NFPA Technical Committee on Fire Investigations Technical Committee on Fire ... Final remarks and...

NFPA Technical Committee on Fire Investigations

MEETING AGENDA

Redondo Beach, CA

March 29-31, 2016

Note: 1:00 PM Start

I. Chair Watson calls meeting to order on March 29, 2016 at 1:00 pm.

II. Welcome and Opening Remarks.

III. Introduction of attendees.

IV. Approval of the minutes of the April 28-30, 2015, San Antonio, TX meeting.

(Attachment A).

V. Review purpose of meeting and document schedules (Attachment B).

VI. Remarks from the Chair

VII. Review Public Comments/develop Second Revisions (Attachment C).

VIII. New business.

Topics & Task Groups for 2020 edition

Discuss dates and location for the Pre-First Draft Meeting

Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFVs) for Fire Investigators presentation

IX. Adjournment.

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Attachment A

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NFPA Technical Committee on

Fire Investigations

NFPA 921

First Draft Meeting Minutes

April 28-30, 2015

San Antonio, TX

Attendees:

Randy Watson, Chair, S-E-A Ltd

Christopher Wood, Acting Secretary

Michael T. Wixted, NFPA Staff

Ryan Depew, NFPA Staff

Vytenis Babrauskas

Michael Beasley

Steve Campolo

Joseph Carey

Chris Connealy

Andrew Cox

Philip Crombie

Michael DiMascio

Richard Dyer

James Finneran

Gregory Gorbett

Terry-Dawn Hewitt

Ronald Hopkins

Thomas Horton

Patrick Kennedy

Michael Knowlton

John Lentini

Jeffrey Long

Hal Lyson

Daniel Madrzykowski

Ronald Orlando

Douglas Carpenter

Wayne McKenna

Edward Paulk

Mark Sauls

Joseph Sesniak

Stuart Sklar

David Smith

Michael Weyler

Quentin Baker

Randall Bills

Wayne Chapdelaine

Ryan Cox

Michael Dalton

David Evinger

Christel Hunter

Michael Marquardt

Rodney Pevytoe

Laura Ridenour

James Shanley

Luke Tallant

Russell Whitney

Daniel Churchward

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Guests:

Tommy Sing Jr.

Ryan McCormick

John Ortega Jr.

Chris Lopez

Jeff Rosen

Craig Beyler

Allen McClintock

Alfred G. Martinez

Darle McClintock

Robin Jason

Walt Godfrey

Richard Meier

William Hicks

Rick Hammond

Don Hancock

Dennis W. Smith

Mark Hellan

Richard Jones

Jeremy Cosgrove

Elizabeth Buc

Jason Sutula

Karrie Clinkinbeard

Jerry King

Orlando P. Hernandez

April 28, 2015

8:00 am Meeting Called to Order

Welcome and Introductions

Motion to approve and waive reading minutes from previous meeting - Carried

Remarks from the Chair

Review of NFPA Standards Development Process by Michael Wixted (NFPA Staff)

Guest Presentations:

o Craig Beyler OSAC committee

Contributions of Dr. Gerald Hurst remembered

Dates for Comments Meeting

o Primary Dates: 5-7 Apr 2016

o Secondary Dates: 29-31 Mar 2016

o Primary Location: San Diego, CA

o Secondary Location: Phoenix, AZ

Reports of Task Groups/Chapter Working Groups

The Technical Committee (TC) Resolved Public Inputs and Created First Revisions for

NFPA 921

o See forthcoming TC ballot for suggested changes

o See forthcoming ballot results and First Draft Report for proposed changes &

resolutions

7:10 pm Meeting Adjourned

April 29, 2015




NFPA 921

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resolutions


April 30, 2015




NFPA 921



resolutions

Task Groups/Chapter Working Groups remain the same for Second Draft Meeting

Final remarks and gratitude from the Chair


MTW

Michael T. Wixted

NFPA Staff Liaison

5

Attachment B

6

2016 FALL REVISION CYCLE *Public Input Dates may vary according to standards and schedules for Revision Cycles may change. Please check the NFPA Website for the most up‐to‐date information on Public Input Closing Dates and schedules at

www.nfpa.org/document # (i.e. www.nfpa.org/101) and click on the Next Edition tab.

Process Stage

Process Step

Dates for TC

Dates forTC with

CC Public Input Closing Date* 1/5/15 1/5/15

Final Date for TC First Draft Meeting 6/15/15 3/16/15

Public Input Posting of First Draft and TC Ballot 8/3/15 4/27/15

Stage Final date for Receipt of TC First Draft ballot 8/24/15 5/18/15

(First Draft) Final date for Receipt of TC First Draft ballot ‐ recirc 8/31/15 5/25/15

Posting of First Draft for CC Meeting 6/1/15

Final date for CC First Draft Meeting 7/13/15

Posting of First Draft and CC Ballot 8/3/15

Final date for Receipt of CC First Draft ballot 8/24/15

Final date for Receipt of CC First Draft ballot ‐ recirc 8/31/15

Post First Draft Report for Public Comment 9/7/15 9/7/15

Public Comment closing date 11/16/15 11/16/15

Final Date to Publish Notice of Consent Standards (Standards that received no Comments)

11/30/15 11/30/15

Appeal Closing Date for Consent Standards (Standards that received no Comments)

12/14/15 12/14/15

Final date for TC Second Draft Meeting 5/2/16 1/25/16

Comment Posting of Second Draft and TC Ballot 6/13/16 3/7/16

Stage Final date for Receipt of TC Second Draft ballot 7/5/16 3/28/16

(Second Final date for receipt of TC Second Draft ballot ‐ recirc 7/11/16 4/4/16

Draft) Posting of Second Draft for CC Meeting 4/11/16

Final date for CC Second Draft Meeting 5/23/16

Posting of Second Draft for CC Ballot 6/13/16

Final date for Receipt of CC Second Draft ballot 7/5/16

Final date for Receipt of CC Second Draft ballot ‐ recirc 7/11/16

Post Second Draft Report for NITMAM Review 7/18/16 7/18/16

Tech Session Notice of Intent to Make a Motion (NITMAM) Closing Date 8/22/16 8/22/16

Preparation Posting of Certified Amending Motions (CAMs) and Consent Standards

10/17/16 10/17/16

(& Issuance) Appeal Closing Date for Consent Standards 11/1/16 11/1/16

SC Issuance Date for Consent Standards 11/11/16 11/11/16

Tech Session Association Meeting for Standards with CAMs 6/4‐7/17 6/4‐7/17

Appeals and Appeal Closing Date for Standards with CAMs 6/27/17 6/27/17

Issuance SC Issuance Date for Standards with CAMs 8/10/17 8/10/17

Approved___ October 30, 2012 Revised________________________ 7

Attachment C

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Public Comment No. 71-NFPA 921-2015 [ New Section after 1.1 ]

1.1.1* Completion of National Fire Incident Reports (NFIRS) are not within the scope of thisstandard.

(1) 1.1.1. It is important to differentiate between a fire investigation report and a fire incidentreport. Fire incident reports are intended to collect data to describe fire damage andexperience during incidents. The expected standard of care exercised by a company officer orfirefighter when completing a fire incident report is not the same standard of care that isexercised by a fire investigator conducting a fire investigation to this guide. Fire incidentreports, such as those conducted for the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS), aretypically completed by a company officers and firefighters that may not be trained to or utilizethe framework established in this document. As such, most of these individuals cannotrender expert opinions to the standard of care established in NFPA 921. In some cases, fireincident report data may even conflict with the fire investigation report due to thosecompleting the fire incident report not utilizing the framework established in this document. Therefore, it is not the intent of this document to expect that fire incident reports, and thoseindividuals completing such reports, comply with the framework outlined in this document,nor be relied on to the extent of a fire investigation report completed in accordance with theframework outlined in this document.

Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Public Comment

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM AND SUBSTANTIATION FOR PUBLIC COMMENT:This is a public comment to PI’s 13 and 4. The NASFM report referenced in PI’s 13 and 4 brought to light significant concerns by the fire service in completing fire incident reports under NFPA 901 and NFIRS. The report indicated that many in the fire service have a significant concern that they will be held to the 921 framework and standard of care if they complete a 901/NFIRS fire incident report. Therefore, the fire service members default to selecting “unknown” even when they have basic evidence as to the circumstances surrounding a fire. Many of the individuals that complete NFPA 901/NFIRS reports are volunteer firefighters or rookie paid firefighters that have limited exposure to the NFPA 921 framework. Expecting that these individuals will be able to make an origin and cause determination utilizing the NFPA 921 framework is not realistic. Indicating that these 921 and 901 documents are separate processes with different standards of care will address the concerns of the fire service that were expressed in the NASFM report.

In addition, and due to the differing level of care expected in developing a fire investigation report vs a fire incident report, fire investigators can be confronted with a fire incident report that contains information that is contrary to the observations and conclusions reached in their investigation conducted using the framework of NFPA 921. Clarifying that the scope and intent of the 921 fire investigation report is different from the 901/NFIRS report will provide a valuable pointer for the investigator to utilize in legal proceedings when being confronted with conflicting data on a fire incident report.

Thank you for your consideration.

Related Item

Public Input No. 4-NFPA 921-2014 [New Section after 1.1]



Submitter Information Verification

National Fire Protection Association Report http://submittals.nfpa.org/TerraViewWeb/ContentFetcher?commentPara...

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Submitter Full Name: JAMES NARVA

Organization: NASFM

Affilliation: National Association of State Fire Marshals

Street Address:

City:

State:

Zip:

Submittal Date: Wed Nov 11 19:23:15 EST 2015


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Public Comment No. 25-NFPA 921-2015 [ Section No. 1.1 ]

1.1 Scope.

This document is designed to assist individuals who are charged with the responsibility of investigating andanalyzing fire and explosion incidents and rendering opinions as to the origin, cause, responsibility, orprevention of such incidents, and the damage and injuries which arise from such incidents.

1.1.1* Completion of National Fire Incident Reports (NFIRS) are not within the scope of this standard.

A.1.1.1 It is important to differentiate between a fire investigation report and a fire incident report. Fireincident reports are intended to collect data to describe fire damage potential and experience duringincidents. The expected standard of care exercised by a company officer or firefighter when completing afire incident report is not the same standard of care that is exercised by a fire investigator conducting afire investigation to this guide. Fire incident reports, such as those conducted for the National Fire IncidentReporting System (NFIRS), are typically completed by company officers and firefighters that may not betrained to or utilize the framework established in this document. As such, most of these individuals cannotrender expert opinions to the standard of care established in NFPA 921. In some cases, fire incident reportdata may even conflict with the fire investigation report due to those completing the fire incident report notutilizing the framework established in this document. Therefore, it is not the intent of this document toexpect that fire incident reports, and those individuals completing such reports, comply with the frameworkoutlined in this document nor be relied on to the extent of a fire investigation report completed inaccordance with the framework outlined in this document.


The is a public comment to PI's 13 and 4. The NASFM report referenced in Pi's 4, 12 and 13 brought to light significant concerns by the fire service in completing fire incident reports under NFPA 901 and NFIRS. The report indicated that many in the fire service have a significant concern that they will be held to the NFPA 921 framework and standard of care if they complete an NFPA 901/NIFIRS fire incident reports. Therefore, the fire service members default to selecting "unknown" even when they have basic evidence as to the circumstances surrounding a fire. Many of the individuals that complete NFPA 901/NFIRS reports are volunteer firefighters or rookie paid firefighters that have no to limited exposure to the NFPA 921 framework. Expecting that these individuals will be able to make an origin and cause determination utilizing the NFPA 921 framework is not realistic. Indicating that this 921 and 901 documents are separate processes with different standards of care will address the concerns of the fire service that were expressed in the NASFM report.

In addition and due to the differing levels of care expected in developing a fire investigation report vs a fire incident report, fire investigators can be confronted with fire incident reports that contain information that is contrary to the observations and conclusions reached in their investigation conducted using the framework of NFPA 921. Clarifying that the scope and intent of the 921 fire investigation report is different from the 901/NFIRS fire incident report will provide a valuable pointer for the investigator to utilize in a legal proceeding when being confronted with conflicting data on a fire incident report.

Related Public Comments for This Document

Related Comment Relationship

Public Comment No. 26-NFPA 921-2015 [Section No. 4.7]

Related Item






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Submitter Full Name: Anthony Apfelbeck

Organization: Altamonte Springs Building/Fire Safety Division

Street Address:

City:

State:

Zip:

Submittal Date: Wed Oct 14 14:56:49 EDT 2015


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2.2 NFPA Publications.


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National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471.

NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems,2013 2016 edition.

NFPA 13D, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and Two-Family Dwellings andManufactured Homes, 2016 edition.

NFPA 13R, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Low-Rise Residential Occupancies, 2013edition.

NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 2015 edition.

NFPA 33, Standard for Spray Application Using Flammable or Combustible Materials,2011 2016 edition.

NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals, 2015 edition.

NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code, 2015 edition.

NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, 2014 edition.

NFPA 68, Standard on Explosion Protection by Deflagration Venting, 2013 edition.

NFPA 70®, National Electrical Code®, 2014 edition.

NFPA 72®, National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code,2013 2016 edition.

NFPA 77, Recommended Practice on Static Electricity, 2014 edition.

NFPA 101 ®, Life Safety Code®, 2015 edition.

NFPA 120, Standard for Fire Prevention and Control in Coal Mines, 2015 edition.

NFPA 170, Standard for Fire Safety and Emergency Symbols, 2015 edition.

NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction, 2015 edition.

NFPA 260, Standard Methods of Tests and Classification System for Cigarette Ignition Resistance ofComponents of Upholstered Furniture, 2013 edition.

NFPA 261, Standard Method of Test for Determining Resistance of Mock-Up Upholstered Furniture MaterialAssemblies to Ignition by Smoldering Cigarettes, 2013 edition.

NFPA 302, Fire Protection Standard for Pleasure and Commercial Motor Craft, 2015 edition.

NFPA 303, Fire Protection Standard for Marinas and Boatyards,2011 2016 edition.

NFPA 400, Hazardous Materials Code,2013 2016 edition.

NFPA 501, Standard on Manufactured Housing, 2013 edition.

NFPA 555, Guide on Methods for Evaluating Potential for Room Flashover, 2013 edition.

NFPA 654, Standard for the Prevention of Fire and Dust Explosions from the Manufacturing, Processing,and Handling of Combustible Particulate Solids, 2013 edition.

NFPA 1033, Standard for Professional Qualifications for Fire Investigator, 2014 edition.

NFPA 1144, Standard for Reducing Structure Ignition Hazards from Wildland Fire, 2013 edition.

NFPA 1192, Standard on Recreational Vehicles, 2015 edition.

NFPA 1194, Standard for Recreational Vehicle Parks and Campgrounds, 2014 edition.

NFPA 1403, Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions, 2012 edition.

NFPA 1404, Standard for Fire Service Respiratory Protection Training, 2013 edition.

NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program, 2013 edition.

NFPA 1971, Standard on Protective Ensembles for Structural Fire Fighting and Proximity Fire Fighting,2013 edition.

NFPA 1977, Standard on Protective Clothing and Equipment for Wildland Fire Fighting,2011 2016edition.

NFPA 1852, Standard on Selection, Care, and Maintenance of Open-Circuit Self-Contained BreathingApparatus (SCBA), 2013 edition.

NFPA 1981, Standard on Open-Circuit Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) for Emergency


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Services, 2013 edition.

NFPA 2001, Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems, 2015 edition.

Fire Protection Handbook, 5th (1981), 17th (1991), 18th (1997), 19th (2003), and 20th (2008) edition.

Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 2015 edition.

National Fuel Gas Code Handbook, 2015 edition.

The SFPE Engineering Guide to Human Behavior in Fire, 2003 edition.

The SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, Society of Fire Protection Engineers, Quincy, MA,2008 edition.

SPP 51 Flash Point Index of Trade Name Liquids, 1978 edition.


Updating edition year.

Related Item

Public Input No. 21-NFPA 921-2014 [Chapter 2]


Submitter Full Name: Terry-Dawn Hewitt

Organization: McKenna Hewitt

Street Address:

City:

State:

Zip:

Submittal Date: Mon Nov 16 15:38:19 EST 2015


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Public Comment No. 75-NFPA 921-2015 [ Section No. 2.3.1 ]

2.3.1 ABYC Publications.

American Boat and Yacht Council, 613 Third Street, Suite 10, Annapolis, MD 21403.

ABYC A-3, Galley Stoves, 2007 2013 .

ABYC A-7, Liquid and Solid Fueled Boat Heating Systems, 2014.

ABYC A-26, LPG and CNG Fueled Appliances, 2012.

ABYC A-30, Cooking Appliances with Integral LPG Cylinders, 2013, RFI.

ABYC E-11, AC & DC Electrical Systems on Boats, 2012, RFI.

ABYC H-24.13, Gasoline Fuel Systems, 2012.

ABYC H-32, Ventilation of Boats Using Diesel Fuel, 2013 reaffirmed.

ABYC P-1, Installation of Exhaust Systems for Propulsion and Auxiliary Engines, 2014.


Updating edition year to current edition.

Related Item





Street Address:

City:

State:

Zip:



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2.3.2 ANSI Publications.

American National Standards Institute, Inc., 25 West 43rd Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.

ANSI Z400.1/Z129.1, Hazardous Workplace Chemicals — Hazard Evaluation and Safety Data Sheet andPrecautionary Labeling, 2010.

ANSI Z400.1, Material Safety Data Sheets — Preparation, 1998.

ANSI Z535.1, Safety Color Colors , 2006, reapproved 2011.

ANSI Z535.2, Environmental and Facility Safety Signs, 2011.

ANSI Z535.3, Criteria for Safety Symbols, 2011.

ANSI Z535.4, Product Safety Signs and Labels, 2011.

ANSI Z535.5, Accident Prevention Tags, 1998.


Correcting title of standard.

Related Item





Street Address:

City:

State:

Zip:



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2.3.2 ANSI Publications.

American National Standards Institute, Inc., 25 West 43rd Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.

ANSI Z400.1/Z129.1, Hazardous Workplace Chemicals — Hazard Evaluation and Safety Data Sheet andPrecautionary Labeling, 2010.

ANSI Z400.1, Material Safety Data Sheets — Preparation, 1998.

ANSI Z535.1, Safety Color, 2006, reapproved 2011.

ANSI Z535.2, Environmental and Facility Safety Signs, 2011.

ANSI Z535.3, Criteria for Safety Symbols, 2011.

ANSI Z535.4, Product Safety Signs and Labels, 2011.

ANSI Z535.5, Accident Prevention Tags Safety Tags and Barricade Tapes (for Temporary Hazards) ,1998 2011 .


Correcting title and updating edition year.

Related Item





Street Address:

City:

State:

Zip:



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2.3.5 ASTM Publications.


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ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.

ASTM D56, Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester, 2005 (2010).

ASTM D86, Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum, 2012.

ASTM D92, Standard Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester, 2012b.

ASTM D93, Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester, 2015.

ASTM D1230, Standard Test Method for Flammability of Apparel Textiles, 2010.

ASTM D1265, Standard Practice for Sampling Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases,Manual Method, 2011.

ASTM D1310, Standard Test Method for Flash Point and Fire Point of Liquids by Tag Open-Cup Apparatus,2014.

ASTM D1929, Standard Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperature of Plastics, 2014.

ASTM D2859, Standard Test Method for Flammability of Finished Textile Floor Covering Materials, 2006(2011).

ASTM D2887, Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Fractions by GasChromatography, 2014.

ASTM D3065, Standard Test Methods for Flammability of Aerosol Products, 2001 (2013).

ASTM D3828, Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Tester, 2012a.

ASTM D4809, Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by BombCalorimeter (Precision Method), 2013.

ASTM D5305, Standard Test Method for Determination of Ethyl Mercaptan in LP-Gas Vapor, 2012.

ASTM E84, Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, 2015 2015a .

ASTM E108, Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings, 2011.

ASTM E119, Standard Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, 2014 2015 .

ASTM E603, Standard Guide for Room Fire Experiments, 2013.

ASTM E648, Standard Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a RadiantHeat Energy Source, 2014c 2015 .

ASTM E659, Standard Test Method for Autoignition Temperature of Liquid Chemicals, 2014.

ASTM E681, Standard Test Method for Concentration Limits of Flammability of Chemicals (Vapors andGasses), 2009 (2015) .

ASTM E800, Standard Guide for Measurement of Gases Present or Generated During Fires, 2014.

ASTM E860, Standard Practice for Examining and Preparing Items that Are or May Become Involved inCriminal or Civil Litigation, (2013)e1.

ASTM E906/E906M, Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials andProducts Using a Thermopile Method, 2014.

ASTM E1188, Standard Practice for Collection and Preservation of Information and Physical Items by aTechnical Investigator, 2011.

ASTM E1226, Standard Test Method for Explosibility of Dust Clouds, 2012a.

ASTM E1354, Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and ProductsUsing an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter, 2014e1 2015a .

ASTM E1355, Standard Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability of Deterministic Fire Models, 2012.

ASTM E1459, Standard Guide for Physical Evidence Labeling and Related Documentation, 2013.

ASTM E1491, Standard Test Method for Minimum Autoignition Temperature of Dust Clouds, 2006 (2012).

ASTM E1492, Standard Practice for Receiving, Documenting, Storing, and Retrieving Evidence in aForensic Science Laboratory, 2011.

ASTM E1618, Standard Guide for Ignitible Liquid Residues in Extracts from Fire Debris Samples by GasChromatography–Mass Spectrometry, 2014.

ASTM E2019, Standard Test Method for Minimum Ignition Energy of a Dust Cloud in Air, 2003 (2013).


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ASTM E2021, Standard Test Method for Hot-Surface Ignition Temperature of Dust Layers, 2009 (2013).

ASTM E2067,Standard Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimetry Fire Tests, 2012.


updates

Related Item

Public Input No. 165-NFPA 921-2014 [Section No. 2.3.5]


Submitter Full Name: Marcelo Hirschler

Organization: GBH International

Street Address:

City:

State:

Zip:

Submittal Date: Fri Nov 06 17:24:20 EST 2015


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2.4 References for Extracts in Advisory Sections.

NFPA 3, Recommended Practice for Commissioning of Fire Protection and Life Safety Systems, 2015edition.

NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, 2013 edition.

NFPA 53, Recommended Practice on Materials, Equipment, and Systems Used in Oxygen-EnrichedAtmospheres,2011 2016 edition.

NFPA 68, Standard on Explosion Protection by Deflagration Venting, 2013 edition.

NFPA 70 ®, National Electrical Code®, 2014 edition.

NFPA 72 ®, National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code,2013 2016 edition.

NFPA 318, Standard for the Protection of Semiconductor Fabrication Facilities, 2015 edition.

NFPA 654, Standard for the Prevention of Fire and Dust Explosions from the Manufacturing, Processing,and Handling of Combustible Particulate Solids, 2013 edition.


Updating edition year to current edition.

Related Item





Street Address:

City:

State:

Zip:



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3.3.8 Arc.

A high-temperature luminous electric discharge across a gap or through a medium such as charredinsulation gas .


An electric arc is not a high-temperature luminous electric discharge through a medium such as charred insulation. Merriam-Webster, online encyclopedias and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standard Dictionary of Electrical & Electronic Terms which is an approved American National Standard defines Arc as "a discharge of electricity through a gas, normally characterized by a voltage drop in the immediate vicinity of the cathode approximately equal to the ionization potential of the gas."

Related Item

First Revision No. 34-NFPA 921-2015 [New Section after 3.3.3]


Submitter Full Name: THOMAS SHEFCHICK

Organization: SHEFCHICK ENGINEERING

Street Address:

City:

State:

Zip:



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3.3.11 Arcing Shorting-Circuiting Through Char.

Arcing associated with a matrix of charred material (e.g., charred conductor insulation) that acts as asemiconductive medium

Electricity short-circuiting through burnt electrical insulation .


Char is not a gas per 3.3.28 but it is a carbonaceous material which conducts electricity.

Related Item

First Revision No. 34-NFPA 921-2015 [New Section after 3.3.3]


Submitter Full Name: THOMAS SHEFCHICK

Organization: SHEFCHICK ENGINEERING

Street Address:

City:

State:

Zip:



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3.3.89 Flashover.

A transition phase stage in the development of a compartment contained fire in which all exposedsurfaces exposed to thermal radiation reach ignition temperature more or less simultaneously and firespreads rapidly throughout the space , resulting in full room involvement or total involvement of thecompartment or enclosed space [NFPA 101-2015] .


The definition in NFPA 921 is different from the preferred NFPA definition (as proposed) which is the one contained in NFPA 101, 5000 and NFPA 555. Therefore the comment extracts the definition from NFPA 101 (although NFPA 5000 or NFPA 555 could also be used). This would promote the consistency in definitions that NFPA Standards Council has stated is very important.

Related Item





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3.3.103 Heat Flux.

The measure of the rate of heat transfer to a surface or an area, typically expressed in kW/m2, or w/cm 2 .

.


Readers should be able to consider both large and small heat fluxes. Kilowatts per square meter are appropriate units for considering large heat fluxes, (for example, will the next item ignite?) but watts per square centimeter are more appropriate for considering small heat fluxes (for example, is this cigarette a competent ignition source?)

Related Item

First Revision No. 21-NFPA 921-2015 [Section No. 3.3.97]


Submitter Full Name: John Lentini

Organization: Scientific Fire Analysis, LLC

Affilliation: ASTM E30

Street Address:

City:

State:

Zip:



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3.3.105* Heat Release Rate (HRR).

The rate at which heat energy is generated by burning [NFPA 101, 2015] .


It is NFPA policy to refer to other documents when a section is extracted, as here. In that way if the section (in this case the definition) changes in the original document the change is transferred to the other document. This is consistent with the intent by Standards Council to provide uniformity in definitions.

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3.3.116 Incendiary Fire.

Incendiary fires include any of the following:

A . A fire

that is intentionally ignited in an area or under circumstances where and when there should not be a firestarted or an explosion caused with the purpose of endangering the person or property of another; or,destroying or damaging any property, whether one’s own or another’s, to collect insurance for such loss.

B. A fire that one starts or an explosion that one causes on one’s own property or on the property ofanother, which thereby recklessly places another person, including a fire fighter, in danger of death orbodily injury; or, places the property of another in danger of unlawful damage or destruction.

C. A fire started by one who permits the fire to endanger the person or property of another and fails to takereasonable measures to put out or control the fire, when he can do so without substantial risk to himself, orfails to give a prompt fire alarm if:

a) he knows that he is under an official, contractual, or other legal duty to prevent or combat the fire; or

b) the fire was started, although lawfully, by him or with his assent, or on property in is custody or control .


There are problems with the definition of "incendiary fire" as it appears in NFPA 921, 2014 edition. The definition is too narrow and does not include many situations that should be classified as incendiary. It also requires the investigator to make a determination of a person’s intent, which should not be a necessary component of an incendiary fire classification. The definition of incendiary fire in NFPA 921 should be consistent with the criminal law and sufficiently broad to cover the various definitions of intentional and negligent or reckless arson as defined in federal and state statutes. The new definition of incendiary fire covers most situations without requiring an investigator to have to delve into the possible intent of the person setting an incendiary fire or explosion. “Definition for Incendiary Fire is derived from the American Law Institute Model Penal Code Arson definitions, 2011 ed., § 220.1. Arson and Related Offenses. (www.ALI.org).”



Public Comment No. 86-NFPA 921-2015 [Section No. 20.1.3]

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3.3.130* Noncombustible Material.

A material that

Noncombustible material (See 5.2)

Also add a new 5.2, between existing 5.1 and 5.3, as follows:

5.2* Noncombustible material [NFPA 5000, 2015]

5.2.1 A material that complies with any one of the following shall be considered a noncombustiblematerial:

(1)*The material , in the form in which it is used , and under the

conditionconditions anticipated, will not ignite, burn, support combustion, or release flammable vapors whensubjected to fire or heat

(2) The material is reported as passing ASTM E 136, Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materialsin a Vertical Tube Furnace

at 750 Degrees C

(3) The material is reported as complying with the pass/fail criteria of ASTM E 136 when tested inaccordance with the test method and procedure in ASTM E 2652, Standard Test Method for Behaviorof Materials in a Tube Furnace with a Cone-shaped Airflow Stabilizer, at 750 Degrees C [NFPA5000-2015]

A . 5.2 The provisions of 5.2 do not require inherently noncombustible materials to be tested in orderto be classified as noncombustible materials. [NFPA 5000, 2015]

A.5.2.1(1) Examples of such materials include steel, concrete, masonry and glass. [NFPA 5000,2015]

Also add ASTM E136, Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at750°C , and ASTM E 2652, Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Tube Furnace with aCone-shaped Airflow Stabilizer, at 750 Degrees C (2012) into chapter 2 on referenced standards.


Please approve the public input (PI 196) and make NFPA 921 consistent with NFPA 1, NFPA 101, NFPA 5000 and multiple other NFPA documents. The concept of a noncombustible material is really based on a material that passes the ASTM E136 test method and the existing definition in NFPA 921 is no longer considered appropriate in NFPA documents. This change also places the actual test requirements into the document instead of having rough concepts only in the section on definitions.




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Public Comment No. 56-NFPA 921-2015 [New Section after 5.1]

Public Comment No. 57-NFPA 921-2015 [Section No. A.3.3.130]

Public Comment No. 58-NFPA 921-2015 [New Section after A.5.1.1]

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Public Input No. 199-NFPA 921-2014 [New Section after 5.1.1]




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3.3.159 Scene.

The general physical location of a fire or explosion incident (geographic area, structure or portion of astructure, vehicle, boat, piece of equipment, etc.) designated reasonably expected to be considered byinterested parties as important to the investigation because it may contain physical damage or debris,evidence, victims, or incident-related hazards.


As stated, the definition does not establish a threshold for making the judgement call of "designating" what's important. Providing a reasonable basis for making that determination will hopefully help avoid spoliation of artifacts that a lone investigator might think are of no interest.

Related Item

17-NFPA 921-2015


Submitter Full Name: JACK HYDE JR

Organization: SFA CONSULTING LLC

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Submittal Date: Fri Sep 25 10:44:11 EDT 2015


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Public Comment No. 43-NFPA 921-2015 [ Section No. 4.3.6.1 ]

4.3.6.1 *

Any hypothesis that is incapable of being tested either physically or analytically, is an invalid hypothesis. Ahypothesis developed based on the absence of data is an example of a hypothesis that is incapable ofbeing tested. Another example of an untestable hypothesis is a final hypothesis (conclusion) where anigntion source is characterized as "an open flame" and where the first fuel is characterized as "acombustible material." The inability to refute a hypothesis does not mean that the hypothesis is true.


This second example is necessary to clarify for the reader a specific circumstance where investigators conclude that the ignition source is an "open flame" when the device, equipment or appliance producing the flame has not been identified. This typically occurs when a fire is classified incendiary and is directly related to the concept and text of sec. 19.6.5.

The second problem this comment addresses is the conclusion that the first fuel was "a combustible material" or an "ordinary combustible material." An "combustible material" is defined in the NFPA Glossary of terms as: "A material that, in the form in which it is used and under the conditions anticipated, will ignite and burn; a material that does not meet the definition of noncombustible or limited combustible."

Couple with an "open flame" ignition source, this conclusion is unable to be tested as its outcome is guaranteed. When doesn't an "open flame" ignite an "ordinary combustible material?" The answer is never.

The identification of the first fuel as merely "a combustible material" is inappropriate and should be discouraged somewhere in NFPA 921. It is not. This appears to be the appropriate section to do that.

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Public Input No. 135-NFPA 921-2014 [Section No. 4.3.6.1]


Submitter Full Name: Dennis Smith

Organization: Premier Fire Consulting Servic

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4.7 Reporting Procedure.

The reporting procedure may take many written or oral forms, depending on the specific responsibility ofthe investigator. Pertinent information should be reported in a proper form and forum to help preventrecurrence.

4.7.1* Completion of National Fire Incident Reports (NFIRS) and state fire incident reports arenot expected to comply with the methodology specified in this document.

A.4.7.1 It is important to differentiate between a fire investigation report and a fire incident report. Fireincident reports are intended to collect data to describe fire damage potential and experience duringincidents. The expected standard of care exercised by a company officer or firefighter when completing afire incident report is not the same standard of care that is exercised by a fire investigator conducting afire investigation to this guide. Fire incident reports, such as those conducted for the National Fire IncidentReporting System (NFIRS), are typically completed by company officers and firefighters that may not betrained to or utilize the framework established in this document. As such, most of these individuals cannotrender expert opinions to the standard of care established in NFPA 921. In some cases, fire incident reportdata may even conflict with the fire investigation report due to those completing the fire incident report notutilizing the framework established in this document. Therefore, it is not the intent of this document toexpect that fire incident reports, and those individuals completing such reports, comply with the frameworkoutlined in this document nor be relied on to the extent of a fire investigation report completed inaccordance with the framework outlined in this document.


See public comment 25 to 1.1.1 and PI's 4, 12 and 13. This comment is submitted for the same purpose but addresses the concern in the area of reporting with NFPA 921 in order to assist in communicating the intended difference between fire incident reports and fire investigation reports.



Public Comment No. 25-NFPA 921-2015 [Section No. 1.1] Similar Topic of Focus

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Submitter Full Name: Anthony Apfelbeck

Organization: Altamonte Springs Building/Fire Safety Division

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Submittal Date: Thu Oct 15 10:46:04 EDT 2015


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Public Comment No. 56-NFPA 921-2015 [ New Section after 5.1 ]

5.2* Noncombustible material [NFPA 5000, 2015]

5.2.1 A material that complies with any one of the following shall be considered a noncombustiblematerial:

(1)*The material, in the form in which it is used, and under the conditions anticipated, will not ignite,burn, support combustion, or release flammable vapors when subjected to fire or heat

(2) The material is reported as passing ASTM E 136, Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materialsin a Vertical Tube Furnace

at 750 Degrees C

(3) The material is reported as complying with the pass/fail criteria of ASTM E 136 when tested inaccordance with the test method and procedure in ASTM E 2652, Standard Test Method forBehavior of Materials in a Tube Furnace with a Cone-shaped Airflow Stabilizer, at 750 Degrees C[NFPA 5000-2015]

A.5.2 The provisions of 5.2 do not require inherently noncombustible materials to be tested in order to beclassified as noncombustible materials. [NFPA 5000, 2015]

A.5.2.1(1) Examples of such materials include steel, concrete, masonry and glass. [NFPA 5000, 2015]



Please approve the public input (PI 199) and make this document consistent with the major NFPA codes and place the requirements for noncombustible materials (rather than vague concepts) into the body of the document.






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5.10.2.7

If the air flow into the compartment is not sufficient to burn all of the combustibles being pyrolyzed by thefire, the fire will shift from fuel controlled (i.e., where the heat release rate of the fire depends on the amountof fuel involved) to ventilation controlled (i.e., where all the fuel is on fire, and the heat release rate iscontrolled by the amount of oxygen available). In a ventilation-controlled fire, the hot gas layer will containhigh levels of unburned pyrolysis products and carbon monoxide, and very low levels of oxygen. (SeeFigure 5.10.2.7.)

Figure 5.10.2.7 Postflashover or Full Room Involvement in a Typical Compartment Fire. Althoughpyrolysis can continue throughout the compartment, flaming combustion will only occur wherethere is sufficient oxygen present. Depending on the momentum of the entraining air, flamingcombustion may occur within the ventilation stream at various depths into the compartment.


The proposed change in the new text uses the words "very low" when describing the Oxygen level.

The term "very" is not definable and as such should be deleted or a specific level notation provided. The statement when re-worded will remove the emphasis on the level of oxygen concentration and provide a similar description as used for the level of unburned pyrolysis products.

This is how the sentence would read when revised: "In a ventilation-controlled fire, the hot gas layer will contain high levels of unburned pyrolysis products and carbon monoxide, and low levels of oxygen."

Related Item

First Revision No. 141-NFPA 921-2015 [Sections 5.10.2.7, 5.10.2.8]


Submitter Full Name: Ronald Hopkins

Organization: TRACE Fire Protection and Safety

Affilliation: NFPA Fire Service Section

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Public Comment No. 49-NFPA 921-2015 [ Section No. 6.3.3.1.1.1 ]

6.3.3.1.1.1

This heat transfer process can be observed by the charring of the wooden structural element covered bythe protective membrane, shown in Figure 6.3.3.1.1.1 .

Figure 6.3.3.1.1.1 Charring of Wooden Structural Elements by Heat Conduction Through WallSurface Material.


I have never seen this phenomenon, and it makes little sense for drywall to transmit heat that could char a stud without destroying the drywall. (This phenomenon can only exist if the finish is conductive).

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First Revision No. 27-NFPA 921-2015 [Section No. 6.3.1.2 [Excluding any Sub-Sections]]





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6.3.7.4 U-Shaped Patterns.

U patterns are similar to the more sharply angled V patterns but display gently curved lines of demarcationand curved rather than angled lower vertices. [See Figure 6.3.7.4(a) and Figure 6.3.7.4(b) .] The lowestlines of demarcation of the U patterns are generally higher than the lowest lines of demarcation ofcorresponding V patterns that are closer to the heat source.

Figure 6.3.7.4(a) Idealized Formation of U-Shaped Pattern.

Figure 6.3.7.4(b) U-Shaped Pattern on Wallboard and Studs

. Origin is behind the door.

Additional Proposed Changes

File Name Description Approved

U_pattern.jpg U pattern on wallboard


The current photo does not appear to be a U-pattern, or any kind of truncated cone pattern. It looks instead like a pattern caused by full room involvement with some protection at the bottom corners. The suggested substitute photo is at least recognizable as a pattern caused by a fire plume.


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First Revision No. 27-NFPA 921-2015 [Section No. 6.3.1.2 [Excluding any Sub-Sections]]





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Public Comment No. 65-NFPA 921-2015 [ Section No. 6.4.1.2.1 ]

6.4.1.2.1

Every fire pattern in a fully involved compartment should be analyzed to determine whether it could haveresulted from ventilation. Patterns that can be accounted for in terms of ventilation may provide little insightinto the behavior of the fire in its early stages.


The content included in the proposed 6.4.1.2.1 is not necessary and has already been discussed in the section that describes clean burn..

Section 6.4 already instructs the reader to analyze all of the fire patterns to determine how the pattern was created and the significance of the fire pattern. “Section 6.4 Fire Pattern Analysis. Fire pattern analysis is the process of identifying and interpreting fire patterns to determine how the patterns were created and their significance.”

Section 6.2.11 provides information about the formation of "Clean Burns" and that with intense burning may not be the origin.

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First Revision No. 143-NFPA 921-2015 [Section No. 6.4.1.2]





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Public Comment No. 50-NFPA 921-2015 [ Sections 7.7, 7.8 ]

Sections 7.7, 7.8

7.7 Design and Installation Parameters of the System.

7.7.1

Simply identifying the presence of a passive fire protection system or component is insufficient in theevaluation of that system or component. The investigator shall should evaluate whether each systemand/or component had a role in the evolution of the fire.

7.7.2

If the passive fire protection system is determined to have had a role in the evolution of the fire, additionalwork may be performed to further analyze that role.

7.7.2.1

Aspects of the fire protection system that may be evaluated are included in sections 8.5.2 to 8.2.5.

7.7.2.2

The materials used and thicknesses of each component of the passive fire protection system shall shouldbe evaluated, documented, and analyzed.

7.7.2.3

Part of the evaluation of the passive fire protection system shall should be to utilize testing, listings,approvals, and/or certifications from recognized testing laboratories.

7.7.2.4

The quality of construction/installation shall should be evaluated, documented, and analyzed.

7.7.3

The passive fire protection system shall should be evaluated in conjunction with an analysis of theapplicable codes, standards, guides, and manufacturer's instructions regulating that system.

7.7.4

The protection of openings in a structure can be a critical aspect of fire growth and spread. The way inwhich these openings are protected may be evaluated, documented, and analyzed.

7.7.4.1

Doors, including door frames and structure, shall should be evaluated, documented, and analyzed. Thisshall include the fire rating and installation of the door, door frame, door hardware, and constructionsurrounding the door.

7.7.4.2

The protection of openings in a structure by use of windows shall should be evaluated, documented, andanalyzed. This shall include the window glass, opening mechanisms/hardware, frame, and constructionsurrounding the window. The type of glass, thickness of the glass panes, and number of panes shallshould also be included.

7.7.4.3

Ductwork within a structure shall should be evaluated, documented, and analyzed. Ductwork oftenpenetrates walls, floors, and ceilings and may be analyzed to determine what role, if any, the ductwork hadin the evolution of the fire.

7.7.4.4

Smoke and/or fire dampers shall should be analyzed as part of the ductwork for their role in the evolutionof the fire. This shall should include whether smoke and/or fire dampers were present, should have beenpresent, and whether they functioned as intended.


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7.7.5

All penetrations through passive fire protection systems shall should be evaluated, documented, andanalyzed to determine whether they were appropriately protected or sealed and to determine if theycontributed to the evolution of the fire. Additionally, all penetrations through passive fire protection systemsshall should be evaluated in relation to the applicable codes, standards, and manufacturer's instructions.

7.8 Documentation and Data Collection.

7.8.1

When the passive fire protection system is determined to be a factor in the evolution of the fire, additionaldocumentation and data collection should be performed.

7.8.2

As part of the gathering of information, any and all available documentation should be obtained relating tothe design of the fire protection systems. This may include design plans, design specifications, variancesapproved by the authority having jurisdiction, and any other document relating how the system wasdesigned.

7.8.3

A history of the applicable permits, which may include the building and fire permits, shall should beobtained and examined. The permits can be used to determine the scopes of work reportedly performedand the various parties who may have an interest in the incident, and they may assist in establishing atimeline of events leading up to the fire.

7.8.4

Any and all available invoices should be obtained and examined. The invoices can assist the investigator inestablishing what work was performed by which parties and can provide information as to what materialsand components were purchased.

7.8.5

In addition to the design plans and design specifications, when available, as-built drawings should beobtained to assist the investigator in determining the pre-fire conditions. If the as-built drawings are notavailable it may be necessary, if possible, to create as-built drawings based on the post-fire conditions.

7.8.5.1

Documentation of a fire scene shall should include enough measurements, diagrams, and/or photographsso an as-built drawing or reconstruction can occur after the fire scene is no longer available to theinvestigator.

7.8.6

When available, maintenance, inspection, and/or testing documentation should be obtained for any fireprotection system that may have had a role in the evolution of the fire. This documentation should includeinspection forms, photographs, invoices, etc.

7.8.7

The investigator should work to identify and collect any product literature specific to the fire protectionsystem. This may include installation manuals, user manuals, specifications, product manufacturer modelinformation, and information on pre-engineered systems.

7.8.8

The identification, handling, storage, and transfer of evidence may be critical in providing all interestedparties the opportunity to evaluate the evidence. Where possible, all interested parties should be notified ofthe loss and given the opportunity to examine the evidence in place. If the collection of evidence is deemednecessary for further analysis, care should be taken to minimize destruction or alteration of the evidenceduring the collection and handling processes. Destruction or alteration of the evidence without consent,agreement, or presence of other known interested parties could result in a claim of evidence spoliation.(See also 12.3.5.)


A Guide should not contain the word "shall."


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8.4.3.2.2

A pipe schedule system is based on the concept of using larger pipes as more sprinklers are supplied. Thepipe size starts at 25 mm (1 in.) and increases based on the number of sprinklers supplied by each pieceof pipe branch line .


The altered text corrects terminology and adds greater detail to the subject of the paragraph.

Related Item

First Revision No. 33-NFPA 921-2015 [Chapter 8]


Submitter Full Name: Thomas Horton

Organization: South Carolina Farm Bureau Ins

Affilliation: FIAA Princple

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Submittal Date: Tue Sep 29 09:11:40 EDT 2015


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9.12.8.3.1

Lightning may strike any object that generates a successful upward an upward -going extending streamerconnecting that successfully connects with the dart downward extending step leader generated from thebase of the cloud. This In many cases, this may be the tallest object, but could also be the perimeter of aroof that is not the tallest item on the structure any protruding or elevated surface or mass . Lightningthreats to a structure consist of the following:

(1) A direct strike to the structure or an item attached to the structure, such as a TV antenna,air-conditioning unit, and so forth, extending up and out from the building roof)

(2) A strike near a structure that couples energy onto internal conductors

(3) A direct strike to incoming conductors connected to the structure

(4) A strike near overhead conductors that can couple lightning currents onto conductors connected tothe structure

(5) A strike near a structure that results in energy being channeled onto energized or non-energizedconductors


The altered and added text corrects terminology and provides more accurate detail to the subject of the paragraph.

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First Revision No. 46-NFPA 921-2015 [Section No. 9.12.8.3.1]




Affilliation: FIAA Principle

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Public Comment No. 20-NFPA 921-2015 [ Section No. 9.12.8.4 [Excluding any

Sub-Sections] ]

Damage by lightning is caused by two characteristic properties: high currents and energy in a lightningstrike a large volume of current flow and extremely high heat levels of heat energy, and associatedtemperatures, generated in the channel conducting channel by the electrical discharge. [See 9.12.8.4(A)through (D).]


Altered text more accurately describes the characteristic properties, as they relate to discharge, of a lightning stroke.

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Affilliation: FIAA Principle

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Public Comment No. 21-NFPA 921-2015 [ Section No. 9.12.8.4(C) ]

(C)

Where lightning strikes Llightning may strike a steel-reinforced concrete building, the current may followthe steel reinforcing rods with explosive force, destroying concrete surrounding steel reinforcement rodsserving as the least resistive path. The high energye may destroy the surrounding concrete with explosiveforce to get to the reinforcing steel conductive path to ground .


The altered text more accurately describes the subject of the sub-paragraph.

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10.9.9 * Underground Migration of Fuel Gases through Porous Media .

10.9.9.1 General.

10.9.9.1.1

It is common for fuel gases that have leaked from underground from buried piping systems to migrateunderground migrate through porous media such as soil and snow (sometimes for great distances), enterstructures, and create flammable atmospheres. Both lighter-than-air and heavier-than-air fuel gases canmigrate through soil porous media ; follow the exterior of underground lines; and seep into sewer lines,underground electrical or telephone conduits, drain tiles, or even directly through basement and foundationwalls, none of which are as gastight as water or gas lines. [See Figure 10.9.9.1.1(a) and Figure10.9.9.1.1(b).]

Figure 10.9.9.1.1(a) Gas Migrating Along the Sewer Line into the Home, After Leaking at theService Tee.

Figure 10.9.9.1.1(b) An Example of How a Gas Leak Can Get into a Sewer System.

10.9.9.1.2

Such gases also tend to migrate upward, permeating the soil and the porous medium and dissipatingharmlessly into the atmosphere. Whether the path of migration is lateral or upward is largely a matter ofwhich path provides the least resistance to the travel of the fugitive gas, the depth at which the leak exists,the depth of any lateral buried lines that the gas might follow, and the nature of the upper surface of theground porous medium . If the upper surface of the ground is the porous medium is obstructed by rain,snow, frozen earth, or paving, the gases may be forced to travel become further contained andincreasingly travel laterally. It is not uncommon for a long-existing leak to have been dissipating harmlesslyinto the air until the upper surface of the ground changes the porous medium changes , such as by theinstallation of new paving or by heavy rains or freezing, and then be forced to migrate laterally and enter astructure, fueling a fire or explosion.

10.9.9.2 * Odorant Removal from Gas.


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An odorized gas can lose odorant by a number of different mechanisms. This odorant loss has also beentermed odor fade. This is a complex subject, and for a deeper understanding the reader is referred to thereferences cited in Annex B. Some of the important issues in odorant loss are summarized in 10.9.9.2(A)through 10.9.9.2(D).

(A)

Loss of Odorant Due to Gas Migration in Soil. Gas odorants can be removed by dry, clay-type soils, andnot by sand, loams, or heavily organic soils. Certain odorant components are better than others in terms oftheir ability to resist adsorption by clay-type soils. A large leak gives a lower contact time with the clay-typesoil, and results in lower losses due to adsorption.

(B)

Loss of Odorant Due to Adsorption of Odorant on Pipe and Container Walls. All odorant componentsare adsorbed by pipe or container walls to some extent. This is particularly true of new pipe (steel or plastic)and new propane containers. Many natural gas companies treat the gas in new sections to a heavier doseof odorant after the section is placed in service. Propane industry practice, as found in National PropaneGas Association safety bulletin T133, calls for new propane containers to be purged of air and water vaporbefore being placed into service. Gas odorants can be adsorbed in gas pipe that has been in continuousservice, if the flow rates of gas are lower than normal.

(C)

Loss of Odorant Due to Oxidation of Odorant. Mercaptan odorants can be oxidized by ferric oxide (redrust), which can be found in new pipe and in new or out-of-service LP tanks.

(D)

Loss of Odorant Due to Absorption. Absorption is a phenomenon that requires the dissolution of odorantin a liquid. It can occur in natural gas systems that have a problem with liquid condensates in theirdistribution lines. The most common liquid available in the environment is water. All odorants have a lowsolubility in water.


In response to my Public Input No. 54, during the first draft, the TC alerted me that a similar issue was also discussed in this chapter. I have attempted to clarify the discussion on gas migration and generalize it to include a variety of porous media including snow.



Public Comment No. 2-NFPA 921-2015 [Section No. 23.8.3] Addresses similar issues

Related Item

First Revision No. 54-NFPA 921-2015 [Section No. 16.3]


Submitter Full Name: Timothy Myers

Organization: Exponent, Inc.

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11.4.1.8 Standards on Labels, Instructions, and Warnings.

Over the years, government and industry have promulgated many standards, guidelines, and regulationsdealing with safety warnings and safe product design. Among the standards that deal with labels,instructions, and warnings are the following:

(1) ANSI standards on labeling:

(2) Z129.1, Precautionary Labeling of Hazardous Industrial Chemicals

(3) Z400.1, Material Safety Data Sheets — Preparation

(4) Z535.1, Safety Color Code

(5) Z535.2, Environmental and Facility Safety Signs

(6) Z535.3, Criteria for Safety Symbols

(7) Z535.4, Product Safety Signs and Labels

(8) Z535.5,

Accident Prevention Tags

(a) Safety Tags and Barricade Tapes (for Temporary Hazards)

(9) UL standard on labeling:

(10) ANSI/UL 969, Standard for Marking and Labeling Systems

(11) United States Federal Codes and Regulations:

(12) “Consumer Safety Act” (15 USC Sections 2051–2084, and 16 CFR 1000)

(13) “Hazardous Substances Act” (15 USC Sections 1261 et seq., and 16 CFR 1500)

(14) “Federal Hazards Communication Standard” (29 CFR 1910)

(15) “Flammable Fabrics Act” (15 USC Sections 1191–1204 and 16 CFR 1615, 1616, 1630–1632)

(16) “Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act” (15 USC Section 321 (m), and 21 CFR 600)

(17) OSHA Regulations (29 CFR 1910)

(18) Industry standard:

(19) FMC Product Safety Sign and Label System Manual


Correcting document title.

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13.3.3.3

The investigator may be working at a fire scenes that have has been equipped with temporary wiring.The investigator should be aware that temporary wiring for lighting or power arrangements is often notproperly installed, grounded, or insulated and, therefore, may be unsafe.


I think that the phrase, 'have has been' is wrong by the grammer.

Related Item

First Revision No. 1-NFPA 921-2015 [Global Input]


Submitter Full Name: JUNG-SUB LEE

Organization: BUSAN FIRE HEADQUARTER

Street Address:

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Submittal Date: Sat Sep 05 11:33:13 EDT 2015


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15.5.10 Canine Teams.

Trained canine/handler teams may assist investigators in locating areas for collection of samples forlaboratory analysis to collecting necessary data to help identify the presence of ignitible liquids.


Canine Teams are used to help the investigator identify the presence of ignitable liquids. The decision to secure a sample is the decision of the investigator. If the liquid is a content fuel, such as a chain saw in the garage, the investigator may not secure a sample from such location.

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Submitter Full Name: DARLE MCCLINTOCK

Organization: VECTOR INVESTIGATIVE SERVICES

Affilliation: Canine Accelerant Detection Association

Street Address:

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Sub-Sections] ]

In many cases, it may be necessary for the investigator to obtain sufficient dimensional data to develop a3D representation of the fire scene. Various 3D tools can assist fire and explosion investigators in providingaccurate 3D representations of the scene in advance of a fire or explosion, during an active incident, and forpost incident analysis. These tools include the use of photogrammetry, total stations, and high-definitionlaser scanning (HDS, aka- LiDAR). The 3D scene or “model” provides new opportunities for investigators totest hypotheses via witness viewpoints, computational fluid dynamics, and a true color, true scale, andsharable virtual scene. Three D Three demensional data capture techniques provide a way to documentperishable evidence, spatial relativity of fuels, compartments, and ventilation openings and flow paths.

With increasing accuracy, investigators are being assisted in scientifically based, representationsof the fire conditions before, during and after an incident, via three-dimensional technologies. Thereconstruction, representations and analysis has assisted in explosions, structural and wildlandfires in a variety of ways including CFD models, wire strike analysis and 3D printing of perishablehuman remains. See images:



NFPA_921_3D_images_revised_11_16_15.docx

Please see the attached word docx. with embedded images for inclusion with 3D documentation section, by NFPA member Kirk McKinzie, thanks in advance.


"Adequate documentation" is a relative term and in the perpetually advancing litigious community, having documentation that is "greater" than the opposition is well advised to consider. The "adequate documentation" of a fatal, multi-fatal, LODD or large loss scene will be a debate that will continue long past the publishing of this edition of 921.

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Fig. 1 Raw HDS/LiDAR data blended with 3D CAD model.

Fig. 2 CAD model constructed via conversion of HDS measurements.

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Fig. 3 FDS model developed via geometric input from HDS data.

Fig. 4 Perishable evidence prior to scene processing.

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Fig. 5 Close up of 3D printed “training aide” provides a true scale,

color accurate, permanent representation of evidence. 3D printed reproduced evidence can be

reduced, true and enlarged scale.

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17.5.4.2 Canine/Handler Teams.

When a canine/handler team is used to detect possible evidence of accelerant use assist investigators inlocationg the presence of ignitable liquids , the handler should be allowed to decide what areas, if any, of abuilding or site to examine. Prior to any search, the handler should carefully evaluate the site for safety andhealth risks such as collapse, falling, toxic materials, residual heat, and vapors, and should be the finalarbiter of whether the canine is allowed to search. It should also be the handler's decision whether tosearch all of a building or site, even areas not involved in the fire. The canine/handler team can assist withthe examination of loose or packageddebris packaged debris removed from the immediate scene as ascreening step to confirm whether the appropriate debris has been recovered for laboratory analysis.


Canine Teams are used to help locate the presence of ignitable liquids. Canines are trained to locate ignitable liquids and cannot discern whether or not that liquid is used as an accelerant or is a content fuel. This removes the word accelerant.

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Affilliation: Canine Accelerant Detection Association

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Properly trained and validated ignitible liquid detection canine/handler teams have proven established theirability to improve fire investigations by assisting the investigator in the location and collection of samplesfor laboratory analysis for the locating the presence of ignitible liquids. The proper use of detectioncanines is to assist with the location and selection of samples.


It has been proven that there are several proper uses of proper and validated canine team. This removes the language indicating that the only proper use of a canine is to assist with the location and selection of samples. The only role a canine has in this field is to help the investigator located ignitable liquid, nothing more.

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17.5.4.7.3

The canine olfactory system is believed capable of detecting gasoline at concentrations below thosenormally cited for laboratory methods. The detection limit, however, is not the sole criterion or even themost important criterion for any forensic technique. Specificity, the ability to distinguish betweenignitible liquids and background materials , is even more important than sensitivity for detectionof any ignitible liquid residues. Unlike explosive- or drug-detecting dogs, these canines are trainedto detect substances that are common to our everyday environment. The techniques Techniquesexist today for forensic laboratories to detect submicroliter quantities of ignitible liquids, butbecause these substances are intrinsic to our mechanized world, merely detecting such quantitiesis of limited evidential value. Although the canine olfactory system is believed capable of detectingignitable liquids at concentrations below those normally cited for laboratory methods, investigatorsshould not concern themselves with such low levels, as findings in this range cannot bedistinguished from background materials.


This does nothing more than change this section around, putting emphasis on the sensitivity of the lab first and explaining the importance about background material. Then it discussed the abilities of the canine second.

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Public Comment No. 66-NFPA 921-2015 [ Section No. 18.2 [Excluding any

Sub-Sections] ]

The overall methodology for determining the origin of the fire is the scientific method as described inChapter 4. This methodology includes recognizing and defining the problem to be solved, collecting data,analyzing the data, developing a hypothesis or hypotheses, and most importantly, testing the hypothesis orhypotheses. In order to use the scientific method, the investigator must develop at least one hypothesisbased on the data available at the time. These hypotheses should be considered “working hypotheses,”which upon testing may be discarded, revised, or expanded in detail as new data is collected during theinvestigation and new analyses are applied. This process is repeated as new information becomesavailable. (See Figure 18.2.)

Figure 18.2 An Example of Applying the Scientific Method to Origin Determination.



Firgure_18.2Revised.jpg Revised Figure 18.2 to reflect the requested change.



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Figure 18.2 Delete the proposed addition of “Identify ventilation-generated patterns.

"Pattern Analysis" as currently used in the chart is intended as an all-inclusive statement of fire patterns. Ventilation-Generated patterns are included in that list and a separate listing may confuse the reader. Not indicating a specific or several specific types of Fire Patterns maintains the usefulness of this chart for the user.

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First Revision No. 144-NFPA 921-2015 [Section No. 18.2 [Excluding any Sub-Sections]]





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18.2.3 Sequential Pattern Analysis.

The area of origin may be determined by examining the fire effects and fire patterns. The surfaces of thefire scene record all of the fire patterns generated during the lifetime of the event, from ignition throughsuppression, although these patterns may be altered, overwritten, or obliterated after they are produced.The key to determining the origin of a fire is to determine the sequence in which these patterns wereproduced. Investigators should strive to identify and collect sequential data and, once collected, organizethe information into a sequential format. Sequential data not only indicates what happened, but the order inwhich it happened. One of the most important factors in determining the sequence of pattern production isconsidering whether the pattern can be accounted for in terms of ventilation. A large area of clean burninglocated next to, or directly across the room from, an opening was probably created after full roominvolvement was achieved. As such, this pattern will offer little insight into the area of origin.


18.2.3 Sequential Pattern AnalysisThis section should remain as it appears in the 2014 Edition. Striking the last sentence and adding the proposed last two sentences does not improve the content.

Currently (2014 Edition), Section 18.2 describes the methodology to determine the origin.18.2.3 includes the statement "Identifiable fire spread patterns should be traced back to an area of point of origin."

Clean burn patterns produced from heat from a particular fuel package or ventilation generated are not fire spread patterns they are intensity patterns. The origin, sequence and use of these patterns should have been determined during the analysis phase. If they have value in the determination of fire spread, then they may be used. Changing this section to include the new text will further confuse the reader about the methodology.

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Organization: TRACE Fire Protect and Safety


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18.3.1.6 Structure Interior.

On the initial assessment, investigators should examine all rooms and other areas that may be relevant tothe investigation, including those areas that are fire damaged or adjacent to the fire- and smoke- damagedareas. The primary purpose of this assessment is to identify the areas that need more detailed examination.The investigator should be observant of conditions of occupancy, including methods of storage, nature ofcontents, housekeeping, and maintenance. The type of construction, interior finish(es), and furnishingsshould be noted. Areas of damage, and extent of damage in each area (e.g., severe, minor, or none)should be noted. At this point, the investigator should attempt to identify which compartments became fullyinvolved (i.e., ventilation-controlled), and which did not. This damage should be compared with thedamage seen on the exterior. During this examination, the investigator should reassess the soundness ofthe structure.


18.3.1.6 Structure InteriorThis section should remain as it appears in the 2014 Edition. This section addresses the initial phase of the origin determination process, where general observations are documented. Changing “require” to “need” more detailed examination adds nothing to clarity for the user.

Additionally, adding the statement proposed would be a part of the existing prior sentence “Areas of damage and extent of damage in each area (severe, minor, or none) should be noted.” A compartment that transitioned to full room involvement would be included in the severe category and as such would require a more detailed examination.

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18.4.1.6 *

Every pattern should be evaluated to determine whether it can be accounted for in terms of ventilation.Ventilation-generated patterns may not be produced early in the fire. Patterns that cannot be accounted forin terms of ventilation are the patterns that need careful examination.


18.4.1.5 Movement and Intensity Patterns.This section should remain as it appears in the 2014 Edition. This section reminds the reader of the content in Chapter 6 which includes consideration of ventilation generated fire patterns.

The inclusion of the annex notation is not appropriate for this section and is properly recommended for inclusion in the proposed A.18.7.2. appearing later in this section.

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First Revision No. 147-NFPA 921-2015 [New Section after 18.4.1.5]





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Public Comment No. 70-NFPA 921-2015 [ Sections 18.4.7.1, 18.4.7.2 ]

Sections 18.4.7.1, 18.4.7.2

18.4.7.1 *

One of the most important fire dynamics considerations is the availability of oxygen. If the area of originbecomes oxygen deprived as a result of full room involvement, there may be less damage around theorigin than elsewhere. The most damaged areas may have been damaged solely as a result of increasedventilation that occurred late in the fire. Basing an origin determination solely on the degree of damage hasled to erroneous origin determinations in test fires.

18.4.7.2 *

One tool a fire investigator may consider to account for the history of the various fire patterns observed isto divide each compartment into volumes, and then consider the extent of the damage expected beforeand at flashover, a short time after flashover, and a long time after flashover, given an origin in each of thevolumes. This analysis has been called an origin matrix analysis.


18.4.7 Fire DynamicsThis section should remain as it appears in the 2014 Edition. The proposed addition of 18.4.7.1 includes “one of the most important fire dynamics considerations is the availability of oxygen.” Since a hierarchy of considerations has not been developed in the document, it would be inaccurate to identify the availability of oxygen as one of the most important. The discussion of available oxygen and fire growth is contained adequately in Chapter 5.

It should be noted that this document has never stated that an investigator should base an origin determination on one fire pattern nor the degree of damage. In fact, those myths were challenged in the earliest of editions of 921. However, that information has continued to be included in the training offered by instructors that are not properly educated and trained.

The Annex item would be more appropriate if it was noted as a part of 5.10.2.8 which discusses post-flashover fire behavior.

Proposed new 18.4.7.2, should be moved to a new 18.4.3 and titled Origin Matrix Analysis. Section 18.4 Analyze the Data. (2014 Edition) provides a listing of the tools that can assist the investigator in the analysis process. Additionally, the section should be expanded to provide information on “how to complete and use” the concept as is done for the various other tools.

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19.1.2 First Fuel Ignited.

The first fuel ignited is that which first sustains combustion beyond the ignition source . For example, thewood of the match would not be the first fuel ignited, but paper, ignitible liquid, or draperies would be, if thematch were used to ignite them.


The proposed change simplifies the definition to the most basic concept. The example provided in the existing text can lead to improper conclusions.

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19.3.2.1

Potential sources of ignition for gases, vapors, or dusts include open flames, arcs from motors andswitches, electric igniters, standing pilots or flames in gas appliances, hot surfaces, and static electricity. When gases, vapors, or dusts are suspected as the first fuel the origin may be difficult to identify, asthe ignition source may be remote from the fuel that sustains combustion. Whenever vapors ordusts are potentially the first fuel, the investigator should identify and document all heat-producingitems in the fire scene , not only the area of origin . When interested parties are to be notified for theopportunity to examine the fire scene, consideration should be given to preserving all heat-producingitems within the fire scene.


The committee is being asked reconsider the original proposal. The added discussion is directly related to the text in this section that refers to "the ignition of gases, vapors or dusts." The committee Statement that "the requirement all heat producing item in the fire scene is too broad" is misguided and does not consider the definition of "scene" in sec. 3.3.148. Considering ignition sources only in the area of origin is too narrow as is precisely the problem being addressed in this proposal and comment. Too many times, fire investigators narrow their focus on an ignition source to the area of origin and often only preserve the area of origin, to the detriment of other interested parties who come to the scene later than the initial investigators. The next area larger than the "area of origin" is the "scene" which is defined in sec. 3.3.148 as, "The general physical location of a fire or explosion incident (geographic area, structure or portion of a structure, vehicle, boat, piece of equipment, etc.) designated as important to the investigation because it may contain physical damage or debris, evidence, victims, or incident-related hazards." By NFPA 921's definition, the scene appears to be exactly the size of the area in which an investigator should be advised to consider, examine and preserve for the identification of a potential ignition sources when "gases, vapors or dusts" are the first fuel.

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20.1.3 Incendiary Fire Cause Classification.

An incendiary fire is a fire that is deliberately set with the intent to cause a fire to occur in an area wherethe fire should not be.Incendiary fires include any of the following:

A. A fire started or an explosion caused with the purpose of endangering the person or property of another;or, destroying or damaging any property, whether one’s own or another’s, to collect insurance for such loss.

B. A fire that one starts or an explosion that one causes on one’s own property or on the property ofanother, which thereby recklessly places another person, including a fire fighter, in danger of death orbodily injury; or, places the property of another in danger of unlawful damage or destruction.

C. A fire started by one who permits the fire to endanger the person or property of another and fails to takereasonable measures to put out or control the fire, when he can do so without substantial risk to himself, orfails to give a prompt fire alarm if:

a) he knows that he is under an official, contractual, or other legal duty to prevent or combat the fire; or

b) the fire was started, although lawfully, by him or with his assent, or on property in is custody or control.

When the intent of the person’s action cannot be determined or proven to an acceptable level of certainty,the correct classification is undetermined..


See our substantiation for our proposed new definition of "Incendiary Fire" along with our substantiation (3.3.116). This revision incorporates the new definition of incendiary fire into the classification section.“Definition for Incendiary Fire is derived from the American Law Institute Model Penal Code Arson definitions, 2011 ed., § 220.1. Arson and Related Offenses. (www.ALI.org).”




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23.8.3 Underground Migration of Fuel Gases through Porous Media .

Underground fuel Fuel gas leaks from buried sources have migrated underground through porous mediasuch as soil and snow , entered structures, and fueled fires or explosions. Because the soil surroundingunderground pipes and utility lines may have been more disturbed than adjacent soil or may containspecial backfill contain backfill material, the disturbed soil may be less dense and more porous.permeable creating, regions of lower flow resistance. Similarly, accumulating and settling snow can formgaps or more permeable regions near pipes and other structures creating regions of lower flow resistance. Both lighter-than-air and heavier-than-air fugitive fuel gases may follow these soil pathways preferentiallyfollow higher permeability (i.e. lower flow resistance pathways) , or the annular spaces around the exteriorof such underground such constructions and can enter structures through openings such as those foundin foundations, floors, or walls. Often, these fugitive gases will permeate the soil porous medium , migrateupward, and dissipate harmlessly into the air. This dissipation may take place unnoticed for monthsdays, months, or years. However, if the surface of the ground is then obstructed by rain, frozen soil, snow,ice, new paving, or other impervious cover, the gases may then begin to become further contained andmay increasingly migrate laterally through low flow resistance pathways and enter structures.

23.8.3.1

Fuel gases migrating underground have been known to enter buildings by seeping into sewer lines,underground electrical or telephone conduits, drain tiles, or even directly through basement and foundationwalls, none of which are as gastight as water or gas lines.

23.8.3.2

In addition, gases can move through underground conduits for hundreds of feet and then fuel explosions orfires in distant structures.

23.8.3.3

Natural gas and propane have little or no natural odors of their own. In order for them to be readily detectedwhen leaking, foul-smelling malodorant compounds are added to the gases. Odorant verification should bea part of any explosion investigation involving or potentially involving fuel gas, especially if it appears thatthere were no indications of a leaking gas being detected by witnesses. The odorant's presence, in theproper amount, should be verified.


I have attempted to clarify the discussion of migration of gases and generalize it to cover flow through porous media other than soils, including snow. In response to my earlier public input, the TC noted that snow is mentioned in Chapter 10. Chapter 10 covers different aspects than the proposed revision in this section and is also addressed through a second Public Comment. The TC also commented that "While gas migrating through soil may leave evidence of its passage, gas migrating through snow does not." The statement is incorrect and it is unclear why that comment is relevant to my public input. I am aware of a number of investigations where after an explosion, gas was detected in snow along a leak path from the source of the gas leak to the structure involved in the explosion. This is particularly common when the source of the gas leak is remote from the structure and the gas continues to leak after the explosion.




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23.9.3.1

Analogous to the lower flammable limit (LFL) of ignitible vapors and gases, there are minimum explosibleconcentrations of specific dusts required for a propagating combustion reaction to occur. Minimum

explosible concentrations (MECs) can vary with the specific dust from as low as 20 g/m3 to 2000 g/m3

(0.02 oz/ft3 to 2 oz/ft3) with the most common concentrations being less than 1000 g/m3 (1 oz/ft3). Particlesize influences minimum explosible concentration. Minimum concentration values vary depending on thetype of dust. The chemical reactivity of dust clouds is generally lower than that of gases, so MEC valuesnecessarily have to be higher. The MEC of a specific dust can be determined using ASTM E1226 E1515 ,Standard Test Method for Minimum Explosible Concentration of Combustible Dusts. There are generalrules of thumb about the lack of visibility when a dust cloud is present at or above the MEC. For example,Eckhoff quotes others stating that a glowing 25-watt light bulb observed through 2 m of a coal dust cloud

would not be visible at dust concentrations above 40 g/m3 (see Eckhoff, Dust Explosions in the ProcessIndustries).


The standard number was incorrect due to a typographical error in my original public input.

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23.9.6.2

Ignition temperatures for most material dusts most dusts range from 320°C to 590°C (600°F to 1100°F).Layered dusts, in general have lower ignition temperatures than the same dusts suspended in air.The dustcloud ignition temperature can be measured using ASTM E1491, Standard Test Method for MinimumAutoignition Temperature of Dust Clouds. The dust layer ignition temperature can be measured usingASTM E2021, Standard Test Method for Hot-Surface Ignition Temperature of Dust Layers.


Corrected typographical error.



Public Comment No. 5-NFPA 921-2015 [Section No. 23.9.6.3]

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23.9.6.3

In general, minimum ignition energies (MIEs) are higher for dusts than for gas or vapor fuels and canextend to high energies. The lowest MIE report for dusts are in the 1 to 10 mJ range, higher than mostflammable gases or vapors (~.02–..29 mJ). However, the ignition energy of dusts can be in ordersbe orders of magnitude higher with some dusts having MIEs above 1J or 1 kJ. The MIE can be measuredusing ASTM E2019, Standard Test Method for Minimum Ignition Energy of a Dust Cloud in Air.


Correcting typographical error



Public Comment No. 4-NFPA 921-2015 [Section No. 23.9.6.2] Typographical error related to same PI

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27.3.1.1* Hot Surface Ignition.

Some hot surfaces in motor vehicles may be of sufficient temperature to igniteignitible ignite liquidscommonly found in these vehicles. This temperature is known as hot surface ignition temperature, a formof autoignition temperature. Autoignition temperatures are . There is a difference between autoignitiontemperatures, determined by ASTM E659, Standard Test Method for Autoignition Temperature of LiquidChemicals, which is a laboratory test procedure and utilizes a closed test environment. There is adifference between autoignition temperatures determined through standard test methods, and hot surfaceignition temperatures that which are dependent on a number of underhood conditions additionalvariables including, but not limited to, the temperature of the hot surface; the residence time of the ignitibleliquid on the hot surface; the temperature of the ignitible liquid; the physical state of the ignitible liquid; thesurface characteristics of the hot surface; the geometry, size, mass, and mass surface characteristicsof the hot surface; and the airflow environmental conditions in the surrounding area where the ignitibleliquid contacts the hot surface. Experimental Experimental testing has shown that hot surface ignitiontemperatures for common automotive liquids may be substantially higher than reported autoignitiontemperatures. The study compared the autoignition temperatures, as derived from ASTM E659, and hotsurface ignition temperatures, under test conditions using commercially available unleaded regular (CAULR) gasoline. For example one study shows that the minimum observed hot surface ignition temperatureof gasoline was 735°C (1355°F) whereas the reported autoignition temperature range for gasoline asshown in Table 27.3.1 is 350-460 °C (660–860°F).


Committee changes do not sufficiently address Public Input 298 and 317. Some of the additional text is unnecessary. The study, with the corrected temperatures, provides a good example of the difference in autoignition temperatures from hot surface ignition temperatures. Removing this does not help in understanding hot surface ignition, but rather leaves readers without an example of how significantly different the temperatures can be.

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27.8.1.1


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Examination of the exterior may reveal significant fire patterns. The location of the fire, and the way that thewindshield reacts to it, may allow a determination of the compartment of the origin. Diagrams illustratingpotential fire pattern development as a function of compartment of origin are shown in Figure 27.8.1.1(a)and Figure 27.8.1.1(b). A passenger compartment fire will frequently cause failure at the top of thewindshield and will leave radial fire patterns (fire patterns that appear to radiate from an area) on the hood,as shown in Figure 27.8.1.1(c) and Figure 27.8.1.1(d) . Interior fire test and resulting damage and patternsare depicted in Figure 27.8.1.1(e) through Figure 27.8.1.1(g) . Radial patterns from a passengercompartment fire are depicted in Figure 27.8.1.1(h) and Figure 27.8.1.1(i) . Variations in the color ofoxides on steel surfaces after a fire are common . The various colors present can be due to differenttypes of iron oxides formed both during and after a fire. Even a single oxide can have a range of colorsdepending on its crystal structure . Oxide color variations can also be due to variations in the type andconcentration of contaminants on the surface, alloying elements, and the thickness of the oxide. Notmuch importance should be put on color s and patterns without substantiating evidence. This isparticularly true in situations in which most, if not all, combustible material has been consumed.

Figure 27.8.1.1(a) Fire Pattern Development from an Interior Origin.

Figure 27.8.1.1(b) Fire Pattern Development from an Engine Compartment Origin.

Figure 27.8.1.1(c) Radial Fire Pattern Produced by a Passenger Compartment Fire.

Figure 27.8.1.1(d) Another Radial Fire Pattern Produced by a Passenger Compartment Fire.


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Figure 27.8.1.1(e) Interior Fire Test Burn.

Figure 27.8.1.1(f) Fire Damage and Patterns from an Interior Fire.

Figure 27.8.1.1(g) Remaining Windshield Glass from an Interior Fire.


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Figure 27.8.1.1(h) Radial Fire Pattern Produced by a Passenger Compartment Fire.

Figure 27.8.1.1(i) Another Radial Fire Pattern Produced by a Passenger Compartment Fire.


At 1st revision the committee made the decision not to change current text for this paragraph. The recommended text in this submission has been modified from the original submission to address the concerns of the committee. The new text clarifies that the color of oxides present are due to a number of factors, including the different types of oxides that are formed, color variation due to crystal structure, and color variations due to contaminants, alloying elements and oxide thickness. The 2nd to last sentence parallels section 26.5.1.2.1 of NFPA 921 concerning oxide colors on appliances. Two references are supplied so that reader can find additional information on this issue if necessary.

Attached are two references for the added text recommended for inclusion in the annex material, Chapter 27. Copies of reference materials are available on request.

* Colwell, J. D. and Babic, D. (2012) A Review of Oxidation on Steel Surfaces in the Context of Fire Investigations. SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars-Mech. Syst. 5(2). Also in SAE Paper No. 2012-01-0990.

* Colwell, J. D. (2015) Oxidation Patterns in Motor Vehicle Fire Investigations – Unraveling the Myths. Fire and Arson Investigator, January, 2015, 26-36.

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First Revision No. 112-NFPA 921-2015 [Section No. 27.8.1 [Excluding any Sub-Sections]]


Submitter Full Name: JEFF COLWELL

Organization: COLWELL CONSULTING

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Public Comment No. 57-NFPA 921-2015 [ Section No. A.3.3.130 ]

A.3.3.130 Noncombustible Material.

Materials that are reported as passing ASTM E136, Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in aVertical Tube Furnace at 750 Degrees C, shall be considered noncombustible materials. See also 5.2.


Places a link to the proposed new section 5.2.






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Public Input No. 200-NFPA 921-2014 [Section No. A.3.3.121]




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Public Comment No. 58-NFPA 921-2015 [ New Section after A.5.1.1 ]

A.5.2 The provisions of 5.2 do not require inherently noncombustible materials to be tested in order to beclassified as noncombustible materials. [NFPA 5000, 2015]

A.5.2.1(1) Examples of such materials include steel, concrete, masonry and glass. [NFPA 5000, 2015]


..


Completes the proposed added information on noncombustible materials.






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Public Comment No. 59-NFPA 921-2015 [ Section No. A.5.2 ]

A.5.2

The following is a list of references about fire chemistry:

Drysdale, D. (2003), “Chemistry and Physics of Fire,” NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 19th ed., Section2.3.

Friedman, R. (1998), Principles of Fire Protection Chemistry and Physics, Third Edition, National FireProtection Association, Quincy, MA.

Grand, A., Wilkie, C. (2000), Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials, Marcel Dekker, New York.

Fire, F. (1991), Combustibility of Plastics, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

Troitzsch, J. (2004), Plastics Flammability Handbook, Hanser Publishers, Munich.

Cullis, C., F. and Hirschler, M.M. (1981), The Combustion of Organic Polymers, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Aseeva, R., Zaikov, G. (1981), Combustion of Polymer Materials, Hanser Publishers, Munich.

Beyler, C. and Hirshcler M. (2002 Hirschler M.M. and Morgan, A.B. (2008 ), “Thermal Decomposition ofPolymers,” SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering (4th Edition) , Ed. P A . DiNenno Cote , NationalFire Protection Association, Quincy, MA.

Beyler, C. (2002), “Flammability Limits of Premixed and Diffusion Flames,” SFPE Handbook of FireProtection Engineering, Ed. DiNenno, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA.

Simmons, R. (1995), “Fire Chemistry,” Combustion Fundamentals of Fire, Ed. G. Cox, Academic Press,London.

Hirschler, M.M., " Heat release from plastic materials", Chapter 12 a, in "Heat Release in Fires", Elsevier, London,UK, Eds. V. Babrauskas and S.J. Grayson, 1992. pp. 375-422.


Updates a reference and adds another reference.

Related Item

First Revision No. 153-NFPA 921-2015 [Sections C.1, C.2, C.3]




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Public Comment No. 61-NFPA 921-2015 [ Section No. C.1.2.2 ]

C.1.2.2 ASTM Publications.

ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.

ASTM D56, Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester, 2005 (2010).

ASTM D92, Standard Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester, 2012b.

ASTM D93, Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester, 2015.

ASTM D1230, Standard Test Method for Flammability of Apparel Textiles, 2010.

ASTM D1310, Standard Test Method for Flash Point and Fire Point of Liquids by Tag Open-Cup Apparatus,2014.

ASTM D1929, Standard Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperature of Plastics, 2011.

ASTM D2859, Standard Test Method for Flammability of Finished Textile Floor Covering Materials, 2006(2011).

ASTM D3065, Standard Test Methods for Flammability of Aerosol Products, 2001 (2013).

ASTM D3828, Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Tester, 2012a

ASTM D4809, Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by BombCalorimeter (Precision Method), 2009a 2013.

ASTM D5305, Standard Test Method for Determination of Ethyl Mercaptan in LP-Gas Vapor, 2012.

ASTM E84, Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, 2015 2015a .

ASTM E108, Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings, 2011.

ASTM E119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, 2014 2015 .

ASTM E136, Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750°C, 2012.

ASTM E603, Standard Guide for Room Fire Experiments, 2013.

ASTM E648, Standard Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a RadiantHeat Energy Source, 2014c 2015 .

ASTM E659, Standard Test Method for Autoignition Temperature of Liquid Chemicals, 2014.

ASTM E678, Standard Practice for Evaluation of Scientific or Technical Data, 2007 (2013).

ASTM E681, Standard Test Method for Concentration Limits of Flammability of Chemicals (Vapors andGasses), 2009 (2015) .

ASTM E800, Standard Guide for Measurement of Gases Present or Generated During Fires, 2014.

ASTM E906/E906M, Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials andProducts, 2014.

ASTM E1226, Standard Test Method for Explosibility of Dust, 2012a.

ASTM E1352, Standard Test Method for Cigarette Ignition Resistance of Mock-up Upholstered FurnitureAssemblies , 2008a.

ASTM E1353, Standard Test Methods for Cigarette Ignition Resistance of Components of UpholsteredFurniture , 2008a e1.

ASTM E1354, Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials andProducts Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter , 2014e1 2015a .


updates - also ASTM E1352 and ASTM E1353 are not referenced in NFPA 921.


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Public Input No. 168-NFPA 921-2014 [Section No. A.22.1]




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NFPA Technical Committee on Fire Investigations Technical Committee on Fire ... Final remarks and...

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