NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06

EducationEducation

2005-06 National Family Health Survey2005-06 National Family Health Survey(NFHS-3)(NFHS-3)

NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06

Why focus on education?Why focus on education?

Education is Education is one of the keyone of the key enablers of enablers of demographic change, family welfare, and better demographic change, family welfare, and better health and nutritionhealth and nutrition

Achievement of universal primary education a Achievement of universal primary education a key goalkey goal of Indian planning since Independence of Indian planning since Independence

Elimination of gender disparity in primary Elimination of gender disparity in primary education is education is one of the Millennium Development one of the Millennium Development GoalsGoals (MDG4 (MDG4))

The spread of higher education is going to be The spread of higher education is going to be key to sustaining the growthkey to sustaining the growth of the Indian of the Indian economyeconomy

NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06

Questions Explored Questions Explored

Current School AttendanceCurrent School Attendance Are children attending school?Are children attending school? Are children attending school at an age-appropriate Are children attending school at an age-appropriate

level?level?

Literacy: Are we anywhere near Literacy: Are we anywhere near universal literacy?universal literacy?

Educational attainmentEducational attainment: : What is the What is the level and trend in higher education?level and trend in higher education?

A curriculum note: Is there approval for A curriculum note: Is there approval for the teaching of family life education in the teaching of family life education in school? school?

NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06

ARE CHILDREN ATTENDING ARE CHILDREN ATTENDING SCHOOL?SCHOOL?

Reference school year: 2005-06Reference school year: 2005-06

NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06

What percentage of children age 6-17 What percentage of children age 6-17 years attended school in 2005-06?years attended school in 2005-06?

8882

51

8173

37

6-10 11-14 15-17

UrbanRural

71

77

69

Total Urban Rural

And by age (yrs)By residence……..

NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06

What percentage of boys and girls What percentage of boys and girls attended school in 2005-06?attended school in 2005-06?

49

34

808575 70

81

66

6-17 years 6-10 years 11-14 years 15-17 years

Boys Girls

NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06

Gender Differentials in School Gender Differentials in School Attendance by ResidenceAttendance by Residence

Urban

88 83

52

8881

51

6-10 years 11-14 Years 15-17 years

Male Female

Rural

84 79

47

7966

28

6-10 years 11-14 years 15-17 years

Male Female

In urban areas, gender disparity in school enrollment is In urban areas, gender disparity in school enrollment is negligible; but in rural India, gender disparity in school negligible; but in rural India, gender disparity in school

enrollment persists and increases sharply with ageenrollment persists and increases sharply with age

NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06

School Attendance Rates by Sex and School Attendance Rates by Sex and State in Urban AreasState in Urban Areas

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

KE

MZ

HP

MN

GO

TN

MG

CH

JK

MH

TR

RJ

UT

AS

KA

DL

SK

HR

NG

IND

JH

AP

GJ

PJ

OR

MP

WB

AR

UP

BH

Male Female

• 5 states with less than 75% of boys attending school in urban areas are: Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar

• The differential in school attendance is highest at 9 percentage points in Haryana

• In several states, girls are more likely to be in school than boys

NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06

Gender differentials in school attendance are much Gender differentials in school attendance are much higher in rural than in urban areahigher in rural than in urban area

91 89 89 88 86 81 79 79 78 78 78 77 77 77 77 77 76 76 75 75 74 74 73 72 70 69 69 68 6457

0102030405060708090

100

HP

KE TN

UT

GO JK MN

HR

TR PJ

MH

DL

MZ

AS

AP RJ

KA UT

Indi

aC

HS

K GJ

MP

AR

OR

WB JH NG BH

MG

Male Female

• 11 states where 75% or fewer boys are in school, compared with 22 states where 75% or less girls are in school

• In Kerala, Delhi, Sikkim, Nagaland and Meghalaya more girls than boys are in school

• Gender differentials are 15-24 points in Rajasthan, Bihar, and Jharkhand; and 10 -14 points in Andhra Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Orissa, Gujarat, and Uttar Pradesh

NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06

Age-Appropriate School AttendanceAge-Appropriate School AttendanceMeasured by estimating the net attendance rates Measured by estimating the net attendance rates

(NAR) and gross attendance rates (GAR) for (NAR) and gross attendance rates (GAR) for primary and secondary school-age populationprimary and secondary school-age population

For primary schoolFor primary schoolNARNAR: Children age 6-10 years in classes1-5 as a : Children age 6-10 years in classes1-5 as a proportion of all children age 6-10 yearsproportion of all children age 6-10 yearsGARGAR: All children in classes 1-5 as a proportion of : All children in classes 1-5 as a proportion of all children age 6-10 yearsall children age 6-10 years

For secondary schoolFor secondary schoolNARNAR: Children age 11-17 years in classes 6-12 : Children age 11-17 years in classes 6-12 divided by all children age 11-17 years divided by all children age 11-17 years GARGAR: All children in classes 6-12 divided by all : All children in classes 6-12 divided by all children age 11-17 yearschildren age 11-17 years

NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06

NAR:NAR: Persistent gender inequality in rural areas Persistent gender inequality in rural areas and high drop out by the secondary level for boys and high drop out by the secondary level for boys

and for girlsand for girls

73

74

73

57

61

55

71

74

69

46

60

40

Total

Urban

Rural

Total

Urban

Rural

MaleFemale

Percent

PRIMARY NARPRIMARY NAR

SECONDARY NARSECONDARY NAR

NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06

Literacy: How close are we to Literacy: How close are we to achieving universal literacy?achieving universal literacy?

Every woman and man age 15-49 who had not Every woman and man age 15-49 who had not completed class 6 years was asked to read a completed class 6 years was asked to read a sentence from a preprinted card.sentence from a preprinted card.

Sentences were available in all major languages Sentences were available in all major languages of each stateof each state

In NFHS-3, persons are considered literate ifIn NFHS-3, persons are considered literate if They have completed at least class six, orThey have completed at least class six, or They can read a whole or part of a sentenceThey can read a whole or part of a sentence

NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06

Literacy among women has Literacy among women has doubled in 30 doubled in 30 yearsyears; however, even among the youngest ; however, even among the youngest one-fourth of women and one-tenth of men one-fourth of women and one-tenth of men

are illiterateare illiterate

55

7464

5548

43 40 38

7889

84 8176

70 69 68

15-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Women Men

Percent who are literate

NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06

The The poorest womenpoorest women and and scheduled-tribescheduled-tribe women and menwomen and men are least likely to be are least likely to be

literateliterate

75

46 44

33

52

71

19

5055

88

72 72

60

7986

7279

90

Urban Rural SC ST OBC Other Lowest Middle Highest

Women Men

Residence Caste/tribe Wealth index

Percent literate

NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06

Male literacy rates are 70+% in all states except Male literacy rates are 70+% in all states except JharkhandJharkhand. In . In 6 states including the most populous 6 states including the most populous

statesstates, less than half of women 15-49 years of age are , less than half of women 15-49 years of age are literateliterate

94 93

8480 77 75 73 72 70 70 69 69 69

65 64 63 60 60 5955 54 53 52 50

45 45 4437 37 36

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

MZ

KE

GO

HP

DL

NG

MN

SK

MH

MG TN

PJ

TR

UT

GJ

AS

HR

KA

WB

IND

IA JK AR

OR

AP

CH

UP

MP JH BH RJ

Women Men

NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06

Educational Attainment of the Educational Attainment of the Population Age 6 and OverPopulation Age 6 and Over

13

24

13

2427

8

1722

38

None 12 or moreyears

complete

10 or moreyears

complete

Total Urban Rural

8

14

25

17

49

38

42

29

None 12 or moreyears

complete

10 or moreyears

complete

Total Urban Rural

Males Females

NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06

Is India prepared to take on the challenge to Is India prepared to take on the challenge to sustain an economic growth rate of 8% or sustain an economic growth rate of 8% or

more per annum?more per annum?

32

4339 39

3330

2931 29

20

14

2831

25

2016

14 13 128

5 30

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65+

Male Female

Percent with at least 10 complete years of schooling

NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06

A Note for School Curricula: A Note for School Curricula:

Is there approval for the teaching Is there approval for the teaching of family life education in school? of family life education in school?

NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06

Measuring the Acceptance of the Teaching of Measuring the Acceptance of the Teaching of Family-Life Topics in SchoolFamily-Life Topics in School

NFHS-3 asked all women and men age 15-49 whether they think NFHS-3 asked all women and men age 15-49 whether they think that the following topics should be taught to children in school: that the following topics should be taught to children in school:

Moral valuesMoral values Changes in the body at puberty (including menstruation)Changes in the body at puberty (including menstruation) Sex and sexual behaviourSex and sexual behaviour ContraceptionContraception HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS Condom use to avoid sexually transmitted diseasesCondom use to avoid sexually transmitted diseases

Persons who said that the topic should be taught in school were Persons who said that the topic should be taught in school were asked at what age the topic should be first introducedasked at what age the topic should be first introduced

All questions were asked separately with reference to girls and All questions were asked separately with reference to girls and boysboys

NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06

Percentage who agree that family-life related Percentage who agree that family-life related topics should be taught to children in school:topics should be taught to children in school:

Topic Topic

% of % of womenwomen who who agree to teach:agree to teach:

GirlsGirls BoysBoysPubertal changes Pubertal changes in boys’ bodies in boys’ bodies 5454 6868Pubertal changes Pubertal changes in girls’ bodiesin girls’ bodies 7676 4141Sex and sexual Sex and sexual behaviourbehaviour 4646 4343

ContraceptionContraception 4949 4242

HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS 6363 6363Condom use to Condom use to prevent STDsprevent STDs 4444 4343

% of % of menmen who who agree to teach:agree to teach:

GirlsGirls BoysBoys

6969 8282

7777 6464

6262 6262

6565 6464

8181 8282

6868 7070

NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06

ConclusionsConclusionsUniversal primary school attendance is attainable in the Universal primary school attendance is attainable in the short run, but only in urban areasshort run, but only in urban areas

In rural areas, one in five children age 6-10 is not In rural areas, one in five children age 6-10 is not attending school with a persistent gender gap attending school with a persistent gender gap

Drop-out rates between primary and secondary school Drop-out rates between primary and secondary school are very high for both girls and boys, though the gender are very high for both girls and boys, though the gender gap also widens considerablygap also widens considerably

With no more than one in five adults with 10+ years of With no more than one in five adults with 10+ years of education, education will be a major bottleneck for education, education will be a major bottleneck for sustained economic growth in Indiasustained economic growth in India

There is widespread support among both women and There is widespread support among both women and men for teaching most family life education topics in men for teaching most family life education topics in schoolschool