NewsFlux - Making sense of newspaper in the digital information and communication technology context

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Major Project 2DFIM07

Design for InteractionPiti Patcharavalai Summer 2004

news flux , making sense of newspaperin the digital information andcommunication technology context

Abstract

This paper is a part of the major project for the Master of Art in Design

for Interaction, University of Westminster, during summer term 2004.

It outlines the project development and critical evaluation of an

interactive information artefact/system called news flux , proposinghow flow and dynamic of massive amount of information particularly

news can be visualised, realised and interacted by user in different

time and space in the way that make sense to them. The project was

developed from the research finding of the making sense of newspaper

in the context of digital information and communication technology.

Introduction

“Design is making sense (of things)…It could be read as design is a sense

creating activity or it can be regarded as meaning that the product of designare to be understandable or meaningful to someone”--(Krippendorf, 1989)

The balance of both meaning of sense has to be kept. Sense can

be aesthetic, expression, and recreation as much as sense can be

functional, practical, efficient and effective. Personally, I totally

agree with Krippendorf’s notion that maybe the pendulum has swung

too far to the later meaning. Human are not only rational being but

also emotional. Technologies are moving in a very fast pace that

we lost some senses during those paces. This issue comes across

every discipline of design as we should not just apply technology toa product or service but we have to revisit the form, function, and

semantic of that product or service and evaluate the properties and

applications of that technology so that the new product or service

makes sense to user. This is also my design process in interaction

design, and because of its nature of being a multidisciplinary field of

design, I have had the opportunity to revisit my area of interest which

is communication design particularly in print and publishing, in the

broader context and with holistic approach. Now, I would rather call

it my context of interest since it is not only about how to effectively

communicate a message to audience anymore but it’s also about



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how to enhance the experience of that message and its contexts that

respond to the interactive relationships between human to human,

human to artefact, or artefact to artefact.

In this project, I revisit my context of interest taking the knowledge

and approach of interaction design in to account. I choose newspaper

as the subject of research since it is a conventional information

artefact that has shaped the way we, designer deal with massive

amount of information on the daily basis since the early day of print.

Also how readers or users interact with the artefact, how they move

around the content, and how it meets with user demand in different

time and places of a day. This I believe to be an ideal model to study

the conventional information artefact design and develop a design

proposal in the context of recent technology.

news flux is an interactive information artefact and system. It is

developed from the making sense of newspaper in the context of

digital information and communication technology design research

which was initiated at the beginning of the summer term. In this

research, three related contexts are defined as user, newspaper and

digital technology context, to be a scope of the research. The research

finding are evaluated and concluded then developed into design

criteria and framework so that concept of newsflux can be developed

as a result of the research. Follow by the evaluation of the project and

issues that I encountered during the design process.



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Design research: making sense of newspaperin the context of digital information andcommunication technology

There are no theories of newspaper design. Newspaper design is deeply

rooted in practical realities and is more organic than any abstract theoretical

process. Newspapers must fit in with their city, their readers, and the

communities they serve. Each newspaper must have its own identity and

personality--Garcia Media.

I started this design research by setting the research question to look

for the sense of newspaper. This design research is inspired by a few

interesting innovation and trend that give me the impression of the

evolving relationship between newspaper and digital information and

communication technology.

First is when I experienced with the satellite newspaper kiosk where

you can order your local newspaper or any national newspaper from

the kiosk and it will be ready for you in hardcopy within two minutes

via the satellite communication network.

Second is the increasing numbers of online or digital edition of

newspaper either in the form of a replica of the physical one or a news

site. Some of them come with interesting features such as press cut(to

cut and archive the article), related news, background information,

breaking news on your mobile or desktop, discussion and comment

space in the news. Good examples of these approaches are BBC news

website service that provides breaking news on mobile and desktop.

And the digital edition of The Guardian that use the physical form as a

map to navigate and move around the paper.

Third is the personalised newspaper (online). There are a few project

that had been developed in the past like FishWrap from Walter

Bender, MIT and Krakatoa Chronicle. As user subscribe and create

his/her profile and preference on the web, the AI (Java programming)

will learn about your reading behaviour and preference by rating/

weighting system from both the system and user. Then news would be

filtered and process accordingly and presented in the newspaper alike

layout having the size of the column and typography varied according

to his profile or preference.

All of these are the results of digital information and communication

technology, as newspaper’s form and content are digitised and put into

the cyberspace either to provide an alternative way to consume news

or to bridge the gap of time and place in distribution. All these inspireme to revisit the conventional wisdom in the sense of newspaper and



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reconsidering the limitation, advantage, and potential of the digital

information and communication technology.

From this point, I define three related context to help myself

making sense of the relationship among user, newspaper and the

digital information and communication technology. For user context,

I conducted five interviews and general observations with a range

of newspaper reader. Then the results are concluded and developed

into two user scenarios to present the relationship between user and

newspaper in different space and time and how user read and move

around newspaper. For newspaper context, I revisit the concept, form,

function, meaning and the other application of newspaper. The last is

the digital information and communication technology context which

I look for the use and application of digital technology to newspaper

related information artefact and system. In this paper, the findings of

these contexts and their evaluations are presented as a point or issue

of interest started from the following paragraph.

Newspaper contextMedia is an extension of man--Marshall McLuahn

Newspaper, a tool for human to broaden their knowledge of the

world

As human make sense of things by contextualising it. Human memory

which is an important part of learning, works by association and

contextualisation of bits and chunk of information. Since the day

we were born, we have been updating, developing, and learning

our knowledge of the world. We started from explore our local

environment, socialise with others and at last consume massive

amount of information from media. Like a child read a comic and an

adult read a newspaper. Our society getting bigger and the boundary

of being local are blurred with the advance of telecommunication

technology. Newspaper provides us with the updated information

in different subject and context so that we can pick what we

are interested in or associated with and be aware of the general

information of our environment on a daily basis.

Editorial power and news

Information can only be classified as news if it contains these news

value: impact (how many people were, are or will be affected?),

timeliness (did the event occur very recently?), revelation (is there

significant new information, previously unknown?), proximity (was



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the event nearby geographically?), entertainment (does it make for

a fun story?), oddity (was the event highly unusual?), and Celebrity

(was anyone famous involved?). All these are the responsibility

of newspaper editorial team to decide which news will be the

headline, and how news will be presented to meet the viewpoint of

that newspaper (left wing, right wing). These elements create an

editorial content. With this, editorial content are arranged in a page

by applying a range of size, proportion, white space and graphical

element to the value and priority of that news. As a result, users have

the impression of priorities and dimension from a content page.

Fundamental form and function of newspaper and its application as

an archive

The online encyclopaedia WIKIpedia define a newspaper as

a lightweight and disposable periodical, usually printed on low-

cost paper called newsprint, containing a journal of current news

in a variety of topics or very narrow topic areas. This definition of

newspaper reflects some of the fundamental form and function of

newspaper as a medium. Being a lightweight and disposable periodical

means that it can be carried around and because it is printed on paper,

it is foldable and friendly to read. There is not much of the collective

value in newspaper itself but a piece of news can be considered as

a valuable piece of information when it is in an archive as the content

of news can become a history if it is significant enough in term of

news value. News archive is the way we preserve news by organising

them into a context or subject of interest. It can be done by any level

of user from personal to organisational news archive. For example,

parents may collect the news of their child’s achievement, Nine eleven

victim‘s family may collect news about the event and Starbuck may

collect the news about coffee industry. Either for personal satisfaction

or research purpose, putting daily news into an archive is an act of

contextualisation, making is easier to understand and access. Like

when it is organised and mapped in a chronological order, we are

able to see the history, development and progress of that news. Also

the news itself may not make much sense by itself but when it is in a

context, it create an overview of the associated story in different time

and space hence we can learn and understand more of the news and

its subject.

User context

From personal observation and a range of newspaper reader interview

including two young businessmen, two university student, and one

house wife, I developed two user scenario based on their news



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consumption behaviour in different time and place of a day and how

they move around the newspaper as an information artefact and

system.

User and newspaper in different time and space

As a day begins, users either start the day by reading newspapers or

watch a news program on TV or listening to radio. News headlines on

the front page are scanned and skimmed to see whether there are

news that users have been followed or not, news that is about their

own subject of interest, and news that may grasp their attention.

Full content and story will be read if there is enough time, if it is

interesting enough, and if the headline and news summary doesn’t

make sense enough. At this time of the day what users seems to do

is just to scan the front page and flick through the whole news paper

either to get the overview of that day news or to followed the news

that continue from the previous day. It is also interesting to see some

morning TV program that pick some news from headline of different

newspaper then read it out loud and discuss that news and set a topic

of public interest as a question which allow viewer to participate by

voting or messaging.

During a day, users socialise in their community. Topics of the

conversations often are about news that represents public interest

or the subject of interest of their community. It can be either serious

issue like politic or relaxing topic such as entertainment and celebrity.

In the conversation, users may find themselves unaware of the news

or they haven’t seen every aspect of that news, they may ask for the

source of that news and try to find it as it has become the subject

of interest of their community and they feel the demand to know it.

They do the same thing when they watch, read or listen to news from

other mediums like TV, radio or internet which may provide more up

to date information and present some interesting images or clips that

cannot be found in a newspaper. In their leisure time, when user read

the content inside to pass time, they tend to explore other subjects in

that paper or even finish the whole issue.

The ongoing flow of news consumption

From this user scenario, It can be concluded that newspaper can be

used as a beginning of the flow of the news for other mediums and

context. As reading newspaper in the morning give users an overview

of the latest news and event even though not every news on the

paper are read. With the overview from newspaper, users have an

idea of the current news so that they can make sense of it as a topic

of conversation in the social situation and they may follow the

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development of that news from any other media.

Also newspaper can be used as an alternative source of news

afterward. When users encounter news from other media, it may

become their subject of interest so they start to find out more about

the news. Newspaper is the source that users are most in control and

provide more details than TV or Radio. Users can just grasp the today

issue from news booth or find it on a coffee table, then look for the

news he want to know and read it when and where he wants.

I believe this ongoing news consumption pattern helps users to develop

their own perspective and update their knowledge of the world so

that they can socialise and make sense of their context and their

community in both local and global level. This also implies the model

of on-demand content in the digital information and communication

technology.

Moreover, users start to use internet as a main tools to do a personal

research on the subject of interest but it lacks of mobility, simplicity,

and readability make it is not as popular as newspaper in many cases.

User move around newspaper and unfold layers of content

Being a source of users knowledge of the world, providing range of

news that update and associate users’ context, newspaper need to

be well design as an information artefact. This part of the design

research, is where I try to break down and analysed its architecture

to see how user move around this information space respond to the

previous scenario.

Front page is an overview of a newspaper as it presents the highlight

of news from different sections of a newspaper. Users may scan and

skim to find their subject of interest and to get the general sense of

today’s highlight. Some research reveals that most users glance at

the biggest headline and photograph on the upper part of the paper

first, then they start to explore the surrounding headline or graphic.

When they find their subject of interest, they read the news summary

or extract that leads them the section page of that news. However

users are able to start from the section page or any of them if they

are familiar with the paper and having a specific piece of content they

are looking for. For example, financial news is the first thing, a banker

demand to read. Then they flick through pages and may get a glimpse

of the rest of the paper having it as a rough mental map.

When users arrive at the section page of the content they demand

to read, it is surrounded by other news in the same section that

users have to scan the page to find the content they wanted to see.



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This helps users to develop a mental map of the section and page

layout and have a glimpse of the others news in the section. Also

users develop an easy way to navigate on newspaper as sometimes

broadsheet newspaper can be a bit awkward to read. When user scan

the section page and find the content they demand to read, they

simply fold the paper so that what’s left in front of his eye is just what

they demand to read with a little bit of the surrounding news and only

a handy size of paper in their hand. By folding, users generate a visual

scope to block out what they don’t want and they can unfold the

paper or turn it around to read the surrounding news according to the

rough mental map of the page which is a result of scanning the page

earlier. After finishing what they demand to read in the first place,

they may choose to explore the rest of the section or go back to the

front page or move to the next section of the paper. By moving around

newspaper repetitively like this, the process of scanning, skimming,

unfolding, folding, flicking through, and turning pages are employed

helping users to develop a clear mental map hence it is simple to

navigate and move around it.

Digital information and communicationtechnology context

Computers are interaction machines useful for communicating news. Both the

needs of users and the nature of information are extremely fluid, sometimes

changing from moment to moment. As an interactive device, a computer

could communicate information about a constantly changing environment to

the user, and it could provide a channel of communication from the user back

to the news source. Such rapid feedback ensures practical news. Newhagen

(1997)

Interactivity is the main feature

The digital information and communication technology has shaped

communication model from one way to two ways, with the interactive

features of new media, the receiver is recognized as an active

participant. People seek information or select information more than

they “receive” information sent . As they experience information

Ha and James (1999) suggesting it has five dimensions: playfulness,

choice, connectedness, information collection and reciprocal

communication. These dimensions imply the interactive relationship

between user and user, information artefact/system and information

artefact/system, and user to information artefact.



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Digitisation and personalisation of form and content

All forms of content from conventional media such as movie, music,

books, magazine, and newspaper are being digitised so that they

can be produced, reproduced, distributed, shared, edited, and put

together in the digital information and communication context where

user can enjoy the interactive experience, multimedia content, and

authoring power on ranges of media both conventional and digital.

Moreover, digitised form and content can be personalised, customised

and filtered, so that users can experience the content in the form

and on the media that respond to their demand in different time and

place.

The balance of push and pull in personalised content and on

demand content

This becomes an issue for information artefact and system designer to

design the system that delivers the right content to the right person

in the right form and the right place at the right time. The challenge

here is how to design the right balance between push content and pull

content which is a result of personalisation and on-demand content.

As push may provide news availability with less user effort which may

be desirable but may cause overcrowd information on media especially

the mobile one. Pull may give users the satisfaction of exploration,

discovery, control and exactly what they want.

Cases of Newspaper and related artefact/system in the digital

information and communication context

To make the Internet a news medium, journalists must fully exploit the

medium’s basic properties (Fredin, 1997). The features that distinguish Web

sites from other media are: multimedia, speed for updating information,

horizontal distribution, decentralization, accessibility, no hierarchy, no

censorship and interactivity (Lasica, 1996).

This part is where I try to evaluate the application of newspaper and

related artefact/system to realise the overview of the emerging trend

of newspaper in the digital context.

Digital edition of newspaper

About 90 newspapers worldwide now publish digital editions -- exact

replicas of printed newspapers that users can read on their computer

screens (Lasica, 2003). Most of them contain the same brand, design

and typography with its hardcopy so users feel comfortable with

them but they lack of internet immediacy, interactivity, navigational



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experience, and links. As Holovaty said “Let’s face it, digital editions

are currently nothing more than glorified newspaper screenshots,

“They are awkward to navigate and offer yesterday’s news.”(Lasica).

However, it can be consider as an alternative way to circulate and

distribute the hardcopy but without any added value such as proper

link, multimedia, and interactivity, I think it doesn’t exploit much of

the digital media.

The digital edition of The Guardian are the most innovative in

navigational experience on this form as its print version are used

as a map and overview side by side with the HTML content, press

cutting feature and some link on the bottom of the content page.

Another is Kent electronic newspaper research as they offer sound

features (narrative) on the interface and particularly aim on the tablet

medium.

Online news site

Most of the newspaper and news agency has its own website that

contains the latest news and articles which are the same with its

print edition. Most of the news sites offer links of related articles,

background news, updated news around the clock, search, additional

exclusive images or article, reader comments, and the collections of

news that can be last for years. However, on most of the news site, I

found that it is quite hard to keep track with the change in the sense

that if you miss the previous update during the day you may find it

difficult to access news of that period again especially with the lack

of front page or an overview from that time. Here, the problem are

solved by some of the sites offering news aggregator feature on their

news which is a software that periodically reads a set of news sources,

in one of several XML-based formats, finds the new bits, displays them

in reverse-chronological order on a single page, and delivery it to your

desktop or online page.

Although this may not sounds like a newspaper but I think it reflects

the same users’ news consumption behaviour that takes place around

newspaper in different place and time as I conclude from user context.

Considering, the news and article are digitised from newspaper as

the start of the flow and then put them into category, related news,

news collection, news archive, aggregator, and comments. This

can be called contextualisation as well, by putting content into an

informational environment that make sense to user. Moreover, their

corporate identity especially in editorial aspect is still pretty much the

same with the news site except the page layout.

Personalised newspaper and its extent



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Modern telecommunications is leading us inevitably to the smallest news

product imaginable: the personalised newspaper, or Daily Me, whose content

has been tailored to meet an individual’s needs and interest (Walter Bender).

Not only in content that newspaper can be personalised, but also

in form and media. As in personalisation of form and content, users

customise how the layout would look like respond to user preference.

An example of this effort is Krakatoa chronicle, a personalised

newspaper project that use java programming to assign value to

news according to user preference and projected them in the size,

proportion, position that reflect the value. Also the My page from

Lycos and Yahoo that user can move the boxes of content around or

close some of them that you don’t want in order to create My front

page that contain only the section of content that you want at the

position you want. In personalisation of media or medium, users can

choose the medium that they want respond to their preference in

different time and place. Satellite newspaper kiosk is an example,

the kiosk receives the latest editions of newspapers via satellite

transmission network, and then it prints the latest editions of

national and international newspapers in two minutes. At the recent

technology, it is possible to believe that personalised newspaper can

be done in content, form, and media at the same time so that user can

have the right content, in the right form, on the right media and the

right place at the right time. As users may create content and form

preference online during the day they may request the latest update

in print or in sound on mobile.

Design criteria

From the above research finding and evaluation of making sense of

newspaper in the digital information and communication technology,

I would like to propose an information artefact/system by defining the

design criteria that responds to those results.

Editorial power and visual cue

For newspaper, content must be prioritised and categorised by editor

to create the editorial content that represents the viewpoint and

characteristic of a newspaper. Then visual representation (size, border,

line, box, and colour) of that piece of content will be applied to it

accordingly.

Decades of reading newspapers have trained readers to look for



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certain visual cues on a page, which can be lost in cyberspace

(Crosbie, 2004). This information artefact/system should apply visual

representation giving visual cue to editorial content on the proper

balance of white space so that user can scan and skim the overview

page comfortably.

Overview, content, and context

I conclude that there are three layers of content which are overview

(first page, section page), content (story), and context (a place,

scenario, social situation where user can make a better sense of

content). The information artefact/system should provide a personal

contextualisation space and give the impression of how these layers

of content can be unfolded to develop a mental map of the path and

trace to the destination content and to the rest of the artefact. Also

to give a sense of transitional of space like a flick through or turning

pages. These are the attempts of utilising interactivity to create a

meaningful experience that make sense between user and artefact/

system, user and user, and artefact/system to artefact/system.

In order to access a piece of news content, user can start with the

overview of the system (front page, highlight) Then proceed to the

content itself in its section, after that they can explore the overview

of the section they are in or move back to front page or another

section. These movements should be mapped as a trace or path so that

users can trace it back or jump to another area, knowing what have

been explored.

On this information artefact/system, if users develop an interest

on a piece of content and would like to know more about it,

contextualisation is the way to make a better sense of that content.

The artefact/system will provide a space that content of interest can

be contextualised and displayed as an overview of the related content,

background information, news development, and comments from both

users and editor. This can be a mixture of both editorial content and

personal content contextualisation.

Personalisation and on demand content

Initially, the front page should be customisable in numbers of content,

positioning and order, and time interval of news to be presented. For

personalisation of content and keeping the balance between push

and pull content, the artefact/system provide a personal content

contextualisation space that content of interest can be seeded and

mapped in time. Then related content and latest information will be

mapped accordingly. This idea came from Newsmap, an application



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that visually reflects the constantly changing landscape of the Google

News news aggregator. However, It will be applied in a smaller scale

as the level of a content of interest so that it can be read, maintained

and manipulated by user.

Conceptualisation and realisation of newsflux

News can be seen as a moving entity in time, newspaper captures a

sequence of this entity then projected on a paper surface. Due to the

nature of medium, newspaper cannot respond to the rapid change of

the news landscape as good as new media. However, as I mentioned

earlier that rapid change and development of news may cause the

difficulty to access the previous news especially the overview or front

page of it.

Flow in psychology often refers to flux. With flow the psychologist

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi names the feeling of complete and energized

focus in an activity, with a high level of enjoyment and fulfilment. This

is where the phrase “go with the flow” comes from. The term is also

used to denote the volume or mass of fluid or particles transferred

across a given area perpendicular to the direction of flow in a given

time. For photons or particles, flux is the number passing through a

surface per unit time.

Hence, newsflux is a news site that user can experience the visualised

and realised flow of news that respond to their news consumption

behaviour and to help user contextualise the news initially in time

and space and further to their personal contexts. Its interface is the

attempt to enhance the sense of folding and unfolding of content

among overview page, content page, and context page and the sense

of moving and exploring around which will resulted in creating of user

mental map of the news site. It also enables users to move back and

forth in the flow of news in a user defined time interval and content

category.

Also the artefact/system allow user to personalise what will be

presented on the front page and provide news context for user in

both editorial and personal contextualisation. For personal news

contextualisation, users can create their personal archive by grasp

a piece of news or content from the flow and put it in a personal

context/archive part and the related content will be gathered and

map into their place and time by the system. Here user are in control

of how to move those related contents around or remove them if

they feel it is not relevant or added any bits of news from the main

section to the personal archive. For editorial news contextualisation,



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the system provide editorial related news and information which are

analysed and picked by editorial team and map into their place and

time of the content. Furthermore, with this contextualisation space,

the context can grow automatically as the news are updated, then

delivery to user immediately or it can be kept on the system waiting to

be read in the contextualisation space. Not only this is the attempts to

make sense of news by contextualising it but also to keep the balance

of push and pull news content as user can get the development of the

news in real time on the digital media.

Application of news flux are designed as a digital news source on

digital media (mainly on computer and mobile) that respond to user

news consumption either to push or to pull or how the front page

should be presented. And as a personal contextualisation space which

is like a personal archive for user to collect and make a better sense of

it.

newsflux evaluation

In user context, As I try to test the concept and navigational elements

with five participants who regularly read newspaper either online or

the hardcopy or both, I found that news flux make a good sense for

them to fold, unfold, skim, and scan the pages. The participants also

found it is very interesting as a personal contextualisation space or

personal archive since some of them actually collect news for pleasure

and find that sometimes the news itself can be too difficult to

understand or not quite interesting but when it was put into an archive

or a collection, it make sense as a story. Some even suggest that it

can be used in a very simple scenario for sport fan to collect the

achievement and progress of their favourite team. But the attempts

of keeping the right balance between push and pull content is hard to

evaluate as it depends on user personal preference whether what is

too much for them and what they has to put too much effort on. The

issue of push and pull of content is still problematic to find the right

balance, at best what an information and interaction designer can do

is to provide a space so that user can organise and initiate the balance

by themselves. However as a concept, some of the participants seem

to be very impressed and find it is useful by the idea of news content

that grow to context and become a story telling or a history review.

In newspaper and digital information and communication context,

I evaluate the feature and application of news flux by revisit the

making sense of newspaper in digital information and communication

context. I found that news flux meet the design criteria very well

but it has some practical issue such as compatibility of content on



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Acknowledgement

Sutad Burakanjananon, Pailin Patcharavalai, Yin Ho, Eric Decai,

Pongsak Chansawang wong, and Rungtiwa Saetang for their

participation and collaberation in the interview in concept testing and

user scenario.

Nigel Power for his comment and suggestion.

Bibliography

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NewsFlux - Making sense of newspaper in the digital information and communication technology context

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