Next Tues, Dr. Jacobson; next Thurs, Dr. Padgett ... · I. Announcements CV Physiol +...
Transcript of Next Tues, Dr. Jacobson; next Thurs, Dr. Padgett ... · I. Announcements CV Physiol +...
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I. Announcements CV Physiol + Atherosclerosis today.Next time endocrinology & hopefully start reproduction.All next week super guest lectures! Learning + much fun!
II.Cardiovascular Connections G&H + LS + Torstar booksA. Blood flow through heart & periphery G&H fig 9-1 + LSB. Composite events of cardiac cycle G&H fig 9-6C. Autorhythmic cells, ‘s electrical-highway G&H fig10-1,10-2
III. Lymphatic System D Chiras, Torstar Books, G&H LS +…IV.CVDs Definitions, US Disease Statistics: CDC 2012 + AHAV.Atherosclerosis + Mechanisms Torstar Books, G&H, +…
A. Linking proposed historical mechanismsEndothelial Injury Hypothesis (Ross & Glomset) Lipid Infiltration Hypothesis (Steinberg & Witzum) + new!
B. Cholesterol metabolism: Dr. Kottke’s bathtub analogyC. 1o modifiable risks: cigarette smoking, hypertension,
hypercholesterolemia/hyperlipidemia, lack of exerciseD. Treatment triad, PTCA, CABG, prevention, practical tips!
Next Tues, Dr. Jacobson; next Thurs, Dr. Padgett, Cardiology! Hooray!!
BI 358 Lecture 9
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LS2007
Veins Atria Ventricles Arteries
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hhw/contraction.html
V A V A!
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G&H 2006 fig 21-3
Coronary Circulation ≡ Crowns the Heart!
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Torstar 1984 p 47
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AM Katz 1992 p 12
Heart Dominance May Influence Survival
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G&H 2011 fig 21-5
Coronary Arteries Pierce the Heart from Epi to Endo
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Anastomoses May Provide Lifesaving Collateral Circulation!!
G&H 2011 fig 21-6
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Cardiac CycleCardiac Cycle
SystoleSystole DiastoleDiastoleContract& Empty
Relax& Fill
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Contract& Empty
Relax& Fill
G&H 2011 fig 21-4
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G&H 2011 fig 9-6
Electrical Events Precede Mechanical Events!
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(Automatically) Shock the Heart then it Contracts!
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Intrinsic Regulation: Autorhythmic
G&H 2006 fig 10-1
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LS 2012 fig 9-8 p 237
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Pacemaker Potentials in Sinoatrial Node
L Sherwood 2012 fig 9-6
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L Sherwood 2012 fig 9-15
Action Potential in Ventricular Myocytes
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Comparing Potentials in SA Node vs.Ventricular Myocytes
G&H 2011 fig 10-2
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Myocytes/Muscle Cells
Intercalated Disc
Adipocytes ≡ Fat Cells
Single nucleus
H Howard, U of O Bio-optic Lab, 1984
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Cardiac myocytes are mechanically linked & electrically connected!
Modified after L Sherwood 2012 fig 9-5
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Extrinsic Regulation: Nervous
NB: + Extrinsic Hormonale.g. Adrenal Epi + NE G&H 2006 fig 9-12
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Lymphatic System
1. Lymph Nodes
2. Vessels
3. Lymph
+
+
No pump!No pump!
D Chiras 2003
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Lymphatic SystemAlternative System of
Circulationor
Drainage System
Lymph Vessels Veins
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LymphaticVesselTorstar Books 1984
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L Sherwood 2007
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Elephantiasis: Lymphatic Blockage Due to Mosquito-Borne Parasitic Worm
L Sherwood 2007
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Break for questions!
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Did you know?
In 2008, > 616,000 people died of heart disease. Heart disease caused almost 25% of deaths in the US.
Every year ~785,000 Americans have a first heart attack. Another 470,000 who've had ≥ 1 have another attack.
In 2010, coronary heart disease US costs ~$108.9 billion including health care, medications & lost productivity.
SOURCE: Heart Disease Facts, Centers for Disease Control, 2012
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AMIAMICVDsCVDs
CVACVA
HTNHTNPAD/PVD PAD/PVD
TIATIA
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Jackson, MS
AK low, too!
Eugene, ORMN is lowest!
http://www.cdc.gov/heartDisease/statistics.htm
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SOURCE: Kahn & Clark, National Geographic, Feb 2007.
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SI Fox 1987 p 370
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Torstar 1984 p 76
100 yr ♀
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Torstar 1984 p 77
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59 yr HTN ♀
Torstar 1984 p 77
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L Sherwood 2004 p 336
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What is the Ultimate Cause of Death?What is the Ultimate Cause of Death?
2. Pulmonary damming w/edema
3. Cardiac fibrillation
4. Thromboembolism
G&H 2011 p 250
1. ↓ Q, CO or Cardiac Output.
5. Cardiac rupture
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G&H 2011 fig 21-7
Systolic Stretch
Nonfunctional Muscle
Normal Muscle
Systolic Stretch Due to Necrotic Tissue
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G&H fig 21-8
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Treatment TriadTreatment Triad
ExerciseExercise DietaryDietaryModificationModification
Drugs/SurgeryDrugs/SurgeryNB: Last blasted resort!!NB: Last blasted resort!!
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Sizer & Whitney
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F Sizer & E Whitney 2003 p 147 +
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Selected Atherosclerotic Genetic Determinants – Ultra-short List!? ?
Genes for HDL, LDL+ receptors, ApolipoproteinsApo B-100, Apo-E, Apo-M, lipoprotein a/Lpa, homocysteine metabolism enzymes N5,N10-
methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase, cystathionebeta-synthase, Type I antithrombin, mitochondrial haplogroup A, Protein tyrosine phosphate PTPN22
C/T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) @ + 1858, HMG COA reductase, SNPs in TNF-alpha, IL-
1beta & TGF-beta1, IL-6, IL-10, CD14, TLR-4 receptors, Human Leukocyte Antigens HLA-DRB1*01, HLA-B*07 + haplotype LTA+253a-
LTA+633g-C4A3-C4B1, HDL-associated paraoxonase (PON1), lysosomal acid lipase (LAL),
MEF2A protein affecting artery walls…
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HDL = Drain
-VLDL
+
LDL
Total Cholesterol Level
= Faucet
Bruce Kottke’s Bathtub Analogy5 forms of cholesterol:
Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, IDL, HDL
Atherogenic Anti-AtherogenicBruce Kottke
BiologicalArtifact!?
Bathtub
β
β
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Historical Hypotheses for Atherosclerosis Development
EndothelialInjury
PlateletAdherence
PDGFRelease
Cell Proliferation
AdvancedLesion
Ross & Glomset Steinberg & WitztumHigh Plasma
LDL
LDL Infiltrationinto Intima
Oxidized LDL+
Macrophages
FoamCells
FattyStreak
OtherGrowthFactors
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How Inflammation Attacks the Heart
NAHL, Jan/Feb 2009, p 5
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NAHL CSPI Jan-Feb 2014
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MRI Hyperintensities, Hypertension & Dementia
NAHL CSPI, Jan-Feb 2014
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SOURCE: Lifeline Screening, 2007
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R
L
Middle CerebralArtery Branches
SOURCE: McMinn & Hutchins, 1977.
…Cerebral vasculature! Oh my!
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= Artery of StrokeSOURCE: Liebman, 1979.
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The Window to the CV System?
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Renal Vasculature
SOURCE: McMinn & Hutchins, 1977.
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SO
UR
CE
: Wille
rson
& C
ohn,
200
0.
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SOURCE: Pollock & Wilmore, 1990.
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SOURCE: Kahn & Clark, National Geographic, Feb 2007.
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SOURCE: Kahn & Clark, National Geographic, Feb 2007.
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SOURCE: Kahn & Clark, National Geographic, Feb 2007.
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CABG = Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
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SOURCE: Torstar 1984 p 128.
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CardioWest artificial heart = $106,000! 3000 await transplants, but only 2100
donors are available…
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http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/02/hearts/hearts-text.html
Photograph by Robert Clark