016

o"kZ 2015

o"kZ 2014

o"kZ 2013

3Mains Series

fiz; ijh{kkfFkZ;ks]

flfoy lsok izkjafHkd ijh{kk ds mijkar ckjh vkrh gS eq[; ijh{kk dhA izkjafHkd ijh{kk yk[kksa Nk=kksa esa ls dqNsd g”kkj xaHkhj vkSj ;ksX; mEehnokjksa ds p;u dh ,d i¼fr Hkj gSA ;kuh izkjafHkd ijh{kk vkids flfoy lsok ijh{kkFkhZ gksus ij eqgj yxkrh gSA vki flfoy lsok ijh{kk gsrq mi;qDr mEehnokj gSa] bls lR;kfir djus dk uke gh izkjafHkd ijh{kk gSA fdarq okLrfod ijh{kk rks eq[; ijh{kk gksrh gSA xkSjryc gS fd tgk¡ izkjafHkd ijh{kk iwjh rjg oLrqfu"B (Objective) gksrh gS] ogha eq[; ijh{kk O;fDrfu"B (Subjective) izÑfr dh gksrh gS ftlesa vyx&vyx 'kCn&lhek okys o.kZukRed (Descriptive) iz'u iwNs tkrs gSaA ;kuh eq[; ijh{kk ifj.kker% vkSj xq.kkRed nf"V ls izkjafHkd ijh{kk ls fHkUu gksrh gSA vr% blds fy;s fHkUu vkSj fof'k"V j.kuhfr dh Hkh njdkj gksrh gSA

è;krO; gS fd 2013 ls igys izkjafHkd ijh{kk lkekU;r% ebZ ls twu ekg esa vk;ksftr dh tkrh Fkh] tcfd eq[; ijh{kk vDrwcj ls uoacj ekg ds chpA ,sls esa ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa dks izkjafHkd ijh{kk ds ckn eq[; ijh{kk dh rS;kjh ds fy;s 5 ls 6 eghus dk le; fey tkrk Fkk ysfdu o"kZ 2013 ds i'pkr izkjafHkd ijh{kk vkSj eq[; ijh{kk ds

eè; le;kUrjky de gks x;kA o"kZ 2019 dh izkjafHkd ijh{kk ds ckn eq[; ijh{kk ds fy;s yxHkx lk<+s rhu eghus dk le; fey jgk gSA ,sls esa] brus de le; esa eq[; ijh{kk dh rS;kjh ds fy;s le; izcaèku vius vki esa ,d cM+h pqukSrh cu tkrh gSA vr% LokHkkfod gS fd tc le; dh deh gksrh gS rc j.kuhfr dh egÙkk c<+ tkrh gSA vr% 'kq#vkr ls gh tks vH;FkhZ miyCèk le; dks è;ku essa j[kdj eq[; ijh{kk gsrq fo'ks"k j.kuhfr viukdj vè;;u djsaxs] mUgsa ijh{kk easa fdlh izdkj dh ijs'kkuh ugha gksxhA vH;£Fk;ksa dh bUgha vko';drkvksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, eq[; ijh{kk gsrq ,d foLr`r j.kuhfr izLrqr dh tk jgh gSA

eq[; ijh{kk] flfoy lsok ijh{kk dk lcls egÙoiw.kZ ,oa fu.kkZ;d iM+ko gS D;ksafd dqy izkIrkad esa yxHkx 86% ls ”;knk Hkkjkad blh dk gksrk gSA è;krO; gS fd flfoy lsok ijh{kk ds fy;s fuèkkZfjr 2025 vadksa (1750 eq[; ijh{kk $ 275 lk{kkRdkj) esa eq[; ijh{kk dk va'k cgqr vfèkd gSA ,sls esa tks ijh{kkFkhZ eq[; ijh{kk esa vfèkd ls vfèkd vad izkIr djsxk] mlds fy;s u dsoy lk{kkRdkj cfYd vafre :i ls p;fur gksus dh jkg cgqr vklku gks tk,xhA vr% eq[; ijh{kk dh lVhd rS;kjh gsrq ,d dkjxj j.kuhfr cukuh gksxhA

eq[; ijh{kk dh lajpuk o iz.kkyh

ftl rjg ls 2011 esa izkjafHkd ijh{kk dh lajpuk esa O;kid cnyko fd;s x, Fks] oSls gh 2013 esa eq[; ijh{kk dh lajpuk esa Hkh j.kuhfrd ifjorZu fd;s x,A vc eq[; ijh{kk dqy 1750 vadksa dh gksrh gS ftlesa 1000 vad lkekU; vè;;u ds fy;s (250–250 vadksa ds 4 iz'ui=k)] 500 vad oSdfYid fo"k; ds fy;s (250–250 vadksa ds 2 iz'ui=k) rFkk 250 vad fucaèk ds fy;s fuèkkZfjr gSaA DokfyiQkbax* izÑfr ds nksuksa iz'ui=k vHkh Hkh oSls gh gSa] tSls igys FksA buesa Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk esa U;wure vgZrk vad 25% (75 vad) rFkk vaxzs”kh esa Hkh U;wure vgZrk 25% (75 vad) fuèkkZfjr fd;s x, gSaA rkfydk&1 esa eq[; ijh{kk dh orZeku iz.kkyh nh xbZ gSA

1750 vadksa dh eq[; ijh{kk esa ;fn lk{kkRdkj ds 275 vadksa dks Hkh 'kkfey dj fy;k tk, rks flfoy lsok ijh{kk dk dqy Hkkjkad 2025 gksrk gSA

rkfydk&1%eq[;ijh{kkdsfofHkUuiz'ui=krFkkmudsHkkjkad

iz'ui=k la[;k fo"k;&oLrq vadiz'ui=k&1 fucaèk 250

iz'ui=k&2 lkekU; vè;;u&1 (Hkkjrh; fojklr vkSj laLÑfr] fo'o dk bfrgkl ,oa Hkwxksy rFkk lekt)

250

iz'ui=k&3 lkekU; vè;;u&2 ('kklu O;oLFkk] lafoèkku] 'kklu iz.kkyh lkekftd U;k; rFkk varjkZ"Vªh; lacaèk)

250

iz'ui=k&4 lkekU; vè;;u&3 (izkS|ksfxdh] vkfFkZd fodkl] tSo fofoèkrk] i;kZoj.k] lqj{kk rFkk vkink izcaèku)

250

iz'ui=k&5 lkekU; vè;;u&4 (uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk] vkSj vfHk#fp)

250

iz'ui=k&6 oSdfYid fo"k; iz'ui=k&1 250

iz'ui=k&7 oSdfYid fo"k; iz'ui=k&2 250

DokfyiQkbax&1 vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk 300

DokfyiQkbax&2 fganh ;k lafoèkku dh 8oha vuqlwph esa 'kkfey dksbZ Hkk"kk

300

dqy vad 1750

(nksuksaDokfyiQkbaxiz'ui=kksadsvad;ksX;rkfuèkkZj.kesaughatksM+stkrsgSaA)

vkbZ-,-,l- (eq[; ijh{kk) esa lQyrk gsrq lVhd j.kuhfr

21Mains Series

o"kZ 2013 ls 2018 rd flfoy lsok eq[; ijh{kk esa lkekU; vè;;u ds iz'ui=kksa dk [k.Mokj ,oa vadokj oxhZdj.k

lkekU; vè;;u iz'u i=&1

Hkkjr ,oa fo'o dk bfrgkl

iz'uksa dh la[;k@vad 2018






Hkkjrh; fojklr ,oa laLÑfr

4 (50 vad) 1 (10 vad) 2 (25 vad) 2 (25 vad) 4 (40 vad) 3 (20 vad)

vkèkqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (Lora=krk ls iwoZ)

1 (10 vad) 5 (65 vad) 3 (37.5 vad) 2 (25 vad) 3 (30 vad) 4 (40 vad)

vkèkqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (Lora=krk ls i'pkr~)

1 (15 vad) – 1 (12.5 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) & 4 (40 vad)

fo'o bfrgkl – 1 (10 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) 2 (25 vad) 3 (30 vad) 4 (40 vad)

vad 75 vad 85 vad 87.5 vad 87.5 vad 100 vad 140 vad

Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa lkekftd leL;k,¡







Hkkjrh; lekt dh fo'ks"krk,¡

1 (10 vad) 2 (25 vad) & 1 (12.5 vad) 1 (10 vad) &

efgykvksa ls lacafèkr eqís 1 (15 vad) – & 1 (12.5 vad) 3 (30 vad) 1 (10 vad)

xjhch ,oa fodklkRed fo"k;

2 (25 vad) – 1 (12.5 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) – –

'kgjhdj.k – 1 (15 vad) 2 (25 vad) 2 (25 vad) – 1 (10 vad)

tula[;k – – & 2 (25 vad) – –

Hkkjrh; lekt ij Hkwe.Myhdj.k dk izHkko

1 (15 vad) – 1 (12.5 vad) – – 1 (10 vad)

laiznk;okn] {ks=kokn] èkeZfujis{krk

2 (25 vad) 1 (15 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) – 1 (10 vad) 1 (10 vad)

lkekftd l'kfDrdj.k – 1 (10 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) – –

vad 90 vad 65 vad 75 vad 100 vad 50 vad 40 vad

Hkkjr ,oa fo'o dk Hkwxksy







HkkSfrd Hkwxksy 2 (25 vad) 3 (40 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) 2 (25 vad) 2 (20 vad) 5 (30 vad)

izkÑfrd lalkèkuksa dk forj.k

2 (25 vad) 1 (10 vad) 5 (62.5 vad) 3 (37.5 vad) 2 (20 vad) 2 (20 vad)

Hkkjr ,oa fo'o esa m|ksxksa dks LFkkfir djus okys dkjd

2 (25 vad) 2 (25 vad) – – 3 (30 vad) 2 (10 vad)

egÙoiw.kZ Hkw&HkkSfrd ?kVuk,¡ (Hkwdai] lqukeh] Tokykeq[kh bR;kfn)

– 1 (15 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) – 2 (20 vad) 2 (10 vad)

HkkSxksfyd fo'ks"krk,¡ vkSj muds LFkku

1 (10 vad) 1 (10 vad) – – 1 (10 vad) –

vad 85 vad 100 vad 87.5 vad 62.5 vad 100 vad 70 vad

oqQy vad 250 250 250 250 250 250

« « « 2013&18 rd vkbZ-,-,l- (eq[; ijh{kk) esa iwNs x,----

22

n`fÔ ifCydsÓkUl

Mains Series


Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ,oa 'kklu O;oLFkk







Hkkjrh; lafoèkku (fo'ks"krk,¡ izkoèkku) Hkkjrh; laoSèkkfud ;kstuk dh vU; ns'kksa ls rqyuk

1 (15 vad) 2 (30 vad) 3 (37.5 vad) 2 (25 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) 2 (20 vad)

la?kh; <k¡ps ls lacafèkr fo"k; ,oa LFkkuh; 'kklu 2 (30 vad) 1 (10 vad) 2 (25 vad) 3 (37.5 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) 1 (10 vad)

foèkkf;dk ,oa tuizfrfufèkRo vfèkfu;e 1 (10 vad) 2 (25 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) – 1 (12.5 vad) 1 (10 vad)

dk;Zikfydk 1 (10 vad) – – – 2 (25 vad) –U;k;ikfydk 1 (15 vad) 1 (10 vad) – 1 (12.5 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) –fofHkUu ?kVdksa ds eè; 'kfDr dk i`FkDdj.k

– – – 1 (12.5 vad) – 1 (10 vad)

laoSèkkfud in rFkk laoSèkkfud fofèkd] fofu;ked ,oa vèkZ&U;kf;d fudk;

4 (45 vad) 2 (25 vad) 2 (25 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) 3 (30 vad)

yksdra=k esa flfoy lsok – 1 (15 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) – 1 (12.5 vad) –vad 125 vad 115 vad 112.5 vad 100 vad 100 vad 80 vad

'kklu iz.kkyh ,oa lkekftd U;k;







fodkl ds fy;s ljdkjh uhfr;k¡ ,oa fØ;kUo;u ls lacafèkr fo"k;

1 (10 vad) 3 (40 vad) – – 4 (50 vad) 1 (10 vad)

xSj ljdkjh laxBu] Lo;a lgk;rk lewg ,oa fofHkUu lewgksa dh fodkl izfØ;k esa Hkwfedk

– 2 (25 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) 3 (37.5 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) 2 (20 vad)

vfrlaosnu'khy oxks± ds fy;s pykbZ xbZ dY;k.kdkjh ;kstuk,¡

– 1 (10 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) – 1 (12.5 vad) 1 (10 vad)

ekuo lalkèku ls lacafèkr fo"k; 2 (25 vad) – 2 (25 vad) 2 (25 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) 2 (20 vad)

xjhch ,oa Hkw[k ls lacafèkr fo"k; 1 (15 vad) 1 (10 vad) – 1 (12.5 vad) – –

'kklu iz.kkyh ls lacafèkr fo"k;] ikjnf'kZrk] tokcnsgh] bZ&xous±l] flfV”ku pkVZj

2 (25 vad) – 3 (37.5 vad) 2 (25 vad) – 3 (30 vad)

vad 75 vad 85 vad 87.5 vad 100 vad 87.5 vad 90 vad

varjkZ"Vªh; lacaèk iz'uksa dh la[;k@vad 2018






Hkkjr ,oa blds iM+kslh ns'k 2 (20 vad) 1 (10 vad) – 2 (25 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) 6 (60 vad)

f}i{kh;] {ks=kh; ,oa oSf'od lewg] fodflr vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh uhfr;ksa dk Hkkjr ij izHkko] izoklh Hkkjrh;

1 (15 vad) 2 (30 vad) 2 (25 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) 1 (10 vad)

egÙoiw.kZ varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkku 1 (15 vad) 1 (10 vad) 2 (25 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) 3 (37.5 vad) 1 (10 vad)

vad 50 vad 50 vad 50 vad 50 vad 62.5 vad 80 vadoqQy vad 250 250 250 250 250

2013&18 rd vkbZ-,-,l- (eq[; ijh{kk) esa iwNs x,---- » » »

23

esUl lkWYOM isilZ

Mains Series


vFkZO;oLFkk iz'uksa dh la[;k@vad 2018






Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk] ;kstuk] lalkèku] fodkl] jks”kxkj ls lacafèkr eqís

2 (30 vad) 2 (20 vad) – 3 (37.5 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) –

lekos'kh fodkl 1 (10 vad) 1 (15 vad) 2 (25 vad) – 1 (12.5 vad) 1 (10 vad)

ctV 1 (10 vad) 1 (15 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) – – 3 (30 vad)

eq[; iQlysa] Ñf"k mRikn dk HkaMkj.k] ifjogu] flapkbZ] bZ&izkS|ksfxdh rFkk vU; lacafèkr fo"k; ,oa ckèkk,¡

3 (40 vad) 2 (25 vad) 2 (25 vad) 2 (25 vad) 2 (25 vad) –

izR;{k ,oa vizR;{k Ñf"k lgk;rk] tu forj.k iz.kkyh] [kk| lqj{kk

1 (10 vad) 1 (15 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) – 2 (20 vad)

[kk| izlaLdj.k ,oa lacafèkr m|ksx] i'kqikyu

– 1 (10 vad) – 2 (25 vad) – 1 (10 vad)

Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lqèkkj – – 1 (12.5 vad) – 1 (12.5 vad) 1 (10 vad)

mnkjhdj.k dk vFkZO;oLFkk ij izHkko] vkS|ksfxd uhfr

– 1 (15 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) – 1 (12.5 vad) 1 (10 vad)

cqfu;knh <k¡pk 1 (15 vad) – 2 (25 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) 1 (10 vad)

fuos'k ekWMy – 1 (10 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) 2 (25 vad) 3 (20 vad)

vad 115 vad 125 vad 137.5 vad 125 vad 112.5 vad 120 vad

foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh iz'uksa dh la[;k@vad 2018






foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh dk fodkl] vuqiz;ksx] lwpuk ,oa izkS|ksfxdh] varfj{k] jkscksfVDl bR;kfn] ckSf¼d laink ls lacafèkr fo"k;

1 (15 vad) 1 (10 vad) – 3 (37.5 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) 6 (45 vad)

foKku ,oa izk S|ksfxdh es a Hkkjrh;ksa dh miyfCèk;k¡] ns'kt :i ls izkS|ksfxdh dk fodkl

1 (10 vad) 2 (25 vad) 2 (25 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) 2 (25 vad) –

vad 25 vad 35 vad 25 vad 50 vad 37.5 vad 45 vadi;kZoj.k 4 (45 vad) 2 (25 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) 2 (25 vad) 3 (25 vad)

vkink izca/u 1 (15 vad) 1 (15 vad) 2 (25 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) 1 (10 vad)

lqj{kk iz'uksa dh la[;k@vad 2018






fodkl ,oa mxzokn ds chp lacaèk

1 (10 vad) – – 1 (12.5 vad) – 1 (10 vad)

vkarfjd lqj{kk dh pqukSfr;k¡] lkbcj lqj{kk] èku'kksèku

1 (15 vad) 2 (25 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) 2 (25 vad) 1 (12.5 vad) 3 (30 vad)

lhekorhZ {ks=kksa esa lqj{kk pqukSfr;k¡] laxfBr vijkèk ,oa vkradokn

2 (25 vad) 2 (25 vad) 3 (37.5 vad) – 4 (50 vad) 1 (10 vad)

lqj{kk cy vkSj laLFkku rFkk muds vfèkns'k

– – – 1 (12.5 vad) – –

vad 50 vad 50 vad 50 vad 50 vad 62.5 vad 50 vadoqQy vad 250 250 250 250 250 250


24

n`fÔ ifCydsÓkUl

Mains Series


uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk#fp







uhfr'kkL=k rFkk ekuoh; lg& lacaèk% ekuoh; fØ;kdykiksa es a uhfr'kkL=k dk lkj] fuèkkZjd] ifj.kke] vk;ke] lkoZtfud ,oa futh lacaèk esa uhfr'kkL=k] ewY; fodflr djus esa ifjokj lekt o f'k{k.k laLFkk,¡


vfHko`fÙk% lkjka'k] lajpuk] o`fÙk] fopkj vkpj.k esa bldk izHkko] uSfrd jktuhfrd vfHk#fp] lkekftd izHkko ,oa èkkj.k

– 1 (10 vad) 2 (20 vad) – 2 (20 vad) 1 (10 vad)

HkkokRed le>% voèkkj.kk rFkk iz'kklu esa mi;skx

– 1 (10 vad) 1 (10 vad) – 1 (10 vad) 3 (30 vad)

Hkkjr ,oa fo'o ds uSfrd fopkjd ,oa nk'kZfud


flfoy l sok d s fy; s vfHk#fp rFkk cqfu;knh ewY;% lR;fu"Bk] xSj rjiQnkjh] lsok ds izfr leiZ.k] de”kksj oxZ ds izfr lgkuqHkwfr


yksd iz'kklu esa yksd@flfoy lsok ewY; rFkk uhfr'kkL=k] ljdkjh ,oa futh laLFkku esa uSfrd fpark ,oa nqfoèkk] mÙkjnkf;Ro] varjkZ"Vªh; lacaèkksa ,oa fufèk O;oLFkk ds uSfrd eqís


'kklu O;oLFkk esa bZekunkjh] yksd lsok dh voèkkj.kk] lwpuk dk vfèkdkj] uhfrijd vkpkj lafgrk] ikjnf'kZrk] dk;ZlaLÑfr lsok dh xq.koÙkk] yksdfufèk] Hkz"Vkpkj


oqQy vad 250 250 250 250 250 250


25

esUl lkWYOM isilZ

Mains Series

2018

iz'u% Hkkjrh; dyk fojklr dk laj{k.k orZeku le; dh vko';drk gSA ppkZ dhft;sA (150 'kCn] 10 vad)

Safeguarding the Indian art heritage is the need of the moment. Discuss.

mÙkj% Hkkjr ,d le`¼ lkaLÑfrd fojklr okyk ns'k gS ftldh ewrZ rFkk vewrZ fojklr ds ekè;e ls ;gk¡ dh izkphu ijaijk] bfrgkl] dyk rFkk laLÑfr ds n'kZu gksrs gSaA ;s izkphu fojklr cgqeq[kh Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds lkFk&lkFk ;gk¡ ds le`¼ vrhr dh >yd Hkh izLrqr djrs gSaA

orZeku vkS|ksxhdhj.k rFkk miHkksDrkoknh laLÑfr ds dkj.k izkphu fojklr ij fo|eku ladViw.kZ fLFkfr dk gh ifj.kke gS fd jk"Vª ds Lrj ds lkFk gh varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij Hkh (;wusLdks ds }kjk) bu izkphu èkjksgjksa dks lajf{kr fd;s tkus dk dk;Z fd;k tk jgk gSA Hkkjr ds bu izkphu èkjksgjksa ds laj{k.k dh vko';drk ds lanHkZ esa fuEu fcanqvksa dks ns[kk tk ldrk gS%

Â� izkphu dyk o laLÑfr rFkk jk"Vªh; Lekjdkas ls jk"Vª dk xkSjo tqM+k gksrk gSA vr% xoZ dh vuqHkwfr lnSo izkphu èkjksgjksa dks lajf{kr djus ds fy;s izsfjr djrh gSA

Â� izkphu dykvksa rFkk gLrdykvksa dks lajf{kr fd;s tkus ij gh ;s Hkfo"; dh ihf<+;ksa dks LFkkukarfjr fd;s tk ldsaxsA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ;wusLdks us Hkkjr ds vewrZ èkjksgjksa dks fo'o fojklr lwph esa (iatkc ds ikjaifjd ihry ds crZu cukus dh dyk] NmQ u`R;] oSfnd ea=kksa dh ijaijk vkfn dks) lfEefyr djds laj{k.k dk iz;kl fd;k gSA

Â� izkphu dykvksa] tSlsµ fp=kdkjh] d'khnkdkjh] u`R;] laxhr vkfn dks laj{k.k ds ekè;e ls ns'k dh fofHkUu tutkfr;ksa rFkk fiNM+s oxks± ds vk; vtZu ds voljksa dks lqfuf'prrk Hkh iznku fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Â� izkphu lakLÑfrd èkjksgj ds laj{k.k ds ekè;e ls i;ZVu m|ksx dks Hkh xfr iznku dh tk ldrh gSA i;ZVu m|ksx dks c<+kok fn;s tkus ls ,d rjiQ fons'kh i;ZVd tgk¡ ns'k ds fons'kh eqnzk HkaMkj esa o`f¼ djrs gS ogha nwljh rjiQ ns'kh i;ZVdksa ds ekè;e ls jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k dh voèkkj.kk dks cy iznku fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Â� vfu;ksftr rFkk vaèkkèkqaèk fodkl dh pkg us izkphu Lekjdksa dks {kfr igq¡pkus esa eq[; Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA rktegy dks vkxjk ds vkS|ksfxd iznw"k.k rFkk vEy o"kkZ ls gksus okys uqdlku ls cpkuk vkt ds le; dh lokZfèkd egÙoiw.kZ vko';drk gSA

mi;qZDr fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gS fd Hkkjr dh izkphu dyk o fojklr dks lajf{kr fd;k tkuk vfr vko';d gSA bl lanHkZ esa Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds vuqPNsn 49 rFkk 51d(p) dks ns[kk tk ldrk gS tks Hkkjr dh lkekfld laLÑfr dh xkSjo'kkyh ijaijk ds laj{k.k rFkk ifjj{k.k dk vkn'kZ izLrqr djrs gSaA blds vykok gky gh esa i;ZVu ea=kky; }kjk iqjkrkfÙod LFkyksa ds fodkl] lapkyu rFkk j[kj[kko dks futh {ks=k ds ekè;e ls fd;s tkus gsrq eseksjsaMe vkWiQ vaMjLVsafMax ;kstuk rFkk vkokl ,oa 'kgjh fodkl ea=kky; }kjk ân; ;kstuk dks fØ;kfUor fd;k tk jgk gSA blds lkFk gh Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk vewrZ fojklr ds laj{k.k gsrq vewrZ lkaLÑfrd fojklr vkSj Hkkjr dh fofoèk lkaLÑfrd ijaijkvksa dh j{kk* ;kstuk dks ykxw fd;k tk jgk gSA

iz'u% Hkkjr ds bfrgkl dh iqujZpuk esa phuh vkSj vjch ;kf=k;ksa ds o`Ùkkarksa ds egÙo dk vkdyu dhft;sA (150 'kCn] 10 vad)

Assess the importance of the accounts of the Chinese and Arab travelers in the reconstruction of the history of India.

mÙkj% Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds iqufuZekZ.k esa fons'kh ;kf=k;ksa ds o`Ùkkar egÙoiw.kZ gSaA bu fons'kh ;kf=k;ksa esa phuh vkSj vjch ys[kdksa ds o`Ùkkar dkiQh egÙo j[krs gSaA buds fooj.kksa ls Hkkjr ds rkRdkfyd bfrgkl ij prqfnZd izdk'k iM+rk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd buds o`Ùkkarksa dk mi;ksx djus ij vrhr dks u, n`f"Vdks.k ls ns[kuk laHko gqvkA

phu esa ckS¼ èkeZ ds izlkj ds pyrs Hkkjr ,oa phu ds chp lacaèk izxk<+ gks x;k FkkA bl rjg èkkfeZd lacaèk LFkkfir gksus ds dkj.k vusd phuh ;k=kh ckS¼ èkeZ] lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr dk vè;;u djus ds fy;s rFkk izeq[k ckS¼ rhFkZ LFkyksa ds n'kZukFkZ Hkkjr vk,A bueas iQkfg;ku] àsulkax] bfRlax vkfn ds uke mYys[kuh; gSaA phuh ys[kdksa esa ,sfrgkfld tkudkjh ds n`f"Vdks.k ls iQkfg;ku dk uke egÙoiw.kZ gSA og panzxqIr f}rh; ds 'kkludky esa Hkkjr vk;kA ;|fi vius ;k=kk o`Ùkkar esa mlus ckS¼ èkeZ ls lacafèkr ckrksa ij vfèkd izdk'k Mkyk gS rFkkfi izlaxo'k lkekftd rFkk vU; ckrksa] tSls& eè; izns'k ds lanHkZ eas foLr`r mYys[k fd;k gSA blds xzaFk ls gesa xqIrdkyhu Hkkjr ds ckjs esa tkudkjh feyrh gSA blh rjg àsulkax] g"kZoèkZu dkyhu Hkkjr

lkekU; vè;;u&1

Hkkjrh; fojklr ,oa laLd`fr


33

esUl lkWYOM isilZ

Mains Series

2018

iz'u% orZeku le; esa egkRek xk¡èkh ds fopkjksa ds egÙo ij izdk'k Mkfy;sA (150 'kCn] 10 vad)

Throw light on the significance of the thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi in the present times.

mÙkj% Hkkjrh; Lora=krk vkanksyu esa xkaèkhth dh fopkjèkkjk dk xgjk izHkko FkkA oLrqr% xkaèkhth dh fopkjèkkjk dk lS¼kafrd vkèkkj lR; vkSj vfgalk FkkA orZeku lanHkZ esa muds ds fopkjksa dk O;kid egÙo ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

xkaèkhth us lR;] vfgalk vkSj v}Sr dh ewy Hkkouk dks lkdkj djus ds fy;s loksZn; lacaèkh voèkkj.kk dk izfriknu fd;kA loksZn; dk vk'k; lHkh dk] lHkh izdkj ls mRFkku ;k dY;k.k ls gS vFkkZr~ ;gk¡ tkfr] èkeZ] oxZ] leqnk;] fyax] laifÙk] tUe LFkku vkfn ds vkèkkj ij fdlh Hkh izdkj ds HksnHkko dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k tkrk gSA loksZn; ds fofHkUu vk;keksa dks vèkksfyf[kr fcanqvksa ds rgr ns[kk tk ldrk gS&

�ÂvkfFkZd i{k% xkaèkhth lHkh O;fDr;kas ds Je djus ij cy nsrs gSa rkfd mudk vkfFkZd fodkl lqfuf'pr gks ldsA fiQj os lHkh ds Je dh dher ,oa egÙkk dks leku :i ls Lohdkj djrs gSaA os vkfFkZd U;k; gsrq VªLVhf'ki ds fl¼kar dk izfriknu djrs gSa ftlds vuq:i èkuh O;fDr dks mruh gh laifÙk dk mi;ksx djuk pkfg;s ftruh mldks vko';drk gSA 'ks"k laifÙk dk mi;ksx mls lektfgr esa djuk pkfg;sA fiQj os Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa y?kq ,oa dqVhj m|ksx dk leFkZu djrs gSaA

�Âlkekftd fopkj% xkaèkhth us vkn'kZ lekt dh LFkkiuk ij cy fn;k ftlesa vizkÑfrd] mQ¡p&uhp dk Hkko] vLi`';rk] NqvkNwr] L=kh&iq#"k Hksn u gksA ;|fi os o.kZ O;oLFkk dk leFkZu djrs gSa rFkkfi mls dsoy O;fDr ds vkfFkZd thou ,oa vkthfodk izkfIr ls lacafèkr djrs gSA xkaèkhth lHkh {ks=kksa esa fL=k;ksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ij cy nsrs gSaA

�Âjktuhfrd i{k% xkaèkhth] Fkksjks ds bl fopkj ls lger gSa fd loksZÙke ljdkj og gS tks lcls de 'kklu djrh gSA xkaèkhth lÙkk dk fodsanzhdj.k] jkT; ds U;wure dk;Z{ks=k dk leFkZu djrs gSa tcfd jkT; dh izeq[krk dk [kaMu djrs gSaA

�ÂèkkfeZd i{k% xkaèkhth èkkfeZd :f<+okfnrk] èkkfeZd dV~Vjrk ,oa èkek±èkrk ds fojksèkh gSaA mudk èkeZ ls vk'k; lHkh èkeks± esa varfuZfgr] ewy 'kk'or rÙo ls gS tks leLr ekuoksa ds dY;k.k dk gsrq gSA os loZèkeZ leHkko dh vko';drk dks Lohdkj djrs gSaA

xkaèkhth lkèku ,oa lkè; dh ifo=krk ij cy nsrs gSaA muds

vkuqlkj lkèku ,oa lkè; eas vfo;ksT; lacaèk gSA blh rjg o vfgalk

dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd eu] opu vkSj deZ ls fdlh

dk veaxy u gksus nsuk gh vfgalk gSA mudk ekuuk gS fd lekt esa

ifjorZu jDriw.kZ Økafr ls ugha cfYd vfgalkRed i¼fr ls laHko gSA

orZeku esa ekWc fyafpax] lkaiznkf;d ,oa tkrh; la?k"kZ] vLi`';rk]

SC/ST ls lacafèkr leL;k,¡] csjks”kxkjh vkfn ds fujkdj.k esa xkaèkhth

ds fopkjksa dk O;kid egÙo ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

2017

iz'u% lqLi"V dhft;s fd eè; vBkjgoha 'krkCnh dk Hkkjr

fo[kafMr jkT;ra=k dh Nk;k ls fdl izdkj xzflr FkkA

(150 'kCn] 10 vad)

Clarify how mid-eighteenth century India was beset with the spectre in the a fragmented polity.

mÙkj% eè;dky esa eqxyksa }kjk yxHkx lewps ns'k dks ,d lw=k

esa ckaèk fn;k x;k Fkk ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i Hkkjrh; lkezkT; vBkjgoha

'krkCnh ds izkjaHk rd fLFkj cuk jgk] fdarq vkSjax”ksc dh e`R;q ds ckn

eqxy lkezkT; rs”kh ls fc[kjus yxk vkSj vBkjgoha 'krkCnh ds eè;

rd vkrs&vkrs ns'k {ks=kh; jkT;ksa esa c¡V x;kA

caxky esa eqf'kZn dqyh [kk¡ vkSj mlds mÙkjkfèkdkfj;ksa] gSnjkckn esa

fpu fdfyp [kk¡ rFkk voèk esa lvknr [kk¡ ds usr`Ro esa Lora=k {ks=kh;

jkT;ksa dh LFkkiuk gqbZA ;s {ks=kh; jkT; eqxy dsanzh; lÙkk dh {kh.k gksrh

'kfDr ds ifj.kkeLo:i mHkjdj vk,A ;gh ugha] vBkjgoha 'krkCnh ds

mÙkjk¼Z esa Hkh dukZVd vkSj eSlwj tSlh {ks=kh; 'kfDr;ksa dk mn; gqvkA

dukZVd èkhjs&èkhjs eqxy lwcsnkjksa ds dC”ks ls fudy x;k Fkk vkSj 1761

esa gSnj vyh us eSlwj ds jktk ls xn~nh Nhudj jkT; ij vfèkdkj dj

fy;kA bu {ks=kh; 'kfDr;ksa ds mHkjus esa vaxzs”kksa rFkk vU; ;wjksih;

'kfDr;ksa ds vkilh la?k"kks± dh Hkh Hkwfedk jghA vBkjgoha 'krkCnh esa

gh iatkc esa fl[k] jktLFkku esa jktiwr rFkk egkjk"Vª o eè; Hkkjr esa

ejkBs Hkh ,d izeq[k jktuhfrd 'kfDr ds :i esa e”kcwr gks jgs FksA

vBkjgoha lnh ds vafre nkSj esa iatkc esa egkjktk j.kthr flag us ,d

'kfDr'kkyh jkT; dh LFkkiuk dhA

bl izdkj vBkjgoha lnh esa Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd ,drk fo[kafMr

gks xbZ vkSj ;gh jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk varr% Hkkjr esa vaxzs”kh fot;

dk dkj.k lkfcr gqbZA

vkèkqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (Lora=rk ds iwoZ)


42

n`fÔ ifCydsÓkUl

Mains Series

2018

iz'u% ppkZ djsa fd D;k gky ds le; esa u, jkT;ksa dk fuekZ.k] Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy;s ykHkizn gS ;k ugha gSA (250 'kCn] 15 vad)

Discuss whether formation of new states in recent times is beneficial or not for the economy of India.

mÙkj% Hkkjr esa Lora=krk i'pkr~ gh u, jkT;ksa dh ekax 'kq: gks xbZ Fkh] gkyk¡fd ml le; u, jkT;ksa dh ekax dk dkj.k ^Hkk"kk;h vkèkkj* FkkA orZeku esa Hkh Hkkjr ds fofHkUu {ks=kksa] tSls& xksj[kkySaM] cqansy[kaM bR;kfn u, jkT; ds fuekZ.k dh ekax dj jgs gSaA fofHkUu fo}kuksa dk er gS fd u, jkT;ksa ds xBu ls csgrj 'kklUk&iz'kklu ds vykok jkT; ds lalkèkuksa ds leqfpr mi;ksx ls ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks ykHk gksxkA tcfd vkykspdksa dk er gS fd u, jkT;ksa ds xBu ls ns'k ds lalkèkuksa dk viO;; gksxk] tks Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy;s izfrdwy gksxkA

oLrqr% u, jkT;ksa dk xBu Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy;s fuEufyf[kr :i ls ykHkizn gS&

�Âu, jkT;ksa ds xBu ls jkT;ksa dk vkdkj NksVk gksxk] ftlls 'kklu ,oa iz'kklu dk lqxe lapkyu ds lkFk gh n{krk esa o`f¼ gksxh_ tks varr% jkT; ds fodkl ds lkFk gh ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa ykHkizn gksxkA

�ÂcM+k jkT; gksus dh fLFkfr esa dbZ ckj dksbZ {ks=k izkÑfrd lalkèkuksa ls vR;fèkd laiUu gksus ds ckotwn 'kklu dh xyr uhfr;ksa ds dkj.k vkfFkZd&lkekftd fodkl esa fiNM+k jg tkrk gSA u, jkT;ksa ds xBu ls ;g leL;k csgrj 'kklu igq¡p ls nwj gksxh rFkk jkT; ds lHkh {ks=kksa dk lekos'kh fodkl gksxkA

�Âu, jkT; ds xBu ds dkj.k ml jkT; esa u`tkrh; la?k"kZ ,oa {ks=kokn tSlh jk"Vª fojksèkh leL;kvksa dk lekèkku laHko gks ik,xk] iQyr% ukxfjdksa esa jk"Vªokn dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gksxkA jk"Vªokn ds lapkj ds dkj.k ukxfjd ns'k dh vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;ksa esa leqfpr Hkkxhnkjh djds Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh xfr dks rhoz dj ldrs gSaA

�Âu, jkT;ksa ds xBu ls 'kklu dh ;kstukvksa dks lgh ykHkkfFkZ;ksa rd igq¡pkdj jkT; esa fo|eku fo"kerk dks de fd;k tk ldrk gSA jkT; esa ekStwn fo"kerk vyxkookn] uDlyokn] mxzokn tSlh fgald xfrfofèk;ksa esa lg;ksxh gksrh gS] ftlls ns'k dh vkarfjd lqj{kk izHkkfor gksrh gSA u, jkT;ksa ds xBu ls csgrj vkarfjd lqj{kk ds ekè;e ls mi;qZDr xfrfofèk;ksa dks lekIr ;k de djds fuos'kdksa dks vkdf"kZr fd;k tk ldrk gS tks ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy;s

ykHkizn gksxkA blds vfrfjDr gfj;k.kk] mÙkjk[kaM tSls jkT;ksa dh lao`f¼ gesa bl fn'kk dh vksj izksRlkfgr djrh gSA

fdarq] flDds dk nwljk igyw ;g Hkh gS fd u, jkT;ksa dk xBu Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy;s fujis{k :i ls ykHkizn gks] ;g ”k:jh ugha gS_ ftls fuEufyf[kr fcanqvksa ds varxZr le> ldrs gSa&

�Âu, jkT;ksa ds xBu ls vyx&vyx iz'kklfud Hkou vkSj dk;kZy;ksa dh LFkkiuk djuh iMs+xh] ftlls ns'k dks vfrfjDr O;; djuk iM+sxkA

�ÂjkT;ksa ds xBu ds le; lalkèkukas ds c¡Vokjs ds Øe esa ,d jkT; dks lalkèku de izkIr gks ldrs gSa] ftlls og jkT; fiNM+k gh jg tk,xkA

�Âu, jkT;ksa ds xBu ds i'pkr~ ewy jkT; ls fofHkUu lalkèkuksa tSlsµ unh] ”kehu bR;kfn ij fookn mRiUu gksrs jgrs gSa ftuls fofHkUu ^vfèkdj.kksa* dk fuekZ.k ,oa fookn lekèkku ra=k cukus gksrs gSa] ftlls vR;fèkd O;; c<+rk gSA

�Âu, jkT;ksa ds xBu ls ukxfjdksa ds eè; dVqrk] }s"k ,oa fgalk dh Hkkouk c<+rh gS vkSj lalkèkukas ,oa ljdkjh bekjrksa dks uqdlku igq¡pk;k tkrk gS] tks ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ,oa izxfr ds izfrdwy gSA

�Âu, jkT;ksa dk xBu ;fn fodklkRed dk;ks± dks c<+kok nsus ds fy;s fd;k tk jgk gS] rks ;g mfpr gS fdarq vxj jktuhfrd ykHk ,oa oksVcSad ds fy;s fd;k tk jgk gS rks blls ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ij izfrdwy izHkko iM+sxkA

fu"d"kZr% u, jkT;ksa ds xBu ls Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk ij ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed nksuksa izHkko ifjyf{kr gksrs gSaA vr% u, jkT;ksa ds xBu dks ysdj fo'ks"k lkoèkkuh cjrus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg;sA oLrqr% jkT;ksa ds xBu ls gh ml {ks=k dk fodkl laHko ugha gS] cfYd 'kklu dk lqpk# lapkyu ,oa uhfr;ksa ds leqfpr fØ;kUo;u ls jkT;ksa dk leqfpr fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj varr% ns'k dk vkfFkZd fodkl lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

2016

iz'u% D;k Hkk"kkbZ jkT;ksa ds xBu us Hkkjrh; ,drk ds mís'; dks e”kcwrh iznku dh gS\ (200 'kCn] 12½ vad)

Has the formation of linguistic States strengthened the cause of Indian Unity?

mÙkj% Lora=krk ds i'pkr~ gh Hkkjr ds lkeus Hkk"kk ds vkèkkj ij jkT;ksa ds iquxZBu dk loky vk [kM+k gqvkA ;g jk"Vª dh ,drk vkSj lesdu dk egÙoiw.kZ igyw FkkA

vkèkqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (Lora=rk ds i'pkr~)


47

esUl lkWYOM isilZ

Mains Series

2017

iz'u% ey; izk;}hi esa mifuos'k mUewyu ds izØe esa lfUufgr D;k&D;k leL;k,¡ Fkha\ (150 'kCn] 10 vad)

What problems were germane to the decolonization process in the Malay Peninsula?

mÙkj% f}rh; fo'o;q¼ ds ckn mifuos'kokn dk rs”kh ls var gqvkA 1975 rd vkrs&vkrs vfèkdka'k ns'kks a esa jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa dks lÙkk lkSai nh xbZ vkSj mifuos'kks a ls u, jk"Vªks a dk tUe gqvkA

f}rh; fo'o;q¼ ds nkSjku ey; izk;}hi esa 'kkfey cekZ] FkkbySaM] eysf'k;k] flaxkiqj vkfn ns'kksa ds vfèkdka'k {ks=kksa ij tkiku us vfèkdkj LFkkfir dj fy;k FkkA 1945 esa bl {ks=k dks tkiku ls eqDr djkus ds ckn fczfV'k ljdkj bls Lora=krk iznku djus ds ekxZ ij vkxs c<+h tgk¡ mls fuEufyf[kr leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+kµ

Â� bl {ks=k esa eyk;k rFkk phuh ewy ds yksxksa ds eè; izfr}af}rk dh leL;k ekStwn FkhAÂ� ;gk¡ Hkkjrh; rFkk ;wjksih; ewy dh tula[;k dkiQh vfèkd FkhAÂ� ;gk¡ ukS fj;klrsa Fkha] ftuesa ls izR;sd ,d lqYrku }kjk 'kkflr FkhAÂ� izR;sd fj;klr esa mlds LFkkuh; ekeyksa dk iz'kklu djus ds fy;s ,d Lora=k foèkkueaMy dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ rFkk loksZPp fu;a=k.k ds fy;s ,d dsUnzh; ljdkj cukbZ xbZ] ysfdu flaxkiqj dks vHkh Hkh ,d mifuos'k dk gh ntkZ fn;k x;kAÂ� lkE;oknh fonzksfg;ksa }kjk fgalk iSQykus ds dkj.k fczfV'k ljdkj dks 1960 rd vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk djuh iM+hA varr% rqdw vcqy jgeku us xSj&lkE;okfn;ksa rFkk cgqla[;d ey; rFkk Hkkjrh; ewy ds yksxksa dk leFkZu gkfly dj fy;k] blh Øe esa 1957 esa fczVsu us lÙkk gLrkarj.k dj fn;kA 1963 esa eysf'k;kbZ la?k dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ_ vkjEHk esa flaxkiqj bl la?k esa 'kkfey gqvk ckn esa blls vyx gks x;kA 'ks"k leLr eysf'k;kbZ la?k vkt rd v{kq..k cuk gqvk gSA

2016

iz'u% if'peh vizQhdk eas mifuos'k&fojksèkh la?k"kZ dks ik'pkR;&f'kf{kr vizQhfd;ksa ds uolaHkzkar oxZ ds }kjk usr`Ro iznku fd;k x;k FkkA ijh{k.k dhft;sA (200 'kCn] 12½ vad)

The anti-colonial struggles in West Africa were led by the new elite of Western-educated Africans. Examine.

mÙkj% 19oha lnh ds var rFkk 20oha lnh ds izkjafHkd o"kks± esa yxHkx iwjk if'peh vizQhdk (ukbthfj;k] lsusxy] fxuh] ?kkuk vkfn)_ ;wjksih; 'kfDr;k¡& izQk¡l] fczVsu] Lisu] iqrZxky vkfn ds chp c¡V pqdk FkkA bu 'kfDr;ksa }kjk vius&vius izHkko {ks=kksa esa

vkSifuosf'kd ra=k dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ] ftlds ekè;e ls bl {ks=k dh turk dk fueZe 'kks"k.k vkjaHk gqvkA

izFke fo'o ;q¼ ds ckn ds o"kks± esa] ,f'k;k rFkk vizQhdk ds vU; {ks=kksa dh Hkk¡fr if'peh vizQhdk esa Hkh jk"Vªokn dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gqvkA f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ ds i'pkr~ oSf'od ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds iQyLo:i ;g Hkkouk vkSj Hkh vfèkd izcy gqbZA jk"Vªokn dh Hkkouk ds fodkl rFkk vkSifuosf'kd 'kks"k.k o mRihM+u ds f[+kykiQ c<+rs gq, fojksèk us if'peh vizQhdh {ks=k esa mifuos'kokn fojksèkh la?k"kksZa ds mHkjus dk ekxZ iz'kLr fd;kA bu la?k"kks± dks ik'pkR; f'kf{kr vizQhfd;ksa ds uolaHkzkar oxZ ds }kjk usr`Ro iznku fd;k x;kA

bu uolaHkzkar oxZ ds uo;qodksa us ik'pkR; ns'kksa esa viuh f'k{kk izkIr dh] ftlds iQyLo:i os uohu fopkjksa] n'kZu]vkSj jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa ls ifjfpr gq,A blh Øe esa os yksdra=k] lekurk vkSj Lora=krk tSls ik'pkR; izxfr'khy fopkjksa ds laidZ esa Hkh vk,A os fo'ks"kdj ^vkRefu.kZ; ds fl¼kar* tSls fopkjksa ls ifjfpr FksA bu lcds iQyLo:i muesa mifuos'kokn fojksèkh psruk dk fodkl gqvk] ftlus mUgsa if'peh vizQhdk esa mifuos'kokn fojksèkh la?k"kZ dks usr`Ro iznku djus ds fy;s izsfjr fd;kA

,sls gh ,d ik'pkR; f'kf{kr uo;qod Dokes UØqek (Kwame Nkrumah) Fks] ftUgksaus fczVsu vkSj vesfjdk esa f'k{kk izkIr dh FkhA mUgksaus ?kkuk (rc xksYM dksLV ds uke ls tkuk tkrk Fkk) esa laoSèkkfud rjhdksa ls py jgs Lora=krk la?k"kZ dk usr`Ro fd;kA mUgksaus viuh ikVhZ dUos'ku ihiqYl ikVhZ rFkk dqN VªsM ;wfu;uksa dh lgk;rk ls vkSifuosf'kd ljdkj ij ncko cuk;k] ftlds iQyLo:i laoSèkkfud lqèkkjksa dh ?kks"k.kk gqbZ vkSj pquko esa mudh ikVhZ us Hkkjh thr n”kZ dh] tks vkSifuosf'kd ljdkj ij ncko cukus esa l{ke FkhA blds dkj.k 1957 esa ?kkuk if'peh vizQhdk esa Lora=krk ikus okyk izFke ns'k cukA

nwljh rjiQ if'peh vizQhdk ds dqN vU; {ks=kksa esa Lora=krk izkfIr ds fy;s xSj&laoSèkkfud rjhdksa dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k x;kA iqrZxky esa f'kf{kr ;qod vfeYdj dcjky (Amilcar Cabral) us fxuh&fclkmQ esa iqrZxkyh vkSifuosf'kd 'kkklu ds fo#¼ xqfjYyk ;q¼ dk usr`Ro fd;kA ;|fi vfeYdj dcjky iqrZxkyh lsuk }kjk idM+k vkSj ekj Mkyk x;k] rFkkfi mlus ckn ds la?k"kks± dks izsj.kk nh vkSj varr% fxuh&fclkmQ Lora=k gks x;kA blh izdkj UukEnh vftfdos (Nnamdi Azikiwe), ftUgksaus vesfjdk ls f'k{kk izkIr dh Fkh] us ukbthfj;k esa mifuos'kokn fojksèkh la?k"kZ dk usr`Ro fd;kA muds iz;klksa ls 1960 esa ukbthfj;k Lora=k gqvkA

ik'pkR; f'k{kk izkIr ,d vU; ;qod rksokyksmQ gksm,uksmQ us (Tovalou Houenou) izQk¡l esa dkuwu dh mikfèk o fpfdRlk çf'k{k.k çkIr fd;kA bUgksaus if'peh vizQhdh {ks=k esa uLyHksn dk fojksèk fd;k rFkk uhxzks vkanksyu dh uhao MkyhA muds ys[ku us if'peh vizQhdh {ks=k ds mifuos'kokn fojksèkh la?k"kZ dks izsj.kk iznku dhA

fo'o bfrgkl


53

esUl lkWYOM isilZ

Mains Series

2018

iz'u% ¶tkfr O;oLFkk ubZ&ubZ igpkuksa vkSj lgpkjh :iksa dks /kj.k dj jgh gSA vr% Hkkjr esa tkfr O;oLFkk dk mUewyu ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA¸ fVIi.kh dhft;sA (150 'kCn] 10 vad)

“Caste system is assuming new identities and associational forms. Hence, caste system cannot be eradicated in India.” Comment.

mÙkj% Hkkjrh; lekt esa tkfr O;oLFkk lfn;ksa ls fo|eku jgh gSA ;g O;oLFkk tUe ds vkèkkj ij yksxksa dks lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd ,oa lkaLÑfrd fo'ks"kkfèkdkj iznku djrh gSA MkW- vacsMdj] n;kuan ljLorh] T;ksfrck iwQys rFkk isfj;kj tSls lkekftd fpard tkfr O;oLFkk ds fouk'k ds i{kèkj jgs gSa] fdarq ;g tkfr O;oLFkk ^ubZ lnh esa ubZ fo'ks"krkvksa* ds lkFk mfnr gks jgh gSA

tkfr O;oLFkk dh ubZ&ubZ igpkuksa vkSj blds lgpkjh :iksa ij ;fn fopkj djsa rks ;g orZeku esa fuEufyf[kr :iksa esa ns[kh tk ldrh gS&

�ÂHkkjrh; yksdra=k esa tkfrxr jktuhfr ds mHkkj us tkrh; igpku o tkrh; laxBuksa dks egÙoiw.kZ cuk fn;k gSA ftlls tkfr O;oLFkk dks uohu 'kfDr feyh gSA

�Âviekutud tkfrxr vH;klksa] tSlsµ eafnj izos'k ls jksduk] lkoZtfud LFkyksa ij izfrcaèk yxkuk vkfn us Hkh tkfr O;oLFkk esa fuEu dgh tkus okyh tkfr;ksa dks laxfBr gksus ds fy;s mRizsfjr fd;k gSA ;g Hkh tkfr O;oLFkk n~okjk vftZr ,d ubZ igpku gSA

�Âtkfr vkèkkfjr vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk us Hkh tkfr O;oLFkk ds varxZr tkrh; igpku dks mi;ksxh cuk fn;k gSA

bl izdkj tkfrxr vkanksyuksa ds varxZr rFkk tkfr;ksa dh 'kfDr&laiUuhdj.k dh izfd;k esa tkfr O;oLFkk ubZ&ubZ igpkuksa ,oa lgpkjh :iksa dks èkkj.k dj jgh gS ftlls ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd bldk mUewyu ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

fdarq csgrj lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa jktuhfrd voljksa dh mifLFkfr tkfr O;oLFkk ds caèkuksa dks de”kksj dj ldrh gSA bu voljksa dh csgrj mifLFkfr tkfr vkèkkfjr vkj{k.k dh c<+rh ekax rFkk tkrh; la?k"kZ tSlh leL;kvksa dks lekIr dj ldrh gSA bl Øe esa Hkkjrh; lekt esa tkfr vkèkkfjr vfHko`fÙk esa Hkh jpukRed ifjorZu djus ds fy;s lkekftd vkanksyuksa dh ”k:jr gSA

è;krO; gS fd ,sls voljksa ds l`tu gsrq Hkkjrh; yksdra=k] lekt ,oa lafoèkku lnSo ls iz;kljr Hkh jgk gSA dkS'ky fodkl] m|ferk dks izksRlkgu] lekt lqèkkj vkanksyu] Ñf"k fodkl rFkk iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dk fodkl ,sls iz;klksa dk gh ifj.kke gSA

vr% Hkkjr esa ubZ&ubZ igpkukas ,oa lgpkjh :iksa ds lkFk tkfr O;oLFkk dk mfnr gksuk lR; gS fdarq lekos'kh fodkl dh izfØ;k] tkfr ds izfr lkekftd vfHko`fÙk eas yksdrkaf=kd ifjorZu ,oa vartkZrh; fookg tSls iz;klksa dh lgt Lohdk;Zrk ls can tkfr O;oLFkk dk mUewyu fd;k tk ldrk gSA

iz'u% ^Hkkjr dh ljdkj }kjk fuèkZurk mUewyu ds fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa ds fØ;kUo;u ds ckotwn] fuèkZurk vHkh Hkh fo|eku gSA* dkj.k izLrqr djrs gq, Li"V dhft;sA (150 'kCn] 10 vad)

‘Despite implementation of various programmes for eradication of poverty by the government in India, poverty is still existing.’ Explain by giving reasons.

mÙkj% fuèkZurk og fLFkfr gS tc euq"; viuh ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ugha dj ikrs gSaA bl fLFkfr ds dkj.k lekt esa ,d oxZ Hkw[k] oqQiks"k.k] vLoLFkrk] vi;kZIr vkokl] vlqjf{kr i;kZoj.k rFkk lkekftd HksnHkko tSlh vekuoh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls f?kjk gksrk gSA bUgha udkjkRed okrkoj.k ls lekt ds fuèkZu rcds dks ckgj fudkyus gsrq Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk vk”kknh ds ckn ls gh vusd fuèkZurk dk;ZozQe pyk, x, tks vkt Hkh fuèkZurk mUewyu gsrq fozQ;kfUor fd;s tk jgs gSaA

xjhch fuokj.k gsrq fd;s x, ljdkjh iz;klksa esa lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh] vaR;ksn; vUu ;kstuk] vUuiw.kkZ ;kstuk] eujsxk] Hkkjr fuekZ.k ;kstuk] jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k LokLF; fe'ku] jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k vkthfodk fe'ku] izèkkuea=kh vkokl ;kstuk] izèkkuea=kh dkS'ky fodkl ;kstuk] izèkkuea=kh xjhc dY;k.k ;kstuk vkfn dk fozQ;kUo;u fd;k tk jgk gSA

è;krO; gS fd vk”kknh ds ckn ls gh xjhch fuokj.k gsrq fd;s x, iz;klksa ds ckotwn rsanqydj lfefr }kjk izLrqr vk¡dM+ksa ds vuqlkj o"kZ 2011-12 rd ns'k esa 21.9% vkcknh xjhch js[kk ls uhps thou;kiu dj jgh FkhA fuèkZurk ds orZeku esa Hkh cus jgus ds dkj.kksa ds varxZr fuEu fcanqvksa dks le>k tk ldrk gS%&

�ÂHkkjr esa fuèkZurk ds fo|eku gksus dk eq[; dkj.k fuèkZurk nq"pozQ dh mifLFkfr gSA xjhch dh fo|ekurk us f'k{kk dh deh rFkk LokLF; ds izfr mnklhurk dks lekt esa cuk, j[kk ftlls ,d rjiQ tula[;k fu;a=k.k ij xjhc ifjokjksa }kjk è;ku ugha fn;k x;k rks nwljh rjiQ dkS'ky;qDr jks”kxkj ds izfr v;ksX;rk us xjhc O;fDr dh vxyh ih<+h dks xjhc cuk, j[kus esa viuh udkjkRed Hkwfedk dk fuokZg fd;kA

�Âljdkjh dk;ZozQeksa ds fozQ;kUo;u esa fo|eku =kqfV;ksa (ykyiQhrk'kkgh] Hkz"Vkpkj] dkykck”kkjh) us Hkh ;kstukvksa ds ykHk dks okafNr O;fDr;ksa rd igq¡pkus esa ckèkk,¡ mRiUu dh gSaA orZeku esa izR;{k ykHk varj.k ds ekè;e ls bu =kqfV;ksa dks de djus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA

Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa lkekftd leL;k,¡


71

esUl lkWYOM isilZ

Mains Series

2018

iz'u% Hkkjrh; izknsf'kd ukSifjogu mixzg iz.kkyh (vkbZ- vkj- ,u- ,l- ,l-) dh vko';drk D;ksa gS\ ;g ukSifjogu esa fdl izdkj lgk;d gS\ (150 'kCn] 10 vad)

Why is Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) needed? How does it help in navigation?

mÙkj% Hkkjrh; izknsf'kd ukSifjogu mixzg iz.kkyh (vkbZ-vkj-,u-,l-,l-)] Hkkjrh; varfj{k vuqlaèkku laxBu (bljks) }kjk fodflr ,d {ks=kh; Lok;Ùk mixzg ukSogu iz.kkyh gSA ;g viuh ifjfèk esa 1500 fdeh- ds {ks=k dks doj djrh gSA Hkkjr ds izèkkuea=kh us bldk uke ns'k ds eNqokjksa dks lefiZr djrs gq, ukfod (NAVIC-Navigation with Indian Constellation) j[kk gSA

Hkkjr nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k dk lcls egÙoiw.kZ ,oa vxz.kh ns'k gSA fgan egklkxj esa bldh lkefjd ,oa okf.kfT;d fLFkfr dks ns[krs gq, bls viuh lhekvksa dh lqj{kk ,oa vkarfjd lqj{kk O;oLFkk dks e”kcwr cuk, j[kus ds fy;s viuh [kqn dh izHkkoh mixzg vkèkkfjr fuxjkuh iz.kkyh dh vko';drk Fkh pw¡fd vHkh Hkkjr vesfjdh ^thih,l* dk bLrseky dj jgk gS tks iwjh rjg ls vesfjdh fu;a=k.k esa jgrk gS vkSj ;q¼ ds le; Hkkjr bldk bLrseky ugha dj ldrkA bUgha ckrksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, Hkkjr us Lons'kh mixzg ukSogu iz.kkyh dk fodkl fd;k vkSj ,slh rduhd j[kus okyk fo'o dk rhljk ns'k cukA

vkbZ-vkj-,u-,l-,l- vFkkZr~ ûkfod* ,d Lora=k {ks=kh; ekxZfunsZ'ku ra=k gS ftlesa 7 mixzg 'kkfey gSaA bls u dsoy Hkkjrh; iz;ksDrkvksa cfYd viuh lhek ds ckgj 1500 fdeh- ds nk;js esa vkus okys lHkh {ks=kksa esa lVhd fLFkfr lacafèkr lwpuk,¡ miyCèk djkus ds fy;s fM”kkbu fd;k x;k gSA ukfod eq[; :i ls nks izdkj dh lsok,¡ eqgS;k djk,xkµ izFke] ekud vofLFkfr lsok (,l-ih-,l-) tks tu lkekU; ds fy;s ukSogu o vofLFkfr dh fu%'kqYd tkudkjh miyCèk djk,xhA f}rh;] izfrcafèkr lsok (vkj-,l-) tks dsoy lsuk o xqIrpj ,tsafl;ksa }kjk mi;ksx esa ykbZ tk,xhA ukfod }kjk LFkyh;] gokbZ rFkk egklkxjh; fn'kkfunsZ'ku esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ tk,xhA lM+d vkSj jsy ;krk;kr] lM+dksa ij VSªfiQd tke] Vsªuks dh fj;y Vkbe VªSfdax] dkxksZ f'kfiax vkfn {ks=kksa esa ;g egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk,xkA

iz'u% Hkkjr vkdZfVd izns'k ds lalk/uksa esa fdl dkj.k xgu #fp ys jgk gS\ (150 'kCn] 10 vad)

Why is India taking keen interest in resources of Arctic Region?

mÙkj% vkdZfVd izns'k fo'o ds lokZfèkd lalkèku laiUu {ks=kksa eas ls ,d gSA ;gk¡ fo'o ds 10-20% isVªksfy;e ,oa 30% izkÑfrd xSl

ekStwn gSaA lkFk gh] [kfut lalkèku tSls fd dkWij] fudsy] dks;yk] lksuk] ;wjsfu;e ,oa VaxLVu ds fu{ksi ekStwn gSaA ,sls esa] ;g {ks=k fo'o ds ns'kksa ds le{k vkdZ"k.k dk dsanz cu jgk gS] ftuesa Hkkjr Hkh izeq[k gSA

Hkkjr fo'o dk f}rh; lokZfèkd tula[;k okyk ns'k gSA ,sls esa c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k dh mQtkZ vko';drkvksa ,oa vkS|ksfxd fodkl gsrq mQtkZ dh vkiwfrZ gsrq Hkkjr bl {ks=k ds mQtkZ lalkèkuksa eas #fp ys jgk gSA ;gk¡ Hkkjr ds oSKkfud] i;kZoj.kh;] O;kolkf;d rFkk lkefjd fgr Hkh fufgr gSaA

;g {ks=k i;kZoj.kh; n`f"V ls laosnu'khy {ks=kksa esa ls gSA oSf'od tyok;q ifjorZu dk bl {ks=k ij lokZfèkd izHkko iM+k gSA bl {ks=k dh tyok;q dk lacaèk Hkkjrh; ekulwu ls Hkh gS ftl dkj.k Hkkjr bl {ks=k esa #fp ys jgk gSA Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk vkèkkj ekulwu gS ftlesa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh vfuf'prrk Ñf"k ij izfrdwy izHkko Mkydj Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks de”kksj dj ldrh gSA lkFk gh] bl {ks=k esa ekStwn jk"Vª Hkkjr ds fy;s fof'k"V lkefjd ,oa O;kikfjd egÙo j[krs gSa] ,sls esa ;gk¡ #fp dk gksuk LokHkkfod gSA

;|fi bl fn'kk esa gekjs iz;kl o"kZ 2007 ls gh izkjaHk gks x, Fks tc ;gk¡ Hkkjr us viuk izFke oSKkfud ny Hkstk FkkA rRi'pkr~ Hkkjr us ukWosZ esa o"kZ 2008 eas viuk igyk vuqlaèkku dsanz ^fgeknzh* LFkkfir fd;k vkSj bls vkxs c<+krs gq, gj o"kZ ;gk¡ oSKkfud ny HkstsA lkFk gh o"kZ 2008 esa ûkWosZft;u iksyj baLVhV~;wV* ds lkFk le>kSrk Kkiu ij gLrk{kj Hkh fd;sA o"kZ 2012 esa Hkkjr dks varjkZ"Vªh; vkdZfVd foKku lfefr (IASC) dh ifj"kn ds fy;s pquk x;k vkSj 2013 esa ;g vkdZfVd ifj"kn dk i;Zos{kd jk"Vª cukA

vkdZfVd vuqlaèkkuksa ls ,d ckr lkeus vkbZ gS fd bu 'kksèkksa ls fudys ifj.kkeksa esa laiw.kZ ekuork dks ykHkkfUor djus] izkÑfrd lalkèkuksa ds mfpr mi;ksx ds ekxZn'kZu esa vkSj i`Foh dh lqj{kk ds lkFk&lkFk oSf'od] vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd izHkko iSnk djus dh {kerk lekfgr gSA vr% fuf'pr :i ls vkdZfVd {ks=k esa Hkkjrh; #fp le; laxr gS tks fd Hkkjr ds nh?kZdkfyd fgr esa gSA

iz'u% esaVy Iywe* dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft;s vkSj IysV foorZfudh esa bldh Hkwfedk dks Li"V dhft;sA (150 'kCn] 10 vad)

Define mantle plume and explain its role in plate tectonics.

mÙkj% êsaVy Iywe* Tokykeq[kh fozQ;k esa ykok esa feyh gqbZ pV~Vkuksa ds fi?kys (Molted) gq, VqdM+s gSa tks esaVy ls mèokZèkj fn'kk esa i`Foh dh lrg ij vkrs gSaA lrg ij foorZfud IysVksa ds ik'oZ foLFkkiu ds dkj.k esaVy Iywe iafDrc¼ gkWVLiWkV Tokykeq[kh dh Ükà[kyk cukrs gSaA bldh voèkkj.kk xeZ LFky ladYiuk (Hot Spot Concept) ds varxZr Hkwdaijfgr dVdksa ds vè;;u ds nkSjku dh xbZ FkhA

Hkkjr ,oa fo'o dk Hkwxksy


102

n`fÔ ifCydsÓkUl

Mains Series

2018

iz'u% bysDVªkWfud oksfVax e'khuksa (bZ-oh-,e-) ds bLrseky lacaèkh gky ds fookn ds vkyksd esa] Hkkjr esa pqukoksa dh fo'okL;rk lqfuf'pr djus ds fy;s Hkkjr ds fuokZpu vk;ksx ds le{k D;k&D;k pqukSfr;k¡ gSa\ (150 'kCn] 10 vad)

In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVM), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India?

mÙkj% Hkkjr ,d lalnh; yksdra=k gS ftlesa la?kh; o jkT; ljdkjksa dk xBu iw.kZ :i ls yksdlHkk o fo/kulHkk ds pqukoksa ds vk/kj ij gksrk gS] vr% pquko gekjs ns'k esa vR;ar fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA Hkkjr eas pquko izfØ;k dk lapkyu fuokZpu vk;ksx }kjk fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa fd o"kZ 1999 ds yksdlHkk pqukoksa ls ernku ds fy;s bZ-oh-,e- dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk jgk gS rFkk orZeku esa Hkkjr esa yxHkx lHkh pquko bZ-oh-,e- ds ekè;e ls gh lapkfyr djk, tkrs jgs gSaA

bZ-oh-,e- dh dk;Ziz.kkyh Hkkjr esa yacs le; ls lokyksa ds ?ksjs esa jgh gS ijarq o"kZ 2017 esa mÙkj izns'k fo/kulHkk pquko ds i'pkr~ bZ-oh-,e- dks gSd dj pquko ifj.kke izHkkfor djus ds vkjksi dsanz ljdkj ij yxk, tkus yxs rFkk fuokZpu vk;ksx dh fu"i{krk ij Hkh bl nkSj esa xaHkhj iz'u mBsA vizSy 2017 esa eè; izns'k ds fHkaM eas mipquko ds le;] uoacj 2017 esa mÙkj izns'k ds esjB mipquko ds le; rFkk fnlacj 2017 esa xqtjkr fo/kulHkk pquko ds le; bZ-oh-,e- dh xM+cM+h ds ekeys lkeus vk,A

bZ-oh-,e- laca/h bu fooknksa ds i'pkr~ vk;ksx ds le{k lcls cM+h pqukSrh viuh fu"i{krk fl¼ djus dh gSA blds lkFk gh pquko izfØ;k dks vkSj fo'oluh; cuk, tkus ds iz;kl fd;s tkus dh vko';drk gSA gkyk¡fd] oksVj osfjfiQ,cy isij vkWfMV Vªsy (ohohiSV) bl fn'kk esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ dne gS ijarq bldh rduhdh leL;k,¡ nwj djuk rFkk ohohiSV ;qDr e'khuksa dh i;kZIr miyC/rk lqfuf'pr djkuk Hkh vko';d gSA Hkkjrh; fuokZpu vk;ksx viuh fu"i{krk ds fy;s varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij fo[;kr gS ijarq gky gh esa cksRlokuk ds pqukoksa esa Hkkjr ls bZ-oh-,e- eaxk, tkus ij ogk¡ dh foi{kh ik£V;ksa ds fojks/ ds ckn viuh o Hkkjrh; yksdra=k dh fu"i{krk fo'o ds le{k izLrqr djuk Hkh vk;ksx ds le{k cM+h pqukSrh gSA

iz'u% D;k jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tkfr vk;ksx (,u-lh-,l-lh-) èkkfeZd vYila[;d laLFkkuksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds fy;s laoSèkkfud vkj{k.k ds fØ;kUo;u dk izorZu djk ldrk gS\ ijh{k.k dhft;sA (150 'kCn] 10 vad)

Whether National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) can enforce the implementation of constitutional reservation for the Scheduled Castes in the religious minority institutions? Examine.

mÙkj% jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tkfr vk;ksx èkkfeZd vYila[;d laLFkkuksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds fy;s laoS/kfud vkj{k.k ds fozQ;kUo;u dk izorZu ugha djk ldrk gSA oLrqr% Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa mfYyf[kr vuqPNsn 15(5) ds vuqlkj vYila[;d 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa dks bl izdkj dk laoS/kfud vkj{k.k nsus ls NwV feyh gqbZ gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd fiNys fnuksa jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tkfr vk;ksx us vyhx<+ eqfLye ;wfuoflZVh ls vis{kk trkbZ Fkh fd og vius laLFkku esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds ,Mfe'ku ds fy;s vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk djsA ;g eqík rc izdk'k esa vk;k Fkk tc mÙkj izns'k ljdkj us vyhx<+ eqfLye ;wfuoflZVh vkSj tkfe;k fefy;k bLykfe;k (fnYyh) esa nfyrksa ds fy;s ^dksVk* nsus dh ckr mBkbZ FkhA

è;krO; gS fd jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tkfr vk;ksx dsanzh; fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds fy;s vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk djkus dk vfèkdkj j[krk gSA blh dkj.k vk;ksx us vyhx<+ eqfLye ;wfuoflZVh] tks fd ,d dsanzh; fo'ofo|ky; gS] ls vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds fy;s vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk djus dh vis{kk dh gSA

iz'u% fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr ds }kjk foÙkh; vkikrdky dh mn~?kks"k.kk dh tk ldrh gS\ ,slh mn~?kks"k.kk ds ykxw jgus rd] blds vuqlj.k ds D;k&D;k ifj.kke gks ldrs gSa\ (150 'kCn] 10 vad)

Under what circumstances can the Financial Emergency be proclaimed by the President of India? What consequences follow when such a declaration remains in force?

mÙkj% Hkkjrh; lafo/ku ds Hkkx&18 esa of.kZr vuqPNsn&360 ds rgr ;fn Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr dks ,slh fLFkfr mRiUu gksus dk lek/ku gks tk, ftlesa fd Hkkjr dh vFkok Hkkjrh; {ks=k ds fdlh Hkkx dh foÙkh; fLFkjrk ij ladV mRiUu gksrk gS rks jk"Vªifr dks foÙkh; vkikrdky dh mn~?kks"k.kk djus dh 'kfDr izkIr gSA o"kZ 1975 esa 38osa lafo/ku la'kks/u ds ekè;e ls ,slh mn~?kks"k.kk dks U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu

lkekU; vè;;u&2

Hkkjrh; lafoèkku] 'kklu O;oLFkk] 'kklu ç.kkyh ,oa lkekftd U;k;


156

n`fÔ ifCydsÓkUl

Mains Series

2018

iz'u% ¶Hkkjr ds b”kjkby ds lkFk lacaèkksa us gky esa ,d

,slh xgjkbZ ,oa fofoèkrk izkIr dj yh gS] ftldh iquokZilh ugha

dh tk ldrh gSA¸ foospuk dhft;sA (150 'kCn] 10 vad)

“India's relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss.

mÙkj% Hkkjr&b”kjkby lacaèk lokZfèkd rhoz xfr ls c<+rs gq, lacaèk

gSa vkSj Hkkjr dh ^izSxeSfVo uhfr* ds ifj.kkeLo:i rFkk lk>s jk"Vªh;

fgrksa ds dkj.k nksuksa ns'kksa ds lacaèkksa us xgjkbZ ,oa fofoèkrk izkIr dj

yh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd dqN fo}ku nksuksa ns'kksa dks ^izkÑfrd fe=k*

dh laKk nsrs gSaA

oLrqr% Hkkjr ds b”kjkby ds lkFk lacaèkksa dh xgjkbZ ,oa fofoèkrk dks

lkefjd] rduhdh] vk£Fkd] j{kk lg;ksx bR;kfn lanHkksZa esa ns[k ldrs gSa&

�Â:l ,oa vesfjdk ds ckn b”kjkby Hkkjr ds fy;s j{kk lkexzh dh

vkiw£r djus okyk rhljk lcls cM+k ns'k cu x;k gSA Hkkjr&b”kjkby

ds eè; lhek lqj{kk izcaèk dh rduhdh vkSj vkradokn dk lkeuk

djus dh lk>k j.kuhfr ij fo'ks"k lg;ksx gks jgk gSA nksuksa ns'kksa

ds chp vklwpuk ij Hkh lg;ksx gks jgk gSA vkradokn dh leL;k

gsrq nksuksa ns'kksa ds eè; ,d la;qDr dk;Zny dh LFkkiuk gqbZ] ftlds

}kjk nksuksa ns'kksa ds eè; izf'k{k.k] lwpuk vkSj gfFk;kjksa ds vknku&iznku

esa Hkh lg;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA

�ÂHkkjr&b”kjkby ds eè; j{kk lacaèk dsoy Øsrk&foØsrk rd lhfer

u gksdj gfFk;kjksa dk lk>k mRiknu] tSls& cjkd iz{ksikL=k vkSj

^nzks.k* tSlh laosnu'khy rduhd Hkh b”kjkby Hkkjr dks ns jgk gSA

lk;cj lqj{kk esa Hkh nksuksa ds eè; lg;ksx gks jgk gSA

�ÂdwVuf;d lacaèkksa ds ckn vk£Fkd lg;ksx ds {ks=k esa f}i{kh; O;kikj

esa rhoz o`f¼ gqbZ gSA Hkkjr dk mHkjrk gqvk ck”kkj b”kjkby ds fy;s

,d volj gS] tcfd Hkkjr dks b”kjkby ls csgrj rduhd izkIr

gks ldrh gS vkSj fuos'k dh Hkh laHkkouk gSA nksuksa us ,d&nwljs dks

lokZfèkd ojh; jk"Vª dk ntkZ fn;k gSA

�Âb”kjkby fodflr ,oa rduhdh jk"Vª gksus ds dkj.k nksuksa ns'kksa ds

eè; Ñf"k] i;kZoj.k] LokLF;] lapkj {ks=k esa Hkh lg;ksx ns[kk tk

ldrk gSA blds vykok] lacaèkksa dh xgjkbZ ,oa fofoèkrk dks nksuksa

ds chp ukxfjdksa ds vknku&iznku vFkkZr~ i;ZVu ds :i esa ns[k

ldrs gSaA

Hkkjr&b”kjkby lacaèk

lacaèkksa esa xgjkbZ ,oa fofoèkrk

lacaèk yxHkx 25 o"kZ iqjkus

rduhdh ifj"dj.k] Ñf"k {ks=k esa lg;ksx

ukxfjdksa dk vknku&iznku

izkÑfrd fe=k

lkefjd {ks=k esa lg;ksx

f}i{kh; O;kikj esa fujarj c<+ksrjh

lhek lqj{kk ds {ks=k esa lg;ksx

Lora=krk i'pkr~ fdlh Hkkjrh; izèkkuea=kh dh igyh b”kjkbyh ;k=kk

o"kZ 2017 esa

fu"d"kZr% b”kjkby d'ehj eqís ij Hkkjr dk leFkZu djrk gS vkSj Lora=krk i'pkr~ o"kZ 2017 esa fdlh Hkkjrh; izèkkuea=kh us igyh ckj b”kjkby dh ;k=kk dh tks lacaèkksa dh xgjkbZ vkSj fofoèkrk dks n'kkZrk gSA vkykspdksa dk er gS fd Hkkjr&b”kjkby lacaèk fiQfyLrhu ds fo#¼ gksus ds lkFk gh if'pe ,f'k;k esa Hkkjr ds fgrksa ds izfrdwy gks ldrk gS] ysfdu Hkkjr&b”kjkby lacaèkksa dks fiQfyLrhu ds fojksèk esa ugha ns[kk tkuk pkfg;s vkSj Hkkjr }kjk fiQfyLrhu ,oa if'pe ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa ds lkFk eèkqj] fe=krkiw.kZ lacaèkksa ds fodkl ij lekukarj cy fn;k tk jgk gS ftlls if'pe ,f'k;k esa Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; fgrksa dks iwjk fd;k tk ldsA

iz'u% eè; ,f'k;k] tks Hkkjr ds fy;s ,d fgr {ks=k gS] esa vusd cká 'kfDr;ksa us vius&vki dks laLFkkfir dj fy;k gSA bl lanHkZ esa] Hkkjr }kjk v'xkckr djkj] 2018 esa 'kkfey gksus ds fufgrkFkks± ij ppkZ dhft;sA (150 'kCn] 10 vad)

A number of outside powers have entrenched themselves in Central Asia, which is a zone of internet to India. Discuss the implications, in this context, of India's joining the Ashgabat Agreement, 2018.

mÙkj% Hkkjr ,d mHkjrh gqbZ egk'kfDr gS vkSj egk'kfDr gksus ds dkj.k Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; fgr O;kid gSaA bl dkj.k ;g LokHkkfod gS fd eè; ,f'k;k Hkkjr ds fy;s ,d egÙoiw.kZ fgr {ks=k gSA

mYys[kuh; gS fd eè; ,f'k;k Hkkjr ds fy;s fgr {ks=k gksus ds dkj.k ^dusDV lsaVªy ,f'k;k* uhfr ds rgr eè; ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa ds lkFk lapkj o ifjogu dh dusfDVfoVh ij cy fn;k x;k gSA bu ns'kksa esa isVªksfy;e rFkk izkÑfrd xSl tSls ÅtkZ lalkèkuksa dh miyCèkrk gksus ds dkj.k Hkkjr viuh ÅtkZ vko';drkvksa dh iw£r dj ldrk gSA blds vykok eè; ,f'k;kbZ ns'k Hkkjrh; oLrqvksa ds fu;kZr ds u, dsanz cu ldrs gSaA lkFk gh] eè; ,f'k;k ds ns'kksa esa phu dk izHkko c<+rk tk jgk gS ftls larqfyr djus ds fy;s bu ns'kksa ls lacaèk csgrj gksus vko';d gSaA eè; ,f'k;kbZ ns'k lkefjd nf"V ls Hkh vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ gSaA

varjkZ"Vªh; lacaèk


177

esUl lkWYOM isilZ

Mains Series

2018

iz'u% ¶oguh; (,siQksMsZcy)] fo'oluh;] /kj.kh; rFkk vkèkqfud ÅtkZ rd igq¡p laèkkj.kh; (lLVsucy) fodkl y{;ksa (,l-Mh-th-) dks izkIr djus ds fy;s vfuok;Z gSA¸ Hkkjr esa bl laca/ esa gqbZ izxfr ij fVIi.kh dhft;sA (150 'kCn] 10 vad)

“Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is the sine qua non to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).” Comment on the progress made in India in this regard.

mÙkj% lrr~ fodkl og fodkl gS ftlds varxZr vkus okyh ihf<+;ksa dh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djus dh {kerk ls le>kSrk fd;s fcuk orZeku ih<+h dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk fd;k tkrk gSA vxLr 2015 esa la;qDr jk"Vª la?k }kjk lgL=kkCnh fodkl y{; (MDG, 2000-2015) ds LFkku ij ^lrr~ fodkl y{;* ;k ^,tsaMk 30* dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS ftlesa 17 eq[; y{;ksa rFkk 169 lgk;d y{;ksa dks fuèkkZfjr fd;k x;kA mUgha esa ls ,d (7ok¡) y{; gS ¶lLrh] fo'oluh;] èkkj.kh; rFkk vkèkqfud mQtkZ rd igq¡p lqfuf'pr djukA¸

mQTkkZ vkSj bldh miyCèkrk vkt ekuo lH;rk ds lkeus vkus okyh vfèkdka'k pqukSfr;ksa vkSj voljksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djrh gSA ;g loZekU; gS fd vkèkqfud mQtkZ lsok,¡ ekuo dh HkykbZ ds fy;s vko';d gS] fdlh Hkh ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy;s egÙoiw.kZ gS rFkk LoPN ty] LoPNrk] LokLF; ns[kHkky ,oa vU; mi;ksxh mQtkZ lsokvksa dks izkIr djus ds fy;s Hkh vko';d gSA xjhcksa dh lLrh] Hkjkslsean vkSj vkèkqfud mQtkZ lsokvksa rd igq¡p lqfuf'pr djuk xjhch mUewyu ds y{; dks l{ke cukuk gSA oguh; ,oa fo'oluh; rFkk vkèkqfud mQtkZ izkS|ksfxdh uokpkj ds ekè;e ls xjhcksa rd igq¡pkbZ tk ldrh gSA ;g xjhc leqnk;ksa dks LFkkuh; LoPN mQtkZ lalkèkukas dk mi;ksx djus ds fy;s l{ke rks cukrk gh gS] lkFk gh laHkkfor jktLo mRiknu dh vuqefr Hkh nsrk gSA

Hkkjr us lrr~ fodkl y{;ksa ds rgr oguh; ,oa èkkj.kh; mQtkZ dks yksxkas dh igq¡p rd ykus ds fy;s dbZ egÙoiw.kZ dne mBk, gSa] tSls& mQtkZ n{krk esa lqèkkj gsrq us'kuy ,uthZ yscfyax izksxzke] xzhu jsfVax iQkWj baVhxzsVsM gSchVsV vlslesaV (GRIHA) dh 'kq#vkr dh gS_ LoPN vkSj uohdj.kh; mQtkZ ds fy;s jktho xkaèkh xzkeh.k ,yihth forj.k ;kstuk] jk"Vªh; tSo b±èku uhfr cukbZ gSA lkFk gh mQtkZ laj{k.k

,oa lqj{kk gsrq Dyhu MsoyiesaV eSdsfu”ke] jk"Vªh; fo|qr uhfr vkfn dks izkoèkkfur fd;k gSA lrr~ fodkl y{; dh iwfrZ gsrq Hkkjr us vkbZ,uMhlh (INDC) y{; fuèkkZfjr djrs gq, 2030 rd viuh ldy mQTkkZ ”k:jr dk yxHkx ,d&frgkbZ fgLlk uohdj.kh; mQtkZ lzksr ls mRiUu djus dk y{; j[kk gSA

iz'u% dsaæh; ctV] 2018-2019 esa nh?kZdkfyd iwath vfHkykHk dj (,y-lh-th-Vh-) rFkk ykHkka'k forj.k dj (Mh-Mh-Vh-) ds laca/ esa izkjaHk fd, x, egÙoiw.kZ ifjorZuksa ij fVIi.kh dhft;sA (150 'kCn] 10 vad)

Comment on the important changes introduced in respect of the Long-term Capital Gains Tax (LCGT) and Dividend Distribution Tax (DDT) in the Union Budget for 2018-219.

mÙkj% foÙk o"kZ 2018-19 ds ctV esa lwphc¼ 'ks;jksa] bfDoVh iaQMksa rFkk fc”kusl VªLVksa dh ;wfuVksa ds gLrkarj.k ls vftZr ,d yk[k ls vfèkd ds nh?kZdkfyd iwath ykHk ij 10 iQhln dh nj ls dj yxkus dk izLrko fd;k x;k gSA

xkSjryc gS fd blds iwoZ lwphc¼ bfDoVh 'ks;jksa] bfDoVh iaQMksa rFkk fc”kusl VªLVksa dh ;wfuVksa ls izkIr gksus okys nh?kZdkfyd iwath ykHk ij fdlh izdkj dk dj ugha yxrk FkkA è;ku nsus ;ksX; rF; gS fd 2017-18 esa iQkby fd;s x, bude VSDl fjVuZ ds vuqlkj lwphc¼ 'ks;jksa rFkk ;wfuVksa ij iwathxr ykHk dj ls feyus okyh dqy NwV 3.67 yk[k djksM+ igq¡p xbZ gS] ftldk cM+k fgLlk dkWjiksjsV rFkk lhfer ns;rk Hkkxhnkjh (,y,yih) dks izkIr gqvk gSA ,sls esa] ljdkj dk ekuuk gS fd iwath ykHk dj esa nh tkus okyh NwV ls ;g ladsr tkrk gS fd ljdkj fofuekZ.k ds f[kykiQ gS] blfy;s vfrfjDr iwath dks ”;knk ls ”;knk 'ks;j ck”kkj esa yxkvksA lkFk gh] ljdkj dk er gS fd bfDoVh ij fjVuZ igys gh dkiQh vkd"kZd gS vkSj vxj dj yxk fn;k tk, rks Hkh ;s vkd"kZ.k de ugha gksxkA vr% nh?kZdkfyd iwath ykHk dks dj ds nk;js esa ykuk ;qfDrlaxr gSA

nh?kkZofèkd iwath ykHk ij dj ds lkFk gh 2018-19 ds ctV esa bfDoVh dsafnzr E;wpqvy iaQMksa dh forfjr vk; ij Hkh 10 iQhln dh nj ls ykHkka'k forj.k dj (Mh-Mh-Vh-) dk izLrko fd;k x;k gSA ljdkj }kjk ;g dne lHkh izdkj ds xzksFk (o`f¼) okys iaQMksa rFkk ykHkka'k forfjr djus okys iaQMksa ds lkFk ,d leku O;ogkj dk vkèkkj r; djus ds fy;s mBk;k x;k gSA

lkekU; vè;;u&3

vFkZO;oLFkk


217

esUl lkWYOM isilZ

Mains Series

2018

iz'u% izks- lR;saæ ukFk cksl }kjk fd;s x, ^cksl&vkbULVkbu lkaf[;dh* ds dk;Z ij ppkZ dhft;s vkSj n'kkZb;s fd blus fdl izdkj HkkSfrdh ds {ks=k esa Økafr yk nh FkhA (150 'kCn] 10 vad)

Discuss the work of ‘Bose-Einstein Statistics’ done by Prof. Satyendra Nath Bose and show how it revolutionized the field of Physics.

mÙkj% vkèkqfud HkkSfrdh dks ,d ubZ fn'kk nsus okys egku Hkkjrh; oSKkfud lR;sanzukFk cksl dks DokaVe HkkSfrdh esa egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ds fy;s tkuk tkrk gSA DokaVe HkkSfrdh esa muds vuqlaèkku us cksl&vkbaLVhu lkaf[;dh* vkSj cksl&vkbaLVhu la?kuu* fl¼kar dh uhao j[khA HkkSfrdh esa eq[; :i ls nks izdkj dh lkaf[;dh dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA fpjlEer lkaf[;dh (Classical Mechanics) ftlesa eSDlosy&cksYV~teSu lkaf[;dh vkrk gS vkSj DokaVe lkaf[;dh ftlds varxZr cksl&vkbaLVhu rFkk iQehZ&fMjkd lkaf[;dh dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA

lR;sanzukFk cksl us 1924 esa igyh ckj Iykad ds fofdj.k fu;e dks ,d u, lkaf[;dh <ax ls fudkyk vkSj DokaVe lkaf[;dh dk vkfo"dkj fd;kA mUgksaus izdk'k dh dYiuk nzO;eku jfgr d.k (iQksVkWu) ds :i esa dh vkSj ;g lkfcr fd;k fd xSl ds d.k eSDlosy&cksYV~teSu lkaf[;dh ds fpjlEer fu;eksa dk ikyu ugha djrs cfYd viuh vfoHkkT; izÑfr ds dkj.k ,d vyx lkaf[;dh ds vuq:i O;ogkj djrs gSaA bl 'kksèk dks vkbaLVhu us dqN la'kksèku ds lkFk viuh if=kdk esa izdkf'kr djk;kA blh 'kksèk&i=k us DokaVe HkkSfrdh esa ^cksl&vkbaLVhu lkaf[;dh* uked ,d ubZ 'kk[kk dh cqfu;kn j[khA cksl&vkbaLVhu lkaf[;dh dk ikyu djus okys d.kksa dks ikWy fMjkd }kjk ^ckslkWu* uke fn;k x;kA

cksl&vkbaLVhu lkaf[;dh us fpjlEer HkkSfrdh dh vliQyrkvksa dks feVkrs gq, iwjh nqfu;k esa HkkSfrd foKku ds {ks=k esa [kycyh epk nhA cksl&vkbaLVhu lkaf[;dh ds vkfo"dkj ds ckn DokaVe fl¼kar ds {ks=k esa vpkud ubZ [kkstksa dh ck<+&lh vk xbZA iQehZ&fMjkd us iQehZ&fMjkd lkaf[;dh dh uhao Mkyh] ikWyh us viuk viotZu (Exclusion) fl¼kar izLrqr fd;k rFkk gkb”ksucxZ&eSDlckuZ&ikWLdy tkMZu us feydj vkO;wg ;kaf=kdh (Metric Mechanics) dh [kkst dhA bl izdkj lR;sanzukFk cksl us viuh [kkst }kjk iwjs HkkSfrd txr esa ,d ubZ Økafr yk nhA

iz'u% D;k dkj.k gS fd gekjs ns'k esa tSo izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks=k esa vR;fèkd lfØ;rk gS\ bl lfØ;rk us ck;ksiQkekZ ds {ks=k dks dSls ykHk igq¡pk;k gS\ (250 'kCn] 15 vad)

Why is there so much activity in the field of biotechnology in our country? How has this activity benefitted the field of biopharma?

mÙkj% tSo izkS|ksfxdh dks lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds lkFk vDlj 21oha

'krkCnh dh rduhd (Technology of 21st Century) ds :i esa tkuk

tkrk gSA tSoizkS|ksfxdh ,d mPp var%fo"k; (Interdisciplinary) {ks=k gS tks thoksa vkSj tSfod iz.kkfy;ksa esa gsYFkds;j] nok] Ñf"k] Hkkstu]

iQkekZL;wfVdYl vkSj i;kZoj.k fu;a=k.k dks vkxs c<+kus okys mRiknksa dk

mRiknu djus ds fy;s bathfu;fjax izkS|ksfxdh ds lkFk tSfod foKku

dks tksM+rk gSA

Hkkjr dk tSo izkS|ksfxdh {ks=k csgn vfHkuo gS fdarq fodkl ds

iFk ij n`<+rk ls vxzlj gSA Hkkjrh; tSo izkS|ksfxd m|ksx oSf'od tSo

izkS|ksfxdh m|ksx dk yxHkx 2 izfr'kr fgLlk j[krk gSA Hkkjr nqfu;k

ds 'kh"kZ 12 ck;ksVsd LFkyksa esa ls ,d gS vkSj ,f'k;k&iz'kkar {ks=k esa

;g rhljs LFkku ij gSA Hkkjr esa tSo izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks=k esa fur u,

vk;ke LFkkfir fd;s tk jgs gSaA gekjs ns'k esa izfrHkk dh dksbZ deh

ugha gSA dbZ laLFkku pkgs oks ljdkjh gks ;k futh] bl {ks=k esa fMxzh

izkIr djus ds bPNqd fo|k£Fk;ksa ds fy;s volj iznku djrs gSaA Hkkjr

ljdkj us tSo izkS|ksfxdh {ks=k esa vuqlaèkku vkSj fodkl (R&D) dh

lqfoèkk,¡ iznku djds bl {ks=k dks i;kZIr volj fn;k gSA Hkkjrh; tSo

izkS|ksfxd {ks=k us fiNys nks n'kdksa esa oSf'od :i ls dkiQh è;ku

vkdf"kZr fd;k gSA Hkkjr dh e”kcwr tsusfjd tSo izkS|ksfxdh {kerk ds

dkj.k dbZ oSf'od daifu;k¡ Hkkjrh; daifu;ksa ds lkFk cM++h mRlqdrk

ls gkFk feyk jgh gSaA bl izdkj Hkkjr esa tSo izkS|ksfxdh {ks=k esa

vis{kkÑr ”;knk lfØ;rk fo|eku gSA

ck;ksiQkekZ] iQkekZL;wfVdy m|ksx dk ,d mi&lewg gS ftlesa

tSfod rjhdksa ls nokvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA tSo izkS|ksfxdh esa

lcls cM+k vuqiz;ksx nok,¡ gh gSa tks vfuok;Z :i ls ck;ksiQkekZ gSA

tSfod iz.kkfy;ksa dh le> c<+kus ds ckn] nok daifu;ksa us dbZ nokvksa

dh [kkst vkSj fuekZ.k esa tSo izkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx c<+kuk 'kq: dj

fn;kA tSo izkS|ksfxdh fof'k"V chekfj;ksa vkSj jksxh lewgksa ds fy;s csgrj

mRikn y{;hdj.k iznku djrh gS] fo'ks"k :i ls tsusfVDl ds vfHkuo

izkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds mi;ksx ds ekè;e lsA tSo izkS|ksfxdh fofuekZ.k izfØ;k

ij dkiQh fu;a=k.k j[krh gS ftlls laØked jksxtudksa ds ekè;e ls

iznw"k.k ds tksf[ke esa egÙoiw.kZ deh vkrh gSA tSo izkS|ksfxdh ubZ

nokvksa] midj.kksa ds fodkl vkSj mRiknu dh vuqefr nsrh gS tks

vfèkd izHkkoh] fof'k"V vkSj de nq"izHkkoh gksrs gSaA bl izdkj tSo

izkS|ksfxdh us ck;ksiQkekZ dks gj fn'kk esa ykHk gh ykHk igq¡pk;k gSA

foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh


229

esUl lkWYOM isilZ

Mains Series

2018

iz'u% fujarj mRiUu fd, tk jgs isaQds x, Bksl dpjs dh fo'kky ek=kkvksa dk fuLrkj.k djus esa D;k&D;k ckèkk,¡ gSa\ ge vius jgus ;ksX; ifjos'k esa tek gksrs tk jgs ”kgjhys vif'k"Vksa dks lqjf{kr :i ls fdl izdkj gVk ldrs gSa\ (150 'kCn] 10 vad)

What are the impediments in disposing the huge quantities of discarded solid wastes which are continuously being generated? How do we remove safely the toxic wastes that have been accumulating in our habitable environment?

mÙkj% Hkkjr ,d rs”kh ls mHkjrh gq, vFkZO;oLFkk gS vkSj blfy;s ;gk¡ Bksl vif'k"Vksa dh ek=kk dk fujarj c<+uk LokHkkfod gh gSA ,d fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj] Hkkjr esa izfrfnu 150,000 Vu uxjikfydk Bksl vif'k"Vksa (MSW) dk mRiknu gksrk gS fdarq buesa ls dsoy 83% vif'k"V dks lax`ghr vkSj 30% ls Hkh de dks mipkfjr fd;k tkrk gSA rduhdh v{kerk vkSj foÙkh; vi;kZIrrk ds dkj.k Bksl vif'k"V ds i`FkDdj.k] laxzg.k] ifjogu] izlaLdj.k vkSj izcaèku rd yxHkx izR;sd Lrj ij pqukSfr;k¡ fo|eku gSaA

O;fDr] leqnk; o ljdkj lHkh Lrjksa ij laxfBr o oSKkfud :i ls fu;ksftr i`FkDdj.k ds mik;ksa dk vHkko gSA vif'k"Vksa ds oxhZdj.k dk dk;Z vfèkdka'kr% vlaxfBr {ks=kksa }kjk vR;fèkd vlqjf{kr o tksf[keiw.kZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dh tkrh gSA ySaMfiQy lkbV fuèkkZfjr le;lhek iw.kZ gks tkus ds ckn Hkh dk;Z'khy gSa vkSj vk, fnu nq?kZVukvksa dks tUe nsrs jgrs gSaA blds fy;s oSdfYid LFkyksa dh ekax uxj fuxe o jkT; ljdkj ds chp fookn dk fo"k; cu tkrh gSA

blds vykok daiksfLaVx vkSj vif'k"V ls mQtkZ mRiUu djus okys la;a=kksa dh ;k rks deh gS ;k os viuh dk;Z {kerk ls de ij lapkfyr fd;s tk jgs gSaA

tgk¡ rd ckr gS bu vif'k"Vksa ds lqjf{kr fuiVku dh rks blds fy;s O;fDrxr ds lkFk&lkFk laLFkkxr iz;klksa dh Hkh vko';drk gksxhA mnkgj.k ds fy;s lzksr ij gh vif'k"Vksa dk i`FkDdj.k o oxhZdj.k] jSx fidlZ dks mfpr izf'k{k.k o foÙkiks"k.k] ySaMfiQy lkbV~l ds vkl&ikl xzhu csYV dk fuekZ.k vkfn ds ekè;e ls tgk¡ vif'k"Vksa ds oqQN nq"izHkkoksa dks de fd;k tk ldrk gS ogha ”kgjhys vif'k"V ds fuiVku esa ` 5 (fjM~;wl] fj;wt] fjdoj] fjlk;dy] o jheSU;wiSQDpj) dh voèkkj.kk lesr dksfj;kbZ ^okY;we&csLV~M osLV izQh (VBMF) flLVe* dks Hkh viukdj bl leL;k dk izHkkoh fujkdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl lacaèk esa ljdkj }kjk Bksl dpjk izcaèku fu;e] 2016 ds izkoèkkuksa dks dBksjrk ls ykxw djus ds lkFk&lkFk uxj fuxe o jkT; ds chp leUo; dks c<+kuk Hkh dkiQh dkjxj lkfcr gks ldrk gSA

iz'u% vkæZHkwfe D;k gS\ vkæZHkwfe laj{k.k ds lanHkZ esa ^cqf¼eÙkkiw.kZ mi;ksx* dh jkelj ladYiuk dks Li"V dhft;sA Hkkjr ls jkelj LFkyksa ds nks mnkgj.kksa dk m¼j.k nhft;sA (150 'kCn] 10 vad)

What is wetland? Explain the Ramsar concept of ‘wise use’ in the context of wetland conservation. Cite two examples of Ramsar sites from India.

mÙkj% vknzZHkwfe ueh ;k nynyh Hkwfe okys {ks=k gSa tgk¡ Hkjiwj ueh ikbZ tkrh gS vkSj tks vkaf'kd :i ls ;k iw.kZr% ty ls Hkjs jgrs gSaA blesa rVh; rFkk leqnzh (6M dh xgjkbZ rd) unh] >hy] rkykc] ugj] ck<+ ds eSnku] nyny] eNyh ds rkykc] Tokjh; nyny rFkk ekuofufeZr vknzZHkwfe;k¡ 'kkfey gSaA bu {ks=kksa esa LFkyh; vkSj tyh; nksuksa izdkj dh tSofofoèkrk ikbZ tkrh gS ftl dkj.k bUgsa bdksykWftdy lqijekosZQV dgk tkrk gS] rFkk ;s i;kZoj.kh; laj{k.k esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSa rFkk ty dk iquHkZj.k o LoPNhdj.k esa egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku nsrs gSa ftl dkj.k bUgsa fdMuht vkWiQ ySaMLdsi Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

rhozrk ls gksrs vkS|ksxhdj.k ,oa uxjhdj.k us vknzZHkwfe;ksa dks udkjkRed :i ls izHkkfor fd;k gS] ftuds laj{k.k gsrq o"kZ 1971 esa igyk varjkZ"Vªh; iz;kl bZjku ds jkelj esa fd;k x;k] ftls jkelj dUosa'ku dgk x;k tks fd osVySaM~l vkSj muds lalkèkuksa ds laj{k.k vkSj cqf¼erkiw.kZ mi;ksx ds fy;s jk"Vªh; dk;Z vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx dk <k¡pk miyCèk djkrk gSA blesa orZeku esa djkj djus okys 158 ny gSa vkSj 1758 osVySaM~l LFky gSa] ftudk oqQy {ks=kiQy 161 fefy;u gsDVs;j gS] ftUgsa varjkZ"Vªh; egÙo dh osVySaM~l dh jkelj lwph esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjr Hkh bldk ,d i{kdkj gSA

jkelj lEesyu dks foyqIr gks jgs osVySaM~l izko`Qfrd vkoklksa ij varjkZ"Vªh; è;ku fn;s tkus dk vkàku djus ds mís'; ls fodflr fd;k x;k FkkA rkfd osVySaM~l ds egÙoiww.kZ dk;ks±] ewY;ksa] oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds ckjs esa le> dks c<+k;k tk,] lkFk gh bu vknzZHkwfe;ksa dh xq.koÙkk ,oa la[;k esa Hkh lqèkkj fd;k tk, vkSj mudh fuxjkuh ,oa laj{k.k dks vkSj vfèkd csgrj fd;k tk,A

Hkkjr fo'o dh lokZfèkd vknZzHkwfe okys ns'kksa esa izeq[k gSA ;gk¡ fo'kky unh ra=kksa ls ysdj leqnz rVh; js[kk gS rFkk lkFk gh nynyksa] >hyksa] rkykcksa] eSaxzkso rFkk ekuofufeZr vknzZHkwfe;ksa dh cM+h la[;k gSA

jk"Vªh; osVySaM laj{k.k dk;ZozQe ds rgr yXkHkx 115 vknzZHkwfe;ksa dh igpku dh xbZ gS tcfd jkelj lwph esa Hkkjr dh 36 vknzZHkwfe;k¡ 'kkfey gSa ftuesa ls nks varjkZ"Vªh; egÙo dh lwph (ekUVsªDl fjdkWMZ) esa 'kkfey gSaA Hkkjr esa ekStwn nks izeq[k jkelj LFky fuEufyf[kr gSa&

�Âdsoyknso ?kkuk jkelj LFky% Hkjriqj] jktLFkku esa fLFkr ;g vknzZHkwfe o"kZ 1981 esa jkelj LFky ds :i esa lwfpr dh xbZA ;g vknzZHkwfe izoklh if{k;ksa dk izeq[k xarO; LFky gSA bldh

i;kZoj.k


239

esUl lkWYOM isilZ

Mains Series

2018

iz'u% Hkkjr esa vkink tksf[ke U;wuhdj.k (Mh-vkj-vkj-) ds fy;s ‘lsaMkbZ vkink tksf[ke U;wuhdj.k izk:i (2015-2030)’ gLrk{kfjr djus ls iwoZ ,oa mlds i'pkr~ fd, x, fofHkUu mik;ksa dk o.kZu dhft;sA ;g izk:i ^áksxks dkjZokbZ izk:i] 2005* ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gS\ (250 'kCn] 15 vad)

Describe various measures taken in India for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) before and after signing ‘Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030)’. How is this framework different from ‘Hyogo Framework for Action, 2005’?

mÙkj% vkink tksf[ke U;wuhdj.k ds varxZr vkinkvksa ds foèoald cyksa ds izHkko] vkinkvksa ds ifjek.k rFkk vkinkvksa ls mRiUu tksf[ke dks de djuk 'kkfey gSA bl fn'kk eas Hkkjr us o"kZ 2005 esa Þ;ksxks dkjZokbZ izk:i ls lsaMkbZ izsQeodZ dkjZokbZ izk:i rd lHkh vkink tksf[ke U;wuhdj.k mik;ksa dks ykxw fd;kA

Hkkjr us o"kZ 2004 dh lwukeh ds i'pkr~ o"kZ 2005 esa Þ;ksxks dkjZokbZ izk:i dks viuk;k rFkk o"kZ 2005 esa gh vkink izcaèku vfèkfu;e 2005 yk;k x;k ftlds rgr jk"Vªh; vkink izcaèku izkfèkdj.k (NDMA) dk xBu x`g ea=kky; ds rgr fd;k x;kA blds rgr gh Hkkjr esa ,d jk"Vªh; vkink ekspu cy (NDRF) dk xBu fd;k x;kA

jkT; Lrj ij ,lMh,e, rFkk f”kyk Lrj ij MhMh,e, rFkk lkFk eas us'kuy Økbfll eSustesaV desVh (NCMC) dk xBu fd;k x;k rFkk jkT; Lrj ij LVsV ,DlD;wfVo desVh dk Hkh xBu fd;k x;kA

bu lHkh iz;klkas ds rgr izf'k{k.k ekM~;wy dk fodkl] vkink izcaèku esa vuqlaèkku] izys[ku dk;Z] izf'k{k.k dk;Z] 'kSf{kd ,oa O;kolkf;d ikB~;Øeksa bR;kfn dks c<+kok fn;k x;k rkfd Þ;ksxks izsQeoZd eas mYysf[kr y{;ksa dks iwjk fd;k tk ldsA rRi'pkr~ o"kZ 2015 esa Hkkjr us lsaMkbZ izsQeodZ ij gLrk{kj fd;sA

lsaMkbZ izsQeodZ ,d izxfr'khy <k¡pk gS vkSj bldk izeq[k mn~ns'; o"kZ 2030 rd vkinkvkas ds dkj.k cqfu;knh <k¡ps dks gksus okys uqdlku vkSj izHkkfor yksxksa dh la[;k esa deh ykuk gSA

lsaMkbZ izsQeodZ ds y{;ksa dks iwjk djus gsrq ljdkj us o"kZ 2016 esa jk"Vªh; vkink izcaèku ;kstuk tkjh dhA bldk mn~ns'; Hkkjr dks vkink izfrjksèkd cukuk vkSj tuthou rFkk laifÙk ds uqdlku dks de djuk gSA

Þ;ksxks dkjZokbZ izk:i 2005 ds rgr vkinkvksa esa deh ykus ds fy;s jk"Vªksa vkSj leqnk;ksa ds chp yphysiu dk O;ogkj fd;s tkus ds

lkFk {ks=kksa esa lHkh vyx&vyx yksxksa dks vko';d dk;ks± dks le>kus] o.kZu djus rFkk foLrkj djus lacaèkh lHkh i{kksa dks è;ku esa j[kk x;k FkkA ;g dkjZokbZ izk:i lsaMkbZ izsQeodZ ls fuEufyf[kr :iksa esa fHkUu gS&

�ÂÞ;ksxks izk:i esa vkink {kfr (Disaster Loss) ij è;ku fn;k x;k Fkk tcfd lsaMkbZ esa vkink tksf[ke (Disaster Risk) ijA

�ÂlsaMkbZ esa Þ;ksxks dh rqyuk esa vfèkd foLrkfjr :iksa] tSls& vkink dh izÑfr] izHkko U;wuhdj.k ,oa tksf[ke vkdyu lHkh eqn~nksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA

�ÂlsaMkbZ ds rgr lkr y{;ksa dk fuèkkZj.k fd;k x;k gS ftuesa eq[;r% oSf'od e`R;q nj esa deh] vkink izHkkfor yksxksa dh la[;k eas deh] GDP esa vkink uqdlku dks de djuk cqfu;knh <k¡ps esa uqdlku dks de djuk rFkk varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx vkfn dh ppkZ gS] tcfd Þ;ksxksa esa y{; vkèkkfjr vizksp dks vfèkd egÙo ugha fn;k FkkA

�ÂÞ;ksxks eas tksf[ke ds izfr rS;kjh rFkk fuokj.k dks egÙo fn;k x;k tcfd lsaMkbZ esa tksf[ke iw.kZ vkdyu] rS;kjh rFkk fuokj.k lHkh :iksa ij foLr`r è;ku fn;k x;k gSA

fu"d"kZr% lsaMkbZ izsQeodZ] Þ;ksxksa izk:i dk vxzxkeh :i gS ftleas Þ;ksxks izk:i ds rgr 'kkfey ugha fd;s x, y{;ksa dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k gSA lkFk gh mn~ns';ksa dks ,d fuf'pr vofèk esa izkIr djus dk y{; fuèkkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA

2017

iz'u% fnlacj 2004 dks lqukeh Hkkjr lfgr pkSng ns'kksa esa rckgh yk;h FkhA lqukeh ds gksus ds fy;s f”kEesnkj dkjdksa ij ,oa thou rFkk vFkZO;oLFkk ij iM+us okys mlds çHkkoksa ij ppkZ dhft,A ,u-Mh-,e-,- ds fn'kkfunZs'kksa (2010) ds çdk'k esa] bl çdkj dh ?kVukvksa ds nkSjku tksf•e dks de djus dh rS;kfj;ksa dh fØ;kfofèk dk o.kZu dhft;sA (250 'kCn] 15 vad)

On December 2004, tsumani brought havoc on 14 countries including India. Discuss the factors responsible for occurrence of Tsunami and its effects on life and economy. In the light of guidelines of NDMA (2010) describe the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events.

mÙkj% fnlacj 2004 esa fgan egklkxj esa 9.15 dh rhozrk dk Hkwdai lqukeh ygj dk dkj.k cuk Fkk ftlls lcls vfèkd baMksusf'k;k çHkkfor gqvkA Hkkjr esa rfeyukMq] vkaèkz çns'k vkSj dsjy lfgr vaMeku fudksckj }hi lewg esa lqukeh ls lcls ”;knk rckgh gqbZ FkhA

vkink çcaèku


245

esUl lkWYOM isilZ

Mains Series

2018

iz'u% phu&ikfdLrku vkfFkZd xfy;kjs (lh-ih-bZ-lh-) dks phu dh vis{kkÑr vfèkd fo'kky ^,d iV~Vh ,d lM+d* igy ds ,d ewyHkwr Hkkx ds :i esa ns[kk tk jgk gSA lh-ih-bZ-lh- dk ,d laf{kIr o.kZu izLrqr dhft;s vkSj Hkkjr }kjk mlls fdukjk djus ds dkj.k fxukb;sA (150 'kCn] 10 vad)

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China's larger “One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same.

mÙkj% phu o ;wjksi dks LFky ekxZ ls tksM+uk phu dk ,d egÙokdka{kh mn~ns'; jgk gS ftls fd og ,d iV~Vh ,d lM+d* igy dk uke nsrk gSA ^phu&ikfdLrku vkfFkZd xfy;kjk* blh ifj;kstuk dk ewyHkwr ?kVd gS ftlds varxZr phu ds f'kuft;kax izkar fLFkr dk'kxj* dks cywfpLrku fLFkr ^Xoknj canjxkg* ls tksM+k tkuk gSA bl xfy;kjs esa foLr`r lM+d usVodZ ds vfrfjDr volajpuk ds vU; ?kVdksa] ;Fkk&ckaèk] jsyos] ikbiykbu] fo|qr vkfn dk Hkh fodkl fd;k tk,xkA ;g fodkl eq[;r% ikfdLrku esa dsafnzr gksxk ftlls fd ogk¡ vFkZO;oLFkk rFkk 'ks"k {ks=kdksa esa Hkh mYys[kuh; fodkl ntZ fd;k tkuk visf{kr gS rFkk bl iwjh csYV ,aM jksM igy ls phu dks ;wjksi rd igq¡p ds lkFk ,f'k;kbZ {ks=k esa j.kuhfrd c<+r Hkh izkIr gksxhA

Hkkjr us phu dh bl iwjh igy ls ckgj jgus dk fu.kZ; fd;k ftlds ihNs fuEuor dkj.k le>s tkrs gSa&

�ÂHkkjr ds blls ckgj jgus dk lcls cM+k dkj.k lh-ih-bZ-lh- dk ikd vfèkÑr d'ehj {ks=k ls xq”kjuk gSA Hkkjr dk i{k gS fd tc rd Hkkjr o ikfdLrku ds chp ;g eqn~nk lqy> ugha tkrk rc rd fookfnr {ks=k esa fuekZ.k dk;Z Hkkjrh; laizHkqrk o fgrksa dks pqukSrh nsus tSlk gSA

�Âphu }kjk bl ifj;kstuk dh izfØ;k esa g”kkjksa lqj{kkdehZ rSukr fd;s tk jgs gSa rFkk Hkkjrh; lhek ls bl {ks=k ds lVs gksus ds dkj.k Hkkjr dh lhek lqj{kk ij phu }kjk ladV mRiUu fd;k tk jgk gSA

�ÂHkkjr dh ,d fpark bl igy ds nkSjku phu }kjk tkjh fd;s tkus okys ½.k dh okilh dh 'krks± esa vLi"Vrk ls lacafèkr gS rFkk Hkkjr bls phu ds ^uo mifuos'kokn* dk vL=k crkrk gSA

phu dh bl ifj;kstuk esa fodkl dk;ks± ds uke ij vusd fNis gq, mn~ns'; fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSa] vr% Hkkjr us viuk Li"V i{k j[krs gq, Lo;a dks blls nwj j[kk gSA

iz'u% okeiaFkh mxzokn esa vèkkseq[kh izo`fÙk fn[kkbZ ns jgh gS] ijarq vHkh Hkh ns'k ds vusd Hkkx blls izHkkfor gSaA okeiaFkh mxzokn }kjk izLrqr pqukSfr;ksa dk fojksèk djus ds fy;s Hkkjr ljdkj ds n`f"Vdks.k dks la{ksi esa Li"V dhft;sA (150 'kCn] 10 vad)

Left Wing Extremism (LWE) is showing a downward trend, but still affects many parts of the country. Briefly explain the Government of India's approach to counter the challenges posed by LWE.

mÙkj% Hkkjr esa chrs dqN o"kks± esa okeiaFkh fopkjèkkjk izsfjr fgald la?k"kks± ds izlkj o rhozrk esa vèkkseq[kh izo`fÙk ns[kh xbZ gSA x`g ea=kky; ds vuqlkj o"kZ 2017 ds nkSjku ns'k esa okeiaFkh mxzokn dh 908 ?kVukvksa esa 263 yksxksa dh e`R;q gqbZ tks fd o"kZ 2010 esa gqbZ 2213 ?kVukvksa esa gqbZ 1005 ekSrksa dh rqyuk esa vR;fèkd de gSA gkyk¡fd vHkh Hkh 10 jkT;ksa ds 106 f”kys okeiaFkh mxzokn ls izHkkfor gSa rFkk 7 jkT;kas ds 35 f”kys xaHkhj :i ls bl leL;k dk lkeuk dj jgs gSaA ;g la[;k fiNys o"kks± ls rqyukRed :i ls de gS ijarq gky esa yky xfy;kjs ds lqnwj nf{k.k (dsjy&rfeyukMq lhek) rd foLr`r gks tkus ls ubZ fpark,¡ mRiUu gqbZ gSaA

okeiaFkh mxzokntfur pqukSfr;ksa ls fuiVus ds fy;s Hkkjr ljdkj lqj{kk o fodkl nksuksa ds eè; lkeatL; LFkkfir dj dk;Z dj jgh gSA pw¡fd dkuwu&O;oLFkk jkT; lwph dk fo"k; gS] vr% la?kh; ljdkj bl lanHkZ esa fuxjkuh djus] jkT;ksa ds iz;klksa dks lefUor rFkk laiwfjr djus] jkT; iqfyl ds vkèkqfudhdj.k dh fn'kk esa dk;Z djus] dsanzh; cy eqgS;k djkus rFkk iqfyl dks lVhd o Rofjr vklwpuk laizsf"kr djus dh fn'kk esa dk;Z dj jgh gSA blds vfrfjDr ljdkj izHkkfor f”kyksa ds cgqvk;keh fodkl dh fn'kk esa rFkk bl lanHkZ esa jkT;ksa dh {kerk fodflr djus ij cy ns jgh gSA

lexzr% okeiaFkh mxzokn vkt Hkh Hkkjr dh vkarfjd lqj{kk ds fy;s lcls cM+h pqukSfr;ksa esa ls ,d gS rFkk ljdkj iwjh xaHkhjrk ds lkFk lHkh vk;keksa dk lekosf'kr dj bls lekIr djus dh fn'kk esa dk;Z dj jgh gSA

iz'u% vadh;Ñr (fMftVkb”M) nqfu;k esa c<+rs gq, lkbcj vijkèkksa ds dkj.k MkVk lqj{kk dk egÙo cgqr c<+ x;k gSA tfLVl ch-,u- JhÑ".kk lfefr fjiksVZ esa MkVk dh lqj{kk ls lacafèkr eqíksa ij lksp&fopkj fd;k x;k gSA vkids fopkj esa lkbcj Lisl esa futh MkVk dh lqj{kk ls lacafèkr bl fjiksVZ dh [kwfc;k¡ vkSj [kkfe;k¡ D;k&D;k gSa\ (250 'kCn] 15 vad)

mÙkj% baVjusV dh nqfu;k tSls&tSls viuk foLrkj djrh tk jgh gS] baVjusV ij futh tkudkjh dks lqjf{kr j[kus esa Hkh mlh xfr ls

lqj{kk


262

n`fÔ ifCydsÓkUl

Mains Series

2018

iz'u% 1: (a) flfoy lsokvksa ds lanHkZ esa lk£od izÑfr ds] rhu vkèkkfjd ewY;ksa dk dFku dhft;s vkSj muds egÙo dks mtkxj dhft;sA (150 'kCn] 10 vad)

State the three basic values, universal in nature, in the context of civil services and bring out their importance.

mÙkj% Hkkjr tSls dY;k.kdkjh jkT; esa flfoy lsokvksa o flfoy lsodksa dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gS D;ksafd ;s dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ds izeq[k ^,tsaV* gksrs gSaA flfoy lsokvksa dh izÑfr dks ns[krs gq, flfoy lsodksa esa lkfoZd izÑfr ds rhu vkèkkjHkwr ewY;ksaµ lR;fu"Bk] d#.kk vkSj lfg".kqrk dk gksuk vko';d gSA lkfoZd izÑfr ds ewY;ksa ls vk'k; mu ewY;ksa ls gS ftUgsa fo'o ds vfèkdka'k lekt o leqnk;ksa esa ekU;rk izkIr gksus o lekt esa izpyu esa gksus rFkk ns'k] dky] ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk ftu ij izHkko u iM+rk gks] tSlsµ d#.kk dk ewY;A d#.kk dks Hkkjrh; o if'peh lekt esa vR;fèkd egÙo fn;k x;k gSA laiw.kZ fo'o esa ijksidkj dh ewy Hkkouk dk dkj.k ^d#.kk* gh gSA

oLrqr% lR;fu"Bk ls rkRi;Z fdlh ph”k ds laiw.kZ :i ls tqM+s gksus vkSj vkarfjd lqlaxfr ls gSA flfoy lsokvksa esa lR;fu"Bk gksus ls deZpkfj;ksa] ofj"B vfèkdkfj;ksa vkSj turk dk fo'okl izkIr gks tkrk gS ftlls lkekftd ifjorZu rFkk vU; ekeyksa esa turk dk lfØ; lg;ksx feyrk gSA dY;k.kdkjh jkT; esa flfoy lsokvksa esa lR;fu"Bk dh mifLFkfr bl ckr dh xkjaVh nsrh gS fd jkT; ftu oxks± dks ykHkkfUor djuk pkgrk gS] os ykHk lpeqp mUgsa izkIr gksaxsA

d#.kk ,d lkekU; Hkko gS tks de”kksj O;fDr;ksa ;k izkf.k;ksa dh ihM+k dks eglwl dj mudh lgk;rk dh bPNk mRiUu gksus dh Hkkouk ls mRiUu gksrk gSA yksdlsokvksa esa d#.kk dk ewY; gksus ls yksd lsod de”kksj ,oa xjhc oxks± dh fLFkfr esa lqèkkj djus ds lkFk gh mudh n'kk lqèkkjus ds fy;s Hkhrj ls izfrc¼ gksaxs] ftlls bu oxks± dh thou fLFkfr esa xq.kkRed lqèkkj vkSj lekos'kh o`f¼ dks c<+kok feysxkA

lfg".kqrk dk ladh.kZ vFkZ lgu djuk gSA tcfd O;kid vFkZ vius fojksèkh ,oa fofHkUu Hkk"kk] fyax] èkeZ] fopkj bR;kfn leqnk;ksa o O;fDr;ksa ds fopkjksa] ekU;rkvksa dks Lohdkj djus vkSj mudk lEeku djus ls gS ,oa muds fopkj oLrqfu"B] U;k;ksfpr ,oa rkfdZd gksus ij mUgsa viukus ls gSA HkweaMyhdj.k ,oa oS'ohdj.k ds nkSj esa lHkh lektksa

ds oSfoè; esa o`f¼ gks jgh gSA yxHkx lHkh lektksa esa èkeZ] uLy vkSj jk"Vªh;rkvksa ds fofHkUu lewg lkFk&lkFk jgrs gSaA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa yksdlsokvksa esa lfg".kqrk gksus ls 'kkafriw.kZ lgvfLrRo ds lkFk gh lekt vkSj jktuhfr nksuksa yksdrkaf=kd gksrs gSaA Hkkjr ,oa vU; fofoèkrkoknh ns'kksa esa yksdlsokvksa esa ;g xq.k vR;ar vko';d gks tkrk gSA

fu"d"kZr% yksdlsokvksa esa bu vkèkkfjd ewY;ksa ls lekt] iz'kklu o jktuhfr lHkh dks ykHk igq¡prk gS vkSj ns'k dh izxfr o fodkl esa yksdlsod leqfpr rjhds ls vius dÙkZO;ksa dk fuogZu djrs gSaA

iz'u% 1: (b) mi;qDr mnkgj.kksa lfgr ¶lnkpkj&lafgrk¸ vkSj ¶vkpkj&lafgrk¸ ds chp foHksnu dhft;sA (150 'kCn] 10 vad)

Distinguish between “Code of ethics” and “Code of conduct” with suitable examples.

mÙkj% uhfr lafgrk vkSj vkpj.k lafgrk nksuksa dk gh lacaèk iz'kklu ;k izcaèku esa uSfrdrk dh LFkkiuk ls gSA lnkpkj lafgrk ;k dksM vkWiQ ,fFkDl esa iz'kklu ;k izcaèku ls tqM+s dqN vkèkkjHkwr ewY;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA tcfd vkpkj lafgrk ;k dksM vkWiQ daMDV] lnkpkj lafgrk ij vkèkkfjr nLrkos”k gksrk gS tks iz'kklu ;k izcaèku esa dqN fuf'pr dk;ks± ;k vkpj.kksa ds ckjs esa ;g crkrk gS fd fdlh vfèkdkjh dks bUgsa djuk pkfg;s ;k ughaA

mYys[kuh; gS fd O;kogkfjd rkSj ij bu nksuksa dks iwjh rjg ls vyx djuk laHko ugha gS fdarq lS¼kafrd rkSj ij buesa varj fd;k tk ldrk gSA lnkpkj lafgrk lkekU; o vewrZ gksrh gS tcfd vkpj.k lafgrk fof'k"V o ewrZA

blds vykok] lnkpkj lafgrk ds mYya?ku ij naM dk izkoèkku ugha gS tcfd ^vkpkj lafgrk* ds mYya?ku ij naM dk izkoèkku gSA lnkpkj lafgrk dj.kh; o vdj.kh; ds dqN ekunaM fuèkkZfjr dj iz'kkldksa ds O;ogkj esa lqfuf'prrk ykrh gSA pw¡fd iz'kklu ds uSfrd ewY; vkèkkjHkwr ekuoh; ewY;ksa ij vkèkkfjr gksrs gSaA blfy;s ;g laHko gS fd fofHkUu ns'kksa ;k ,d gh ns'k esa ljdkj ds fofHkUu vaxksa] foHkkxksa vkfn dh lnkpkj lafgrk,¡ ,d tSlh gksaA ijarq vkpkj lafgrk,¡ ,d tSlh lnkpkj lafgrkvksa ij vkèkkfjr gksdj Hkh fHkUu&fHkUu gks ldrh gSa D;ksafd ,d gh uSfrd ewY; vyx&vyx foHkkxksa esa fofHkUu :iksa esa O;Dr gks ldrk gSA tSls fd izfrc¼rk* dk uSfrd ewY; izk;% lHkh foHkkxksa dh lnkpkj lafgrkvksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA lSfud vkpj.k lafgrk esa ^izfrc¼rk* dk vFkZ ;q¼ tSlh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa viuk thou viZ.k

lkekU; vè;;u&4

uhfr'kkL=] lR;fu"Bk vkSj vfHk#fp


295

esUl lkWYOM isilZ

Mains Series

2018

iz'u 1% jkds'k f”kyk Lrj dk ,d f”kEesnkj vfèkdkjh gS ftl ij mlds mPp vfèkdkjh Hkjkslk djrs gSaA mldh bZekunkjh dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, ljdkj us mls ofj"B ukxfjdksa ds fy;s ,d LokLF; ns[kHkky ;kstuk ds ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh igpku djus dk nkf;Ro lkSaik gSA

ykHkkFkhZ gksus ds fy;s fuEufyf[kr dlkSfV;k¡ gSa%

(a) 60 o"kZ dh ;k mlls vfèkd vk;q gksA (b) fdlh vkjf{kr leqnk; ls lacafèkr gksA (c) ifjokj dh okf"kZd vk; ` 1 yk[k ls de gksA (d) bykt ds ckn ykHkkFkhZ ds thou dh xq.koÙkk esa ldkjkRed

varj gksus dh izcy laHkkouk gksA

,d fnu ,d o`¼ naifr jkds'k ds dk;kZy; esa ;kstuk ds ykHk ds fy;s vkosnu&i=k ys dj vk;kA os mlds f”kys ds ,d xk¡o esa tUe ls jgrs vk, gSaA o`¼ O;fDr dh cM+h vk¡r esa ,d ,sls fojys fodkj dk irk yxk ftlls mlesa #dkoV iSnk gksrh gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] mlds isV esa ckj&ckj rhoz ihM+k gksrh gS ftlls og dksbZ 'kkjhfjd Je ugha dj ldrk gSA o`¼ naifr dh ns[kjs[k djus ds fy;s dksbZ larku ugha gSA ,d fo'ks"kK 'kY; fpfdRld] ftlls os feys gSa] fcuk iQhl ds mudh 'kY; fpfdRlk djus dks rS;kj gSA fiQj Hkh] ml o`¼ naifr dks vkdfLed O;;] tSls nokb;k¡] vLirky dk [kpZ] vkfn tks yxHkx ` 1 yk[k gksxk] Lo;a gh ogu djuk iM+sxkA naifÙk ekud ^c* ds vykok ;kstuk dk ykHk izkIr djus dh lkjh dlkSfV;k¡ iwjh djrk gSA fiQj Hkh] fdlh Hkh izdkj dh foÙkh; lgk;rk fuf'pr rkSj ij muds thou dh xq.koÙkk esa dkiQh varj iSnk djsxhA

jkds'k dks bl ifjfLFkfr esa D;k vuqfØ;k djuh pkfg;s\

(250 'kCn] 20 vad)Rakesh is a responsible district level officer, who enjoys

the trust of his higher officials. Knowing his honesty, the government entrusted him with the responsibility of identifying the beneficiaries under a healthcare scheme meant for senior citizens.

The criteria to be a beneficiary are the following: (a) 60 years of age or above. (b) Belonging to a reserved community. (c) Family income of less than ` 1 lakh per annum. (d) Post-treatment prognosis is likely to be high to make a

positive difference to the quality of life of the beneficiary.

One day, an old couple visited Rakesh's office with their application. They have been the residence of a village in his district since their birth. The old man is diagnosed with a rare condition that causes obstruction in the large intestine. As a consequence, he has severe abdominal pain frequently that prevents him from doing any physical labour. The couple have no children to support them. The expert surgeon whom they contacted is willing to do the surgery without charging any fee. However, the couple will have to bear the cost of incidental charges, such as medicines, hospitalization, etc., to the tune of ` 1 lakh. The couple fulfills all the criteria except criterion ‘b’. However, any financial aid would certainly make a significant difference in their quality of life.

How should Rakesh respond to the situation?

mÙkj% o`¼ naifr;kas dks fofHkUu izdkj dh leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS vkSj vekuoh; n'kkvksa esa viuk thou&;kiu djuk iM+rk gS D;ksafd o`¼ naifr 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld :i ls dk;Z djus esa l{ke ugha gksrs gSa vkSj ;g leL;k rc vkSj tfVy gks tkrh gS tc mudh ns[kHkky ,oa j[kj[kko ds fy;s dksbZ larku u gks_ mi;qZDr izdj.k esa bUgha ifjfLFkfr;ksa o leL;kvksa dks mfYyf[kr fd;k x;k gSA

oLrqr% jkds'k dh bZekunkjh dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, mls ofj"B ukxfjdkas ds fy;s ,d LokLF; ns[kHkky ;kstuk ds ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh igpku djus dk nkf;Ro lkSaik x;k gS vkSj ykHkkFkhZ gksus dh dlkSfV;k¡ Hkh crkbZ xbZ gSaA vr% jkds'k dk ;g dÙkZO; o tokcnsgh curh gS fd og dlkSfV;ksa ds vuqlkj gh ;kstuk ds ykHkk£Fk;ksa dk p;u djs rFkk bu dlkSfV;ksa esa o`¼ naifr ekud ¶c¸ dk ikyu ugha djrk gS bl dkj.k og bl ;kstuk dk ykHkkFkhZ ugha gks ldrk gSA ;g Hkh laHko gS fd vxj bl o`¼ naifr dks bl ;kstuk dk ykHkkFkhZ cuk;k tk,] rks dksbZ vkjf{kr leqnk; dk o`¼ O;fDr bl ;kstuk ls ckgj gks tk, D;ksafd bl ;kstuk dk okLrfod ykHkkFkhZ vkjf{kr leqnk; gS ftlls bl ;kstuk dk mís'; gh lekIr gks tk,xkA

ysfdu] vc ;g loky mBrk gS fd o¼ naifr dsoy ekud ¶c¸ dk ikyu ugha djrk gS] tcfd vU; lHkh dlkSfV;ksa dk izHkkoh ikyu djrk gSA pw¡fd] o¼ naifr ds ikl dksbZ larku Hkh ugha gS tks o¼ naifÙk ds bykt dk [kpZ ogu dj ldsA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa eas ;g izHkkoh fodYi gS fd eSa o¼ naifr dks ;kstuk dk ykHkkFkhZ cukmQ¡ vkSj bykt ds fy;s foÙkh; enn d:¡A

bl fcanq ij Hkh fopkj djuk ”k:jh gS fd ,d fo'ks"kK 'kY; fpfdRld Hkh mudh 'kY; fpfdRlk fcuk iQhl ds djus dks rS;kj gSA o¼ O;fDr ds isV esa ckj&ckj rhoz ihM+k gksrh gS ftlls og 'kkjhfjd Je ugha dj ldrk gSA vr% o¼ naifr dh 'kY; fpfdRlk i'pkr~ og 'kkjhfjd Je djds viuh thou&xq.koÙkk esa lqèkkj ds lkFk gh jk"Vª ds

dsl LVMhT+k

331Mains Series

2018 esa iwNs x, fucaèk

1 ^tyok;q ifjorZu ds izfr lquE; Hkkjr gsrq oSdfYid rduhdsa* (Alternative technologies for a climate change resilient India)

¶taxy]isM+]igkM+]leanj

balklcdqNdkVjgkgS

Nhy&Nhyds[kky”kehadh

VqdM+k&VqdM+kck¡VjgkgS

vklekulsmrjsekSle

lkjscatjgksusyxsgSa

ekSlecs?kjgksusyxsgSaA¸

dfo xqy”kkj dh ;s iafDr;k¡ izÑfr ds voØe.k esa ekuoh; Hkwfedk dh xkFkk dg jgh gSa ftldk ifj.kke vkt gekjs lkeus ^tyok;q ifjorZu* ds :i esa mifLFkr gqvk gSA bl tyok;q ifjorZu ds ifj.kkeLo:i ,d vksj i`Foh ds nksuksa èkzqoksa dh ciQhZyh pV~Vkusa fi?ky jgh gSa rks nwljh vksj èkjrh dk rhljk èkzqo vFkkZr~ fgeky;] fganqdq'k ioZrekyk dk ciQhZyk {ks=k Hkh ladqfpr gks jgk gSA fuf'pr gh rhljs èkzqo ds bl ladqpu dk izHkko Hkkjr ij Hkh iM+ jgk gSA tyok;q ifjorZu ds bl cgqvk;keh ,oa cgqO;kih izHkko dk lkeuk djus ds fy;s gekjs ikl tyok;q lquE; (tyok;q lá) rduhdsa izeq[k vkèkkj cudj mHkjh gSaA bu rduhdksa esa oSKkfud [kkstsaa rFkk ijaijkxr o Lons'kh Kku ls vftZr oSdfYid rduhdsa 'kkfey gSaA è;krO; gS fd tyok;q ifjorZu ,d nh?kZdkfyd izfØ;k gS tks tyok;q ds xq.kksa esa fofoèk ifjorZu dks lanfHkZr djrk gS vkSj ftldh igpku lkaf[;dh; ijh{k.k ds ekè;e ls dh tkrh gSA tyok;q ifjorZu dh bl izfØ;k esa vkS|ksxhdj.k ds i'pkr~ ekuoh; dkjd us izeq[k Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA Hkkjr lfgr iwjh nqfu;k esa tyok;q ifjorZu ds dkj.k lw[kk] ck<+] mQtkZ rFkk [kk| lqj{kk] izoklu] chekfj;k¡] jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk ,oa l'kDr la?k"kZ dk [krjk c<+k gSA

ekuork ij vklUu mi;qZDr [krjksa us ekuo dks foo'k fd;k gS fd og thou&;ksX; Hkfo"; ds fuekZ.k ds fy;s lrr~] lekos'kh ,oa LFkk;h orZeku dh voèkkj.kk dks Lohdkj djsA fu'p; gh bl izfØ;k us ekuo dks tyok;q lquE; (tyok;q lá) rduhdksa ds fodkl ds fy;s izsfjr fd;k gSA ^lquE;rk* ,d ,slh {kerk gS ftlds }kjk ,d [krjukd ?kVuk ;k izo`fÙk ;k ijs'kkuh dk lkeuk djus ds fy;s lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj i;kZoj.kh; iz.kkfy;ksa dks rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA bl izfØ;k esa bu iz.kkfy;ksa dh igpku] dk;Ziz.kkyh rFkk lajpuk dks lqjf{kr j[krs gq, budh vuqdwyu {kerk dks cuk, j[kk tkrk gSA Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa lquE; oSdfYid rduhdksa ij fopkj djus ls igys ;gk¡ tyok;q ifjorZu ls tqM+s [krjksa dks le> ysuk vko';d gksxkA tyok;q ifjorZu dh voèkkj.kk dks lR;kfir djus okyh fofHkUu vkbZ-ih-lh-lh- (baVjxouZesaVy iSuy vkWu DykbesV psat) dh fjiksVks± ij ;fn è;ku nsa rks muesa Li"V fd;k x;k gS fd tyok;q ifjorZu ls unh;] rVh; ,oa 'kgjh ck<+ esa o`f¼ ls cM+s iSekus ij volajpuk] vkthfodk ,oa clkoV esa cnyko vk,xkA blds vykok rkitU; e`R;q] lw[kktU; [kk| vlqj{kk ,oa dqiks"k.k esa o`f¼ tSls lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa i;kZoj.kh; ladV c<+saxsA la;qDr jk"Vª dh ,d fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj tyok;q ifjorZu 2030 rd 122 fefy;u yksxksa dks vfr xjhch dh voLFkk esa ys tk ldrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa Hkkjr Hkh xjhc tula[;k ds ncko dk lkeuk dj ldrk gSA blds vykok] tyok;q ifjorZu ls c<+us okys leqnzh tyLrj ls eqacbZ o dydÙkk tSls egkuxjksa dk ,d cM+k {ks=k Mwc ldrk gS rks nwljh vksj lkxjh; ty ds rkieku esa o`f¼ ls ^dksjy Cyhfpax* c<+sxh ,oa leqnzh [kk| lalkèkuksa ij izfrdwy vlj iM+sxkA

pw¡fd] leqnz i;kZoj.k o tyok;q ds izeq[k fuèkkZjd gksrs gSa rFkk bu leqnzksa esa gksus okyh rkio`f¼ fu'p; gh fparuh; gSA gky dh ,d fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj tYn gh y{k}hi Hkkjr dk ^tyok;q ifjorZu 'kj.kkFkhZ* ladV dk lkeuk djus okyk igyk {ks=k cu ldrk gSA tyok;q ifjorZu ls tqM+h gky dh dqN ?kVukvksa ij ;fn xkSj djsa rks blds [krjksa dks vkSj xgjkbZ ls eglwl dj ldrs gSa] tSls fiNys dqN o"kks± esa vkbZ psUubZ o eqacbZ dh ck<+ gks ;k gky dh dsjy dh ck<+A blh izdkj ^gqngqn* ,oa ^vks[kh* tSls pØokrksa dh ckjackjrk gks ;k mÙkjk[kaM esa dsnkjukFk dh =kklnhA blds vykok mÙkjk[kaM ds taxyksa esa yxh vkx] rfeyukMq dk lw[kk rFkk pjerki dh c<+rh ?kVuk,¡ Hkkjr ds fy;s izeq[k pqukSrh jgh gSaA mi;qZDr pqukSfr;ksa ,oa ladV ds okrkoj.k esa tks izeq[k iz'u Hkkjr ds lkeus mHkjrk gS og ;g gS fd Hkkjr viuh fo'kky vkcknh dh vkthfodk] LokLF; rFkk fodkl dks dSls lqfuf'pr dj ik,xkA Hkkjr dh yxHkx 36 izfr'kr fo'kky xjhc vkcknh dks ;fn xjhch

345Mains Series


1 Hkkjr esa vf/kdrj d`"kdksa ds fy;s d`f"k thou&fuokZg dk ,d l{ke lzksr ugha jgh gSA (Farming has lost the ability to be a source of subsistence for majority

of farmers in India.

,d izfrf"Br if=kdk dk i=kdkj Ñf"k dh fLFkfr dk tk;”kk ysus ds fy;s xk¡oksa esa fdlkuksa ds chp tkrk gS rFkk muls crkSj losZ ,d iz'u iwNrk gS fd vki vius cPps dks Hkfo"; esa D;k cukuk pkgrs gSa\ izkIr mÙkj cgqr pkSadkus okyk gksrk gSA ,d ,sls ns'k esa tgk¡ Ñf"k ek=k ,d vkfFkZd O;olk; o jks”kxkj dk iz'u u gksdj yksxksa dh laLÑfr] lkekftd O;oLFkk rFkk vkLFkk ls tqM+k ekeyk gS] tgk¡ Ñ"kdksa dh iQlyksa ds fglkc ls R;kSgkjksa dk fuèkkZj.k gksrk gS rFkk dfo;ksa dh dYiuk esa blds Lof.kZe nkSj ds xhr fo|eku gSa] ogk¡ 40% fdlku vius cPps dks fdlkuh ds èkaèks dks ugha viukus nsuk pkgrs! muosQ vuqlkj fodYi ds :i esa os cPps dks dqN Hkh lEekutud dk;Z djus dh lgefr ns nsaxs] ysfdu [ksrh&fdlkuh dh ugha!! fdlkuksa dk ;g mÙkj ,dckjxh pkSadkrk ”k:j gS_ ysfdu dksbZ Hkh izcq¼ laosnu'khy O;fDr Hkkjr esa Ñf"k dh fLFkfr dks ns[ksxk rks laHkor% ;gh mÙkj nsxkA Ñ"kdksa esa yxkrkj c<+rh vkRegR;k dh izo`fÙk Hkkjr esa Ñf"k ds thou fuokZg ds csgrj lkèku u jg tkus dh rLnhd gh djrh gSA ;g foMacuk blfy;s Hkh ”;knk ohHkRl eglwl gksrh gS D;ksafd Hkkjr gh og ns'k gS tgk¡ ^Hkwfe* dks êk¡* dk ntkZ fn;k x;k gS] tgk¡ gj tyok;q miyCèk gS] tgk¡ gj izdkj dh iQly dks leFkZu nsus okyh feV~Vh gS] ufn;ksa dk bruk foLr`r laxe gS tks flapkbZ dh vko';drk dks iwjk dj ldrk gS vkSj ioZr] iBkj] rVh; eSnku] MsYVk vkfn Hkh ;gk¡ gSa ftuesa gj izdkj dh iQly dk mRiknu gks ldrk gSA ,d ,slk fo'kky ekuo Je Hkh ;gha gS tks Ñf"k ls lacafèkr ikjaifjd Kku Hkh j[krk gS rFkk blds lkFk gh mRiknu dks [kikus ds fy;s fo'kky ck”kkj dh Hkh ;gk¡ miyCèkrk gSA dfo us blh otg ls ^Hkkjr* dks ^[ksr* dk i;kZ; ekuk gS&

¶Hkkjr------esjslEekudklclsegku'kCntgk¡dghaHkhiz;ksxfd;ktk,

ckdhlHkh'kCnvFkZghugkstkrsgSaHkkjrdsvFkZ

fdlhnq";arlslacafèkrughaoju~[ksresank;jgStgk¡vUumxrkgSA¸

,sls esa eu esa dqN iz'uksa dk mBuk ykf”keh gS] elyu ,sls dkSu ls y{k.k gSa tks Hkkjr esa Ñf"k ds thou&fuokZg ds l{ke lzksr u jg tkus dh iqf"V djrs gSa\ D;k o`Qf"k dh ;g n'kk Hkkjr esa gh gS\ D;k lHkh Ñ"kdksa dh ,slh gh fLFkfr gS\ ;k blesa Hkh NksVs&cM+s Ñ"kd] ”kehankj&jSÕ;r o e”knwj dh fLFkfr vyx&vyx gS\ tc dqN cM+s fdlku vkt Hkh Ñf"k ls yk[kksa dek jgs gSa rks ckfd;ksa ds fy;s ;g nq%[knk;h lkèku D;ksa gS\ Ñf"k dk thou fuokZg dk lzksr u jg tkuk D;k orZeku dh fLFkfr;ksa dk ifj.kke gS ;k Ñf"k dh fu;fr ges'kk ls gh ,slh jgh gS\ ewy iz'u ;g gS fd Ñf"k dh fLFkfr ,slh D;ksa gS\ D;ksa Ñf"k îzk.knkf;uh* ls êkSr dk vkS”kkj* cu xbZ gSa\ D;ksa vkt fdlku dks lksprs gq, ogh Lefr vkrh gS tks izsepan us ^gksjh* dk o.kZu djrs gq, fy[kh Fkh\ D;ksa i<+&fy[k tkus dks fdlkuh ls nwj tkus dk i;kZ; ekuk tkrk gS\ vkSj varr% Ñf"k dh ;g fLFkfr dc o dSls lqèkjsxh\ bu iz'uksa dh rg rd tkdj gh ge bl eqn~ns dh ewy ”k:jr ds lkFk U;k; dj ik,axsA

orZeku esa] Hkkjr esa yxHkx 50% izR;{k o 70% vizR;{k :i ls yksxksa ds thou fuokZg dk lkèku Ñf"k gSA ;s yksx Ñf"k ds varxZr iQly mRiknu ds vykok i'kqikyu] ckxokuh] eRL; ikyu] js'ke mRiknu] ou&o¼Zu vkfn fØ;kvksa dks laiUu djrs gSa] ijarq buesa ls vfèkdka'k O;fDr buds ekè;e ls ,d lEekuuh; o xfjekiw.kZ thou gsrq vko';d vo;oksa dks izkIr ugha dj ik jgs gSaA bl oxZ dh f'k{kk] LokLF;] izf'k{k.k] csgrj vkokl o volj vkfn rd igq¡p vHkh Hkh nq:g cuh gqbZ gSA ”;knk fparuh; ckr rks ;g gS fd fdlkuksa dk ,d cM+k oxZ Ñf"k ds ekè;e ls thou&fuokZg Hkh ugha dj ik jgk gS rFkk vkRegR;k }kjk thou lekIr djus ds fy;s vfHk'kIr gSA fuf'pr rkSj ij Ñ"kd oxZ esa ,d lewg ,slk Hkh gS tks fdlkuh ds ekè;e ls ,s'kks&vkjke dk thou th jgk gS rFkk ftlds fy;s Ñf"k thou&fuokZg dk lkèku gksus dh ctk; ,d ykHkizn O;olk; gS_ ijarq ,sls yksx viokn dh la[;k esa gh gSa_ vfèkdka'k yksxksa ds fy;s Ñf"k vfLrRo dk gh iz'u cuh gqbZ gSA vioknLo:i tks yksx o`Qf"k ds ekè;e ls lEekuuh; o vkfFkZd :i ls ykHkizn thou th jgs gSa os ml lewg ls lacafèkr gSa tks ;k rks dj cpkus ds fy;s o`Q"kd dk ycknk vks<+s gq, gSa ;k os ftuds fy;s o`Qf"k ek=k ,d vYidkfyd is'kk gSA Hkwfe dk cM+k LokfeRoèkkjh o`Q"kd oxZ tks fofHkUu ;kstukvksa o midj.kksa dk csgrj iz;ksx dj ik jgk gS] ds fy;s gh o`Qf"k thou&fuokZg dk l{ke lzksr cuh gqbZ gSA

362 Mains Series


1 L=h&iq#"k ds leku ljksdkjksa dks 'kkfey fd;s fcuk fodkl ladVxzLr gSA(If development is not engendered, it is endangered)

¶,dfnuvkSjrdkfnugksxk,dfnuogf[kyk,xhnwèklsluhjksfV;k¡nqfu;kdslkjscPpksadksmldhg¡lhesagksxhfliZQg¡lhvkSjoqQNughagksxkogLFkfxrdjnsxhlkjs;q¼]lkjsèkeZog,srckjdkikBi<+k,xhA¸

izkphu dky ls gh (tc ls i'kqèku ls laifÙk laxzg.k dk izpyu gqvk) firlÙkk dk ”kksj pyk vk jgk gSA gkyk¡fd izkjafHkd ekuo lekt

ekrlÙkkRed Fkk] mlds i;kZIr lk{; txg&txg feyrs jgrs gSaA lekt] èkeZ] vkfFkZd O;ogkj] jktuhfr_ gjlaHko Hkwfedkvksa esa L=kh dks gVkdj

mls ?kj&ifjokj o iztuu rd lhfer j[kus dh dksf'k'k pyrh jgh gSA le;≤ ij blds viokn Hkh feyrs jgs gSa ij fofHkUu dky[kaMksa esa

dksbZ Lo.kZ ;qx L=kh dk Hkh gS] ,slk mYys[k ugha feyrkA vkèkqfud dky esa tkdj bl vkijkfèkd tM+rk dks rksM+us dh dksf'k'k 'kq: gqbZA L=kh&iq#"k

vlekurk vkSj fyax&Hksn ds lekiu dk fopkj ,d vkèkqfud fopkj gSA vksfyEi Mh xkmlst (Olympe de Gouges) us euq"; vkSj ukxfjd ds

vfèkdkjksa dh ?kks"k.kk dh r”kZ ij ^fL=k;ksa vkSj L=kh ukxfjdksa ds vfèkdkjksa dh ?kks"k.kk* rS;kj dh] ftldk çdk'ku 1791 esa gqvk vkSj mls izQk¡l dh

jk"Vªh; vlsacyh ds le{k izLrqr Hkh fd;k x;k] ij oqQN [kkl izxfr ugha gks ikbZA bl nkSj esa L=kh vkanksyu dk lcls egÙoiw.kZ nLrkos”k esjh

oksYlVuØkÝV (Mary Wollstonecraft) dh iqLrd L=kh vfèkdkjksa dk çfrikyu* (A Vindication of the Rights of Women) gS] ftldk çdk'ku

1792 esa gqvkA bls L=kh&foe'kZ vkSj mlds ljksdkjksa dh cgqr egÙoiw.kZ igy ekuk tkrk gSA tqykbZ 1848 esa U;w;kWoZQ esa ,fytkcsFk dSMh LVSaVu

(Alizabeth Cady Stanton) vkSj yqØsfl;k eksV (Lucretia Mott) dh vxqvkbZ esa igyk L=kh vfèkdkj lEesyu gqvk] ftlesa mUgksaus fL=k;ksa ds fy;s

erkfèkdkj lfgr iw.kZ dkuwuh lekurk] iw.kZ 'kSf{kd vkSj O;kolkf;d volj] leku e”knwjh vkSj leku eqvko”ks dh ekax mBkbZA fiQj ;g vkanksyu

rs”kh ls ;wjksi rd tk igq¡pk vkSj vkt ;g dkiQh egÙoiw.kZ fLFkfr esa igq¡p pqdk gSA fiQj Hkh ,slk cgqr oqQN gS tks fd;k tkuk 'ks"k gS] D;ksafd

vHkh Hkh fodkl dh izfØ;k esa L=kh o iq#"k ljksdkjksa dks leku LFkku izkIr ugha gS rFkk nqfu;k dh ,slh reke txgsa gSa] tgk¡ vHkh Hkh vkSjrksa dks

iq#"k dh vèkhuLFk dh rjg j[kus ij ”kksj fn;k tkrk gSA nksuksa ds chp HksnHkko fd;k tkrk gSA ;g HksnHkko lkekftd] vkfFkZd] 'kSf{kd] ikfjokfjd]

èkkfeZd] lkaLÑfrd rFkk jktuSfrd] gj Lrj ij gksrk gSA tc rd bl rjg dk HksnHkko gksrk jgsxk rc rd fodkl ladVxzLr jgsxkA

,d iz'u ;g Hkh mBk;k tkrk gS fd D;k fodkl ds lanHkZ esa L=kh&iq#"k ds ljksdkjksa esa oqQN fHkUurk gksrh Hkh gS ;k ugha\ ;k fiQj ekeyk dsoy l'kfDrdj.k dk gh gS\ lkekU; rkSj ij rks ;gh yxrk gS fd fodkl ds lHkh miknkuksa dh L=kh&iq#"k nksuksa dks ”k:jr gSA O;oLFkk ;k ra=k dks cl ;g ns[kuk gS fd og fyax&Hksn u djsA f'k{kk] LokLF;] jks”kxkj] Hkkstu] lqj{kk] vkokl vkfn dh rks L=kh o iq#"k nksuksa dks ”k:jr gS] fiQj vyx ljksdkjksa dh ckr dgk¡ ls vkbZ\ ,d lkekU; iz'u mB ldrk gS] ij okLro esa ;g eqís dk ljyhdj.k gksxkA L=kh vkSj iq#"k dh 'kkjhfjd o lkekftd fLFkfr esa dkiQh iQoZQ gSA L=kh dks gj eghus ekgokjh gksrh gS] mls 9 eghus xHkZ èkkj.k djuk gksrk gSA og jkr esa] vdsys gksus dh fLFkfr esa rFkk vutku txgksa ij vlqjf{kr eglwl djrh gSA vr% fL=k;ksa dks fyax lekurk ds lkFk fyax fof'k"Vrk dks Hkh vius fodkl ds ljksdkjksa esa 'kkfey djkus dh tn~nkstgn djuh iM+hA ekDlZ us igyh ckj usrRo'kkL=k vkSj bfrgkl dh [kkstksa ds vkèkkj ij L=kh&iq#"k ds chp vlekurk vkSj L=kh dh vèkhurk ds izkÑfrd dkj.kksa dh èkkj.kk dk roZQlaxr fuewZyu djrs gq, ;g fl¼ fd;k fd L=kh dh ijkèkhurk vkSj iq#"k LokfeRo dk tUe vkfne lektksa esa futh LokfeRo ds tUe vkSj oxks± ds mn~Hko dh izfØ;k ds lkFk gqvkA mudh rkfdZd fu"ifÙk ;g Fkh fd L=kh ijkèkhurk dh iw.kZ lekfIr futh LokfeRo vkSj oxZ foHksn dh lekfIr ds lkFk gh laHko gks ldrh gSA ysfdu ekeyk bruk vklku u Fkk] dkj.k vkSj Hkh FksA èkeZ mlesa ,d izHkkoh dkjd FkkA vk'p;Ztud :i ls èkeZ iq#"k lÙkk dk izrhd FkkA izR;sd èkeZ dk bZ'oj ,d iq#"k Fkk] ”;knkrj nsork HkhA ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd èkeks± us efgykvksa ij lcls ”;knk csfM+;k¡ yknha (crk;k x;k fd ;g muds fgr ds fy;s cgqr vko';d gS)A ,sls izfrcaèk yxk,

379Mains Series


1 fdlh dks vuqnku nsus ls mlds dke esa gkFk c¡Vkuk csgrj gSA(Lending hands to someone is better than giving a dole)

¶rqEgkjhnf{k.kkvkSjnku

lgk;rkvuqnku

;sdqNO;FkZlsmiØegSa

fdbuls]vko';drk,¡{kf.kd@rq"VgksldrhgSa

ysfdu]budhiw.kZrkij'kk'orla'k;jgsxk

;fny{;gSfd&

vko';drkvksadhfpjiwfrZgksrhjgs

rksbUgsa]dyenks]dyknks]dkS'kynksA¸

Hkkjrh; lekt esa nku ,oa vuqnku dks cM+k egÙo fn;k x;k gSA izk;% gj èkeZ esa nku dks ,d Js"B deZ crk;k x;k gS rFkk vius vfèk'ks"k

ds ,d cM+s Hkkx dks nku esa nsus dh vfuok;Zrk ij Hkh cy fn;k x;k gSA NkanksX;ksifu"kn~ esa nku dks fuR;deZ dh rjg vfuok;Z crkrs gq,

dgk x;k gS& ^J¼s;kns;e~]fg;kns;e~]fHk;kns;e~A* vFkkZr~ J¼k ls gks ;k yTtk ls ;k Hk; ls] nku fuR; nsuk pkfg;sA vuqnku ,oa nku dh

fofHkUu fdonafr;k¡ gekjs ikSjkf.kd xzaFkksa esa Hkjh iM+h gSaA dkSfVY; ds vFkZ'kkL=k esa Hkh vuqnku nsus dk f”kØ vkrk gS] ogha osnksa esa oSls czkã.kksa

dks vuqnku nsus dh ppkZ feyrh gS tks 'kkjhfjd :i ls v{ke vFkok cqtqxZ FksA izkphu 'kkldksa ls ysdj vkèkqfud dY;k.kdkjh jkT;ksa esa Hkh

vuqnku fn;s tkrs jgs gSaA

ijarq nku ;k vuqnku nsus dh ;g ijaijk] ftls dHkh Js"B ,oa vfuok;Z le>k tkrk Fkk] mldh egÙkk ij vc loky mBus yxs gSaA

vkykspuk dk ewy fcanq ;g gS fd D;k eg”k dqN #i;ksa vkSj vkfFkZd lalkèkuksa ds :i esa fn;s tkus okys ;s vuqnku yksxksa dks èkkj.kh; :i

ls ykHk igq¡pkus esa l{ke gSa\ D;k lgk;rk ds :i esa nh tkus okyh bl jkf'k ls mudh vko';drkvksa dk LFkk;h lekèkku laHko gS\ vxj

lE;d~ :i ls blds O;kogkfjd igyqvksa ij fopkj djsa rks vuqnku okLro esa dsoy rkRdkfyd rqf"Vdj.k ds flok dqN fo'ks"k ykHkdkjh ugha

ekywe gksrkA ;g u dsoy yksxksa dks ijkfJr cuk nsrk gS] cfYd mudh uSlfxZd {kerkvksa dk Hkh ßkl djrk gSA fdlh dks fujarj cSlk[kh nsdj

pykus dh vknr mls mldh pyus dh izkÑfrd {kerk ls Hkh foiUu dj nsrh gSA ;g Hkh ns[kk x;k gS fd ftUgsa fujarj nku ;k vuqnku fn;k

tkrk gS] mUgsa eqÝr[kksjh dh ,slh yr yx tkrh gS fd fiQj os vius gkFk&iSj pykdj ;k Je }kjk viuk isV Hkjuk ugha pkgrsA os bl rjg

fudEes gks tkrs gSa fd vkfJr gksdj gh viuk Hkj.k&iks"k.k djus dh vknr ls ykpkj gks tkrs gSaA geus Vªsuksa esa] LVs'kuksa ij] èkeZLFkyksa ds ckgj

yach drkj esa [kM+s dbZ ,sls fHk[kkfj;ksa dks ns[kk gS tks 'kkjhfjd :i ls LoLFk gSa ,oa 'kkjhfjd Je }kjk viuk thou&;kiu dj ldrs gSa]

ijUrq os ekaxdj viuk xq”kkjk dj jgs gSaaA ;s mudh mlh ykpkj vknr dk ifj.kke gSA

vrkfdZd :i ls fn;k tkus okyk vuqnku okLro esa nksuksa i{kksa dks uqdlku igq¡pkrk gSA vuqnku nsus okys viuh vksj ls rks vkfFkZd ?kkVs

esa jgrs gh gSa] mudk uqdlku eg”k dqN #i;ksa vkSj vkfFkZd lalkèkuksa dk gS] ijUrq vuqnku izkIr djus okys dbZ izdkj ls uqdlku esa jgrs gSaA

mudh vkxs c<+us dh izo`fÙk esa ,d Bgjko vk tkrk gS] muesa ,d izdkj dk fudEekiu Hkh ?kj dj tkrk gS rFkk os vius&vki dks lekt

dk fuEu ,oa rqPN oxZ ekuus yxrs gSa ,oa muds vkRelEeku esa fujarj fxjkoV vkus yxrh gSA oSfnd dky esa tc czkã.k èkeZ dk opZLo Fkk

rks 'kkldksa }kjk czkã.kksa dks vuqnku nsus dh izFkk ds dkj.k dbZ czkã.k fudEes gks x, vkSj vius dk;Z ls foeq[k gksrs pys x,A tks muds iru

dk ,d izeq[k dkj.k cukA

395Mains Series


1 vfèkdkj (lÙkk) c<+us ds lkFk mÙkjnkf;Ro Hkh c<+ tkrk gSA(With greater power comes greater responsibility)

vfèkdkjksa dh fnu&izfrfnu c<+rh tk jgh ekax ds bl nkSj esa okYVs;j dk dFku fd ¶vfèkdkjc<+usdslkFkmÙkjnkf;RoHkhc<+tkrk

gSA¸ gesa vius vfèkdkjksa ds lkFk gh lkFk f”kEesnkfj;ksa dk Hkh cksèk djk tkrk gSA :lks us dgk Fkk fd ¶euq";Lora=kiSnkgksrkgSijUrqog

lektesagjtxgcsfM+;ksalstdM+kgSA¸ ;s csfM+;k¡ njvly mlds dÙkZO;ksa vkSj mÙkjnkf;Roksa dh csfM+;k¡ gSa tgk¡ gj O;fDr dh Lora=krk ogha

lekIr gks tkrh gS tgk¡ nwljs dh Lora=krk 'kq: gksrh gSA vxj ge fdlh dh Lora=krk dk vfrØe.k djrs gSa rks fofèk ds fu;eksa ds eqrkfcd

gesa nf.Mr Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA Lora=krk vkSj LoPNanrk ds chp esa cM+h eghu js[kk gekjs mÙkjnkf;Roksa dh gksrh gS ftldk vfrØe.k

fdlh nwljs ds vfèkdkjksa dk guu gSA lp rks ;g gS fd gesa gj iy mu mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg;s tks fd ,d balku dk balku ds

izfr gS] balku dk izÑfr vkSj i;kZoj.k ds izfr gSA gekjs lafoèkku ds vuqPNsn 12 ls 35 rd esa fofHkUu ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh ckr dh xbZ

gS] blds vykok ekuokfèkdkj vk;ksx }kjk dqN lkoZHkkSfed ekuokfèkdkjksa dh Hkh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ gSA lH;rk ds fodkl Øe esa ge tSls&tSls

fodflr vkSj vkèkqfud gks jgs gSa oSls&oSls gekjs thou dks Lora=k cukus okys reke vfèkdkjksa dh ekax c<+rh tk jgh gS vkSj buesa ls reke

vfèkdkj fey Hkh jgs gSaA reke nfyr] oafpr] 'kksf"kr tkfr;ksa dks muds thou vfèkdkj vkSj ekuo vfèkdkj laoSèkkfud vfèkdkjksa ds }kjk gh

laHko gks lds gSaA foKku vkSj rduhdh fodkl ds bl ;qx esa ge vkèkqfud rks gks jgs gSa ijUrq ;g foMEcuk gh gS fd thou rFkk lekt ds

gj {ks=k ls ewY;ksa dk iru gks jgk gSA os ewY; tks lekos'kh fodkl ds fy;s] iafDr ds vafre vkneh ds fodkl ds fy;s vifjgk;Z gSaA pkgs

jktuhfr gks ;k iz'kklu ;k fd lkekU; thou] gj txg ftu yksxksa ds ikl lÙkk vkSj 'kfDr gS ogk¡ fujadq'krk vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj tSls voxq.k

fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk esa vk x, gSaA

balkuh fj'rksa dh cqfu;kn esa LokFkZ vk x;k gSA ftuds gkFk esa geus lÙkk ds lapkyu dh pkHkh nh ogh gekjs 'kks"k.k dk dkj.k cu x,A

tks gekjs lsod Fks] os dc gekjs ekfyd cu cSBs irk gh ugha pykA pquko thrus ds ckn ,d ea=kh] lkaln] foèkk;d ;k fd xzke izèkku ds

:i esa gekjs tuizfrfufèk;ksa ds tks vfèkdkj gSa] mUgsa tks lq[k&lqfoèkk,¡ feyrh gSa& caxyk] xkM+h] ukSdj rFkk vFkkg iSlksa okyh nqfu;k] og rks

mUgsa ;kn jgrh gS ijarq vke vkneh ds fy;s muds D;k dÙkZO; gSa] pquko ds ckn os ;g Hkwy tkrs gSaA f}rh; iz'kklfud lqèkkj vk;ksx us Hkh

viuh fjiksVZ esa jktuhfr rFkk iz'kklu esa mQij ls uhps rd iSQyh ykyiQhrk'kkgh vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj ij fujk'kk O;Dr dh gSA lfefr us ,sls izkoèkkuksa

dh Hkh fliQkfj'k dh gS ftlls fd gekjs ^egkuqHkkokas* dks ”;knk ls ”;knk f”kEesnkj cuk;k tk ldsA iz'kklfud dk;kZy;ksa esa vDlj ;g ns[kus

esa vkrk gS fd foHkkx ds mPp vfèkdkjh vius vèkhuLFkksa ds Hkz"Vkpkj dks u”kjvank”k djds mUgsa Dyhu fpV ns nsrs gSaA foHkkxh; tk¡p esa mUgsa

funksZ"k djkj ns fn;k tkrk gSA lfefr us bl ckr dh fliQkfj'k dh fd vxj Hkfo"; esa Dyhu fpV izkIr vèkhuLFk Hkz"Vkpkj ds fdlh ekeys

esa idM+k tkrk gS rks bldh f”kEesnkjh ml vèkhuLFk ds lkFk gh lkFk mlds mPp vfèkdkjh ij Hkh mruh gh jgsxhA mPp vfèkdkj izkIr gekjs

uhfr&fu;arkvksa esa mÙkjnkf;Ro dh o`f¼ ds fy;s uSfrd rFkk iz'kklfud vkpkj lafgrk dh Hkh fliQkfj'k dh xbZ gSA xkaèkh th us lkr lkekftd

ikiksa dk f”kØ fd;k Fkk] os gSa& fcuk dke ds èku] fcuk var%dj.k ds vkjke] fcuk ekuork ds foKku] fcuk pfj=k ds Kku] fcuk fl¼karksa

dh jktuhfr] fcuk uSfrdrk ds O;kikj rFkk fcuk cfynku ds iwtkA

ftl izdkj isM+&ikSèkksa esa iQy vkus ij os >qd tkrs gSa mlh izdkj gesa Hkh vfèkdkj izkIr djus ds ckn nkf;Roiw.kZ rFkk fouez gks tkuk

pkfg;sA fliQZ jktusrk vkSj vfèkdkfj;ksa ij gh lkjk nks"k e<+us ls ,d f”kEesnkj ukxfjd ds :i esa gekjs dÙkZO;ksa dh bfrJh ugha gks tkrh]

cfYd gesa Hkh ,d nwljs ds izfr] iwjh izÑfr ds izfr mruk gh f”kEesnkj gksuk pkfg;s] ftruk ltx vkSj tkx:d ge lafoèkku }kjk iznÙk vius

ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa ds izfr gksrs gSa mrus gh gesa lafoèkku ds vuqPNsn 51d esa crk, x, vius ekSfyd dÙkZO;ksa ds izfr Hkh gksuk pkfg;sA gekjs

reke èkeks±] uhfr dFkkvksa] lkfgR; lc esa nhu&nqf[k;ksa ds lsok dh ckr dh xbZ gSA vxj ge laiUu vkSj le`¼ gSa rks gj ”k:jrean ds fy;s

gekjs enn ds gkFk vo'; gh mBus pkfg;sA fdlh dfo us dgk Hkh gS fd&

411Mains Series


1 tks cnyko vki nwljksa esa ns[kuk pkgrs gSa igys Lo;a esa ykb;s &xkaèkh thA(Be the change you want to see in others – Gandhiji?)

yanu ds osLVfeaLVj ,ch 'kgj esa ,d vaxzs”k iknjh dh dcz ij dqN iafDr;k¡ fy[kh gSa&

¶tceSatokuFkkrcesjhdYiukvksadhdksbZlhekughaFkh]eSausfo'odkscnyMkyusdkliukns[kkAtSls&tSlsesjhmezc<+hvkSjcqf¼vkbZeq>syxkfdnqfu;kughacnysxhvkSjeSausviusy{;dksNksVkdjfy;kvkSjnqfu;kdkscnyusdhctk;viusns'kdkscnyMkyusdkiQSlykfd;k]ysfdu;gHkh,dnq:gdk;ZtSlkghyxkAthoudsvafrefnuksaesagrk'kgksdjeSausvafreç;klds:iesa[kqndsifjokjdksghcnyusdkiQSlykfd;k]vkSjmuyksxksadkstksfdesjsu”knhdFks]ysfdueSabuesalsfdlhdksHkhcnyughaldkAvkSjvctcfdeSaviuhe`R;q'kSÕ;kijgw¡]eq>svpkud;geglwlgqvkfdvxjeSausdsoy[kqndkscnyfy;kgksrkrksviuhçsj.kklsviusifjokjdksHkhcnyMkyrk]vkSjifjokjokyksadslg;ksxvkSjmRlkgo¼ZulseSaviusns'kdkscnyusdsyk;dgkstkrkvkSjD;kirkeSanqfu;kdksHkhcnynsrkA¸

mi;qZDr ?kVuk xkaèkh th ds bl dFku fd& ¶tkscnykovkinwljksaesans[kukpkgrsgSaigysLo;aesaykb;s¸dh ifjiqf"V djrh gS vkSj çklafxd tku iM+rh gSA ¶,dbUlkuds:iesagekjhegkurkblesabruhughagSfdgeblnqfu;kdkscnysa]ftruhblesagSfdgeviusvkidkscnyMkysaA¸ xkaèkh ds Lo;a esa ifjorZu lacaèkh dFku dk gh ;g nwljk :i gSA

ifjorZu çÑfr dk fu;e gS vkSj l`f"V dh uohurk ds fy;s ;g csgn ”k:jh Hkh gSA dqN ifjorZu 'kk'or gksrs gSa ftu ij pkgdj Hkh gekjk o'k ugha py ldrk tSls fd ekSle dk cnyuk] ckfj'k dk gksuk u gksuk] lwjt dk mxuk vkSj <y tkuk rks dqN ifjorZu csgn ekuoh; fdLe ds gksrs gSa ftUgsa ekuo pkgdj cny ldrk gSA ;g mlds o'k esa gksrk gS ftlesa mlds O;fDrxr LoHkko ls ysdj reke uohu vkfo"dkj o HkkSfrd ifjorZu 'kkfey gSaA

;g ekuoh; ço`fÙk gS fd ge viuh f”kEesnkfj;ksa vkSj dÙkZO;ksa ls rks cpuk pkgrs gSa ijarq vfèkdkj lq[k dk Hkjiwj ykHk mBkuk pkgrs gSaA ge viuh miyfCèk;ksa dk lsgjk rks [kqn ds lj cM+s xoZ ls ckaèkrs gSa ijarq xyfr;ksa dk Bhdjk nwljksa ij gh iQksM+rs gSaA dgk Hkh x;k gS fd ^ijmins'kdq'kycgqrsjsA* orZeku dh xykdkV çfrLi¼kZ ds nkSj esa balku fnu&c&fnu LokFkhZ gksrk tk jgk gSA

ge ;g rks pkgrs gSa fd nwljs yksx gekjs fglkc ls cny tk,¡ ijUrq ge [kqn dks ugha cnyrsA ge nwljs ls b””kr] Lokxr vkSj I;kj rFkk oiQknkjh rks iwjh ek=kk esa pkgrs gSa ijUrq [kqn dks mudh vis{kkvksa ij fdruk [kjk lkfcr dj jgs gSa bl ckr dk ewY;kadu dHkh ugha djrs gSaA

Hkyk tc rd ge nwljksa dks b””kr vkSj I;kj ugha nsaxs ge muls dSls blh dh mEehn dj ldrs gSaA ge eapksa ij cM+h&cM+h ckrsa rks djrs gSa ijUrq mu ckrksa dks vius nSfud thou esa vey esa ugha ykrs gSaA dbZ ckj mijksDr iknjh dh rjg ge Hkh cM+s&cM+s lius rks ns[krs gSa lekt dks cny Mkyus ds] O;oLFkk esa vkewy&pwy ifjorZu ds ijUrq [kqn dks gh muds vuq:i ugha cnyrsA gesa yxrk gS fd ge iw.kZ gSa vkSj geesa fdlh Hkh cnyko dh dksbZ ”k:jr ugha gS vkSj blh Hkze esa gekjs }kjk cnyko ds lHkh lius vèkwjs jg tkrs gSaA njvly cnyuk gesa [kqn dks gksrk gS ij ge lcls igys lalkj dks gh cny Mkyuk pkgrs gSa] nwljksa ls <sj lkjh mEehnsa vkSj vis{kk,¡ iky ysrs gSa vkSj tc gekjh ;s mEehnsa vkSj vis{kk,¡ iwjh ugha gksrh rks ge [kqn dh ctk; mUgha yksxksa dks dkslus yxrs gSaA xkfyc dk ,d 'ksj gS fd&

¶mezHkjxkfyc;ghHkwydjrkjgk] èkwypsgjsisFkhvkSjvkbZuklkiQdjrkjgkA¸

okLro esa ;s psgjs dh èkwy gekjs voxq.k vkSj }s"k gh gSa tks [kqn gesa gh nwj djuk gS] vkbZuk cnyus ls gekjs nks"k nwj ugha gks tk,axsA ge ns[k jgs gSa fd orZeku esa Hkz"Vkpkj] lekt esa ukfj;ksa ds f[kykiQ gksrs vijkèkksa dks ysdj rFkk vU; fofHkUu lkekftd eqn~nksa dks ysdj gj fnu èkjuk&çn'kZu vkSj vkanksyuksa dh la[;k c<+rh tk jgh gS] vUuk ds vkanksyu us iwjs ns'k esa Hkz"Vkpkj ds fojksèk esa ,d ygj iSnk dj nhA xkaèkh th }kjk fd;k x;k vkej.k vu'ku] lR;kxzg dk vfgalkRed :i vkt Hkkjr esa gh ugha cfYd laiw.kZ fo'o esa yksdfç; gks jgk gSA ijarq

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Transcript of n`fV ifCyds'kUl › hindi › images › dp-books › IAS...n`f"V ifCyds'kUl 641, izFke ry] MkW-...