News Paper and Women : A Ground Level...

Research Link - An International Journal - 119 Vol - XII (12) February - 2014 28

Empowerment of any factor of human society isbasically mental process or state of mind It has also politicaleconomic cultural dimensions To empower any part ofsociety means to strengthen its mental state To achieve thisaim it is further necessary to give it additional chances ofprogress ie reservation in political structure educationalprocesses economic field etc Many other factors playimportant role in empowerment of society Government makeslegal provisions in economic field it gives many additionalincentives it also provides facilities like reservation financialassistance for empo-werment of society Women aresignificant part of society So to empower womengovernments takes many efforts as it is mentIoned aboveOther social factors like non-governmental organizationssocial workers and media also work to empower women

In this research paper it is tried to study the role ofprint media ie newspaper in empowerment of women at locallevel ie Dhule city in Maharashtra Media is forth pole ofIndian democracy so it has significant place in developmentalprocess of society News papers has played important role illthe history of India Daily communication of information andknowledge is a part of empowerment of women In thisresearch paper it is tried to search the role of selected newspapers in empowerment of women at Local level Lokmat andDeshdoot (2006- 07) are selected for our study These newspapers try to give information and news of women which willbe useful in their daily life as both newspapers has localeditions women prefer them

Present research work is divided in to two parts 1] Studyof news and information published newspaper 2) Study offeed back of sample units

Research Link - 119 Vol - XII (12) February - 2014 Page No 28-30RNI No MPHIN-2002-7041 ISSN No- 0973-1628

R esearch PaperAn InternationalRegistered amp ReferredMonthly Journal

Study of news and information published for womenIn addition to the supplement especially for women

Lokmat and Deshdoot gave information and news in theperiod -2006-Q7 Its percentage is -Lokmat 65 amp Deshdoot-45

Analysis of the above news and information is shownin table no1

SNo News Information Proportion in percentLokmat Deshoot

1 Planning and Program 15 072 Legal 13 063 Education 07 034 Health 05 055 Employment 11 076 Science 05 037 Political and Science 06 07

Total 62 38Source Lokmat and Deshdoot (2006-07)Above table shows contribution of both newspapers

in giving daily information for women Lokmat runssupplement Sakhi In this supplement articles on participationof women in politics standard of living education fashionand women working in saving group (Bachatgat) womenwho helped others from chain of savkar (person givingprivate loan at village level) illegal tariff of womenexploitation of women dowry rape domestic violencedecreasing population of female are published Remarkablephotographs like educated village girl having stethoscopeon her shoulders lady advocate working in village arepublished These news information and articles help tomotivate women to move towards the development

Vidya Wardhini College Sakri Road Dhule (Maharashtra)

News Paper and Women A Ground Level Study

DR SUHBHADA GIRISH THAKARE

Newspapers present basic problems dowry untouchables superstitions domestic violenceand widow marriages If newspapers decide planned more effectively and utilize their powercollectively they can play significant role in broadening the process of empowerment of womenNewspapers can awake the society by synthesizing new and old values Lokmat and Deshdootare playing significant role in empowerment of women at local level in Dhule Both are tryingto strengthen the process of empowerment Messages published in the motivate society News tomotivate and empower women are continuously published in Lokmat and Deshdoot and theyare succeeded to take these messages to the home of common people

id11174296 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer - a great PDF creator - httpwwwpdfmachinecom httpwwwbroadguncom


Deshdoot run Najarana supplement for women Inthe column Kalchakra there is brief account of thecontribution of great women in various fields In thissupplement there are also other articles on laws plans andprogramme for women educational opportunities differentprofessional courses social problems They help women intheir daily life Deshdoot also published articles onsuperstitions and bad traditions For example article on Dakintradition It is related to those women who are condemnedfor their wicked eye yet there is no scientific reason thesewomen are boycotted by society This tradition is mainly inadivasi tribes

In this way both news papers work to empower womenat local levelStudy of feed back of sample units

To study the role of above news papers in empowermentof women Feedback of sample units was gathered andanalyzed Survey and questionnaire were used to gatherfacts Survey sample is shown in table No2

Table No 2 Survey SampleSNo Woman Numbers1 High School girls 102 College girls 103 Primary teachers 104 Secondary teachers 105 College teachers 106 Officers 107 Ladies in different occupation 108 Class IV workers 109 Office workers 1010 House wives 10

Total 100With the help of questionnaire and interviews

information about the use and utility of the news paper wascollected and analyzed It is presented in suitable titles asfollowing(1) Means useful for empowerment

Feed back for the question related to the use of meansof communication is given in table No 3

Above table mentions TV as a most popular mean ofinformation Newspaper is at second preference Five womenwho are working as teacher and officers use computer to getknowledge whereas 10 women attended public speech(2) Regularity and time speared for reading newspaper

There were YesNo type answers for the question relatedto regularity and time given for reading newspaper Table No4 presents the information related to the question

Above table mentions that 49 school girls and collegegirls give half an hours teachers give more time ie 1 hour and2 hours only one officer stated that sometimes she can givetwo hours women in other occupations like advocate beautyparlors shops also some time cam give one hour house wivesworks at home so they can give sufficient time for readingnewspaper but class IV workers less prefer newspaper (3) Usefulness of NewsQaper for Empowennent

There were four questions directly related to theusefulness of newspaper for empowerment of women Tablegiven below presents significant picture

Sr

No

Unit Options

Television Newspapers Computer Public

Speech

1 High school girls 07 02 - 01

2 College girls 06 03 - 01

3 Primary teachers 02 05 01 02

4 High school teachers 04 04 01 01

5 College teachers 03 04 01 02

6 Office workers 05 04 01 --

7 Officers 04 04 01 01

8 Class IV workers 08 08 - --

9 Women in other

occupation

05 04 - 01

10 House wives 05 04 - 01

Total 49 36 05 10

Table No 3 Means useful for empowerment of women

Sr

No

Unit Regularity Time speared

Yes No 12hour 1hours 2hours More

1 High School girls 04 06 04 -- -- --

2 College girls 05 05 04 01 -- --

3 Primary teachers 06 04 05 04 01 --

4 Secondary teachers 06 04 04 05 01 --

5 College teachers 08 02 04 03 02 01

6 Officer workers 03 07 03 -- -- --

7 Officers 09 01 07 01 -- --

8 Women in other

occupations

07 03 05 02 -- --

9 Class IV workers 01 09 01 -- -- --

10 House wives 05 05 07 03 --- --

Total 54 46 44 19 04 01

Table No 4 Regularity and time spared for reading newspaper

S

N

Unit Newspaper helps

for empowerment

Newspaper

helps to create

awareness

Yes No Dont

know

Yes No

1 High school girls 10 -- -- 10 --

2 College girls 10 -- -- 10 --

3 Primary teachers 10 -- -- 10 --

4 High school teachers 10 -- -- 10 --

5 College teachers 9 -- 1 9 1

6 Office workers 8 -- 2 9 1

7 Officers 8 -- 2 9 1

8 Other occupation 7 -- 3 8 2

10 House wives 9 -- 1 9 1

Total 82 -- 18 85 15

Table No 5 Usefulness of Newspaper for Empowerment


Statistical data in table No 5 is core of the research Itrepresents social opinion about the role of newspaper in thefield of empowerment of women 82 women believe innewspaper as a mean of empowerment and awareness 18women are confused as they answered dont knowFindings of interviews

Interviews of five lady officers and one advocate werecarried out They expressed their views of newspaper whichare concluded as following

(1) There is need of empowerment of women in ruralareas Peoples education and awareness is necessary inthese areas

(2) The process of awareness of right is started in ruralareas when it has taken speed in urban area yet there aremany cases of violation of human rights of women e g dowryexploitation domestic violation etc

(3) Today newspaper should work for the empowermentof women like the old newspapers There is much variety ofinformation but it should be more useful for womensdevelopment and less useful for entertainment

(4) There are many acts in books but they must comein practice When common women will get knowledge ofthese legal provisions act will be useful for societyNewspapers can work for this basic thingConclusions

(1) Newspapers present basic problems dowryuntouchables superstitions domestic violence and widowmarriages

(2) If newspapers decide planned more effectively andutilize their power collectively they can play significant rolein broadening the process of empowerment of women

(3) Newspapers can awake the society by synthesizingnew and old values

(4) Lokmat and Deshdoot are playing significant rolein empowerment of women at local level in Dhule Both aretrying to strengthen the process of empowerment

(5) Messages published in the motivate society Newsto motivate and empower women are continuously publishedin Lokmat and Deshdoot and they are succeeded to takethese messages to the home of common people

(6) In this respect Lokmat is ahead of Deshdoot It hasgreat influence in public mind

(7) Governments plan and programme for women areeffectively published in Lokmat On the other hand Deshdootis succeeded to awake the villager against bad traditionsand superstitions in adivasi tribes

(8) Supplement Sakhi of Lokmat is effectively workingto empower the women It is succeeded to present informationabout laws plans education career and employment in thesimple language so that it should be useful for commonwomen


|EacuteordmiEacuteEacuteacuteEacutexEacuteEacute EograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute +lEacuteCcedilparaEacuteEacuteordmjEacuteEacuteiEacuteOgraveplusmnEacute xEacuteauml EacuteCordfEacuteEacute ordmEacuteAEligcurrenEacuteAEligvEacuteEacuteEcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteOgraveSEacuteEacute |EacuteordmiEacuteOumliEacute paraEacuteEacuteaumlvEacute

EcircxEacutecurrenEacuteAEligvEacute BEOumlogravehEacute SEacuteEacutereguacute brvbarEacuteEacuteMEacuteEacuteAElig EacutevordfEacuteauml EcircacuteEacutebrvbarEacuteEacuteMEacuteplusmnEacuteEacute +Eacutefrac12aumlthorn EograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute +lEacuteCcedilparaEacuteEacuteordmjEacuteEacuteSordfEacuteEacuteltEcirciEacutefrac12thornEacuteordmEacuteEacuteSEacuteauml EcircSEacuteEcircEograveiordmEacuteEograve EcircacuteEacuteparaplusmnEacuteaumlsup1EacutehEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute AacuteEacute EcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteEacuteSEacuteOgrave +brvbarordfEacuteEacuteordmEacuteEacuterugraveiEacuteOgrave frac12aumlthorn umlEacuteOumlqaumlugraveEacuteEcircfrac12thornplusmnordfEacuteEacute brvbarEacuteEacuteMEacuteEacuteumlEacutevordfEacuteauml +AEligiEacutebrvbarEacuteUacuteCcediliEacute +Eacutefrac12aumlthorniEacute EograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute +lEacuteCcedilparaEacuteEacuteordmjEacuteEacuteiEacute ordmEacutevordfEacuteEacute xEacuteauml EacuteCordfEacuteEacuteEograveEacuteaumlhEacuteiordfEacuteEacute MEacuteEacuteaumlIumlsup1]otildeSEacuteOgrave SEacuteSEacuteEacuteCcedil ordmEacuteOuml ucirc +Eacutefrac12aumlthorn (EcircparaEacuteEigraveograveMEacuteEacuteauml ordmEUacuteograveplusmnEacute ougraveIcircsup1]otildeEograveEacuteaumlxEacute) AacuteEacute ordmEacuteAEligcurrenEacuteAEligvEacuteOgraveSEacuteaumlEcircacuteEacuteordmiEacuteEacutereguacuteOgraveiEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute EcircacuteEacuteparaplusmnEacuteaumlsup1EacutehEacuteEacuteiumlEacuteEograve EcircacuteEacuteacuteEacuteaumlSEacutexEacute nOumlugraveordmEacuteshyordfEacuteEacute brvbarEacuteEacuteMEacuteEacuteiEacute ordmEacuteumlEacuteEacuteEcircacuteEacutesup1]otilde EaumlograveplusmnEacuteauml+Eacutefrac12aumlthorn EcirciEacuteordmEacuteshyordfEacuteEacute brvbarEacuteEacuteMEacuteEacuteiEacute acuteEacuteiEacuteCcedilxEacuteEacuteordmEacuteAEligcurrenEacuteAEligvEacuteOgraveSEacuteauml +lEacuteCcedilparaEacuteEacuteordmjEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute EograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute AacuteEacuteEcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteEacuteordmEacutecurrenEacuteAEligvEacuteOgrave SEacuteSEacuteEacuteCcedil EaumlograveplusmnEacuteaumlplusmnEacuteOgrave +Eacutefrac12aumlthorn SEacuteacuteEacutelordfEacuteEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute paraEacuteaumlacuteEacute]otildeSordfEacuteEacute brvbarEacuteEacuteMEacuteEacuteumlEacutevordfEacuteauml EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteSordfEacuteEacute +EacuteIgravelEacuteEograve EcircacuteEacuteparaplusmnEacuteaumlsup1EacutehEacuteEacuteordmEacuteAEligcurrenEacuteAEligvEacuteOgraveSEacuteauml ]otildeOgraveEograveEacuteiumlEacuteEograve EcircacuteEacuteacuteEacuteaumlSEacutexEacute EaumlograveplusmnEacuteaumlplusmnEacuteauml +Eacutefrac12aumlthornbrvbarEacuteEacuteMEacute 1 (+) EograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute +lEacuteCcedilparaEacuteEacuteordmjEacuteEacuteSEacuteEacute EcircSEacuteEcircEograveiordmEacuteEograve ltEcirciEacutefrac12thornEacuteordmEacute

EcircSEacuteEcircEograveiordmEacuteEograve ltEcirciEacutefrac12thornEacuteordmEacuteEacuteEogravebaumldivide acuteEacutesup3yacutehordfEacuteEacute+MEacuteEacuteaumlnugravereguacute +EacuteEacutehEacute EograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute+lEacuteCcedilparaEacuteEacuteordmjEacuteEacuteSEacuteOgrave BEograve acuteordfEacuteEacuteJordfEacuteEacute EacuteEacutefrac12Uacutethorn EograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteSordfEacuteEacute ordmEacuteAEligordmlEacuteEacute AacuteEacuteAEligSEacuteOgrave=brvbarEacuteEacutereguacutehEacuteOgravereguacuteSEacutexEacuteEacute |EacuteEcircGograveordfEacuteEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute EacuteEcircreguacutehEacuteEacuteumlEacute AacuteEacuteAEligSordfEacuteEacute EacutereguacuteOgraveIEacutehEacuteEacuteordmEacuteEacuteòumlOgrave VordfEacuteEacute +EacuteIgravelEacuteEograveEcircordmEacuterugraveEacuteAEligiEacutexEacuteEacuteSEacuteEacute (economic theory) +EacuteEcirchEacute +lEacuteCcedilEcircumlEacuteEcirciEacuteordfEacute EacuterugraveEcirciEacuteSEacuteEacute (econo-

metric methods) acuteordfEacuteEacuteacuteEacutefrac12thornEacuteEcircreguacuteEograve =EacuteordfEacuteEacuteaumlMEacute EaumlograveplusmnEacuteEacute VEacuteEacuteiEacuteEacuteauml iEacuteEacuteauml =EacuteordfEacuteEacuteaumlMEacute umlfrac12thornhEacuteVEacuteaumlEograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute +lEacuteCcedilparaEacuteEacuteordmjEacute (Rowley 1989p125)

AacuteEacute acuteordfEacuteEacuteJordfEacuteaumlSEacuteEacute BEograve +xacuteEacuteordfEacuteEacutelEacuteCcedil +ordmEacuteEacute EcircEograve EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteSordfEacuteEacute +EacuteIgravelEacuteEograve EcircacuteEacuteparaplusmnEacuteaumlsup1EacutehEacuteEacuterugraveiEacuteOgraveiEacute EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteSordfEacuteEacute ordmEacuteAEligordmlEacuteEacute AacuteEacute +lEacuteCcedil acuteordfEacuteacuteEacuteordmlEacuteaumlSordfEacuteEacute EograveIEacuteauml currenEacuteEacutefrac12aumlthornreguacute +Eacutefrac12aumlthorniEacute +ordmEacuteEacute +lEacuteCcedilEograveEacutefoslashiEacuteEacute ordfEacuteaumliEacute xEacuteEacutefrac12thornOgrave ordfEacuteEacute=plusmnEacute]otilde EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteSordfEacuteEacute ordmEacuteAEligordmlEacuteEacute +EacuteIgravelEacuteEograve acuteordfEacuteacuteEacuteordmlEacuteaumlSEacuteEacute BEograve brvbarEacuteEacuteMEacute+ordmEacuteUacutexEacute iordfEacuteEacuteAEligSEacuteEacute ordmEacuteAEligcurrenEacuteAEligvEacute EcircxEacuteacuteEacutebdivideOacuteparaEacuteOgrave (choices) +Eacutefrac12aumlthorn VordfEacuteEacute EcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteOgraveSEacuteauml ordmEacutesup1]otildeOgraveEogravereguacutehEacutetEacuteacuteEacuteauml plusmnEacuteEacuteMEacuteiEacuteauml

EograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute +lEacuteCcedilparaEacuteEacuteordmjEacuteEacuteSordfEacuteEacute +brvbarordfEacuteEacuteordmEacuteEacuteSEacuteauml VEacuteauml +EacuteVEacute ordmacuteEacutemacrucircEacute EcircnugraveordmEacuteiEacuteaumliordfEacuteEacuteSEacuteOgrave ordmEacuteOuml ucircacuteEacuteEacuteiEacute +umlEacuteaumlEcircreguacuteEaumlograveiEacute 1950 SordfEacuteEacute +JEacuteaumlreguacuteOgraveordmEacute ZEacuteEacuteplusmnEacuteOgrave EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteparaEacuteOgrave ordmEacuteAEligcurrenEacuteAEligEcircvEacuteiEacute+ordmEacuteplusmnEacuteaumlplusmnordfEacuteEacute VEacutexEacuteordmEacuteumlEacuteUacutefrac12thornEacuteAElig EacutevordfEacuteauml AacuteEacute EcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteEacuteordmEacuteAEligcurrenEacuteAEligvEacuteOgraveSEacuteOgrave VEacuteEacuteMEacutemacrucircEograveiEacuteEacute 1970 SordfEacuteEacute EacuteOumlfaumloslash ordfEacuteaumlgtethplusmnEacuteEacuteMEacuteplusmnEacuteOgrave AacuteEacute ordmEacuteAElignugravebrvbarEacuteEacuteCcediliEacute =plusmnplusmnEacuteaumlJEacute EogravereguacuteEacuteacuteEacuteEacuteSEacute plusmnEacuteEacuteMEacuteaumlplusmnEacute +ordmEacuteauml BEograve =nugraveEacutefrac12thornreguacutehEacute umlfrac12thornhEacuteVEacuteauml



EcircreguacuteSEacutebCcedildivide +aumlEacuteEacuteaumlZEacutexEacutereguacute AacuteEacuteSEacuteauml EcircplusmnEacuteJEacuteEacutehEacute frac12thornEacuteaumlordfEacute 19 acuteordfEacuteEacute paraEacuteiEacuteEograveEacuteiEacute ordfEacuteOumlreguacuteEacuteaumlEacuteEacuteiEacute EograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute+EacuteEcircumlEacute +lEacuteCcedilparaEacuteEacuteordmjEacuteEacuteSordfEacuteEacute EacutereguacuteordmEacutereguacute =EacuteordfEacuteEacuteaumlEcircMEacuteiEacuteaumlordmEacuteAEligcurrenEacuteAEligvEacuteOgraveSEacuteOgrave BEograve acuteEacuteegraveSEacuteEacuteEcircreguacuteEograve SEacutesup3yacuteacuteEacutesup3yacute EograveEacuteordfEacuteCcedilreguacuteiEacutefrac12thornEacuteaumliEacuteOgrave (Englard 1990 Pearson1997) +MEacutenugraveOgrave ordmEacuteOuml ucircacuteEacuteEacuteiEacuteOgraveSordfEacuteEacute EograveEacutesup3yacuteEacuteiEacute+igravebdivideumlEacute IcircordmumlEacutelEacute AacuteEacuteAEligSEacuteEacute acuteEacuteaumlplusmnlEacute +Eacuteigraveiexclograve xEacuteaumlparaEacutexEacuteplusmnEacuteordmEacuteAcirc frac12thornEacute OEacuteAEliglEacute ordmEograveEacuteigraveEcirc]otildeparaEacute BxEacuteAcircplusmnEacuteEacuteordfEacute]otildexEacuteumlEacutearing]otildeSEacuteEacutebrvbarEacuteEacuteMEacute frac12thornEacuteaumliEacuteEacute +ordmEacuteauml +Eacutefoslashsup3yacuteiEacuteauml (1961Pearson 1997 p19) +igravebdivideumlEacute IcircordmumlEacutelEacuteAacuteEacuteAEligSordfEacuteEacute EograveEacutesup3yacuteEacuteiEacute baumldivideEcircacuteEacutebdivide AacuteUacute Eacute ordfEacuteEacuteAEligxEacuteOgrave +EacuteEacuteplusmnordfEacuteEacute ]AringotildeOgrave]otildeordfEacuteZEacuteAcirc AacuteEacute OEacuteAEliglEacuteEacuteiEacute EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteSEacuteaumlEcircacuteEacuteacuteEacuteaumlSEacutexEacute EogravereguacuteiEacuteEacuteAEligxEacuteEacute nOumlugraveIgraveumlEacutesup3yacuteiEacuteaumlSordfEacuteEacute ordmEacutefrac12thornEograveEacuteordfEacuteEacuteCcedilSordfEacuteEacute iEacuteiacuteEacuteEacuteAEligSEacuteOgrave EcircEograveiEacuteOgrave MEacutereguacuteVEacute +Eacutefrac12aumlthornAacuteEacute ordmEacuteAEligcurrenEacuteAEligvEacuteOgraveSEacuteauml EcircacuteEacuteacuteEacuteaumlSEacutexEacute EaumlograveplusmnEacuteaumlplusmnEacuteauml +Eacutefoslashsup3yacuteiEacuteauml AacuteEacuteSEacute EograveEacutesup3yacuteEacuteiEacute currenEacuteaumlEograveEacuteEcircreguacuteordfEacuteEacute (Beccaria)+EacuteEcirchEacute currenEacuteaumlplusmnEacuteEacuteumlEacuteOgrave (Bellamy) (1764) (1995) frac12aumlthorn EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteSordfEacuteEacute EcircacuteEacuteEcircacuteEacutevEacute|EacuteparaxEacuteEacuteAEligSEacuteOgrave SEacuteSEacuteEacuteCcedil EogravereguacuteiEacuteEacuteAEligxEacuteEacute +Eacutefoslashsup3yacuteiEacuteEacuteiEacute

umlEacuteEacutejEacute AacuteEacute ordmEacuteacuteEacuteEacuteEgraveSordfEacuteEacute EograveEacuteumlEacuteEacuteAElig EacutevEacuteUacutexEacute iEacuteECcedilograveordmEacuteAEligMEacuteiEacute EcircxEacuteacuteEacutebdivide |EacuteEcirciEacuteumlEacuteEacutexEacuteEacuteSordfEacuteEacute (ra-

tional choice model)+EacutevEacuteEacuteregaumluacute EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteSEacuteauml iEacuteECcedilograveordmEacuteAEligMEacuteiEacute EcircacuteEacuteparaplusmnEacuteaumlsup1EacutehEacute ZEacuteEacuteplusmnEacuteaumlplusmnEacuteauml+Eacutefoslashsup3yacuteiEacute xEacuteEacutefrac12thornOgrave

EograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute +lEacuteCcedilparaEacuteEacuteordmjEacuteEacuteSordfEacuteEacute+brvbarordfEacuteEacuteordmEacuteEacuteSEacuteOgrave EcircnugraveparaEacuteEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute iordfEacuteEacuteiEacuteOgraveplusmnEacute EcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteEacuteSordfEacuteEacuteougraveIcircsup1]otildeEograveEacuteaumlhEacuteEacuteiEacuteUacutexEacute ZEacuteEacuteplusmnEacuteaumlplusmnordfEacuteEacute BaumlEcirciEacutefrac12thornEacuteEcircordmEacuteEograve EcircacuteEacuteEograveEacuteordmEacute AacuteEacute currenEacuteEacutecurrenEacuteiEacuteOgraveiEacute EograveEacuteplusmnEacuteJEacuteAEligbdivideEacutereguacuteiacuteEacuteaumlEacuteEacuteSEacute ]otildeEacuteauml +Eacutefoslashsup3UacuteyacutexEacute ordfEacuteaumliEacuteEacuteiEacute (1) 1830 iEacuteauml 1930 AacuteEacute EograveEacuteplusmnEacute JEacuteAEligbdivideEacuteiEacuteOgraveplusmnEacuteSEacutesup3yacuteacuteEacutesup3yacute AacuteEacute SEacutesup3yacuteacuteEacutesup3yacuteOgraveSEacuteauml umlEacuteUacutesup3yacute VEacutereguacuteOgrave ordfEacuteOumlreguacuteEacuteaumlEcircEacuteordfEacutexEacute+ordmEacuteplusmnEacuteauml iEacutereguacuteOgrave VEacuteOumlxordfEacuteEacute ordmEacuteAEligordmlEacuteEacuteacuteEacuteEacutenugraveOgraveSEacutesup3yacuteacuteEacutesup3yacuteOgraveSordfEacuteEacute (old institutionalist Movement) macrucircEacuteEacutexEacuteauml iEacuteOgrave +umlEacuteaumlEcircreguacuteEaumlograveiEacuteEacuteEacuteaumlfrac12thornSEacuteplusmnEacuteOgrave VordfEacuteEacute +lEacuteCcedilparaEacuteEacuteordmjEacuteYEacuteEacuteAEligSordfEacuteEacute +EacutevEacuteEacuteregaumluacute frac12thornOgrave SEacutesup3yacuteacuteEacutesup3yacute EacuteOumlfaumloslash MEacuteaumlplusmnEacuteOgrave iordfEacuteEacuteiEacute VEacuteumlEacuteCcedilxEacuteOgraveEcircfrac12thornordm]otildeEacuteigraveEcircreguacuteEograveplusmnEacute ordmEUacuteograveplusmnEacute +EacutePEacuteEacutebdivideOgraveacuteEacutereguacute frac12thornEacuteaumliEacuteauml (pearson1997P95) AacuteEacute SEacutesup3yacute Eacutesup3yacuteOgraveSordfEacuteEacuteordmEacuteumlEacutelEacuteCcedilEograveEacuteAEligxEacuteOgrave +brvbarordfEacuteEacuteEcircordmEacuteplusmnEacuteaumlplusmnEacuteEacute EcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacute umlfrac12thornhEacuteVEacuteauml

ordmEacuteumlEacuteEacuteVEacuteEacuteiEacute BaumlEcirciEacutefrac12thornEacuteEcircordmEacuteEograve +EacuteEcirchEacute EograveEacuteordfEacuteEacuteCcedilxEacuteOumlordmEacuteEacutereguacuteOgrave ordmEacuteAEligEacutekEacuteOgraveSEacuteEacute +EcircvEacuteEograveEacutereguacute (Propety

rights) +EacuteEcirchEacute ltiEacutereguacute +EcircvEacuteEograveEacutereguacute EograveordmEacuteauml EcircxEacuteIcircparaSEacuteiEacute EaumlograveplusmnEacuteauml VEacuteEacuteiEacuteEacuteiEacute frac12aumlthorn +EacuteEcirchEacute +EacuteIgravelEacuteEograve+EacuteEcirchEacute ordmEacuteEacuteumlEacuteEacuteEcircVEacuteEograve EacuteEcircreguacuteIcircordmlEacuteEcirciEacuteacuteEacutereguacute +EcircvEacuteEograveEacutereguacuteEacuteAEligSEacuteauml xEacuteegraveEcircumlEacuteEcirckEacuteEograve ordmacuteEacutemacrucircEacute +acuteEacuteplusmnEacuteAEligcurrenEacuteUacutexEacute+ordmEacuteiEacuteauml frac12aumlthorn EcircordmEacuterugraveEacuteAEligiEacutexEacute +paraEacuteEacute umlEacutefrac12thorniacuteEacuteEacuteAEligSordfEacuteEacute EcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteEacuteAEligSEacuteOgrave SEacuteSEacuteEacuteCcedil EcircnugraveordmEacuteUacutexEacute ordfEacuteaumliEacuteauml EograveEacuteplusmnEacuteCcedilumlEacuteEacuteCordmEacuteCcedil AacuteEacuteAEligSordfEacuteEacute 1859 xEacuteAEligiEacutereguacuteSordfEacuteEacute EcircplusmnEacuteJEacuteEacutehEacuteEacuteiEacute AacuteEacute ordmacuteEacuteOgraveETHORNograveiEacute paraEacutefrac12thornEacutehEacuteEacutehEacuteEacuteSordfEacuteEacuteiEacuteiacuteEacuteEacuteAEligSEacuteEacute (Principle of accepted wisdom) +EacutevEacuteEacutereguacute ordmEacuteEacuteiEacuteiordfEacuteEacutexEacuteauml EcircnugraveordmEacuteUacutexEacute

keacirceUgraveeoe DeeefCe DeLeampMeee

peieobye ceneefJeAringeeueUgravee DeUcirceuehegj efpeuee-DecejeJeleer (cenejedeg^)

OslasheemeefUcirceve efYejeJeskeacircj

Oslashemlegle mebMeesOeve efveyebOeele Jej GuuesefKeuesuUgraveee efJelteUgraveeeUcircee meceeJesMe keacirce keacircjeUcirceUgraveee efMekeacirceiees mketacircueves keacirceUgraveeAringeeUcircesDeeefLeampkeacirc efJeMueslteCe keacircjleevee lekeampacircmebiele efveJe[ OslasheefleceeveeUcircee Kethe OslasheYeeJeer heaeligleerves GheUgraveeesie kesacircuee hejbleg OslasheMve DemeeDeens efkeacirc meerceeble KeUcirceamp DeeefCe meerceeble heacirceUgraveeoe ner lekeampacircefve Ucirceewkeacirc keacirceUgraveeAringeeUcircUgraveee efJeMueslteCeemeeer efkeacircleer JUgraveeJeneUgraveeampDeens Jeeoer DeeefCe OslasheefleJeeoer vegkeacircmeeve heesnUcirceJeCeeje DeeefCe vegkeacircmeeve menve keacircjCeeje centeebUcircUgraveee JeleampveeUcirceer Ucirceewkeacirc keacircenerJesieUer Demeles keacirce centee Ucirceewkeacircerleues lUgraveeebUcirces Jeleampve DevUgravee keacircener Iekeacircebkeacirc[tve efveefsectele nesles keacirceb JeleampveJeeoer AcircefdegkeacircesveefMekeacirciees mketacircueUcircUgraveee Oslasheefleceeveeuee Skeacirc JesieUe heUgraveeeampUgravee cnCetve hegs DeeuUgraveeeUcirces efomeles ceevemeMeeeeUcircUgraveee JesieJesieagraveUgraveeeMeeKeebceOetve efJekeacircmeerle PeeuesuUgraveee JeleampveJeeoer AcircefdegUcircee keacirceUgraveeoe DeeefCe DeLeampMeeeele meceeJesMe keacircregve JeleampveJeeoer keacirceUgraveeoeDeeefCe DeLeampMeeeele meceeJesMe keacircregve JeleampveJeeoer keacirceUgraveeoe DeeefCe DeLeampMeeeeUcircee efJekeacirceme neslees Deens


ordfEacuteaumliEacuteEacuteauml (2) EograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute +lEacuteCcedilparaEacuteEacuteordmjEacute EcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteEacuteSordfEacuteEacute ordmacuteEacutemacrucircEacuteEacuteordmEacuteAEligcurrenEacuteAEligvEacuteOgraveSEacuteEacute iordfEacuteEacuteiEacuteOgraveplusmnEacuteEacuterugraveEcirciEacuteparaEacuteEacuteordmjEacuteEacute EcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteOgraveSEacuteEacute EacuteaumlMEacuteacuteEacuteaumlMEacutesup2ordfEacuteEacute EcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteEacuteAEligSordfEacuteEacute SEacuteSEacuteaeligordmEacuteAEligcurrenEacuteAEligvEacuteOgraveSEacuteEacute EcircacuteEacuteEograveEacuteordmEacute +brvbarordfEacuteEacuteordmEacuteiEacuteEacuteAEligxEacuteEacute+Eacutefoslashsup3UacuteyacutexEacute ordfEacuteaumlhEacuteEacuteregaumluacute EograveEacuteplusmnEacuteJEacuteAEligbdivideEacutereguacuteiacuteEacuteauml ]otildeEacuteauml umlfrac12thornhEacuteVEacuteauml (+) acuteEacuteaumlMEacutesup2ordfEacuteEacute macrucircEacuteEacuteplusmnEacuteEacuteaumlEograveEacuteSEacuteOgrave(Paradigm) ordmEacuteUacuteSEacutexEacuteEacute - 1958 iEacuteauml 1973 (currenEacute) macrucircEacuteEacuteplusmnEacuteEacuteaumlEograveEacuteSEacuteOgrave IcircordmacuteEacuteETHORNograveiEacuteOgrave -1973-1980 (Eograve) macrucircEacuteEacuteplusmnEacuteEacuteaumlEograveEacuteacuteEacutereguacuteSEacuteauml +EacuteIEacuteaumlEacute- 1976-1983 (bdivide) SEacutesup3yacuteacuteEacutesup3yacuteOgraveSEacuteEacuteumlEacuteAElignugraveEacuteacuteEacutehEacuteEacutereguacuteEacute acuteEacuteaumlMEacute--1983 +EacuteEcirchEacute iordfEacuteEacute iordfEacuteEacuteEacuteOumlfaumloslash AacuteEacute EograveEacuteplusmnEacuteJEacuteAEligbdivideEacuteiEacute EcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteEacuteSEacuteEacute ZEacuteEacuteplusmnEacuteaumlplusmnEacuteEacuteEcircacuteEacuteEograveEacuteordmEacute EcircparaEacuteEigraveograveMEacuteEacuteauml ordmEUacuteograveplusmnEacute ougraveIcircsup1]otildeEograveEacuteaumlxEacute+EacuteEcirchEacute xEacuteacuteEacute-+EcircbrvbarEacuteVEacuteEacuteiEacuteacuteEacuteEacutenugraveOgrave+EacuteIgravelEacuteEograve EcircacuteEacuteparaplusmnEacuteaumlsup1EacutehEacuteEacuterugraveEcirciEacute AacuteEacuteAEligSordfEacuteEacute +EacutevEacuteEacuteregaumluacute ZEacuteEacuteplusmnEacuteEacutebrvbarEacuteEacuteMEacute nugraveEacuteaumlxEacute - EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteSEacuteauml +EacuteIgravelEacuteEograve EcircacuteEacuteparaplusmnEacuteaumlsup1EacutehEacute

EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteSordfEacuteEacute EcircxEacuteordfEacuteumlEacuteEacuteAEligSEacuteEacute acuteordfEacuteIcircCiEacuteSordfEacuteEacute acuteEacuteiEacuteCcedilxEacuteEacuteacuteEacutereguacute EograveEacuteaumlhEacuteiEacuteEacute EacuteEcircreguacutehEacuteEacuteumlEacute frac12thornEacuteaumliEacuteEacuteauml +EacuteEcirchEacutefrac12thornEacute EacuteEcircreguacutehEacuteEacuteumlEacute ordmEacuteEacuteumlEacuteEacuteEcircVEacuteEograve plusmnEacuteEacutebrvbarEacutenugraveEacuteordfEacuteEograveiEacuteaumlSordfEacuteEacute ougraveIcircsup1]otildexEacuteauml EcircEograveiEacuteEacuteiEacute |EacutebrvbarEacuteEacuteacuteEacuteOgrave +ordmEacuteiEacuteEacuteauml AacuteEacuteordmEacuteAEligcurrenEacuteAEligvEacuteOgraveSEacuteOgrave SEacuteSEacuteEacuteCcedil EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteSordfEacuteEacute +EacuteIgravelEacuteEograve EcircacuteEacuteparaplusmnEacuteaumlsup1EacutehEacuteEacuteumlEacutevordfEacuteauml EaumlograveplusmnEacuteOgrave VEacuteEacuteiEacuteauml AacuteEacute ougraveIcircsup1]otildexEacuteaumlEcircacuteEacuteparaplusmnEacuteaumlsup1EacutehEacuteEacuteiumlEacuteEograve +EacutevEacuteEacutereguacute umlfrac12thornhEacuteUacutexEacute EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteiEacuteOgraveplusmnEacute EacuteEacuteSEacute umlEacuteOumlplusmnEacutebrvbarEacuteUacuteiEacute EcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteEacuteAEligSEacuteOgrave SEacuteSEacuteEacuteCcedil +EacuteEacutehEacuteAacuteEacute brvbarEacuteEacuteMEacuteEacuteiEacute EogravereguacutehEacuteEacutereguacute +Eacutefrac12thornEacuteaumliEacute EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteiEacuteOgraveplusmnEacute frac12aumlthorn EacuteEacuteSEacute umlEacuteUacuteplusmnEacutebrvbarEacuteUacuteiEacute EcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacute umlfrac12thornhEacuteVEacuteauml ordmEacuteAEligEacutekEacuteOgrave(Property) +EacuteETHORNograveiordfEacute EumlEograveacuteEacuteEacute xEacuteOumlEograveordmEacuteEacutexEacute (Torts) EogravereguacuteEacutereguacute (Contracts)Ecircnugrave EacuteEacutehEacuteOgrave JEacute]otildeplusmnEacuteEacute (Civil Litigation) +EacuteEcirchEacute MEacuteOumlxfrac12thornEacute acuteEacute EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteSEacuteOgrave +AElig EacuteplusmnEacutecurrenEacuteVEacuteEacuteacuteEacutehEacuteOgrave(Crime and law enforcement) EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteiEacuteOgraveplusmnEacute AacuteEacute EcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteEacuteAEligSEacuteOgrave EcircacuteEacuteparaplusmnEacuteaumlsup1EacutehEacuteEacuteiumlEacuteEograveSEacuteEacuteegraveEograve]otildeOgrave EcircacuteEacuteEograveordmEacuteOgraveiEacute EogravereguacutehordfEacuteEacuteiEacute EograveEacuteaumlZEacute (1960) currenEacuteEacuteAacute EacuteEcircreguacutehEacuteEacuteumlEacute (Externalities)+EacuteEcirchEacuteVEacutecurrenEacuteEacutecurrenEacutenugraveEacutereguacuteOgraveSEacuteauml iEacuteiacuteEacute currenEacuteaumlEogravereguacute (1968)MEacuteOumlxfrac12thornEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteSEacuteOgrave +AElig EacuteplusmnEacutecurrenEacuteVEacuteEacuteacuteEacutehEacuteOgraveEigraveograveplusmnEacuteyenEacuteaumlordmEacuteOgrave (1970)+EacutePEacuteEacuteiEacuteEacuteEcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteOgraveSEacuteEacute EograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute EacuteEacuteaumlZEacutexEacutereguacute (1972) EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteSEacuteauml+EacuteIgravelEacuteEograve EcircacuteEacuteparaplusmnEacuteaumlsup1EacutehEacute AacuteEacute ordmEacuteEacuteshyordfEacuteEacuteAEligSEacuteauml plusmnEacuteIEacutehEacuteOgraveordfEacute ordfEacuteEacuteaumlMEacutenugraveEacutexEacute +Eacutefrac12aumlthorn EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteiEacuteOgraveplusmnEacute AacuteEacute |EacuteiordfEacuteaumlEograveEcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteEacuteSordfEacuteEacute umlEacutefrac12thorniacuteEacuteEacuteSordfEacuteEacute EacuteegraveplusmnEacuteOumlEogravebaumldivide +EacuteiEacuteEacute +EacuteEacutehEacute acuteEacutesup3UacuteyacuteordfEacuteEacute(+) ordmEacuteAEligEacutekEacuteOgraveEcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteOgraveSEacuteEacute EograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute (Property law)

(1) ordfEacuteCiEacuteOgraveplusmnEacuteEacute ordmEacuteAEligEacutekEacuteOgraveEcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteEograve +EcircvEacuteEograveEacutereguacute naumlugravehordfEacuteEacuteSEacuteauml EograveEacutereguacutehEacute EograveEacuteordfEacute ordmEacuteAEligEacutekEacuteOgraveSordfEacuteEacute+EcircvEacuteEograveEacutereguacuteEacuteiEacuteUacutexEacute EograveEacuteumlEacute EogravereguacutehordfEacuteEacuteordmEacute |EacuteaumlreguacutehEacuteEacute EcircumlEacutesup3yacuteiEacuteauml frac12aumlthorn +EcircvEacuteEograveEacutereguacute acuteordfEacuteEacuteEacuteEacutereguacuteEacuteSEacuteOgrave paraEacuteCordfEacuteiEacuteEacuteacuteEacuteEacutefoslashEcircacuteEacuteiEacuteEacuteiEacute umlEacuteEacutejEacute iEacuteauml EcircnugraveplusmnEacuteauml MEacuteaumlplusmnEacuteauml xEacuteEacutefrac12thornOgraveiEacute iEacutereguacute BEograve |EacuteEograveEacutereguacuteSEacuteauml +reguacuteEacuteVEacuteEograve umlEacuteEacuteVEacuteaumlplusmnEacuteordmEacuteAEligEacutekEacuteOgraveSordfEacuteEacute +EcircvEacuteEograveEacutereguacuteEacuteiEacute umlEacuteEacuteauml oumlnotEacute |EacuteumlEacuteEacutehEacuteEacuteacuteEacutereguacute acuteEacuteEacutefoslash iEacuteauml frac12thornEacuteSEacute frac12thornEacuteaumlltCcedilplusmnEacute VEacuteauml frac12thornEacute iordfEacuteEacuteEacuteEacuteordmEacuteUacutexEacuteEcircumlEacutesup3yacutehEacuteEacuteregaumluacute iexclograveEacuteordfEacutenaumlugrave umlEacuteEacuteauml aumlouml +ordmEacuteiEacuteOgraveplusmnEacute

(2) ordmEacuteAEligEacutekEacuteOgraveSordfEacuteEacute +EcircvEacuteEograveEacutereguacuteEacuteAEligSEacuteOgrave EcircacuteEacutebrvbarEacuteEacuteMEacutehEacuteOgrave frac12thornOgrave EcircacuteEacutebrvbarEacuteEacuteMEacutehEacuteOgrave umlEacuteEacuteplusmnEacuteEograveOgraveVEacutexordfEacute(Possessory) +EcircvEacuteEograveEacutereguacuteOgrave +EacuteEcirchEacute frac12thornordmiEacuteEacuteAEligiEacutereguacuteOgraveiEacute (Transferable) +EcircvEacuteEograveEacutereguacuteOgrave+paraEacuteOgrave +Eacutefoslashsup3yacuteiEacuteauml frac12thornOgrave EcircacuteEacutebrvbarEacuteEacuteMEacutehEacuteOgrave umlEacuteEacuteegraveEcircplusmnEacuteEograve +paraordfEacuteEacute ougraveIcircsup1]otildexEacuteauml +Eacutefrac12aumlthorn EcircEograve acuteEacuteaumlMEacuteacuteEacuteaumlMEacutesup2ordfEacuteEacuteacuteordfEacuteIcircCiEacute +paraEacuteEacute +EcircvEacuteEograveEacutereguacuteEacuteAEligEacuteEacuteordmEacuteUacutexEacute acuteEacuteaumlMEacuteacuteEacuteaumlMEacutesup2ordfEacuteEacute |EacuteumlEacuteEacutehEacuteEacuteiEacute iexclograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute EcircumlEacutesup3yacuteEcircacuteEacuteiEacuteEacuteiEacute+paraEacuteEacute |EacuteEograveEacutereguacuteSordfEacuteEacute +EcircvEacuteEograveEacutereguacuteEacuteAEligiEacuteUacutexEacute EograveEacutefrac12thornOgrave =EcirchEacuteacuteEacuteEacute EumlEograveacuteEacuteEacute jEacuteOuml]otildeOgrave EcircxEacuteumlEacuteEacuteCcedilhEacute frac12thornEacuteaumliEacuteEacuteiEacute =nugraveEacutecurrenEacuteEacuteAacute EacuteEcircreguacutehEacuteEacuteumlEacuteEacuteAEligSEacuteOgrave (Externalities) EcircxEacuteIgraveumlEacuteiEacuteOgrave

(3) ordmEacuteEacuteacuteEacuteCcedilVEacuteEcircxEacuteEograve =EacuteordfEacuteEacuteaumlMEacuteEacuteordmEacuteEacuteòumlOgrave ordmEacuteAEligEacutekEacuteOgrave EcircumlEacutesup3yacuteEcircacuteEacutehEacuteauml ordmEacutereguacuteEograveEacutereguacuteplusmnEacuteEacute (State)Eaumlograveacutefrac12thornEacute Ecircfrac12thorniEacuteEograveEacutereguacuteEograve +ordmEacuteiEacuteauml reguacuteEacuteVordfEacute ordmEacuteAEligEacutekEacuteOgrave JEacuteregaumluacutenugraveOgrave Eogravemacrucirc paraEacuteEograveiEacuteauml EumlEograveacuteEacuteEacute iEacuteparaEacuteOgraveSEacute PEacuteaumlgtethparaEacuteEograveiEacuteauml VEacuteauml frac12thornEacute ordmEacuteAEligEacutekEacuteOgrave iEacuteparaEacuteOgraveSEacute PEacuteaumliEacuteplusmnEacuteOgrave VEacuteEacuteiEacuteauml iEacuteauml frac12thornEacute iEacuteOgrave EacuteEacuteigraveacuteEacutereguacute +Eacuteigraveiexclograve BEcircumlEacutexEacuteAElig]otildebdivideEacuteauml EacuteaumlxEacuteSordfEacuteEacute (Power of Eminent Domain) +EcircvEacuteEograveEacutereguacuteEacuteiEacute PEacuteaumliEacuteplusmnEacuteOgrave VEacuteEacuteiEacuteauml+paraEacuteEacute +EcircvEacuteEograveEacutereguacuteEacutereguacuteEacuteiEacute ordmEacutereguacuteEograveEacutereguacutexEacuteauml ordmEacuteAEligEacuteEcirckEacute PEacuteaumliEacuteplusmnordfEacuteEacuteordmEacute ordmEacuteAEligEacutekEacuteOgrave EacuteEacuteplusmnEacuteEograveEacuteplusmnEacuteEacute xEacuteOumlEograveordmEacuteEacutexEacutebrvbarEacutereguacuteEacuteEacuteltCcediltEacuteacuteEacuteOgrave plusmnEacuteEacuteMEacuteiEacuteauml JEacuteregaumluacutenugraveOgrave +EacuteEcirchEacute xEacuteOumlEograveordmEacuteEacutexEacutebrvbarEacutereguacuteEacuteEacuteltCcedil AacuteEacuteiEacuteOgraveplusmnEacute umlEacutefrac12thorniacuteEacuteEacuteSEacuteEacute iexclogravereguacuteEograve +ordmEacuteEacuteEograveOgrave EacuteEcircfrac12thornplusmnordfEacuteEacute |EacuteEograveEacutereguacuteEacuteiEacute reguacuteCEograveumlEacute ordmEacuteEacuteegravenugraveEacute EogravemacrucircxEacute EcircxEacuteIcircparaSEacuteiEacute frac12thornEacuteaumliEacuteauml iEacutereguacute nOumlugraveordmEacuteshyordfEacuteEacute |EacuteEograveEacutereguacuteEacuteiEacuteiEacuteOgrave BEograveEacuteIEacuteOgraveordfEacute (Unilaterally) EacuterugraveiEacuteOgravexEacuteauml òumlreguacuteiEacuteauml frac12thornOgrave SEacuteSEacuteEacuteCcedil umlEacuteEacuteaumlcurrenEacutenugraveplusmnordfEacuteEacuteSEacuteaumlumlEacutefrac12thornkEacuteOgraveEogravereguacutehEacute +EacutehEacuteOgrave ordmEacuteEacuteumlEacuteEacuteEcircVEacuteEograve EograveplusmnordfEacuteEacutehEacuteEacuteSordfEacuteEacute ougraveIcircsup1]otildexEacuteauml umlEacutefrac12thorniacuteEacuteEacuteSEacuteOgrave +Eacutefrac12aumlthorn

(4) EacuteEacuteplusmnEacuteEograveOgrave xEacuteordmEacuteplusmnEacuteaumlplusmnordfEacuteEacute ordmEacuteAEligEacutekEacuteOgraveSEacuteauml ordmEacuteAEligEacuteEacutenugravexEacute ordmEacuteAEligEacutekEacuteOgraveSordfEacuteEacute EcircacuteEacuteGograveOgravexEacuteAEligiEacutereguacute EacuteordmiEacuteOumlSordfEacuteEacuteparaEacuteOgravesup1EacuteCcedilEograveEacuteSEacuteauml ordmEacuteAEligEacuteEacutenugravexEacute |EacuteEcirciEacuteEOumlograveplusmnEacute EogravecurrenVEacuteEacute (Adverse Possession) frac12aumlthorn EcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacute+EacuteIgravelEacuteEograve EcircacuteEacuteparaplusmnEacuteaumlsup1EacutehEacuteEacuteSordfEacuteEacute ougraveIcircsup1]otildexEacuteauml umlEacutefrac12thorniacuteEacuteEacuteSEacuteauml +Eacutefrac12aumlthorniEacute

(5) ordmEacuteAEligEacutekEacuteOgraveSordfEacuteEacute EcircacuteEacuteGograveOgravecurrenEacuteEacutecurrenEacuteiEacute +ordmEacuteplusmnEacuteaumlplusmnEacuteOgrave umlEacuteordfEacuteEacuteCcedilnugraveEacute currenEacuteshyordfEacuteEacuteSEacute |EacuteordmEacuteAEligMEacuteOgrave acuteEacuteordmiEacuteOumlAEligSordfEacuteEacuteEcircacuteEacuteGograveOgraveacuteEacutereguacute EograveEacuteordfEacutenaumlugraveparaEacuteOgravereguacute currenEacuteAEligvEacutexEacuteauml PEacuteEacuteiEacuteplusmnEacuteOgrave VEacuteEacuteiEacuteEacuteiEacute +paraEacuteEacute |EacuteEograveEacutereguacuteSEacuteOgrave currenEacuteAEligvEacutexEacuteauml currenEacuteEacuteAacute EacuteEcircreguacutehEacuteEacuteumlEacuteEacuteSordfEacuteEacute

(Externalities) ougravesup1]otildeOgravexEacuteauml ordfEacuteEacuteaumlMordfEacuteSEacute +Eacutefrac12aumlthorniEacute +ordmEacuteEacute ordfEacuteOumlIcircCiEacuteacuteEacuteEacutenugrave EaumlograveplusmnEacuteEacute VEacuteEacuteiEacuteEacuteauml +paraEacuteEacute|EacuteEograveEacutereguacuteSordfEacuteEacute currenEacuteEacuteAacute EacuteEcircreguacutehEacuteEacuteumlEacuteEacuteAElig EacutevEacuteUacutexEacute iexclograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute xEacuteOumlEograveordmEacuteEacutexEacute frac12thornEacuteaumlgteth paraEacuteEograveiEacuteauml nOumlugraveordmEacutereguacuteEacuteordfEacuteOumlIcircCiEacuteacuteEacuteEacutenugrave EaumlograveplusmnEacuteEacute VEacuteEacuteiEacuteEacuteauml +paraordfEacuteEacute |EacuteEograveEacutereguacuteSordfEacuteEacute currenEacuteEacuteAacute EacuteEcircreguacutehEacuteEacuteumlEacuteEacuteAElig EacutevEacuteUacutexEacute iexclograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute +EacuteEcirchEacutexEacuteOumlEograveordmEacuteEacutexEacute frac12thornEacuteaumlgteth paraEacuteEograveiEacuteauml nOumlugraveordmEacutereguacuteEacute ordfEacuteOumlIcircCiEacuteacuteEacuteEacutenugrave +ordmEacuteEacute EcircEograve EograveEacutefrac12thornOgrave acuteEacuteordmiEacuteOumlAEligSordfEacuteEacute EcircacuteEacuteGograveOgraveacuteEacutereguacutecurrenEacuteAEligvEacutexEacuteauml +EacuteEcirchEacuteplusmnEacuteOgrave EacuteEacuteEcircfrac12thornVEacuteaumliEacute EograveEacutereguacutehEacute +paraEacuteEacute acuteEacuteordmiEacuteOumlAEligcurrenEacuteEacutecurrenEacuteiEacute OEacuteEacutefrac12thornEograveEacuteAEligxEacuteEacute EacuteUacutehEacuteCcedil umlEacuteEacuteEcircfrac12thorniEacuteOgraveEcircumlEacutesup3yacuteiEacute xEacuteEacutefrac12thornOgrave =nugraveEacutefrac12thornreguacutehEacuteEacutelEacuteCcedil BJEacuteEacutenaumlugrave +Eacuteegravesup1EacutevEacute bdivideEacuteigraveC]otildereguacuteSordfEacuteEacute EcircSEacuteaoumlOgraveJEacuteaumlreguacuteOgraveVEacute (Prescriotion)EcircacuteEacuteEograveplusmnEacuteauml VEacuteEacutehEacuteEacutereguacute xEacuteEacutefrac12thornOgrave(currenEacute) +EacutePEacuteEacuteiEacuteEacuteSEacuteauml =kEacutereguacutenugraveEacuteEcircordfEacuteiacuteEacute+EacuteETHORNograveiordfEacute EcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteEograve EograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute (Tort law)

(1) +EacutePEacuteEacuteiEacuteEacuteordmEacuteAEligcurrenEacuteAEligvEacuteOgraveSordfEacuteEacute =kEacutereguacutenugraveEacuteEcircordfEacuteiacuteEacuteEacuteSEacuteOgrave SEacuteSEacuteEacuteCcedil +EacuteETHORNograveiordfEacute EcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteEograveEograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteEogravebUacutedividexEacute EaumlograveplusmnEacuteOgrave VEacuteEacuteiEacuteauml +EacutePEacuteEacuteiEacuteEacuteEacuteEacuteordmEacuteUacutexEacute frac12thornEacuteaumlhEacuteEacuteshyordfEacuteEacute xEacuteOumlEograveordmEacuteEacutexEacuteOgraveSEacuteOgrave brvbarEacutereguacuteEacuteEacuteltCcedil +lEacuteacuteEacuteEacuteAacuteEacute |EacuteEograveEacutereguacuteEacutexEacuteauml frac12thornEacuteaumlhEacuteEacuteregaumluacute xEacuteOumlEograveordmEacuteEacutexEacute ]otildeEacutesup3yacutehordfEacuteEacuteordmEacuteEacuteòumlOgrave +ordmEacuteplusmnEacuteaumlplusmnEacuteEacute |EacutebrvbarEacuteEacuteacuteEacuteOgrave =EacuteEacuteordfEacute umlfrac12thornhEacuteVEacuteauml=kEacutereguacutenugraveEacuteEcircordfEacuteiacuteEacuteEacuteSordfEacuteEacute iEacuteiacuteEacuteEacuteAEligSEacuteOgrave +AEligumlEacuteplusmnEacutecurrenEacuteVEacuteEacuteacuteEacutehEacuteOgrave frac12thornEacute +Eacutefrac12aumlthorn AacuteEacute ordmEacuteAElignugravebrvbarEacuteEacuteCcediliEacuteOgraveplusmnEacute BEograveumlEacutefrac12thorniacuteEacuteEacuteSEacuteauml EcircxEacuteEcircreguacuteIEacutehEacute umlfrac12thornhEacuteVEacuteauml =kEacutereguacutenugraveEacuteEcircordfEacuteiacuteEacuteEacuteSordfEacuteEacute acuteordfEacuteacuteEacuteordmlEacuteaumlEacuteaumlIEacuteEacute EcircacuteEacuteumlordfEacuteEacuteSEacuteOgrave acuteordfEacuteacuteEacuteordmlEacuteEacute frac12thornEacutexEacuteOumlEograveordmEacuteEacutexEacute brvbarEacutereguacuteEacuteEacuteltCcedilSEacuteEacute EograveumlEacuteOgrave JEacuteIgraveSEacuteEograve =EacuteEacuteordfEacute +Eacutefrac12aumlthorn

=kEacutereguacutenugraveEacuteEcircordfEacuteiacuteEacuteEacuteSEacuteauml nugraveEacuteaumlxEacute umlEacuteOumlplusmnEacutebrvbarEacuteUacuteiEacute EcircxEacuteordfEacuteumlEacute +Eacutefrac12aumlthorniEacute (1) EograveòumlEacuteaumlreguacute =kEacutereguacutenugraveEacuteEcircordfEacuteiacuteEacuteEacuteSordfEacuteEacuteVEacutecurrenEacuteEacutecurrenEacutenugraveEacutereguacuteOgraveiEacuteUacutexEacute (Strict liability) +EacutePEacuteEacuteiEacuteEacuteordmEacute EograveEacutereguacutehEacuteOgravebrvbarEacuteUacuteiEacute ZEacuteEacuteplusmnEacuteaumlplusmnordfEacuteEacute acuteordfEacuteCiEacuteOgraveordmEacute(Injurer) frac12thornEacutexEacuteOgrave EacuteEacuteaumlSEacuteEcircacuteEacuteplusmnordfEacuteEacutecurrenEacutequgraveplusmnEacute xEacuteOumlEograveordmEacuteEacutexEacutebrvbarEacutereguacuteEacuteEacuteltCcedil tEacuteacuteEacuteOgraveSEacute plusmnEacuteEacuteMEacuteiEacuteauml (2) nOumlugraveordmEacutereguacuteEacute|EacuteEograveplusmnEacute umlfrac12thornhEacuteVEacuteauml =EacuteaumlIEacuteaumlSEacuteEacute EcircxEacuteordfEacuteumlEacute (Neglience rule) AacuteEacute |EacuteEograveEacutereguacuteEacuteiEacute frac12thornEacutexEacuteOgraveEacuteEacuteaumlSEacuteEcircacuteEacutehEacuteEacutereguacuteOgrave acuteordfEacuteCiEacuteOgrave iEacuteaumlacutefrac12thornEacuteSEacute xEacuteOumlEograveordmEacuteEacutexEacutebrvbarEacutereguacuteEacuteEacuteltCcedilplusmnEacuteEacute VEacutecurrenEacuteEacutecurrenEacutenugraveEacutereguacute òumlreguacuteiEacuteauml VEacuteauml frac12thornEacute iEacuteOgraveacuteordfEacuteCiEacuteOgrave EcircxEacutesup1EograveEacutesup3yacuteVEacuteOgrave +Eacutefrac12aumlthorn frac12aumlthorn EcircxEacuteIcircparaSEacuteiEacute frac12thornEacuteaumliEacuteauml nOumlugraveordmEacuteshyordfEacuteEacute +lEacuteEacuteCcedilxEacuteauml +ordmEacuteauml EcircEograve frac12thornEacuteEcircxEacuteEacuteEacuteaumlfrac12thornSEacuteacuteEacutehEacuteEacuteshyordfEacuteEacute acuteordfEacuteCiEacuteOgraveSordfEacuteEacute EograveEacutesup3yacuteVEacuteOgraveSEacuteOgrave EacuteEacuteiEacutesup3yacuteOgrave frac12thornOgrave xordfEacuteEacuteordfEacuteEacuteplusmnEacuteordfEacuteEacuteEogravebUacutedividexEacute EcircxEacuteIcircparaSEacuteiEacuteEaumlograveplusmnordfEacuteEacute MEacuteaumlplusmnEacuteaumlplusmnordfEacuteEacute EograveEacutesup3yacuteVEacuteOgraveordmEacute (bdividenotUacute Eaumlograve+reguacute +) +ordmEacuteauml ordmEacuteAEligcurrenEacuteEacuteaumlEcircvEacuteplusmnEacuteauml VEacuteEacuteiEacuteauml |EacuteiordfEacuteIEacuteacuteordfEacuteacuteEacutefrac12thornEacutereguacuteEacuteiEacute =EacuteaumlEcircIEacuteiEacute EcircxEacuteordfEacuteumlEacute frac12aumlthorn =kEacutereguacutenugraveEacuteEcircordfEacuteiacuteEacuteEacuteSEacuteauml |EacutebrvbarEacuteEacuteacuteEacuteOgrave ordmacuteEacutemacrucircEacute +Eacutefrac12aumlthorn +ordmEacuteauml+Eacutefoslashsup3yacuteiEacuteauml +EacuteEcirchEacute EograveòumlEacuteaumlreguacute =kEacutereguacutenugraveEacuteEcircordfEacuteiacuteEacuteEacuteSEacuteauml iEacuteiacuteEacute +EcircvEacuteEograve PEacuteEacuteiEacuteEograve acuteordfEacuteacuteEacutefrac12thornEacutereguacuteEacuteAEligcurrenEacuteEacutecurrenEacuteiEacuteplusmnEacuteEacuteMEacuteUacute EaumlograveplusmnEacuteauml VEacuteEacuteiEacuteauml +EacutePEacuteEacuteiEacuteEacuteAEligcurrenEacuteEacutecurrenEacuteiEacuteSordfEacuteEacute =kEacutenugraveEacuteEcircordfEacuteiacuteEacuteEacuteEcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteOgraveSEacuteauml +EacuteIgravelEacuteEograve EcircacuteEacuteparaplusmnEacuteaumlsup1EacutehEacuteEigraveograveplusmnEacuteyenEacuteaumlordmEacuteOgrave (1970) plusmnEacuteigravebdivideordmEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute EacuteEacuteaumlZEacutexEacutereguacute (1987a) +EacuteEcirchEacute paraEacuteigrave frac12aumlthornplusmnEacute (1987a)AacuteEacuteAEligxEacuteOgrave +EcircvEacuteEograve EcircacuteEacuteordmiEacuteTHORNiEacutereguacuteOgraveiordfEacuteEacute EaumlograveplusmnEacuteauml +Eacutefrac12aumlthornbrvbarEacuteEacuteMEacute iEacuteOgravexEacute acuteEacuteiEacuteCcedilxEacuteacuteEacuteEacutenugraveOgrave EograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute +lEacuteCcedilparaEacuteEacuteordmjEacute (Behavioral Law and Econom-

ics) |EacuteordmiEacuteOumliEacute ordmEacuteAEligparaEacuteEacuteaumlvEacutexEacute EcircxEacutecurrenEacuteAEligvEacuteEacuteiEacute acuteEacutereguacute =plusmnplusmnEacuteaumlEcircJEacuteplusmnEacuteaumlplusmnordfEacuteEacute EcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteEacuteSEacuteEacute ordmEacuteumlEacuteEacuteacuteEacuteaumlparaEacute EograveEacute

EogravereguacuteEacuteordfEacuteSEacuteEacute EcircparaEacuteEograveEacuteMEacuteEacuteauml ordmEUacuteograveplusmnEacutexEacuteauml EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteSEacuteauml +EacuteIgravelEacuteEograve EcircacuteEacuteparaplusmnEacuteaumlsup1EacutehEacute EogravereguacuteiEacuteEacutexEacuteEacute iEacuteECcedilograveordmEacuteAEligMEacuteiEacuteEcircxEacuteacuteEacutebdivide |EacuteEcirciEacuteumlEacuteEacutexEacuteEacuteSEacuteEacute JEacuteUacuteEacute |EacutebrvbarEacuteEacuteacuteEacuteOgrave EacuterugraveiEacuteOgravexEacuteauml =EacuteordfEacuteEacuteaumlMEacute EaumlograveplusmnEacuteEacute EacuteregAEliguacuteiEacuteOuml |EacuteparaxEacute +ordmEacuteEacute+Eacutefrac12aumlthorn EcircEograve ordmEacuteOgraveumlEacuteEacuteAEligiEacute JEacuteSEacuteCcedil +EacuteEcirchEacute ordmEacuteOgraveumlEacuteEacuteAEligiEacute iexclograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute frac12thornOgrave iEacuteECcedilograveEcircxEacutesup1òuml SEacuteEacuteegraveEograve]otilde EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteSordfEacuteEacuteEcircacuteEacuteparaplusmnEacuteaumlsup1EacutehEacuteEacuteordmEacuteEacuteòumlOgrave EcircEograveiEacuteOgrave ordfEacuteacuteEacutefrac12thornEacuteordfEacuteCcedil +Eacutefrac12aumlthornacuteEacuteEacutenugraveOgrave +EacuteEcirchEacute |EacuteEcirciEacuteacuteEacuteEacutenugraveOgrave xEacuteOumlEograveordmEacuteEacutexEacute EacuteEacuteaumlfrac12thornSEacuteacuteEacutehEacuteEacutereguacuteEacute+EacuteEcirchEacute xEacuteOumlEograveordmEacuteEacutexEacute ordmEacutefrac12thornxEacute EogravereguacutehEacuteEacutereguacuteEacute AacuteEacuteAEligSordfEacuteEacute acuteEacuteiEacuteCcedilxEacuteEacuteSEacuteOgrave SEacuteEacuteegraveEograve]otilde EograveEacutefrac12thornOgrave acuteEacuteaumlMEacutesup3yacuteOgrave +ordmEacuteiEacuteaumlEograveEacute AacuteEacute SEacuteEacuteegraveEograve]otildeOgraveiEacuteplusmnEacuteauml iordfEacuteEacuteAEligSEacuteauml acuteEacuteiEacuteCcedilxEacute +xordfEacute EograveEacutefrac12thornOgrave PEacute]otildeEograveEacuteAEligEogravebUacutedividexEacute EcircxEacuteIcircparaSEacuteiEacute frac12thornEacuteaumliEacuteaumlEograveEacuteAElig acuteEacuteiEacuteCcedilxEacuteacuteEacuteEacutenugraveOgrave ougraveIcircsup1]otildeEograveEacuteaumlxEacute EcircparaEacuteEigraveograveMEacuteEacuteauml ordmEUacuteograveplusmnEacuteSordfEacuteEacute |EacuteEcirciEacuteumlEacuteEacutexEacuteEacuteplusmnEacuteEacute BEograve acuteEacuteaumlMEacutesup3yacuteEacute EacuteordfEacuteEacuteCcedilordfEacuteumlfrac12thornhEacuteUacutexEacute EacuteOumlfaumloslash +EacuteplusmnordfEacuteEacuteSEacuteauml EcircnugraveordmEacuteiEacuteauml umlEacuteEacutexEacuteordmEacuteparaEacuteEacuteordmjEacuteEacuteSordfEacuteEacute acuteEacuteaumlMEacuteacuteEacuteaumlMEacutesup2ordfEacuteEacute paraEacuteEacuteJEacuteEacuteAElig EacutevEacuteUacutexEacute EcircacuteEacuteEograveordmEacuteOgraveiEacuteZEacuteEacuteplusmnEacuteaumlplusmnordfEacuteEacute acuteEacuteiEacuteCcedilxEacuteacuteEacuteEacutenugraveOgrave ougraveIcircsup1]otildeSEacuteEacute (insights) EograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute +lEacuteCcedilparaEacuteEacuteordmjEacuteEacuteiEacute ordmEacuteumlEacuteEacuteacuteEacuteaumlparaEacuteEogravemacrucircxEacute acuteEacuteiEacuteCcedilxEacuteacuteEacuteEacutenugraveOgrave EograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute +lEacuteCcedilparaEacuteEacuteordmjEacuteEacuteiEacute ordmEacuteumlEacuteEacuteacuteEacuteaumlparaEacute EogravedeguumlxEacute acuteEacuteiEacuteCcedilxEacuteacuteEacuteEacutenugraveOgrave EograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute+EacuteEcirchEacute +lEacuteCcedilparaEacuteEacuteordmjEacuteEacuteSEacuteEacute EcircacuteEacuteEograveEacuteordmEacute frac12thornEacuteaumliEacuteEacuteauml +Eacutefrac12aumlthorn (Allais 1951) (Ellsberg1961)EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteSordfEacuteEacute EcircxEacuteordfEacuteumlEacute reguacuteSEacutexEacuteaumliEacuteUacutexEacute acuteordfEacuteIcircCiEacuteSEacuteOgrave +EacuteUacute EacuteCcedilOEacutefrac12thorn nUacuteugraveEcircsup1EacuteiEacuteiEacuteEacute (debiasing in-

dividuals) EograveOgrave EograveumlEacuteOgrave EogravereguacuteiEacuteEacute ordfEacuteaumlltCcedilplusmnEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute +paraEacuteEacute |EacuteEcircGograveordfEacuteaumliEacuteUacutexEacute acuteEacuteiEacuteCcedilxEacuteacuteEacuteEacutenugraveOgraveEograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteSEacuteOgrave SEacuteEacuteegraveEograve]otilde acuteordfEacuteCiEacuteOgraveSEacuteauml acuteEacuteiEacuteCcedilxEacute ordmEacuteumlEacuteVEacuteUacutexEacute PordfEacuteEacuteordfEacuteplusmnEacuteEacute EograveparaEacuteOgrave =EacuteordfEacuteEacuteaumlMEacuteOgrave EacutebaumldivideplusmnEacute frac12thornEacuteJEacuteregaumluacute iEacutereguacute acuteEacuteiEacuteCcedilxEacuteacuteEacuteEacutenugraveOgrave EograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute +lEacuteCcedilparaEacuteEacuteordmjEacuteEacuteSEacuteEacute EcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacute +Eacutefrac12aumlthorn AacuteEacute EcircòumlEograveEacutehEacuteOgrave frac12thornEacuteEcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteEacuteSEacuteOgrave EcircacuteEacuteordmiEacuteTHORNiEacute SEacuteSEacuteEacuteCcedil EogravereguacutehEacuteauml frac12thornEacute =qaumlugraveparaordfEacute xEacuteEacutefrac12thornOgrave EograveEacutefrac12thornOgrave umlEacutefrac12thorniacuteEacuteEacuteSordfEacuteEacuteSEacute EcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteEacuteAElig EacutereguacuteiexclograveCiEacute |EacuteEograveEacuteparaEacuteZEacuteEacuteaumliEacute ]otildeEacuteEogravehEacuteauml frac12thornEacute |EacuteordfEacuteixEacute +Eacutefrac12aumlthorn


(1) ordmEacuteEacuteacuteEacuteEcircvEacute EacuteEcircreguacutehEacuteEacuteumlEacute EograveEacutefrac12thornOgrave EograveEacuteaumlZEacute AacuteEacuteAEligSEacuteauml EcircordmEacutevnugraveEacuteAEligiEacutexEacute (Endowment

Effect and the Coase Theorem ) EacuteiEacuteCcedilxEacuteacuteEacuteEacutenugraveOgrave EograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute +lEacuteCcedilparaEacuteEacuteordmjEacuteEacuteSEacuteEacuteEaringogravepugraveOgraveordfEacute EumlcurrenEacutenUacuteugrave frac12thornhEacuteUacutexEacute ordmEacuteEacuteacuteEacuteEcircvEacute EacuteEcircreguacutehEacuteEacuteumlEacute +Eacuteaumlsup3yacuteJEacuteplusmnEacuteEacute VEacuteEacuteiEacuteEacuteauml ordmacuteEacuteiEacuteampSordfEacuteEacute |EacuteordfEacuteixEacuteEacuteAElig EacutevEacuteUacutexEacuteEacuteUacute EacuteOcirc EogravevEacuteOgravefrac12thornOgrave |EacuteEacuteiEacute EogravedeguumlxEacute xEacute PEacuteaumliEacuteplusmnEacuteaumlplusmnEacuteEacute umlEacuteEacuteplusmnEacuteEograveOgrave frac12thornCEograve xEacute ordmEacuteEacuteaumlbdividehordfEacuteEacuteEcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteOgraveSEacuteOgrave VEacuteOgrave|EacuteacuteEacuteTHORNkEacuteOgrave +ordmEacuteiEacute auml EcirciEacuteSEacute auml acuteEacutehEacuteCcedilxEacute ordmEacuteEacuteacuteEacuteEcircvEacute EacuteEcircreguacutehEacuteEacuteumlEacuteumlfrac12thornhEacute UacutexEacute EaumlograveplusmnEacute auml VEacuteEacuteiEacute auml(Thaler1980pp 43-47) EograveEacuteaumlZEacute AacuteEacuteAEligSEacuteauml EcircordmEacuterugraveEacuteAEligiEacutexEacute +ordmEacuteauml |EacuteEcirciEacuteEacuteEacutenugravexEacute EogravereguacuteiEacuteaumlEcircEograve acuteordfEacuteacuteEacutefrac12thornEacutereguacute JEacuteSEacuteCcedil (transactioin cost)JEacuteOumlEacuteSEacute EograveumlEacuteOgrave +ordmEacuteiEacuteEacuteAEligxEacuteEacute EcircxEacutereguacuteEcircxEacutereguacuteEacutesup2ordfEacuteEacuteEacuteIEacuteEacuteAEligxEacuteEacute EograveEacuteordfEacutenaumlugraveparaEacuteOgravereguacute +EcircvEacuteEograveEacutereguacute EcircnugraveplusmnEacuteauml MEacuteaumlplusmnEacuteauml iEacutereguacute iordfEacuteEacuteiEacuteUacutexEacute =nAcircugravebrvbarEacuteEacuteacuteEacutehEacuteEacuteshyordfEacuteEacute iexclograveEcircplusmnEacuteiEacuteEacuteacuteEacutereguacuteiordfEacuteEacuteSEacuteEacute EograveEacuteaumlhEacuteiEacuteEacuteSEacute EacuteEcircreguacutehEacuteEacuteumlEacute frac12thornEacuteaumliEacute xEacuteEacutefrac12thornOgrave acuteEacuteiEacuteCcedilxEacuteacuteEacuteEacutenugraveOgrave +lEacuteCcedilparaEacuteEacuteordmjEacuteEacuteiEacute naumlugraveJEacuteOgraveplusmnEacute EograveEacuteaumlZEacuteAacuteEacuteAEligSEacuteauml EcircordmEacuterugraveEacuteAEligiEacutexEacute EaringogravepugraveOgraveordfEacute ordmlEacuteEacutexEacuteOgrave +Eacutefrac12aumlthorn EacuteAEligvEacutereguacuteEacute acuteEacutesup1EacuteEacuteCcedilEacuteUacute EacuteOcirc bigravedivideEcircxEacute+plusmnEacute EograveEacutexEacuteauml EacutexEacute VEacuteegraveEogravexEacuteaumlparaEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute EcircreguacuteSEacutebCcedildivide lEacuteEacuteplusmnEacutereguacute (1981) AacuteEacuteAEligxEacuteOgrave +xEacuteOumlbrvbarEacuteacuteEacuteEacuteEcircvEacuteIcircsup1]otildeiEacute (empirical)ougraveIcircsup1]otildeEograveEacuteaumlhEacuteEacuteiEacuteOumlxEacute ]otildeEacuteaumlEogravexEacute |EacuteordfEacuteEacuteaumlMEacuteEacuteiEacuteUacutexEacute acuteEacute EacuteOumlfaumloslash EograveEacuteaeligxEacuteaeligplusmnEacute EcircacuteEacutetEacuteEacuteOgraveòuml |EacuteordfEacuteEacuteaumlMEacuteEacuteiEacuteUacutexEacute EograveEacuteaumlZEacuteAacuteEacuteAEligSordfEacuteEacute EcircordmEacuterugraveEacuteAEligiEacuteEacuteplusmnEacuteEacute Uaumlocircnugrave VEacuteEacuteltCcedilplusmnEacute +ordmEacuteauml EcircxEacutesup1Eogravesup1EacuteCcedil EograveEacutefoslashplusmnEacuteauml

(2) acuteEacuteiEacuteCcedilxEacuteacuteEacuteEacutenugraveOgrave EograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute +lEacuteCcedilparaEacuteEacuteordmjEacuteEacuteSEacuteauml +EacutevEacuteOumlEcircxEacuteEograve EograveEacuteordfEacuteCcedilIEacuteaumljEacute umlEacuteEacutexEacuteacuteEacuteOgrave acuteEacuteiEacuteCcedilxEacuteEacuteordmEacuteAEligcurrenEacuteAEligvEacuteOgraveSordfEacuteEacute EacuteEacuteregAEliguacuteEacuteEacuteEcircreguacuteEograve +EacuteIgravelEacuteEograve MEacuteTHORNfrac12thornOgraveiEacuteEograveEacuteAEligEacuteEacuteordmEacuteUacutexEacute iexclograveEacutereguacuteEograveiEacute PEacuteaumlgtethxEacuteacuteEacuteiEacuteCcedilxEacuteacuteEacuteEacutenugraveOgrave EograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute +lEacuteCcedilparaEacuteEacuteordmjEacute +ordmEacuteauml ordmEacuteEacuteAEligMEacuteiEacuteauml EcircEograve acuteordfEacuteCiEacuteOacuteSEacuteauml acuteEacuteiEacuteCcedilxEacute iEacuteOgravexEacuteMEacuteEacuteaumlsup1]otildeOacuteacuteEacutereguacute +EacutevEacuteEacutereguacuteplusmnEacuteaumlplusmnEacuteauml +ordmEacuteiEacuteauml

(1) currenEacuteAEligvEacuteEacuteEacuteEcircjEacuteiEacute iEacuteECcedilograveordmEacuteAEligMEacuteiEacuteiEacuteEacute (Bounded rationality) (2) currenEacuteAEligvEacuteEacuteEacuteEcircjEacuteiEacuteltSUocircEacuteparaEacuteIcircCiEacute (bounded willpower) +EacuteEcirchEacute (3) currenEacuteAEligvEacuteEacuteEacuteEcircjEacuteiEacute ordmacuteEacuteEacutelEacuteCcedil(bounded self-interest) AacuteEacute iEacuteOgravexEacute ordmEacuteAEligEograveplusmnEacutexEacuteEacuteAEligSEacuteEacute +EacutevEacuteEacutereguacute PEacuteaumlgtethxEacute EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteSEacuteauml+EacuteIgravelEacuteEograve EcircacuteEacuteparaplusmnEacuteaumlsup1EacutehEacute +MEacutenugraveOgrave acuteEacuteaumlMEacutesup2ordfEacuteEacute |EacuteEograveEacuteregaumluacute ZEacuteEacuteplusmnEacuteauml +Eacutefrac12aumlthorn +ordmEacuteauml +brvbarordfEacuteEacuteordmEacuteEacuteAEligiEacuteOgrave EcircnugraveordmEacuteiEacuteauml

acuteordfEacuteIcircCiEacuteSordfEacuteEacute acuteEacuteiEacuteCcedilxEacuteEacuteiEacute EcircxEacutehEacuteCcedilordfEacute|EacuteEcircGograveordfEacuteaumliEacute +AElignugraveEacuteVEacuteEacuteSEacuteOgrave SEacuteOumlEograve (umlEacuteordfEacuteEacuteCcedilnugraveEacute) (Judge-

ment error) +ordmEacuteOuml paraEacuteEograveiEacuteauml +AElignugraveEacuteVEacuteEacuteiEacuteOgraveplusmnEacute SEacuteOumlEograveOgraveEcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteOgraveSEacuteauml EcircacuteEacuteparaplusmnEacuteaumlsup1EacutehEacute frac12thornEacute currenEacuteAEligvEacuteEacuteEacuteEcircjEacuteiEacuteiEacuteECcedilograveordmEacuteAEligMEacuteiEacuteiEacuteaumlSEacuteEacute EcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacute +Eacutefrac12aumlthorn acuteordfEacuteCiEacuteOgraveSordfEacuteEacute +AElignugraveEacuteVEacuteacuteEacuteiEacuteCcedilxEacute |EacuteEcircGograveordfEacuteaumliEacute SEacuteOumlEograve frac12thornEacuteaumlgteth paraEacuteEograveiEacuteaumlEograveEacutereguacutehEacute EcirciEacuteSEacuteauml acuteEacuteiEacuteCcedilxEacute EacuteUacute EacuteCcedilOEacutefrac12thornnUacuteugraveEcircsup1EacuteiEacute (acuteEacuteiEacuteCcedilxEacuteacuteEacuteEacutenugraveOgrave EograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute +lEacuteCcedilparaEacuteEacuteordmjEacute AacuteEacute EcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteEacuteiEacuteEacuteUacute EacuteCcedilOEacutefrac12thornnUacuteugraveEcircsup1EacuteiEacuteiEacuteaumlSEacuteOgrave acuteordfEacuteEacuteJordfEacuteEacute naumlugraveJEacuteOgraveplusmnEacute EaumlograveplusmnEacuteOgrave +Eacutefrac12aumlthorn) +ordmEacuteUacute paraEacuteEograveiEacuteauml +AElignugraveEacuteVEacuteEacuteiEacuteOgraveplusmnEacute SEacuteOumlEograveOgraveplusmnEacuteEacuteiEacuteOgravexEacute |EacuteEograveEacutereguacuteSEacuteOgrave EacuteUacute EacuteCcedilOEacutefrac12thornnUacuteugraveEcircsup1EacuteiEacuteiEacuteEacute EograveEacutereguacutehEacuteOgravebrvbarEacuteUacuteiEacute oumlreguacuteiEacuteauml (1) +EacuteparaEacuteEacuteacuteEacuteEacutenugraveEacuteSEacuteOgrave EacuteUacute EacuteCcedilOEacutefrac12thornnUacuteugraveEcircsup1EacuteiEacuteiEacuteEacute(optimism bias) ordmacuteEacuteiEacuteampSEacuteOgrave ordmEacuteauml EacuteEacute (EaumlograveacuteEacutesup3yacute ordmacuteEacuteiEacuteamp currenEacutequgraveplusmnEacute EcircacuteEacuteSEacuteEacutereguacute) EogravereguacutehordfEacuteEacuteSordfEacuteEacute+ otildefrac12thornEacuteordmEacuteEacuteiEacuteUacutexEacute ordfEacuteaumlhEacuteEacutereguacuteOgrave EacuteUacute EacuteCcedilOEacutefrac12thornnUacuteugraveEcircsup1EacuteiEacuteiEacuteEacute (self serving bias) (2) EograveEacuteordfEacuteEacuteaeligkEacutereguacute (ex-

post PEacute]otildexEacuteEacute PEacutebUacutedividexEacute MEacuteaumlplusmnordfEacuteEacute xEacuteAEligiEacutereguacute) paraEacutefrac12thornEacutehEacuteEacutehEacuteEacutexEacuteauml ordfEacuteaumlhEacuteEacutereguacuteOgrave EacuteUacute EacuteCcedilOEacutefrac12thornnUacuteugraveEcircsup1EacuteiEacuteEacute (hind-

sight bias) PEacute]otildexEacuteEacute PEacutebUacutedividexEacute MEacuteaumlplusmnordfEacuteEacutexEacuteAEligiEacutereguacuteSEacuteauml EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteSEacuteAElig EcircacuteEacuteparaplusmnEacuteaumlsup1EacutehEacute Eacutefrac12thorniacuteEacuteEacuteSEacuteauml +ordmEacuteplusmnordfEacuteEacuteumlEacuteOumlsup3aumlyacuteAacuteEacute |EacuteEograveEacutereguacuteSordfEacuteEacute EacuteUacute EacuteCcedilOEacutefrac12thornnUacuteugraveEcircsup1EacuteiEacuteiEacuteaumlSEacuteauml umlEacutefrac12thorniacuteEacute +xEacutexordfEacuteordmEacuteEacutevEacuteEacutereguacutehEacute +Eacutefrac12aumlthorn plusmnEacuteEacuteaumlEograve VordfEacuteEacute ordfEacuteEacuteaumlVEacutexEacuteEacuteEogravereguacuteiEacuteEacuteiEacute iordfEacuteEacuteSEacuteOgrave EograveEacuteordfEacuteEacuteCcedilIcircxacuteEacuteiEacuteEacute +ordfEacuteparaEacuteordmacuteEacuteOgrave EograveEacute frac12thornEacuteaumliEacuteauml AacuteEacute |EacuteparaxEacuteEacuteAEligSEacuteauml =kEacutereguacute currenEacuteAEligvEacuteEacuteEacuteEcircjEacuteiEacuteltSUocircEacuteparaEacuteCiEacuteOgraveSordfEacuteEacute +EacutevEacuteEacuteregaumluacute naumlugraveiEacuteEacuteauml ordfEacuteaumliEacuteauml (Strotz 1955-56) iordfEacuteEacuteSEacute|EacuteumlEacuteEacutehEacuteauml plusmnEacuteEacuteaumlEograveEcircxEacutereguacuteEcircxEacutereguacuteEacutesup3aumlyacute EacuteordfEacuteEacuteCcedilordfEacute ordmacuteEacuteOgraveEograveEacutereguacutehordfEacuteEacuteSEacuteOgrave iordfEacuteEacuteAEligSEacuteOgrave iEacuteordfEacuteEacutereguacuteOgrave +ordmEacuteiEacuteauml frac12thornEacute EcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacute currenEacuteAEligvEacuteEacuteEacuteEcircjEacuteiEacuteordmacuteEacuteEacutelEacuteCcedil AacuteEacute ordmEacuteAEligEograveplusmnEacutexEacuteaumlSordfEacuteEacute EacuteEacutevordfEacuteumlEacuteEacuteiEacuteUacutexEacute +brvbarordfEacuteEacuteordmEacuteiEacuteEacute ordfEacuteaumliEacuteEacuteauml (Rabin1993) (Thaler

and Tawes 1992 pp 19-20)(3) acuteEacuteMEacuteOcircETHORNograveiEacute EograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute EcircxEacuteordfEacuteumlEacute (Distributive Legal Rules)

EcircparaEacuteEigraveograveMEacuteEacuteauml ordmEUacuteograveplusmnEacuteSordfEacuteEacute ougraveIcircsup1]otildeEograveEacuteaumlxEacuteEacuteiEacuteOumlxEacute +EacutenugraveparaEacuteEacuteCcedilxEacuteOumlordmEacuteEacutereguacuteOgrave +EacuteIgravelEacuteEograve EcircacuteEacuteparaplusmnEacuteaumlsup1EacutehEacuteEacuteuugraveEacuteregaumluacute(Normativi Econmic analysis) ordmEacuteAEligEacutekEacuteOgraveSEacuteauml umlEacutefrac12thornkEacuteumlEacuteOgraveEogravereguacutehEacute (Wealth

maximization) frac12aumlthorn umlEacutefrac12thorniacuteEacuteEacuteSEacuteauml =Ecircqugravesup1]otilde +Eacutefrac12aumlthorn AacuteEacute plusmnEacuteEacuteaumlEograveEacuteAEligEogravebUacutedividexEacute acuteEacuteMEacuteOcircETHORNograveiEacute EograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacuteEcircxEacuteordfEacuteumlEacuteEacuteAEligxEacuteEacute +EacuteIEacuteaumlEacute PEacuteaumliEacuteplusmnEacuteauml VEacuteEacuteiEacuteEacuteiEacute iordfEacuteEacuteAEligSordfEacuteEacute umlEacuteiEacuteauml acuteEacuteMEacuteOcircETHORNograveiEacute EcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacute frac12egravethorn EogravereguacuteacuteordfEacuteacuteEacuteordmlEacuteaumlEogravebUacutedividexEacute +EcircvEacuteEograve SEacuteEacuteAEligMEacuteplusmnordfEacuteEacute |EacuteEograveEacuteregaumluacute frac12thornEacuteiEacuteEacutesup3yacuteplusmnEacuteauml VEacuteEacutegteth paraEacuteEograveiEacuteEacuteiEacute (Kaplow

and Shvell 1984) acuteEacuteMEacuteOcircETHORNograveiEacute EograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute EcircxEacuteordfEacuteumlEacute ougraveIcircsup1]otildeEograveEacuteaumlhEacuteEacuteiEacuteUacutexEacute EcirccurrenEacuteMEacutereguacute-ordmEacuteAEligEacutekEacuteOgraveumlEacutefrac12thornkEacuteumlEacuteOgraveEogravereguacutehEacuteEacuteordmEacuteEacuteòumlOgrave +paraEacuteEacute EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteAEligSEacuteOgrave EcircxEacuteacuteEacutebdivide EogravereguacuteiEacuteEacute ordfEacuteaumlgteth paraEacuteEograveiEacuteauml VEacuteauml acuteEacuteMEacuteOcircETHORNograveiEacuteEacuteEcircreguacutehEacuteEacuteumlEacuteEacuteAElig EacutevordfEacuteauml currenEacutenugraveplusmnEacute PEacutebdivideacuteEacuteUacutexEacute +EacutehEacuteOuml paraEacuteEograveiEacuteOgraveplusmnEacute =nugraveEacutefrac12thornreguacutehEacuteEacutelEacuteCcedil EograveEacuteumlEacuteEacuteSordfEacuteEacute |EacuteaumlreguacutehEacuteauml EacutereguacuteacuteEacuteMEacuteOcircETHORNograveiEacute +EacuteETHORNograveiordfEacute =kEacutereguacutenugraveEacuteEcircordfEacuteiacuteEacuteEacuteSEacuteEacute EograveumlEacuteOgrave |EacuteumlEacuteEacutehEacuteEacuteiEacute ntildehEacute EacuteEcircreguacutehEacuteEacuteumlEacute frac12thornEacuteaumliEacuteEacuteauml EograveEacutereguacutehEacutefrac12aumlthorn iEacuteiacuteEacute paraEacuteCordfEacuteiEacuteaumlSordfEacuteEacute (Probabilistically) +EacutevEacuteEacuteregaumluacute +EcircvEacuteEograve EograveEacuteumlEacute EogravereguacutehEacuteEacuteregaumluacute

+Eacutefrac12aumlthorn EcircxEacuteIcircparaSEacuteiEacuteiEacuteaumlSordfEacuteEacute (deterministically) +EacutevEacuteEacuteregaumluacute xEacuteEacutefrac12thornOgrave(4) acuteEacuteiEacuteCcedilxEacuteEacuteordmEacuteAEligcurrenEacuteAEligvEacuteOgraveSEacuteEacute EograveEacuteordfEacutenugraveEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute +lEacuteCcedilparaEacuteEacuteordmjEacute AacuteEacute EcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteEacuteiEacute JEacute]otildeplusmnordfEacuteEacuteiEacuteOgraveplusmnEacute

paraEacuteEacuteaumlvEacute EcircxEacuteordfEacuteumlEacute Discovery rules in litigation) EograveEacuteigraveEacuteEacuteaeligregaumluacute]otilde EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteiEacuteOgraveplusmnEacuteacuteordfEacuteEacuteacuteEacuteordmEacuteEacuteEcircordfEacuteEograve +AElignugraveEacuteVEacute (Business judgement rula in corporate law )EogravereguacuteEacutereguacuteEacuteSEacuteOgrave EacuteOumlxEacute=CcedilbrvbarEacuteEacutereguacutehEacuteOgrave EcircxEacuteIcircparaSEacuteiEacute EogravereguacutehEacuteEacuteregaumluacute EcircxEacuteordfEacuteumlEacute (Rules goerning con-

tract renegotiation) OEacuteEacutefrac12thornEograve ordmEacuteAEligreguacuteIEacutehEacute EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteSEacuteEacute +EacuteparaEacuteordfEacute (The con-

tent of consumer protection law) AacuteEacute ordmEacuteEacutereguacuteJEacuteauml +EacutehEacuteJEacuteOgrave +xEacuteaumlEograve EcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteordfEacuteaumliEacuteEacuteiEacute paraEacutecurrennugraveumlEacuteordfEacuteEacuteCcedilnaumlugraveumlEacuteOumlsup3aumlyacute EcircacuteEacuteordmiEacuteTHORNiEacute SEacuteSEacuteEacuteCcedil EogravereguacuteiEacuteEacute ordfEacuteaumlhEacuteauml +paraEacuteCordfEacute +Eacutefrac12aumlthornbrvbarEacuteEacuteMEacute SEacuteEacutereguacute - ]otildeOgraveEograveEacuteiumlEacuteEograve EcircacuteEacuteacuteEacuteaumlSEacutexEacute

(1) EacuteiEacuteCcedilxEacuteEacuteordmEacuteAEligcurrenEacuteAEligvEacuteOgraveSEacuteauml EcircacuteEacuteacuteEacuteaumlSEacutexEacute ordfEacuteCiEacuteOgrave +EacuteEcirchEacute =iEacuteEacutenugravexEacuteordmEacuteAEligordmlEacuteEacuteAEligSEacuteEacute EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteSordfEacuteEacuteEcircxEacuteordfEacuteumlEacuteEacuteAEligxEacuteEacute EcircnugraveplusmnEacuteEacute VEacuteEacutehEacuteEacutereguacuteEacute |EacuteEcirciEacuteordmEacuteEacutenugrave (iordfEacuteEacuteAEligSEacuteauml ordmacuteEacuteampSEacuteauml Ecircfrac12thorniEacute ordmEacuteEacuteAEligbrvbarEacuteEacutesup3yacuteiEacuteEacutexEacuteEacute) Eacutefrac12thornkEacuteEograveEacuteordmEacuteEacutereguacuteJEacuteEacute(maximiser) xEacuteordmEacuteiEacuteEacuteauml =nugraveEacutefrac12thornreguacutehEacuteEacutelEacuteCcedil MEacuteOumlxfrac12thornEacute EogravereguacutehordfEacuteEacuteEcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteOgraveSEacuteEacute EcircxEacutehEacuteCcedilordfEacute+lEacuteCcedilparaEacuteEacuteordmjEacuteYEacuteEacuteAEligSordfEacuteEacute xEacuteaumlfrac12thornumlEacuteOgraveSordfEacuteEacute MEacuteTHORNfrac12thorniEacuteEograveEacuteAEligEogravebUacutedividexEacute PEacuteaumliEacuteplusmnEacuteEacute VEacuteEacuteiEacute xEacuteEacutefrac12thornOgrave iordfEacuteEacuteSEacute|EacuteumlEacuteEacutehEacuteaumlEograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteSordfEacuteEacute SEacuteEacuteegraveEograve]otildeOgraveiEacuteUacutexEacute acuteordfEacuteIumlCiEacuteSEacuteOgrave EacuteordmEacuteAEligiEacuteOgrave currenEacutenugraveplusmnEacuteUacute paraEacuteEograveiEacute +ordmEacuteaumlplusmnEacute iEacutereguacute EacuteordmEacuteAEligiEacuteOgrave IcircordmlEacutereguacute+Eacutefrac12aumlthorn AacuteEacute ordfEacuteOumlIcircCiEacuteacuteEacuteEacutenugraveEacuteplusmnEacuteEacute +lEacuteCcedil =reguacuteiEacute xEacuteEacutefrac12thornOgrave iEacuteordmEacuteaumlSEacute acuteordfEacuteIumlCiEacuteSordfEacuteEacute ordmEacuteumlEacuteordmordfEacuteaumlEcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteOgraveSordfEacuteEacute+EacuteEograveplusmnEacutexEacuteEacuteacuteEacutereguacute EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteSEacuteEacute EacuteEcircreguacutehEacuteEacuteumlEacute frac12thornEacuteaumlgteth paraEacuteEograveiEacuteEacuteauml acuteEacute iordfEacuteEacuteiEacuteUacutexEacute xEacuteOumlEograveordmEacuteEacutexEacute brvbarEacutereguacuteEacuteEacuteltCcedilnaumlugravehordfEacuteEacuteEcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacuteOgraveSordfEacuteEacute iordfEacuteEacuteAEligSordfEacuteEacute paraEacuteCordfEacuteEacuteparaEacuteCordfEacuteiEacuteauml Eacutereguacute acuteEacuteaumlMEacutesup3yacuteEacute +brvbarordfEacuteEacuteordmEacute EogravereguacuteEacuteacuteEacuteEacute plusmnEacuteEacuteMEacuteiEacuteEacuteauml

(2) =iEacutezEacuteEacuteSEacuteOgrave EcircacuteEacutebrvbarEacuteEacuteMEacutehEacuteOgrave EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteSEacuteauml +EacuteIgravelEacuteEograve EcircacuteEacuteparaplusmnEacuteaumlsup1EacutehEacute SEacuteEacuteegraveEograve]otilde=iEacutezEacuteEacuteSordfEacuteEacute EcircacuteEacutebrvbarEacuteEacuteMEacutehEacuteOgraveSEacuteEacute EcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteordfEacute currenEacuteEacuteVEacuteUacuteplusmnEacuteEacute ordmEacuteEacutedeguumlxEacute EograveEacuteordfEacuteCcedilIEacuteumlEacuteiEacuteauml Eacutereguacute (efficiency)VEacutereguacuteEacute +EcircvEacuteEograveSEacute brvbarEacutereguacute naumlugraveiEacuteauml AacuteEacuteordmEacuteAElignugravebrvbarEacuteEacuteCcediliEacuteOgraveplusmnEacute +EacuteIEacuteaumlEacute +ordmEacuteEacute EograveOgrave EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteSEacuteauml EcircxEacuteordfEacuteumlEacuteEcircxEacuteacuteEacutebdivideiEacuteEacuteAEligxEacuteEacute +paraEacuteEacute |EacuteEograveEacuteregaumluacute EcircxEacuteacuteEacutebdivideEacuteacuteEacuteaumliEacute EograveOgrave iEacuteauml cedilEacuteOgraveumlEacuteAEligiEacute +EacuteEcirchEacute MEacutereguacuteOgravecurrenEacute plusmnEacuteEacuteaumlEograveEacuteAElig EacutereguacuteEograveparaEacuteEacute |EacuteEograveEacuteregaumluacute EacuteEcircreguacutehEacuteEacuteumlEacute PEacutebdivideacuteEacuteUacutexEacute +EacutehEacuteiEacuteEacuteiEacute frac12aumlthorn plusmnEacuteIEacuteEacuteiEacute PEacuteaumliEacuteOgraveplusmnEacute EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteSordfEacuteEacuteEcircxEacuteordfEacuteumlEacuteEacuteAEligEogravebUacutedividexEacute ordmEacuteAEligEacutekEacuteOgraveSordfEacuteEacute EacuteOumlxEacuteacuteEacuteEacuteCcedil]otildeEacuteEacuteSEacuteEacute |EacuteparaxEacute ordmEacuteEacuteaumlbdivideacuteEacuteEacuteordfEacuteSEacuteEacute +ordmEacuteaumlplusmnEacute iEacutereguacute |EacuteiordfEacuteaumlEograveacuteEacuteaumlsup3yacuteOgrave +EograveEacuteordfEacuteCcedilIEacuteumlEacute EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteSEacuteOgrave EcircxEacuteacuteEacutebdivide EogravedeguumlxEacute iordfEacuteEacuteordmEacuteAEligcurrenEacuteAEligvEacuteOgrave EograveEacuteordfEacute currenEacutenugraveplusmnEacute EogravereguacuteiEacuteEacuteordfEacuteaumliEacuteOgraveplusmnEacute frac12aumlthorn òumlreguacuteEcircacuteEacutehordfEacuteEacuteSordfEacuteEacute |EacuteEcircGograveordfEacuteaumlumlEacutevordfEacuteauml +EcircvEacuteEograveEacuteEcircvEacuteEograve JEacuteSEacuteCcedil ordfEacuteaumlltCcedilplusmnEacute (Shavell

1981Kaplow and shavess 1994b)(3) +xordfEacute ordmEacuteumlEacuteordmordfEacuteEacute =iEacutezEacuteEacuteSEacuteauml acuteordfEacuteacuteEacuteIcircordmlEacuteiEacute EcircacuteEacuteiEacutereguacutehEacute EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteSordfEacuteEacute

EcircxEacuteordfEacuteumlEacute EcircxEacuteacuteEacutebdivideOgraveiEacuteUacutexEacute EogravereguacuteiEacuteEacute ordfEacuteaumlhEacuteEacutereguacute xEacuteEacutefrac12thornOgrave currenEacuteshyordfEacuteEacuteSEacuteparaordfEacuteEacute EcircxEacuteordfEacuteumlEacute EcircxEacuteacuteEacutebdivideOgraveiEacuteUacutexEacute EogravereguacuteiEacuteEacuteordfEacuteaumlhEacuteEacutereguacute xEacuteEacutefrac12thornOgrave currenEacuteshyordfEacuteEacuteSEacuteparaordfEacuteEacute acuteordfEacuteCiEacuteOgrave nugraveEacuteacuteEacuteEacute nugraveEacuteJEacuteplusmnEacute EogravereguacutehordfEacuteEacuteordmEacuteEacuteòumlOgrave reguacuteEacuteVEacuteOgrave +ordmEacuteiEacuteEacuteiEacuteSEacute+ordmEacuteauml xEacuteEacutefrac12thornOgrave +EacuteEcirchEacute VordfEacuteEacute acuteordfEacuteIcircCiEacute reguacuteEacuteVEacuteOgrave +ordmEacuteiEacuteEacuteiEacute +EacuteparaEacuteEacuteacuteEacuteEacutenugraveOgrave +EacuteEcirchEacute |EacuteEcirciEacuteacuteEacuteEacutenugraveOgraveAacuteEacuteAEligSordfEacuteEacuteumlEacutevordfEacuteauml umlEacuteOumlsup3yacuteEacuteEacuteEacuteordmEacuteUacutexEacuteSEacute =iEacutezEacuteEacuteSEacuteOgrave EcircacuteEacutesup1EacuteumlEacuteiEacuteEacute +ordmEacuteOuml paraEacuteEograveiEacuteauml

(4) reguacuteEacuteordmiEacuteaumlSEacuteEacute (finness) |EacuteparaxEacute EacuteEacuteregAEliguacuteEacuteEacuteEcircreguacuteEograve +EacuteIgravelEacuteEograve EcircacuteEacuteparaplusmnEacuteaumlsup1EacutehEacute EacuterugraveiEacuteOgraveiEacuteUacutexEacutecurrenEacuteshyordfEacuteEacuteSEacute acuteEacuteaumlsup3yacuteEacute reguacuteEacuteordmiEacute xordfEacuteEacuteordfordfEacute +EcircvEacuteEograveEacutereguacute AacuteEacute ordmEacuteAEligYEacuteEacuteAEligSEacuteEacute =EacuteordfEacuteEacuteaumlMEacute EaumlograveplusmnEacuteEacute VEacuteEacuteiEacuteEacuteauml umlEacuteEacutejEacute AacuteEacuteordmEacuteAEligYEacuteEacuteAEligSEacuteEacute MEacuteIgravebrvbarEacuteiEacute (implicit) ordmEacuteAEligcurrenEacuteAEligvEacute =iEacutezEacuteEacuteSEacuteauml (ordmEacuteAEligEacutekEacuteOgraveSEacuteauml) acuteEacuteEacute]otildeEacute EcircEograveiEacuteOgrave xordfEacuteEacuteordfordfEacuteEacuterugraveiEacuteOgravexEacuteauml(EumlEograveacuteEacuteEacute ordfEacuteEacuteaumlMordfEacutereguacuteOgraveiEacuteOgravexEacuteauml) ZEacuteEacuteplusmnEacuteauml +Eacutefrac12aumlthorn AacuteEacuteSordfEacuteEacuteparaEacuteOgrave +Eacutefrac12aumlthorn nOumlugraveordmEacuteregaumluacute +ordmEacuteauml EcircEograve AacuteEacute ordmEacuteAEligYEacuteEacuteiEacuteUacutexEacuteacuteordfEacuteCiEacute frac12thornEacuteaumlhEacuteEacutereguacuteEacute +EacuteparaEacuteordfEacute acuteordfEacuteacuteEacutefrac12thornEacutereguacuteEacuteiEacute macrucircEacuteEacuteAEligiEacutereguacuteOgraveiEacute EogravereguacuteEacuteacuteEacuteordfEacuteEacuteSEacuteEacute +ordmEacuteaumlplusmnEacute iEacutereguacute iEacuteEacuteauml ordmEacuteEacutevEacutexEacutebrvbarEacuteUacuteiEacuteougraveIcircsup1]otildeEograveEacuteaumlhEacuteEacuteiEacuteUacutexEacute (instrumental approach) +brvbarordfEacuteEacuteordmEacuteEacuteacuteEacuteEacute plusmnEacuteEacuteMEacuteaumlplusmnEacute EograveEacuteordfEacutetEacuteSordfEacuteEacute+EacuteIgravelEacuteEograve EcircacuteEacuteparaplusmnEacuteaumlsup1EacutehEacuteEacuteSEacuteOgrave SEacuteEacuteegraveEograve]otilde +EacutenugraveparaEacuteEacuteCcedilxEacuteOumlordmEacuteEacutereguacuteOgrave ougraveIcircsup1]otildeEograveEacuteaumlxEacuteEacuteSEacuteEacute (Normative

approach) +EacutevEacuteEacuteregaumluacute PEacuteaumliEacuteauml frac12aumlthorn +EacuteEacutehEacuteEacuteAEligordmEacute umlEacuteEacuteEcircfrac12thorniEacute +Eacutefrac12aumlthornSEacute

ordmEacuteAElignbrvbarEacuteCcedil (1) Beccaria and Bellamy ([1764]1995) On crimes and Pun-

ish ments and other writing (2) Beker GS1968 crime andpunishemnt an economic approach journal of polititcal economy76 169-217 (3) Calabresi g 1970 the costs of accidents A legaland economic analysis New haven Yale university press(4) Demsetz h1967 Toward a taheory of property rights americaneconomic reviewpapers and proceeding 57 347-359 (5) Dia-mond PA1974 single activity accidents joural of legal studies3107-164


izLrkouk Hkkjr ds lHkh fkkk kkL=h g Lohdkj djrs gSa] fd Hkkjr

dh orZeku fkkk izkkyh vaxzstksa kjk vkjksfir d fonskh fkkkizkkyh gS] ftlesa vuqkklu dk vHkko] pkfjf=d n`lt+rk dh dehrFkk xq fk lEcUkks ds chp [kkbZ gSA orZeku kSfkd ikB~OslasheHkkjr dh vkoDrkvksa ds vuqdwy ugha gSA slh fLFkfr esa LokehfoosdkuUn ds fopkjksa dk vu vRUr vkod gks tkrk gS]ftlls euq fuekZk dk y iwjk gks ldsA Lokehth us Hkkjr dsijEijkxr thou ewYksa vkSj vknkksZa dks vkRelkr fdk Fkk] mudklksp Fkk Hkkoh Hkkjr dk fuekZk Hkkjr dh vkRek rFkk Hkkjr ds kjhjls gksA Lokehth dh fkkk dk mIgraves muds vkkkjHkwr thou nkZu]lkekftd ifjosk vkSj mldh vkoDrkvksa ds vuqi gSA Lokehthds vuqlkj fkkk OfDr ds thou oa lkekftd thou dh izfOslashkgSA OfDr lekt dk ewy vkkkj gS] OfDr ds lokZaxhk mRFkku lslekt dk lokZaxhk mRFkku gksrk gS vkSj blh izdkj OfDr ds iruls lekt dk iru gksrk gSAfkkk dk vFkZ

osnkUr nkZu ds vuqlkj izRsd ckyd esa vlhe Kku oafodkl fNik jgrk gSA ijUrq mls viuh kfDrksa dk irk ughagksrkA fkkk ds eke ls mls bu kfDrksa dk Kku djkdj mldsmRrjksRrj fodkl esa lgkrk feyrh gSA

frac141frac12 Lokehth us dgk Fkk fkkk kjk euq dk fuekZkfdk tkrk gSA leLr vuksa dk y euq dk fodkl djuk



gSA ftl vu ds kjk ladYikfDr dk izokg vkSj fodkllaxfBr gksrk gS vkSj og Qynkd gksrk gS] mlh dk uke fkkkgSA

frac142frac12 os tUe ls gh euq dks iwkZ ekurs FksA mUgh ds kCnksaesa êuq dh vUrZfufgr iwkZrk dks vfHkODr djuk gh fkkk gSAKku euq esa LoHkko fln gS] ckgj ls dksbZ Kku ugha vkrk] lcdqN Hkhrj gh gSA euq tks dqN lh[krk gS] og okLro esavkfodkj djuk gh gSA vkfodkj dk vFkZ gS] viuh Kku LoivkRek ds Aringij ls vkojk dks gVk nsukA^^

frac143frac12 Lokehth dk vfHker Fkk fd fkkk dk eryc g ugha gSfd gekjs fnekx esa cgqr lkjh ckrsa Bwiexcll nh tka] tks vkil esa yM+usyxsa] vkSj gekjk fnekx thouHkj mls gte u dj ldsA kuh ogfcuk ipk lkjh ft+Unxh lM+rh jgsA ^ftl fkkk ls ge viuk thoufuekZk dj ldsa] euq cu ldsa] pfj=oku cu ldsa] vkSj fopkjksa dklkeatL dj ldsa ogh okLro esa fkkk dgykus ksX gSA^^

mudk dguk Fkk fd fn rqe ikiexclp ij[ks gq fopkj vkRelkrdj rn~uqlkj thou vkSj pfj= xfBr dj ysrs gks rks rqEgkjh fkkkml OfDr dh viskk vfkd kfDrkkyh gS] ftlus fd d iwjsxzUFkky dks dBLFk dj fyk gksA

frac144frac12 fkkk dk eryc lkkkjk OfDr dks thou laxzke lsleFkZ cukuk] pfj=cy] ijfgr Hkkouk oa flag ds leku lkglhcukuk gSA tks fkkk thou esa vius iSjksa ij [kM+k gksuk fl[kk] oghfkkk gSA

Jeleampceeve meboYeamp ceW mJeeceer efJeJeskeacircevevo kesacirc efMeee mebyebOeer efJeUcirceej Skeacirc DeOUgraveeUgraveeve

szligeerceleer ueervee ueKeeveer

MeemekeacircerUgravee keacircvUgraveee mveelekeacircesograveej ceneefJeAringeeueUgravee Gppewve (ceOUgraveeOslasheosMe)

Oslashemlegle MeesOehe$e ceW Jeleampceeve meboYeamp ceW mJeeceer efJeJeskeacircevevo kesacirc efMeee mebyebOeer efJeUcirceejeW keacirce DeOUgraveeUgraveeve efkeacircUgraveeeieUgraveee nw~ Jeleampceeve meboYeamp ceW Deepe peye nce mJeeceerpeer kesacirc DeeoMeeX keacirces Gvekesacirc efMeee kesacirc GoumlsMUgraveeeW keacirces osKeles nQ leesnce heeles nQ efkeacirc osMe efJekeacirceme keacircer Deesj Delaquoemej lees ngDee nw Ucirceens Jees nefjle eacircebefle nes metUcircevee OslasheewAringeesefiekeacircer nes hejGvekesacirc DeeoMeamp OslashelUgraveeskeacirc es$e ceW Deheveer DenefceUgraveele veneR yevee heeS Deepe Yeer nceejs osMe ceW efMeee yeeyetDeeW keacirces nerhewoe keacircj jner nw yesjespeieejer yeIgraveleer pee jner nw~ Deepe nce Debleefje ceW GIgrave[eve Yejves Jeeueer ceefnueeDeeW keacirces osKeles nQmetUcircevee OslasheewAringeesefiekeacircer ceW eacircebefle ueeves Jeeueer Oslasheeshesacircmej [ekeaumlj jedeg^heefle Je OslasheOeeveceb$eer Deeefo GUcircUcirce heoeW hej Deemeervenesles osKekeacircj DeUcircUacutee ueielee nw lees yejyeme ueielee nw efkeacirc mJeeceerpeer keacirce mehevee meekeacircej nes jne nw hej pees veweflekeacircSJeb Ucirceeefjef$ekeacirc heleve osMe ceW nes jne nw Gmes osKekeacircj mJeeceerpeer keacirce mehevee DeYeer Yeer keacircesmeeW otj neslee ve]pej Dee jnenw~ Deepe nce Skeacircpeg neskeacircj Oslasheefleee keacircjW efkeacirc mJeeceerpeer kesacirc efMeee kesacirc Devegreghe efMeee keacirce ebUcircee lewUgraveeej keacircj GvekesacircDevegmeej Ucirceueves keacircer keacircesefMeMe keacircjW Ugraveener mJeeceerpeer kesacirc efueS nceejer meUcircUcirceer szligeaeligebpeefue nesieer~


frac145frac12 fkkk dk vFkZ ml iwkZrk ls gS] tks gj euq esa ifgysgh fo|eku gSA euq oa vcksk fkkq esa Kku dk leLr HkMkjfufgr gS] dsoy mldks tkx`r djus dh vkoDrk gS] vkSj ghvkpkZ dk dke gSA

frac146frac12 eu dh dkxzrk gh lEiwkZ fkkk dk Lkkj gSA dkxzrkdh kfDr ftruh vfkd gksxh] Kku dh izkfIr Hkh mruh gh vfkdgksxhALokeh foosdkuUn ds vuqlkj fkkk ds y

Ekkuo fuekZk] kkjhfjd fodkl] ckSfnd fodkl] fpUru dksizksRlkgu] dkxzrk dh kfDr dk fodkl] vkkfRed fodkl]euq dk kkfeZd cuuk] Jnk Hkkouk dk fodkl] pfj= fuekZk]Lora= OfDrRo dk fodkl] vkRe fookl dk fodkl vkfn fkkkds y FksAKku ikus ds lkku o L=ksr

mifuknksa esa Kku ikus ds rhu lkku crk gSaA budks Jok]euu o fufn~klu dgrs gSaA

frac141frac12 Jok xq ds eq[k ls lqudj Kku dk lap djuko iqLrdksa ls lafpr Kku dks ilt+dj o legtdj Kku izkIr djuk]Jok dgykrk gSA

frac142frac12 Ekuu xq ds eq[k ls lqudj k ilt+us ls rF rksbdIacutes gksrs gSa] ij mudks legtuk Hkh vkod gSA Kku dks legtusds fys mfpr jhfr ls Nkuchu djuk vkod gSA bl lkku dkseuu dgk tkrk gSA

frac143frac12 fufnklu tks izRk fufeZr gq gSa] rFkk tksvocksk cu x gSa] muij iqu fopkj djuk vkod gSA blesaizkIr Kku dks thou esa miksx djuk fufgr gSA

Kku ikus ds bu rhuksa lkkuksa ds lEcUk esa Lokeh foosdkuUndgrs gSa ifgys Jok djks fQj euu djks fQj vHkl djksAfoosdkuUn kjk izqDr fkkk fofkksa dk Loi

Lokeh foosdkuUn ds lkfgR esa fkkk fofkkiexcl fc[kjh iM+hgSaA mUgksus nsk dky o ik= ds vuqlkj fofHkUu fkkk fofkksa dkizksx fdk gSA muds kjk izqDr eq[ fkkk fofkkiexcl fuEu gSa

frac141frac12 Ok[ku fofk Lokehth dh Ok[ku nsus dh kSyhvn~Hkqr FkhA os vius Ok[ku dks n`VkUrks] izklafxd dgkfuksa ofdonfUrksa ls jkspd cukk djrs FksA mUgksus csywj eB esa viusfkksa dks Ok[ku fofk ls gh izfkfkr fdkA

frac142frac12 minsk fofk bl fofk ds kjk Lokehth OfDrksadks fofHkUu rFksa dk Kku djkus ij cy nsrs FksA bl n`fV lsminsk dk vFkZ vkid dh ml fdzk ls gS ftlds kjk og cPpksadks crkrk gS fd slk djks vkSj slk er djksA slk djuk mfprgS] slk djuk vuqfpr gSA g lR gS] g vlR gSA blfofk ds kjk cPpksa ds gn vkSj efLrd esa Kku dks mHkkjuk rFkkkadkvksa dk lekkku djds mfpr ekxZ ij vxzlj djuk gksrk gSAokLro esa dHkh fdlh OfDr us fdlh nwljs dks ugha fl[kkkAizRsd dks vius vkidks fl[kkuk gksrk gSA ckgj ds xq rks dsoylqgtko izsjkk nsus okys dkjk ek= gSa] tks gekjs vUrLFk xq dkslc fokksa dk eeZ legtus ds fys rSkj dj nsrs gSaA

frac143frac12 vardjkh izdkk fofk Kku ikus ds izkFkfed

midjk bfUnzkiexcl gSaA ftudks ckg~ dkjk dgk tkrk gSA vUrdjkbfUnz ugha gSA vUrdjk dks izdkk nsus okyh vkRek gS] blhizdkk ds dkjk vUrdjk dk ikUrjk gksrk gSa

frac144frac12 izksxkRed fofk Lokehth [ksy dwn] Okke]x`gdkZ] laxhr] foKku] o fofHkUu fkYiksa dh fkkk izksxkRedfofk ls nsus ds leFkZd FksA

frac145frac12 i=kpkj fofk fkkk dh g fofk ml le ls gS]tc ok ds iRrks ij fy[kk tkrk FkkA ckn esa dkxt+ dk vkfodkjgqvkA foosdkuUn us bl fofk dks nwj njkt esa jgus okys fe=ksalgksfxksa o fkksa ds fys izksx fdk FkkA

frac146frac12 vkkfRed fofk izkphu fkkk fofkksa esa xqijEijkxr kfDr dk foksk egRo gSA tc xq vius fk dhksXrk ls izlUu gks tkrs gSa] rc og viuh kfDr dk LFkkukUrjkvius fk esa dj nsrs gSaA Lokehth us d ckj Jh jked`k dsdFku dks mn`r fdk] fd bZoj gS ikjlefk] mlds LikZ ek=ls euq d kk esa lksuk cu tkrk gSA

frac147frac12 ea= fofk Lokehth dk fookl Fkk fd dqN kCn slsgSa] tks xq vkSj fk ijEijk ls pys vk jgs gSaA mudk ti djusls ijekRek dh izkfIr gks ldrh gSA

frac148frac12 ekSu fofk izkphu dky esa _fk eqfu oa fkkd ekSujgdj viuh fopkj kfDr dks dkxz djrs Fks] vkSj izHkko MkyrsFksA

frac149frac12 lkkkRdkj o izuksRrj bl fofk esa d ftKklqgksrk gS] nwljk oDrkA izuksRrj kjk ftKklw ds izuksa dklekkku fdk tkrk gSA fkkk dh izuksRrj infr foosdkuUnlkfgR esa Hkjh iM+h gSA

frac1410frac12 rdZ] fopkj foekZ vkSj foyskk fofk lRdk mn~kkVu djus ds fys ijLij rdZ fordZ vkSj fopkj foekZdk flnkUr Lohdkj djuk gh iM+rk gSA Kku rHkh [kjk xzkg~ gksrkgS] tc rdZ dh dlkSVh ij [kjk mrjrk gSA

frac1411frac12 n`Vkiexclr blds kjk fp=ksa] midjkksa] a=ksa dk izksxlfEefyr gSA tks fo|kfFkZksa dh Hkkouk rFkk dYiuk dks izHkkfordjrh gSA blesa kVuka o dgkfuka Hkh kkfey djrs gSaaA

frac1412frac12 dFkk okrkZ dFkkiexcl uhfr dh fkkk nsus esa lgkdjgh gSaA foosdkuUn th osn] mifukn] jkekk] egkHkkjr] tkrd]o yksddFkkvksa ls dFkka ysdj fkkk ds lkku ds i esa izqDrdjrs FksA

frac1413frac12 izRk Kku FkkFkZ Kku ikus ds fys izRk vuqHkovkod gSA lkjk thou rdZ fordZ djrs jgks] ij Loa vuqHkofds fcuk lR dks legtuk laHko ughaaA

frac1414frac12 vHkl fofk vHkh gekjk tks LoHkko gS] gekjsvHkl dk Qy gSaA vPNh vknrksa ds vHkl kjk eu dh cqjhvknrksa dks ok esa fdk tk ldrk gSA

Lokehth us fkkk izfdzk esa nks ckrsa crkbZ gSaA eu dk laevkSj rF laxzgA eu lae ls dkxzrk vkrh gSA ilt+kus esa JOfkkk dk izksx djuk pkfgsALokeh foosdkuUn dh fkkk ds flnkUr

frac141frac12 fkkk vfuokZ rFkk fukqYd gksA


frac142frac12 fkkk dk eke ekrHkkkk rFkk jkVordfHkkkk dh vfuokZrkds lkFk gksA

frac143frac12 fkkk pfj= fuekZkdkjh] euq fuekZkdkjh oa thoufuekZkdkjh gksA

frac144frac12 fkkk kkfeZd fkkk] loZkeZ leUo oknh gksAfrac145frac12 vkRe fujHkZrk nsus okyh fkkkAfrac146frac12 lEiwkZ OfDrRo fodkl okyh fkkk gksAfrac147frac12 fkkk jkT ljdkj ds fua=k foghu gksAfrac148frac12 OfDr o lekt fgr esa leUodkjh fkkkAfrac149frac12 lHkh ds fys fkkk esa leku voljAfrac1410frac12 fp oa ckSfnd fHkUurk ds vkkkj ij fkkkAfrac1411frac12 fkkk esa ldkjkRed fopkjAfrac1412frac12 eksk dh izkfIr ds fys izsjd fkkkAfrac1413frac12 fonskh vfkdkj ls Lora= jgdj vius futh Kku

HkMkj dh fofHkUu kk[kkvksa rFkk ikpkR foKku oa rduhdhfkkk dk vu djukA

frac1414frac12 slh kaf=d oa vkS|ksfxd fkkk dk izcUk oa fodklrFkk m|ksx kakksa dh ofn ftuls OfDr ukSdjh ds fys ekjk ekjku fQjs] vkoDrk dh iwfrZ ds fys IkkZIr dekbZ dj lds rFkkHkfo ds dqN vFkZ lap dj ldsA

frac1415frac12 mijksDr y ds izkfIr ds fys ksX czg~epkjhvkpkksZa] riLoh o Rkxh iqkksa o efgykvksa dks rSkj djukAxq fk lEcUk

Lokehth ds vuqlkj lPpk xq ogh gS] tks viuh vkRek lsnwljksa dh vkRekvksa esa kfDr dk lapkj djsA foku] lRoknh]ifo=] fuLokFkZ ] lgkuqHkwfriwkZ Oogkj] loksZPprk vkfn xqkksa lslEiUu OfDr gh xqin dk vfkdkjh gks ldrk gSA

fk tks ftrsUnzh] lnkpkjh] fookl djus okyk] foosdkhy]lgukhy o kSZoku] laeh] Kku fiiklw] ifo= o eqfDr dkvkdkiexclkh] czEg~pZ o`r dk ikyu djrk gksA

xq fkksa dks viuk kkfeZd oakt legts] vkSj fk viusxq dks kkfeZd iwoZt legtsAL=h fkkk

Lokeh foosdkuUn ukfjksa dh orZeku fkkk ls vlUrqV Fks]mUgksaus ukjh fkkk ij cgqr tksj fnk FkkA ukjh fkkk ds fyslaxfBr izkl dh dYiuk djrs gq mUgksus dgk Fkk fd esjk igykizkl fL=ksa ds eB LFkkfir djus dk gS] ftlesa xkxhZ o eS=shls vfkd ksXrk okyh fL=kiexcl rSkj gks ldsaaA

Lokehth ds kCnksa esa tks nsk k jkVordf fL=ksa dk vknj ughadjrs os dHkh fodflr ugha gks ldrsA muds vuqlkj vesfjdu iqkviuh efgykvksa dk lEeku djrs gSa] lekurk dk ntkZ nsrs gSa]blfys vesfjdk lEiUu] foku] Lora= vkSj kfDrkkyh gSA euq dsvuqlkj tgkiexcl fL=ksa dk vknj ugha gksrk] tgkiexcl fL=kiexcl mnklhu oanq[kh thou fcrkrh gSa] ogkiexcl u rks nsork izlUu gksrs gSa] u gh dqVqEcoa nsk dh mUufr gksrh gSA Lokehth ds vuqlkj fL=ksa dks keZijkk oa uhfr ijkk cukuk pkfgsA Dksafd Hkkjrh fL=ksa esapfj=] lsok Hkko] Lusg nk] HkfDr ikh tkrh gS] fn bUgs mfprfkkk feys rks s vknkZ fL=kiexcl cu tkiexclxhA muds vuqlkj lrhRo

gh mudh iwkZ Lokkhurk oa xarO gS] mudh fLFkjrk vkSj nlt+rk]muds lrhRo ij fuHkZj djrh gSA fn ge Hkkjrh fL=ksa dsikjaEifjd xqk lqjfkr j[krs gq mudk ekufld Lrj Aringiexclpk mBklds rks Hkfo dh fgUnw ukjh lalkj dh vknkZ ukjh gksxhA

Lokehth us eB esa d fo|ky dh dYiuk dh Fkh] ftlesayM+fdksa o fL=ksa dks keZkkL=] lkfgR] laLdr] Okdjk] vaxzsthoa foKku dh fkkk nsuk] blds vykok flykbZ dkZ] jlksbZ cukuk]kj xgLFkh ds fue] fkkq ikyu vkfn fl[kkk tkuk FkkA pfj=oa uSfrdrk dh fkkk] lhrk tSlh egkunsoh dk vknkZ j[kdjfkkk nsuk izLrkfor FkkAmilagkj

orZeku lanHkZ esa vkt tc ge Lokehth ds vknkksZa dks]muds fkkk ds mIgravesksa dks ns[krs gSa rks ge ikrs gSa fd nsk fodkldh vksj vxzlj rks gqvk gS] pkgs oks gfjr OslashkfUr gks] lwpukizkS|ksfxdh gks] ij muds vknkZ izRsd ks= esa viuh vgfer ughacuk ik] vkt Hkh gekjs nsk esa fkkk ckcwvksa dks gh iSnk dj jghgS] csjkst+xkjh clt+rh tk jgh gSA nsk dh mUufr ds vkxs jktuhfrdiru lcls cM+h ckkk gSA nsk ds qok Nk= oa Nk=kvksa esa ikpkRlaLdfr dk izknqHkZko gksus ls mudk uSfrd oa pkfjf=d iru gqvkgS] tks gekjs nsk ds fodkl esa lcls cM+k jksM+k gSA Hkys gh vktge varfjk esa mM+ku Hkjus okyh efgykvksa dks ns[krs gSa] lwpukizkS|ksfxdh esa dzkfUr ykus okyh] izksQslj] MkWDVj] bathfuj] ysf[kdk]jkVordfifr o izkkuea=h vkfn vU mPp inksa ij vklhu gksrs ns[kdjvPNk yxrk gS] rks cjcl yxrk gS fd Lokehth dk liuk lkdkjgks jgk gS] ij tks uSfrd oa pkfjf=d iru nsk esa gks jgk gS] mlsns[kdj Lokehth dk liuk vHkh Hkh dkslksa nwj gksrk ut+j vk jgkgSA Dksa u ge lHkh dtqV gksdj izfrKk djsa Lokehth ds fkkkds vuqi fkkk dk ltkiexclpk rSkj dj muds vuqlkj pyus dhdkskk djsa] gh Lokehth ds fys gekjh lPph Jnktafy gksxhA

lanHkZ frac141frac12 jktsUnz izdkk xqIr frac141997frac12 Lokeh foosdkuUn amp OfDr

vkSj fopkjAfrac142frac12 galjkt jgcj frac142008frac12 ksnk lUklh foosdkuUnAfrac143frac12 lRsUnzukFk etwenkj frac141977frac12 foosdkuUn pfj=Afrac144frac12 vfuy jktdqekj frac141975frac12 Lokeh foosdkuUnAfrac145frac12 vkfcn fjt+oh egku qxiqk Lokeh foosdkuUn ds

LofkZe fopkjAfrac146frac12 ujsUnz dksgyh frac142011frac12 rksM+ks dkjk rksM+ksAfrac147frac12 ujsUnz dksgyh frac142011frac12 u Hkwrks u HkfofrA


macrOumlIumlAtildeOumlOumlfrac34OumlshyOumlOuml acuteOumlAEliguumlOumlcediluumlOumlAcircOgraveuumlOumlmicroOumlOuml OumlIumlOumlacuteOumlszligOuml timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOuml AtildeOumlOumlnotmicroOuml uacutecediluumlmicroOumlOumlmicroOumlOuml 1994 OumlOumlAtildeOumlaeligshyOuml 50

uumlecircuacute raquoOumlOumlecircuacuteAtildeOumlOacutemicroOumlOuml AtildeOumlOumlOumlmiddotmicroOumlOuml OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacuteOumlOuml AtildeOumlAEliguumlsup3OumlOumlOuml frac34OumlOumluumltimesfrac34OumlmicroOumlOumluacutetimescediluumlOumlOuml AtildeOumlfrac34OumlOcircuacuteOumlacuteOumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOuml notOumlOumlecirc uumlOuml OumlOumlAEliguumlszlig uuml uacutesup1yacuteshyOuml OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacuteOumlOuml timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOuml AtildeOumlOumlnotOumlmicroOumlOumlOumlecirc notOumlOumlecirc uumlOuml iquestOumlOumlAtildeOumlshyOumlOumlshyOumlecirctimesshyOumlnotOumlOumlOcirctimes uumlOuml ecircuacuteraquoOumlecirc microOumlOumlOumlOumlOuml sup3OumlOumlOuml AEliguumlOumlaeligshyOuml OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOuml sup2OumlOumlOuml OumluumlOumlOumlszlig AtildeOumlOacuteuacuteraquomacrOumlshyOumlOuml timesfrac34OumluacutetimesAtildeOumlOumluacutecediluumlmicroOumlOumlOuml OumlraquoOumlszlig OumltimesOuml acuteOumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOuml AtildeOumlOumlacuteOumlszliguacutecediluumlOumlOumlraquoOumlOuml macrOumlIumlOumlecircAtildeOumlOumlAEliguumlshyOuml currenecircuumlmicroOumlOumlOuml OumlraquoOumlecircacuteOumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOuml sup2OumlOumlOuml Oumluuml AEliguumlszlig ecircuacutefrac34Oumlocircucirc OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacuteOumlszlig OumlUgravepoundOumluacute UcircAtildepoundOumlOumlszlig AtildeOumlatildenotOumlOumlcediluumlOumlOumlcediluumlszlig OumlIumlIcircuacuteszligmicroOumlOumlshyOumlAtildeOumlaeligshyOuml microOumlOumlOumlaeligshyOuml acuteOumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacutemicroOumlOuml AtildeOumlfrac34OumlOumlOcirctimesOumlOuml timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOumlAtildeOuml AtildeOumlOumlnotmicroOuml uacutecediluumlmicroOumlOumlOumlOuml macrOumlIumlmicroOumlshyOumluacutecediluumlmicroOumlOumlOuml OumlraquoOumlecircraquoOumlOuml OumlAEligecircuuml AtildeOumlfrac34OumlOcircAtildeOumlOumlcediluumlOumlOumlszligraquoOuml acuteOumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacuteshyOumlOuml timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOumlOumlmicroOumlOuml macrOumlIumltimesIcircuacutemicroOumlecircOumlAtildeOumlAEliguumlsup3OumlOumlOumlszlig uacutesup1yacuteshyOuml OumlecircmicroOumlOumlOumlOuml macrOumlIumlmicroOumlshyOuml uacutecediluumlmicroOumlOumlOuml OumlraquoOumlOuml OumlAEligecircuuml acuteOumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOuml sup2OumlOumlOumlOumluumlOumlmicroOumlOuml OumlOumlnotmicroOumlacuteOumlOumlOumlaeligshyOuml OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacuteshyOumlOuml OumlUgravepoundOumluacute Atildefrac34OumlmicroOumlOacute OumlaeligOumlOcircOumlecircuacuteecircuuml shyOumlecircmicroOumlOumlOumlOuml OumlIumlmicroOumlshyOuml uacute uumlmicroOumlOumlOumlOumlraquoOumlOuml OumltimesOuml microOumlOumlOuml shyOumlatildeiquestOumlOacuteOumlOumlshyOumlecirc Atildefrac34OumlmicroOumlOacuteAtildeOumlOumlAEliguumlOumlmicromicroOumlOumlOuml AtildeOumlacuteOumlaeligAEliguuml sup2OumlOumlOuml Oumluuml iquestOumlecircOumlOumlcediluumlOumluuml AtildeOumlecircraquomacrOuml AEligecircuumlraquomacrOuml Oumleacute Ouml microOumlOuml AtildeOumlOumlcediluumlmicroOumlOuml OumluumlOumlOacuteshyOumlOuml raquoOumlOumlecircuacutetimesmacrOumlIumlmicroOumlOumlOuml OumlIumlOumlmacrOuml OumlOumlraquoOumlszlig OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlsup2OumlOumlOuml OumluumlOumlmicroOumlOuml acuteOumlOumlnotmicroOumlacuteOumlOumlOumlaeligshyOuml acuteOumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacutemicroOumlOuml AtildeOumlfrac34OumlOumlOcirctimesOumluacute timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOumlOumlraquoOumlOuml shyOumlfrac34OumlOuml OumlmicroOumlOumlacuteOumlmacrOumlIumlOumlmacrOuml OumlOumlraquoOumlecircraquoOumlOuml timescurrenuumlAtildeOumlaeligshyOuml microOumlecircOumlOumlecirc OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOuml sup2OumlOumlOuml OumluumlOumlmicroOumlOuml OumlOumlnotmicroOumlacuteOumlOumlOumlaeligshyOuml OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacute OumlnotOumlszligraquoOumlmacrOumlIcircuacuteacuteOumltimesiquestOumlraquoOumlOumlOuml timesfrac34OumluacutetimesAtildeOumlOuml uacute uumlmicroOumlOumlOuml OumltimesOuml AtildeOumlOumlacuteOumlOumltimesOumluacute OumlecirciexclOumlOumlOuml microOumlOumlOacuteOumlOuml AtildeOumlAEliguumlsup3OumlOumlOumlfrac34OumlOumluumltimesfrac34OumlmicroOumlOumlAtildeOumlOumluumlszlig AtildeOumlatilde Ouml OumlIumlmicroOumlshyOuml uacutecediluumlmicroOumlOumlOuml OumlraquoOumlecirc OumlAEligecircuumlOuml

acuteOumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOuml sup2OumlOumlOuml OumluumlOumlOumlmicroOumlOuml AtildeOumlOacuteuacuteraquomacrOumlshyOumlecircraquoOumlOuml timesfrac34OumluacuteAtildeOumlszligOuml uacutecediluumlmicroOumlOumlOumlecirc AacuteOumlecircmicroOumlsup2OumlOumlOacuteOumlraquoOumlOumlcurrenecircuumliquestOumlOumlOumlszligraquoOuml iquestOumlOumlOacuteOumlOumlOuml shyOumlOumlecircsup2OumlecircraquoOuml Oumlatilde uumlAtildeuacuteOumlcediluuml timesfrac34OumlOumlecircOumlOuml uumlOumlograve OumlAEligOacuteuumlacuteOumlcurrenuuml microOumlatildeshyOumlaeligAtildeOuml microOumlOumlOacuteshyOumlOumlOumlAEligecircuuml microOumlOumlOacuteshyOumlszlig acuteOumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOuml sup2OumlOumlOuml OumluumlOumlmicroOumlOuml AtildeOumlOacuteuacuteraquomacrOumlshyOumlecircOumlOuml timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOuml uacutesup1yacuteshyOuml OumlIumlOumlacuteOumlszligOumlsup2OumlNtildeecircuacuteraquoOumlOuml timesfrac34OumluacuteAtildeOumlszligOuml ecircuacuteraquoOumlecirc uumlOumlograve OumlAEliguumlOacute Oumlcurrenuuml microOumlatildeshyOumlaeligAtildeOuml microOumlOumlOacutemicroOumlOuml uacuteOumlmicroOumlOumlOcircraquoOumlOuml timesAEliguumlraquoOumlcediluumlszlig UcircraquoOumlOacuteuumlshyOumlmicroOumlOumlOacutemicroOumlOuml macrOumlIumlmicroOumlshyOumlOumlshyOumlecirc OacuteOumlcediluumlcediluumlOumlUcircAcircOgraveuumlmicroOuml AtildeOumlcediluumlOumlfrac34Oumlcediluuml AtildepoundOumlOumlshyOuml macrOumlIumlOumlmacrOuml OumlOumlraquoOumlecirc sup3OumlOumlcediluumlOumlOumlOuml sup2OumlOumlOumlOumluuml timesAEliguuml frac34microOumlOumlmacrOumluacute Oumlocircucircfrac34Oumlocircucirc sup2OumlshyOumlraquoOumlszlig AtildeOumlaeligshyOuml AtildeOumlAEliguumluacuteOumlcediluuml Oumlocircucircfrac34OumlocircucircszligmicroOumlOuml sup2OumlcediluumlOumlecircsup2OumlcediluumlszligshyOumlecirc uacuteOumlmicroOumlOcircuacutecediluumlOumlOumlOacuteshyOumlOuml OumlOumlAEliguumlOumlfrac34OumlmicroOumlOumlAtildeOuml timesacuteOumlocircucircOumlecirc OumlOuml OumluumlszligraquoOumlOuml 50 raquoOumlOumlOumlOumlAEligatildeuumlshyOuml timesnotOumluacute sup2OumlOumlOuml OumluumlAtildeOumlraquomicroOumlOumlOumlecirc AtildeOumlfrac34OumligraveOumlOumlOumlOuml OumlOumlAEliguumlOumlfrac34OumlmicroOumlOumlAtildeOuml timesacuteOumlocircucircOumlecirc OumlAEliguumlOuml uumlOumlAcircOgraveuumlOumlOuml OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOuml sup2OumlOumlOuml OumluumlOumlmicroOumlOumlacuteOumlOumlnotmicroOumlacuteOumlOumlOumlaeligshyOuml OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacuteshyOumlOuml AtildeOumlOumlacuteOuml uacute uumlmicroOumlOumluacutetimescediluumlOumlOuml uacuteOumlacuteOumlnotOumlecircshyOumlaelig microOumlOumlecircOumlshyOumlOuml OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOuml timesfrac34OumlacuteOumlOumlAtildeOumlatilde uumlOumlOuml OumlecircOumlAtildefrac34OumlszligshyOumlszlig OumlAEliguumlOumlcediluumlOumlAcircOgraveuuml OumlIumlOumlacuteOumlszligOuml OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOuml AtildeOumlOumlacuteOumlszliguacutecediluumlOuml AtildeOumlOumltimesfrac34OumliexclOumlszligsup2OumlOumlOcirc plusmnatildeuacuteraquoOumlecirc

sup2OumlAEligatildeuumlsectecirctimesiquestOumlmicroOuml OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOuml eumluacutebrvbaruuml iquestOumlOuml microOumlOumlecircOumlshyOumlOumlOacuteshyOumlOuml timesfrac34OumluacuteAtildeOumlszligOuml uacutecediluumlmicroOumlOumlOuml OumlraquoOumlecircAtildefrac34OumlmicroOumlOacuteAtildeOumlOumlAEliguumlOumlmicromicroOumlOumlOuml sup2OumlOumlOuml OumluumlOumlOumlszlig AtildeOumlOacuteuacuteraquomacrOumlshyOumlOuml

Atildefrac34OumlmicroOumlOacuteAtildeOumlOumlAEliguumlOumlmicromicroOumlOumlOuml sup2OumlOumlOuml OumluumlOumlmicroOumlOuml OumlOumlnotmicroOumlacuteOumlOumlOumlaeligshyOuml ecircuacutefrac34Oumlocircucirc OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacuteshyOumlOuml OumlUgravepoundOumluacuteAtildeOumlOumlacuteOuml uacutecediluumlmicroOumlOumlOumlOuml macrOumlIumlmicroOumlshyOuml uacutecediluumlmicroOumlOumlOuml microOumlecircOuml shyOumlAtildeOumlaeligshyOuml acuteOumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacuteshyOumlOuml AtildeOumlfrac34OumlOcircuacuteOumlAtildeOumlacuteOumlOumlOumltimesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOumlOumlmicroOumlOuml OumlIumltimesIcircuacutemicroOumlecircOuml AtildeOumlAEliguumlszligOumlOumlOumlszlig uacutesup1yacuteshyOuml OumlecircmicroOumlOumlOumlOuml OumlIumlmicroOumlshyOuml uacutecediluumlmicroOumlOumlOuml microOumlecircOumlOumlecircAtildefrac34OumlmicroOumlOacuteAtildeOumlOumlAEliguumlOumlmicromicroOumlOumlOuml sup2OumlOumlOuml OumluumlOumlraquoOumlOuml AtildeOumlmacrOumlAcircuuml uacute uumlOumlOumlOacuteshyOumlOuml timesfrac34OumlOumlOuml uumlfrac34OumlOacuteOumlOumlOacuteshyOumlszlig macrOuml uumlOumlfrac34OumlraquoOumlOacutesup2OumlshyOumlOumlOumlaeligshyOumlAtildefrac34OumlOumlraquoOumlOacutesup2OumlshyOumlOumluacuteecircuuml OumlOumlmicroOumlOumlAtildeOumlOumluumlszlig Atildefrac34Ouml ecircucircshyOumlecirc AtildeOumlOacute OumlOumlszligshyOumlecirc AtildeOumlOumlacuteOumlatildecurrenuumlOumlmicroOumlszliguacute OumlOumlecirc sup2OumlOumlOumlszligmicroOumlOumltimesshyOumltimesacuteOumlcentOumlOumlshyOumlecirc ecircuacuteraquoOumlecircraquoOumlszlig frac34OumlOumluumlOumlOumlraquoOuml AEliguumlOumlOumlecirc Atildefrac34OumlmicroOumlOacuteAtildeOumlOumlAEliguumlOumlmicromicroOumlOumlOuml sup2OumlOumlOuml Oumluuml AEliguumlOumlecircmicroOuml Oslashuacutefrac34OumlOumlmicroOumlOuml AtildeOumlacuteOumlatildeAEliguumlOumlOuml 10 Oumlecirc 20 AtildeOumlsup3OumlOumlAtildeOumlcurrenuumlOumlOacuteOumlszlig timesshyOumlfrac34Oumluuml uacutesup1yacuteshyOuml timesshyOumlmicroOumltimesacuteOumlOuml sup2OumlOumlOumlszligOumlaeligshyOumluacuteacuteOumleumluacuteOumlOacutemicroOumlOuml OumlcediluumlOumlOuml uumlOumlOumlszlig Oumlszligfrac34OumlshyOumlacuteOumlaeligraquomicroOumlecirc OacuteOumlOumlfrac34OumlmicroOumlOumlAtildeOumlOumluumlszlig uacuteOumlOcirc Atildefrac34Oumlsup1yacutemacrOumlOumlOumlpoundOumlOcircAtildeOumlOumlAEliguumlOumlmicroOumlmicroOuml ecircuacuteraquoOumlecirc OumlOumlOumlecirc ordfOumlecircOumlnotOumlOacutecurrenuumlOuml sup3OumlOumlcediluumlraquoOumlOuml OumlOumlOumlOumlecirc AtildeOumlfrac34OumlOumlOcircshyOumlatilde OumlOumlecirc timesshyOumlOumlOcircmicroOuml OumlecircshyOuml AtildeOumlOacuteOumluumlshyOuml iquestOumlOumlszlig frac34OumlOumluumltimesfrac34OumlraquoOumlszlig OumlOumlOumlecirc macrOumlcediluumlAtildemacrOumlcediluuml AtildeOumlAEliguumluacuteOumlmicroOumlOcirc AtildeOumlAEliguumlsup3OumlOumlOuml shyOumlecircOumleacutefrac34Ouml frac34OumluacuteOumlOcircfrac34microOuml timesfrac34OumlOumlOumlcediluumlOumlOacuteOumlszlig currenecircuumlfrac34OumlOumlOuml Oumlecircfrac34OumlOumlOuml AtildeOumlOumlOumlmicroOumlmacrOumlaeligOumlOcirc frac34Ouml macrOumlIumlmicroOumlshyOumliquestOumlszligraquoOuml AtildeOumlcurrenuumlAtildemicroOumlOumlOacutemicroOumlOumlAtildeOumlacuteOumlatildeAEliguumlOumlraquoOumlOuml Atildefrac34OumlmicroOumlOacuteAtildeOumlOumlAEliguumlOumlmicromicroOumlOumlOuml Oumluuml AEliguumlOumlOumlOumlOumliquestOumlOuml OumlIumluacuteOuml ecircuuml AtildeOumlfrac34OumlOumlOcircmicroOumlOuml AtildeOumlAEliguumluacuteOumlmicroOumlOumlOcircOumlaeligshyOumlOumltimesOuml sup3OumlOumlOacuteuumlfrac34OumlraquoOumlOumlmicroOumlOuml uacuteiexclOumlszliguacutecediluumlOumlOumlOumlaeligshyOuml timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOuml AtildeOumlOumlnotmicroOuml uacutecediluumlmicroOumlOumlmicroOumlOuml OumlIumltimesIcircuacutemicroOumlecircraquoOumlOumlAtildefrac34OumlOacutemicroOumlAtildeOumlOumlAEliguumlOumlmicromicroOumlOumlOuml Oumluuml AtildeOumlecirc AEliguumlOumlOumlOumlOumlnotmicroOumlmicroOumlshyOuml OumlumlOumlszlig

AtildeOumlOacuteiquestOumlOumlecircnotOumlshyOuml macrOumlumlOumlszligshyOumlatildeAtildeOumlOumlcediluuml notmicroOumlmicroOumlshyOuml uacutetimescediluumlOuml AtildeOumlOumlOumlOacuteshyOumlOuml frac34OumlicircOumlOumltimesshyOumluacute OumltimesOumliquestOumlOumlAtildeiexclOumlOumlmicroOumlOuml uacuteAtildeOumlOumlecircuumlparaOumlOacuteOumlszlig OumlaeligOumlOcircOumlOuml uacutecediluumlOumlecirc Oumlfrac34OumliquestmicroOumluacute AtildeOumlOumlecirc AEliguumlOumlaeligshyOuml OumlIumlAtildeOumlaeligOuml iquestOumlOumlecircnotOumltimesshyOumlsup2OumlOacutenotOumlOumlacuteOumlnotmicroOumlecirc frac34OumlOumlOcircshyOumlOumlacuteOumluacute notmicroOumlmicroOumlshyOuml macrOumlumlOumlszligOumlOuml frac34OumlOumlmacrOumlcediluuml uacutecediluumlmicroOumlOumlOuml OumlraquoOumlOuml AtildeOumlaeligshyOumlcurrenatildeuumlmicromicroOumlacuteOuml OumlpoundmicroOuml AtildeOumlOacuteuacuteraquoOumlshyOumlOumlmicroOumlOuml AtildeiexclOumlOumlecircOumlOumlOacutemicroOumlOuml AtildeOumlOumlAEliguumlOumlmicromicroOumlOumlshyOumlecirc OumlpoundmicroOumlAtildeOumlOacuteuacuteraquoOumlshyOuml uacutecediluumlmicroOumlOumlOumlOumlraquoOumlecirc OumlAEligecircuuml microOumlOumlacuteOumlnotmicroOumlecirc timesraquoOumlOumlszligOuml currenuumlAtildeOumlOumlfrac34OumlecircOuml currenuumldegOumlcediluumlszlig OumlOumlAEliguumlszligOumlszlig frac34OumlOumlOcirc OumlOumlshyOuml OumliexclOuml raquoOumlecircOumlOumltimesOuml AtildeOumlOumlOacutemicroOumlOumltimesuacutemicroOuml acuteOumlOumlAEliguumlszligOumlszligOumlOuml OumlnotOumlOumlcediluuml OumlecircmicroOumlOumlOuml OumlraquoOumlOuml OumlAEligecircuumliquestOumlOumlecircnotOuml timesshyOumlsup2OumlOacutenotOumlOumlOumlecirc sectecirciquestOuml

uacuteOumlecircOumlmicroOumlOumlAEliguumlszlig timesfrac34OumlAcircOumlmicroOumlOumlOumlecirc Oslashuacutefrac34OumlOuml AtildeOumlacuteOumlAtildemicroOumlecircOumlecirc AtildeOumlOacuteiquestOumlOumlecircnotOumlshyOuml uacutecediluumlOumlfrac34OumlmicroOumlOumlOumlecirc AtildeOumlraquomicroOumlOumlAtildeOumliquestOumlOumlecircnotOuml uacuteOumlmicroOumlOcirc uacutecediluumlmicroOumlOumlOumlOuml sectecirciquestOuml AtildemacrOumlAcircuuml AtildeOumlOumlecirc Oumlfrac34OumliquestmicroOumluacute OumlAEligecircuuml microOumlOuml OumlnotOumlOumlcedilecircuumlOumlmacrOumlOuml uacuteOuml timesshyOumlUcirciquestOumlOuml timesfrac34OumlAcircOumlmicroOumlOumlOumlecirc notmicroOumlmicroOumlshyOuml uacutesup1yacute iquestOumluacuteOumlOumlecirc OumlIumlAtildeOumlatildeOuml iquestOumlOumlecircnotOuml timesshyOumlsup2OumlOacutenotOumlOumlOumlecirc



OslasheeUcirceeUgraveeamp szligeerceleer jeOeeyeeFamp meej[e ceneefJeAringeeueUgravee DebpeveieebJe-megpeea efpeuee- DecejeJeleer (cenejedeg^)

[eDeej[erefmekeacircUcirceer

ceefnueebUcircUgraveee DeeefLeampkeacirc efJekeacircemeele ceefnuee yeUcircele ieeUcirceer YetefcekeacirceiesuUgraveee 25 Jelteeampheemetve ceefnuee yeUcircele ieeUcircUgraveee meefeacircUgraveelescegUs ceefnueebUcircUgraveee DeeefLeampkeacirc efJekeacircemeeceOUgravees ceesee

OslasheceeCeele Je=efaelig Peeuesueer DeeheCeeme efometve Ugraveesles ceefnueebveer mJele DeLeampefveefceampleer keacircregve Je MeemeveeUcircUgraveee meeneUgraveUgraveevesmJeleUcircee DeeefCe jedegêUcircee efJekeacirceme meeOUgravee keacircjCUgraveeele Ugraveeesieoeve efouUgraveeeUcirces efometve Ugraveesles yeUcircele ieeUcircUgraveee ceeOUgraveeceeletveueIegGAringeesieeUcirceUgraveee ceeOUgraveeceeletve JUgraveeeheejeUcircUgraveee DeeefCe jespeieejeUcircUgraveee veefJeve mebOeer GheueyOe nesle Demetve Ugraveee ceeOUgraveeceeletveYeeb[Jeue efveefceampleer efJeeacircer JUgraveeJemeeUgravee Ugraveeb$e meecelaquoeer keacircUcircUcirceeceeue keacirceamphesacirc[ JUgraveeJemLeeheve FlUgraveeeefo es$eele ceefnueebUcirceemenYeeie JeeefJeCUgraveeele DeeefCe DeeefLeampkeacirc efJekeacirceme meeOUgravee keacircjCUgraveeeme meeneUgraveUgraveele Oslasheehle nesles lUgraveeeUcircee heefjCeece cnCetveceefnueebUcircee DeeefLeampkeacirc efJekeacirceme ceeseeOslasheceeCeele Peeuesuee DeeheCeeme efometve Ugraveeslees


sectecirciquestOuml macrOumlatildetimesuumlraquoOuml macrOumlIuml OumlOumlOumlecirc (1) acuteOumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacutemicroOumlOuml OumlUgravepoundOumluacute timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOumlOumlOumlszligraquoOuml sup2OumlOumlOuml OumluumlOumlmicroOumlOuml sup3OumlaeligtimesacuteOumlecircuacuteraquoOumlOuml

AtildemacrOumlAcircuuml uacutecediluumlOumlecirc(2) sup2OumlOumlOuml OumluumlOumlmicroOumlOuml OumlOumlnotmicroOumlacuteOumlOumlOumlaeligshyOuml OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacuteshyOumlOuml timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOumlOumlmicroOumlOuml OumlIumltimesIcircuacutemicroOumlecircOuml AtildeOumlacuteOumlOumltimesfrac34OumlAcircuuml

uacutesup1yacuteshyOuml OumlecircmicroOumlOumlmicroOumlOuml notOumlOumlecirc uumlOumlOumlOumlOuml macrOumlcediluumlOumlacuteOumliquestOumlOcirc OumlecircOumlecirc(3) OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacuteOumlOuml OumlUgravepoundOumluacute currenuumlOumlOumlOcirc AtildeOumlatildenotOumlOumlcediluumlmicroOumlOumlacuteOumlnotmicroOumlecirc sup2OumlOumlOuml OumluumlOumlOumlecirc microOumlOumlecircOumlcurrenuumlOumlshyOuml

AtildemacrOumlAcircuuml uacutecediluumlOumlecirc(4) cediluumlOumlAcircOgraveuumlszligmicroOuml OumlUgravepoundOumluacute timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOumlOumlmicroOumlOuml yenuumlUcircAcircuumlshyOumlecirc acuteOumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOuml sup2OumlOumlOuml OumluumlOumlmicroOumlOuml

microOumlOumlecircOumlcurrenuumlOumlshyOumlOumlOumlecirc notmicroOumlmicroOumlshyOuml uacutecediluumlOumlecirciquestOumlOumlecircnotOuml timesshyOumlsup2OumlOacutenotOumlOumlOumlecirc OumleacutetimesAEliguumlOumlecircuacute

(1) sup2OumlOumlOuml OumluumlOumlmicroOumlOuml OumlOumlnotmicroOumlacuteOumlOumlOumlaeligshyOuml OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacuteOumlOuml timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOuml OumlOumlraquoOumlOuml OumlAEligecircuuml(2) sup2OumlOumlOuml OumluumlOumlmicroOumlOuml OumlOumlnotmicroOumlacuteOumlOumlOumlaeligshyOuml OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacuteshyOumlOuml AtildeOumlfrac34OumlOcircuacuteOuml timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOumlOumlmicroOumlOuml OumlIumltimesIcircuacutemicroOumlecircOuml

AtildeOumlacuteOumlOumltimesfrac34OumlAcircuuml uacutesup1yacuteshyOuml OumlecircOumlraquomicroOumlOuml OumlOumlOumlecirc(3) 50 uumlecircuacute raquoOumlOumlecircuacuteAtildeOumlOacutemicroOumlOuml AtildeOumlOumlOumlmiddotmicroOumlOuml OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacutemicroOumlOuml OumlUgravepoundOumluacute timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOumlOumlmicroOumlOuml

macrOumlIumltimesIcircuacutemicroOumlOumlacuteOumlnotOumlszligraquoOuml AtildeOumlAEliguumlsup3OumlOumlOumlOumlacuteOumlatildeocircecirc currenecircuumliquestOumlOumlmicroOumlOuml uumlOumlAcircOgraveuumlszligmicroOuml macrOumlregOumlOumlOuml frac34OumlOumluuml OumlOumlraquoOumlszlig OumlAEligecircuuml(4) acuteOumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacutemicroOumlOuml OumlUgravepoundOumluacute timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOumlOumlOumlOuml acuteOumlAEliguumlfrac34OumlOumlOumlOuml sup3OumlOumlOuml acuteAEliguumlOumlaeligshyOuml sup2OumlOumlOuml

Oumluuml sup3OumlaeligtimesacuteOumluacuteOuml frac34Oumluumlfrac34OumlOumlOumlOacuteshyOumlOuml timescurrenuumlAtildeOumlaeligshyOuml microOumlecircOumlecirc(5) sup2OumlOumlOuml OumluumlOumlmicroOumlOuml OumlOumlnotmicroOumlacuteOumlOumlOumlaeligshyOuml poundOumlOcirctimesshyOumlUgraveacuteOumlOumlszlig uacute uumlOumlOumlOacuteshyOumlOuml OumlOumlecircuumlparaOumlmacrOumlIuml OumlOumlOumlOumlOuml

AtildeOumlAEliguumlOumlmicromicroOumlOumlOuml OumlIumlOumlmacrOuml AEliguumlOumlecircOumlecircacuteOumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOuml sup2OumlOumlOuml Oumluuml OumltimesOuml OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacuteOumlOuml OumlUgravepoundOumluacute timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOuml

OumlecircraquomicroOumlOuml 25 frac34OumlAcircOumlOumlOcirc OumlOumlAtildeOumlaeligshyOuml OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOuml sup2OumlOumlOuml OumluumlOumlmicroOumlOuml AtildeOumltimesIcircuacutemicroOumlOumlecirc Oumlatildeocircecircucirc OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacutemicroOumlOumlOumlUgravepoundOumluacute timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOumlOumlacuteOumlnotmicroOumlecirc OumlOumlecircuumlparaOuml OumlIuml OumlOumlOumlOumlOuml frac34Oumleacutetimesuml OumlOumlraquoOumlecircraquoOumlszlig OumlmacrOumlOumlOumlAtildeOuml timescurrenuumlAtildeOumlaeligshyOuml microOumlecircOumlecircacuteOumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacuteshyOumlszlig Atildefrac34OumlOuml poundOumlOcirctimesshyOumlUgraveacuteOumlOumlszlig uacutesup1yacuteshyOuml frac34Ouml iquestOumlOumlAtildeOumlshyOumlOumlmicroOumlOuml AtildeOumlOumlAEliguumlOumlmicromicroOumlshyOumlecirc Atildefrac34OumlOumlOumlOumlOumltimesOuml cediluumlOumlAcircOgraveuumlOumlOumlOuml timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOuml AtildeOumlOumlnotmicroOuml uacutecediluumlmicroOumlOumlOuml microOumlOumlecircOumlcurrenuumlOumlshyOuml timescurrenuumlraquomicroOumlOumlOumlecirc timescurrenuumlAtildeOumlaeligshyOuml microOumlecircOumlecircsup2OumlOumlOuml OumluumlOumlmicroOumlOuml OumlOumlnotmicroOumlacuteOumlOumlOumlaeligshyOuml raquoOumlOumlatildeordfOumlecircOumlOumlOumlmicroOumlOuml OumlOumlnotmicroOumlacuteOumlOumlOumlaeligshyOuml frac34microOumlOumlmacrOumlOumlcediluumlOumlmicroOumlOuml OumltimesOumlcediluumlOumlecircOumlOumlOumlcediluumlOumlmicroOumlOuml shyOumltimesfrac34OumlshyOuml AtildeOumlOacutenotOumlszlig macrOumlraquoOumlsup2notOuml AEliguumlOumlecircOuml AtildeOumlaeligshyOuml microOumlOuml acuteOumlOumlnotmicroOumlacuteOumlOumlOumlaeligshyOuml sup3OumlOumlOacuteuumlfrac34OumlraquoOumltimesshyOumlUgraveacuteOumlOumlszlig timesfrac34OumlIcircuacuteszlig frac34microOumlfrac34OumlAtildeOumlOumlmicroOuml microOumlOacuteiexclOuml AtildeOumlOumlacuteOumlOumlIumlszlig uacuteOumlacuteOumlOumlraquoOuml uacuteOumlOcircplusmnecircuacuteuumlfrac34microOumlfrac34OumlAtildepoundOumlOumlmacrOumlshyOumlmicroOumlOumltimescurrenuuml OumlecirciexclOumlOumlOuml acuteOumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacuteOumlOuml AtildeOumlAEliguumlsup3OumlOumlOuml frac34OumlOumluumltimesfrac34OumlmicroOumlOumlOuml OumltimesOuml OumlUgravepoundOumluacute timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOumlAtildeOumlOumlnotmicroOuml uacutecediluumlmicroOumlOumlAtildeOuml AtildeOumlOumlAEliguumlOumlmicromicroOumlOuml macrOumlIumlOumlmacrOuml AEliguumlOumlecircOumlecirc microOumlOumlOumlOuml macrOumltimescediluumlOumlOumlacuteOuml acuteAEliguumlOumlaeligshyOuml acuteOumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacuteOumlOumlOumlUgravepoundOumluacute timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOuml OumlOumlecircuumlparaOumlmacrOumlIuml OumlOumlOumlOumlOuml OumlOumlraquoOumlecircraquoOumlOuml OumlmacrOumlOumlOumlAtildeOuml timescurrenuumlAtildeOumlaeligshyOuml microOumlecircOumlOumlecircacuteOumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOuml sup2OumlOumlOuml Oumluuml OumltimesOuml timesfrac34OumlcentOuml Oumlatilde uumlfrac34OumluumlOuml uacutecediluumlOumlOumlmiddotmicroOumlOuml AtildeOumlOacuteAtildepoundOumlOuml

1994 OumlOumlAtildeOumlaeligshyOuml AtildeOumlfrac34OumlOcircuacuteOuml OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOuml timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOumlOumlmicroOumlOuml notOumlOumlecirc uumlOumlOumlOumlOuml frac34OumlraquoOumlOacutesup2Ouml uacute uumlmicroOumlOumlOumlOumlraquomicroOumlOumlmacrOumlOumlAtildeOumlaeligshyOuml shyOumlecircuacute timesfrac34OumlcentOumlAtildeOumlOumlAEliguumlOumlmicromicroOuml uacutecediluumlOumlOumlmiddotmicroOumlOuml sup2OumlNtildeuacuteOumlOacuteshyOumlszlig OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOuml sup2OumlOumlOuml OumluumlOumlraquoOumlOumlAtildeOumlAEliguumluacuteOumlmicroOumlOcirc uacute uumlmicroOumlOumlOumlecirc notOumlOumlecirc uumlOuml UcircAtildefrac34OumluacuteOumlcediluumlraquoOumlecircraquoOumlecirc timescurrenuumlAtildeOumlaeligshyOuml microOumlecircOumlecirc OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacutemicroOumlOuml OumlOumlnotmicroOumlacuteOumlOumlOumlaeligshyOumlcurrenecircuumliquestOumlOumlmicroOumlOuml OumlUgravepoundOumluacute timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOumlOumlraquoOumlOuml OumltimesOumlcurrenecircuumlmicroOumlOumlmicroOumlOuml AEligecircuumlOumlatildeshyOumlecirc OumlIumlOumlacuteOumlszligOuml sup3OumlOumlOumlOumlOumlszligraquoOuml OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacuteOumlOumlAtildeOumlAEliguumlsup3OumlOumlOuml frac34OumlOumluumlOumlfrac34OumlOuml microOumlOumluacutetimes uumlOumlOuml uumlOumlAcircOgraveuumlszligmicroOuml eacuteuacuteAcircOumlszlig OumltimesOuml OumlIumlOumlacuteOumlszligOuml timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOuml sup2OumlNtildeuacute AtildeOumlOumlOumlmicroOumlmacrOumlaeligOumlOcircuacuteOumlmicroOumlOcirc uacute uumlOumlOumlOacuteshyOumlOuml timescurrenuumlAtildeOumlOumlecirc iquestOumlecircOumlszlig OumltimesOuml iquestOumlecircOumlszligiquestOumlszlig Oumlaelig uumluacute frac34microOumlfrac34OumlAtildeOumlOumlmicroOumlOumlOacutemicroOumlOuml timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOumlOumluacutetimes uumlOumlOumlshyOumlOumlsup2OumlOumlOcircuumlmicroOumlOuml OumlOumlnotmicroOumlacuteOumlOumlOumlaeligshyOuml OumlOumlecircuumlparaOuml OumlIuml OumlOumlOumlOumlOuml sup2OumlOumlOuml OumluumlOumlraquoOumlOuml AtildeOumlOumlAEliguumlOumlmicromicroOumlOumlOuml currenecircuumlmicroOumlOumlOumlecircuacuteOumlacuteOuml ecircuacuteraquomicroOumlOuml OumlOumlOuml AtildeOumlaeligshyOuml microOumlOuml OumlOumlplusmnOcircuacuteOuml OumlIumlOumlacuteOumlszligOuml OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacuteshyOumlOuml timesfrac34OumluacuteAtildeOumlszligOuml uacute uumlmicroOumlOumluacutetimes uumlOumlOumltimesAEliguuml sup2OumlNtildeuacute microOumliquestOumlAtildefrac34Oumlszlig uumlcediluumlraquoOumlecircraquoOumlszlig timescurrenuumlAtildeOumlaeligshyOuml microOumlecircOumlecirc

shyOumlOumlsup2OumlOumlOcircuuml macrOumlIuml OumlOumlOumlecircOuml acuteOumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOuml OumlUgravepoundOumluacute timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOuml acuteOumlAEliguumlOumlacuteOumlOacuteuumlocircucirc AtildeOumlatilde Ouml acuteOumlOumlecircuumlparaOumlmacrOumlIuml OumlOumlOumlOumlOuml OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacutemicroOumlOuml OumlUgravepoundOumluacute timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOumlOumluacutetimes uumlOumlOuml uacuteOumlmicroOumlOcirc uacute uumlOumlOumlOacuteshyOumlOuml OumlmacrOumlOumlOumlAtildeOuml OumlOumlAEliguumlOumlfrac34OumlmicroOumlOumlAtildeOumltimesacuteOumlocircucircOumlecirc microOumlOuml acuteOumlAEliguumlOumlacuteOumlOacuteuumlocircucircOumlmicroOumlOuml acuteOumlOumlnotmicroOumlacuteOumlOumlOumlaeligshyOuml acuteOumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacuteshyOumlOuml OumlUgravepoundOumluacute yenuumlAcircuumlparaOuml Atildefrac34OumlmicroOumlOacute OumlaeligOumlOcircsup2OumlshyOumltimesfrac34OumlmicroOumlOumlOumlecirc frac34Ouml Atildefrac34OumlOumlfrac34OumlraquoOumlOacutesup2Oumlszlig sup2OumlshyOumltimesfrac34OumlmicroOumlOumlOumlecirc uacuteOumlmicroOumlOcirc ecircuacuteraquomicroOumlOuml OumlOumlOuml AtildeOumlaeligshyOuml OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacute OumlnotOumlszligraquoOumlcurrenuumlOumltimescediluumlbrvbaruumlpara timesshyOumlacuteOumlaeligraquoOumlOcircshyOumlOumlmicroOumlOuml AEligecircuumlOumlaeligshyOumlecirc microOumlOuml OumlAEliguumlOumlacuteOumlOacuteuumlocircucircOumlraquoOumlOuml OumlAEliguumlfrac34Ouml OumlAEligecircuuml microOumlOuml frac34microOumltimesOumltimescediluumlOumlordfOumlecircOumluacuteOumlOuml timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOuml uacuteOumlmicroOumlOcircIcircuacuteacuteOuml OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOuml AtildeOumlOumlnotOumlshyOuml ecircuacutebrvbaruuml OumlOumlcurrenuumlparamacrOumlcurrenuumlOumlpoundOumlOcirc timesfrac34OumlIcircuacuteszlig eumluacutebrvbaruumlOumlocircOacuteucircsup2Oumlszlig macrOumlIumltimesiquestOumlOumlOuml notOumlOumlshymicroOuml macrOumlatilde uumlfrac34OumluumlOuml AtildeOumluacuteAtildeOuml OumlAEliguumlOumlcediluuml macrOumlatilde uumlfrac34OumluumlOuml OumlOumlfrac34OumlecirciquestOuml macrOumlatilde uumlfrac34OumluumlOumlmicroOumlOumltimescurrenuuml uacuteOumlmicroOumlOcirc OacuteuacuteiexclOumlOumluumlszlig OumlumlOumlszligshyOumlecirc OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOuml sup2OumlOumlOuml OumluumlOumlmicroOumlOuml OumlOumlnotmicroOumlacuteOumlOumlOumlaeligshyOuml OumlOumlraquoOumltimesfrac34OumlmicroOumlOumlOuml

microOumlecircOumlOuml OumlUcircOuml acuteOumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacuteshyOumlOuml timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOumlOumlmicroOumlOuml macrOumlIumltimesIcircuacutemicroOumlecirc OumlnotmicroOumlecirc AtildeOumlAEliguumlsup3OumlOumlOumlszlig uacutesup1yacuteshyOuml OumlecircOumlraquomicroOumlOumlOumlOumlOumlecirciquestOumlOumlecircnotOuml timesshyOumlsup2OumlOacutenotOumlOumlOumlecirc timesshyOumlAcircuacuteAcircOumlOcirc

(1) sup2OumlOumlOuml OumluumlOumlmicroOumlOuml acuteOumlOumlnotmicroOumlacuteOumlOumlOumlaeligshyOuml acuteOumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacuteOumlOuml timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOuml OumlOumlraquoOumlOuml AtildeOumlaeligshyOumlacuteOumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacuteshyOumlOuml OumlUgravepoundOumluacute AtildeOumlOumlacuteOuml uacutecediluumlmicroOumlOumlOuml sup2OumlOumlOuml OumluumlOumlOumlecirc OumlAEliguumlfrac34OumlOumlOumlecirc AtildepoundOumlOumlshyOuml OumlAEligecircuuml

(2) AtildeOumlfrac34OumlOcircuacuteOuml timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOumlOumlmicroOumlOuml macrOumlIumltimesIcircuacutemicroOumlecirc OumlnotmicroOumlecirc acuteOumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOuml sup3Oumlcediluumlszligfrac34Ouml microOumlOumlecirccurrenuumlOumlshyOuml currenecircuumlOumlOumlAEligecircuumlOuml

(3) OumlIumlOumlacuteOumlszligOuml sup3OumlOumlOumlOumlOumlszligraquoOuml OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacuteshyOumlOuml timesfrac34OumluacuteAtildeOumlszligOuml uacutecediluumlmicroOumlOumlOuml OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOuml sup2OumlOumlOumlOumluumlOumlOumlecirc OumlAEliguumlfrac34OumlOumlOumlecirc microOumlOumlecircOumlcurrenuumlOumlshyOuml OumlAEligecircuuml

(4) OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOuml sup2OumlOumlOuml OumluumlOumlmicroOumlOuml timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOumlOumlacuteOumlatildeocircecirc timesfrac34OumlcentOumlmacrOumlatilde uumlfrac34OumluumlOuml uacute uumlOumlOumlmiddotmicroOumlOuml AtildeOumlOacuteAtildepoundOumlOumlAtildeOumlAEliguumlOumluacutemicroOumlOcirc uacutecediluumlmicroOumlOumlAtildeOuml OumlOumlecircuumlparaOuml OumlIuml OumlOumlOumlOumlOuml Oumlatilde ecircuuml OumlraquomicroOumlOuml OumlAEligecircuumlOuml

(5) OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOuml sup2OumlOumlOuml Oumluuml sup3OumlOuml uumlOumlszligmicroOuml OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOumlOacutemicroOumlOuml timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOumlOumlOumlecirc OumlIumlsup3OumlOumlfrac34Oumlszlig OumlOumlnotmicroOumlacuteOumlacuteAEliguumlOumlaeligshyOuml uacuteOumlmicroOumlOcirc uumlOuml OumlAEligecircuuml

(6) iquestOumlOumlAtildeOumlshyOumlOumlmicroOumlOuml timesfrac34Oumltimesfrac34OumlnotOuml OumlUgravepoundOumluacute timesfrac34OumluacuteOumlAtildeOumlOumlmicroOumlOuml microOumlOumlecircOumlshyOumlOuml microOumliquestOumlAtildeOumlfrac34OumlszligmacrOumlOumlecirccediluumlOumlsup2Oumltimesfrac34OumlmicroOumlOumlOuml OumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOuml sup2OumlOumlOuml Oumluuml OumlIumlsup3OumlOumlfrac34Oumlszlig uacuteOumlmicroOumlOcirc uacutecediluumlOuml OumlAEligecircuuml

AtildeOumlOacutecurrenuumlsup3OumlOcirc

(1) acuteOumlatilderaquoOumlOumlshyOumlszlig acuteOumlmicroOumlaelig acuteOumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOuml Atildefrac34OumlmicroOumlOacuteAtildeOumlOumlAEliguumlOumlmicroOumlmicroOumlOumlOuml sup2OumlOumlOuml Oumluuml uumlOumlmicroOumlacuteOumlOacuteuumlmacrOumlUcircsup2raquoOumlecircuacuteiquestOumlshyAtildeOuml macrOumlatildeOumlecirc 2006

(2) OumlOumlecircsup2OumlOumlecircraquoOumlecirc OumlOumlecircOslashfrac34Oumlcurrenuuml sup2OumlOumlOumlOumluumlOumlmicroOumlOuml acuteOumlOumlnotmicroOumlacuteOumlOumlOumlaeligshyOuml Oumltimescediluumlsup2OumlszligacuteOumlatildeOuml timesfrac34OumlAgravefrac34OumlOumlOumlszligtimesshyOumlUgraveacuteOumlOumlszligAtildeOumlOumlacuteOumlOumltimesOumluacute frac34OumlmicroOumlfrac34OumlAEliguumlOumlcediluuml frac34Ouml sup3OumlOumlOacuteuumlfrac34OumlraquoOumliquestOumlOumlAEliguumlszligOumlecirc sup3Oumltimesfrac34OumlOumlfrac34microOumlAtildeOumlOumlecircuacuteOuml macrOumlIumluacuteOumliquestOumlshyOuml macrOumlIumlOumltimesraquoOuml Oumlicirc OacuteuumlOumlOumlsup2OumlOumlcurrenuuml

(3) OumlOumlicircnotOumlcediluumlszlig cediluumlOumlOumlecirciquestOuml acuteOumltimesAEliguumlraquoOumlOuml sup2OumlOumlOuml Oumluuml AEliguumlAtildeOumlmacrOumlatildeUcircAtildeOumluacuteOuml OumlOumlicircnotOumlcediluumlszlig raquoOumlOumlogravemacrOumlUcircsup2raquoOumliquestOumlAtildeOumlOcirc macrOumlatildeOumlecirc 2009

(4) cediluumlOumlfrac34OumlOuml OumlOumlshyOumlecircshybrvbaruuml Oumlicirc uumlOuml uacute AtildeOumlacuteOumlOumlOumliquestOumlOumlAtildeiexclOumlszligmicroOuml notmicroOumlmicroOumlshyOuml timesfrac34OumlAgravefrac34Oumlsup3OumlOumlcediluumlOumlszligmacrOumlUcircsup2raquoOumlecircuacuteiquestOumlshyAtildeOuml shyOuml Ocirc timescurrenuumlraquoraquoOumlszlig 2009


Hkkjrh lafokku ds vknkksZ ds vuqi Hkkjr fuekZk dsfys Hkkjr ljdkj kjk iapokhZ kstukvksa ds eke ls dkZfdk tkrk gSA lHkh kstukvksa esa ljdkj kjk efgykvksa dslkfDrdjk gsrq efgykvksa ds fy jkVordfh uhfr 2001 dks Lohdkjfdk xk FkkA ysfdu vkt Hkh iqk izkku lkekftd OoLFkkvius dks vrhr ls tdM+h gSA

foo Hkj esa efgyk lkfDrdjk ds fy yxkrkj izklfds tk jgs gSa vkSj Hkkjr esa Hkh efgykvksa ds lkeftd vkfFkZdifjorZu ds izkl fds tk jgs gSaA 1948 esa lkoZHkkSfedekuokfkdkj kkskkk i= ls bu izklksa dk izkjEHk ekuk tk ldrkgSA Hkkjr vkSj foo esa 1974 dks efgyk okZ ds i esa eukk xkA8 ekpZ dks efgyk fnol ds i esa eukk tkrk gSA 1975 ls 1985ds nkd dks efgyk nkd ds i esa eukk xk FkkA efgykvksads fodkl vkSj muds vfkdkjksa dh jkk ds fy laqDr jkVordf lakegklHkk us 18 fnlEcj 1979 dks efgykvksa ds fo) lHkh izdkjds HksnHkko lekIr djus ds ckjs esa izLrko ikfjr fdk tks 3fnlEcj 1981 ls izHkkoh gqvkA twu 1992 esa i`Foh lEesyuvkksftr fdk xk Fkk ftldk mn~ns LoLFk lalkj cukuk FkkAbl lEesyu esa efgykvksa ds lkfDrdjk dh egrh vkodrkeglwl dh xhA Hkkjr esa okZ 2001 dks efgyk lkfDrdjk okZkksfkr fdk xkA ftlesa efgyk lkfDrdjk ds fy djkVordfh uhfr kksfkr dh xbZA jkVordfh uhfr okafNr yksa dks izkIrdjus ds fy laLFkkxr ra=ksa] lalkku izcaku] laosnukhyrk]Loalsoh laxBuksa rFkk vUrjkZVordfh lgksx dks lkDr djus dhckr djrh gSA efgykvksa dks lkDr cukus ds fy ekuokfkdkjksads kkskkk i= esa dbZ vuqPNsn gSaA

ekuokfkdkj dk vFkZ ekuo vfkdkj dk vFkZ euq dkpgqiexcleq[kh fodkl gSA bl fodkl esa mldks nSfgd vkSj izkk dh jkkdh Lora=rk pkfgA ekuo ekuokfkdkjksa dk dsUnz fcUnq gSAblfy ekuo vfkdkjksa esa ekuo izfrBk vUrfuZfgr gSA izfrBklHkh equksa dks leku i ls vHkhfIlr gS vkSj lkoZHkkSe gS blfy



ekuokfkdkjksa dks uSlfxZd vfkdkj dgk tkrk gSA s OfDr dsfodkl ds vkkkj gSaA vr vkkkjHkwr dgs xs gSaA bu vfkdkjksa dkvUrjk ugha gks ldrk gSA blfy s vuarjkh vfkdkj gSAizRsd OfDr tUe ls Lora=rk fuHkZrk vkSj izfrBk dh pkgj[krk gS] blfys s OfDr ds tUe vfkdkj gSaA

efgykvksa ds vfkdkj lkekU i ls g ekuk tkrkgS fd dqy tula[k dh 50 izfrkr tula[k efgykvksa dh gSaysfdu g lR ughaa gSA okZ 2001 dh tuxkuk ds vkkkj ij1000 iqkksa ds eqdkcysa 933 efgyksa gSaA bl tuxkuk ls gfl) gksrk gS fd efgykvksa dh la[k yxHkx 48 izfrkr gSA

ekuokfkdkjksa dh lkoZHkkSe kkskkk] 1948 ds leLr vfkdkjefgyk rFkk iqk nksuksa dks leku i ls izkIr gSaA vuqPNsn 2 esadgk xk gS fd fyax ds foHksn ds fcUkk s vfkdkj efgyk vkSjiqk nkuksa dks izkIr gSaA vuqPNsn 7 ds vuqlkj lHkh yksx fofk dslek leku gSa vkSj fofk ds leku lajkk ds gdnkj gSaA

vuqPNsn 16 frac141frac12 esa oLd iqk rFkk efgyk dks fdlh HkhHksnHkko ds fcuk fookg djus dk vfkdkj izkIr gSA

vuqPNsn 16 frac142frac12 ds vuqlkj fookg ds bPNqd ikdkjksa dksLora= vkSj iwkZ lgefr ls fookg dk vfkdkj izkIr gSA

vuqPNsn 23 frac141frac12 esa Ukksfpr oa vuqdwy dkZ dhnkkvksa dk mYys[k gSA

vuqPNsn 23 frac142frac12 ds vUrxZr fcuk HksnHkko ds izRsd OfDrdks leku dkZ ds fy leku osru dk vfkdkj izkIr gSA deZdkjefgykiexcl iqkksa ds leku dkZ djus ij leku osru dh gdnkj gSA

vuqPNsn 25 frac141frac12 esa fokok efgykvksa dks thfodksiktZu dsvHkko esa lajkk dk vfkdkj izkIr gSA

vuqPNsn 25 frac142frac12 esa dgk xk gS fd ekr`Ro foksk ns[kHkkyvkSj lgkrk dk gdnkj gSAefgykvksa ds fo) lHkh izdkj ds HksnHkko dk lekiulacakh vfHkle 1979

efgykvksa dh lHkh izdkj dh lajkk ds fy vfHkle laqDr

ceefnueeDeeW kesacirc meboYeamp ceW ceeveJeeefOekeacircej Skeacirc cetuUgraveeebkeacircve

SueSueSceves peUgraveevleerhegjce heerueerkeacirceser nuEacuteeveer-vewveerleeue (GograveejeKeC[)

kesacircoej heueefIgrave[Ugraveee

Oslashemlegle MeesOehe$e ceW ceefnueeDeeW kesacirc meboYeamp ceW ceeveJeeefOekeacircej keacirce cetuUgraveeebkeacircve efkeacircUgraveee ieUgraveee nw~ efJeOtildee keacircer ueieYeie DeeOeer DeeyeeoerceefnueeDeeW keacircer nw hejbleg Gvekesacirc meeLe meJeamp$e efJeYeso keacirce JUgraveeJenej efkeacircUgraveee peelee nw~ mebUgraveegograveeacirc jedeg kesacirc Ucirceeampj ceW hegreglte Deewj eer kesacirc meceeveDeefOekeacircejeW ceW efJeOtildeeeme JUgraveeograveeacirc efkeacircUgraveee ieUgraveee nw~ 1946 ceW mLeeefhele DeeUgraveeesie ves hegreglte Deewj eer kesacirc ceOUgravee Demeceevelee keacirces keacircce keacircjvesceW DeUcircUacutee Ugraveeesieoeve efoUgraveee nw~ ceefnueeDeeW kesacirc efJeregaelig meYeer efJeYeso efJeueesheve DeefYemeceUgravee 1979 nw efpemeceW 6 Yeeie nQ Deewj FveYeeieeW ceW 30 DevegUcircUacuteso nQ~ Fme DeefYemeceUgravee kesacirc meboYeamp ceW ceefnueeDeeW kesacirc efJeregaelig efJeYeso keacirce DeLeamp efuebie kesacirc DeeOeej hej efkeacircUgraveee ieUgraveee nwYesoYeeJe yeefnltkeacircjCe DeLeJee efveyeEumlOeve nw efpemekeacirce OslasheUgraveeespeve DeLeJee OslasheYeeJe Gvekeacircer JewJeeefnkeacirc efmLeefle hej OUgraveeeve efoS efyevee efeUgraveeeWkeacirces hegreglteeW kesacirc yejeyej ceW jepeveweflekeacirc DeeefLeampkeacirc meeceeefpekeacirc meebmke=acirceflekeacirc efmeefJeue leLee DevUgravee es$e kesacirc ceeveJeeefOekeacircejeW Deewj cetuemJeleb$eleeDeeW kesacirc GheYeesie DeLeJee OslasheUgraveeesie keacirces keacircce keacircjvee DeLeJee efveltOslasheYeeJeer keacircjvee nw~


jkVordf dh egklHkk kjk izLrko la[k 34180] 18 fnlEcj 1979kjk vaxhdkj fdk xkA 3 flrEcj 1981 ls g vfHkle izorZuesa vkkA Hkkjr kjk bldk vuqleFkZu 1993 eas fdk xkA blesadqy 30 vquPNsn gSaA g 6 Hkkxksa esa ckiexclVk gqvk gSA

Hkkxamp1 esa 1 ls 6 vuqPNsn gSaAvuqPNsn 1 esa fdlh Hkh efgyk ds fo) foHksn dk vFkZ

fyax ds vkkkj ij fdlh Hkh izdkj ds izfrcak] varj k otZuk dsi esa fdk xk gSA

vuqPNsn 2 ds vuqlkj vfHkle dks vaxhNtilder djus okysikdkj jkT efgykvksa dks iqkksa ds leku izkfLFkfr nsus ds fymick vius lafokku esa djsaxsA

vuqPNsn 3 ikdkj jkT efgykvksa dh jktuSfrd] lkekftd]vkfFkZd vkSj lkaLNtildefrd ks= esa mUufr vkSj fodkl ds fyekuokfkdkjksa vkSj ewy Lora=rkvksa dks iqkksa ds leku gh iznUgravekdjus ds fy fokku eas miqDr mik djsaxsA

vuqPNsn 4 efgykvksa dks izlwfr lgkrk dh foksk lqfokkiexcliznku djus dks iqk ds lkFk foHksn ugha ekuk tkxkA

vuqPNsn 5 efgykvksa ds fo) lt+h vkfn vusd OoLFkkiexclftuds kjk mPpre rFkk fuEure dk foHksn mRiUu gksrk gS]lekIr djus ds fy ikdkj jkT mik djsaxsA

vuqPNsn 6 efgykvksa ds nqOkZikj] kkskk vkSj oSkofUgravek dkslekIr djus ds fy ikdkj fokku cukus lfgr vusd mik djsaxsA

Hkkxamp2 esa 7 ls 9 vuqPNsn gSaAvuqPNsn 7 ikdkj jkT nsk dh efgykvksa ds fo) jktuSfrd

vkSj yksd thou ds foHksn dks lekIr djus dk lEd mik djsaxsvkSj efgykvksa dks lHkh pqukoksa vkSj tuer esa er nsus rFkk yksdfudkksa esa pquko yM+us dk iqkksa ds leku vfkdkj gksxkA

vuqPNsn 8 ikdkj jkT vUrjkZVordfh Lrj ij efgykvksadks iqkksa ds leku gh fcuk HksnHkko ds vius nsk dk izfrfufkRodjus rFkk vUrjkZVordfh laxBuksa esa dkZ ds fy Hkkx ysus ds fyleqfpr mikksa dk micak djsaxsA

vuqPNsn 9 efgykvksa dks iqkksa ds leku gh jkVordfhrk izkIrdjus] ifjofrZr djus k cuk j[kus dk vfkdkj gksxkA fookg dsckn Hkh g vfkdkj lqjfkr jgsxkA

Hkkxamp3 esa 10 ls 14 vuqPNsn gSaAvuqPNsn 10 efgykvksa dks rduhdh] Okolkfd vkSj

mPp fkkk ds fy iqkksa ds leku fkkk OoLFkk] Nk=o`fUgravekOoLFkk] lkkjrk dh OoLFkk] [ksydwn vkSj kkjhfjd fkkk esa Hkkxysus dk volj vkSj ifjokj ds LokLF lajkk dh OoLFkk ds miksikdkj jkT djsaxsA

vuqPNsn 11 ikdkj jkT efgykvksa ds leku dkZ] dkZds leku volj] Lora=rk ls Oolk pfur djus dk vfkdkj]leku ikfjJfed dk vfkdkj] lkekftd lajkk dk vfkdkj iznkudjus vkSj LokLF dh lajkk ds lEid~ mik djsaxsA

vuqPNsn 12 ikdkj jkT efgykvksa ds fy iqkksa dsleku] LokLF lajkk dk micak djsaxs rFkk izlo vofk esa ikskkgkjdh foksk lqfokka nsaxsA

Hkkxamp4 blesa 15 o 16 vquPNsn gSAvuqPNsn 15 esa efgykvksa dks Hkh iqkksa ds leku lEifUgravek

j[kus] lafonk djus vkSj fuokl dk pu djus ds vfkdkj dsfy ikdkj jkT mik lqfufpr djsaxsA

vuqPNsn 16 esa efgykvksa dks iqkksa ds leku gh fookgdjus] Lora= i ls nEifUgravek dk pu djus] cPpksa ds lacak esaleku vfkdkj nsus] ifjokj ds fy Oolk dk pu djus vkSjlEifUgravek ij vfkdkj j[kus ds fy micak fd x gSaA

Hkkxamp5 esa vuq0 17 ls 22 gSaAvuqPNsn 17 esa vfHkle ds micakksa dks ykxw djus ds fy

d lfefr ds xBu dk micak fdk xk gSA bl lfefr esa vfHklels lacafkr fokskK gksaxsA budk fuokZpu xqIr ernku kjk ikdkjjkTksa ds uke fufnZV lnLksa esa ls pkj okZ ds fy fdk tkrk gSA

vuqPNsn 18 ikdkj jkTksa kjk vfHkle dks ykxw fdtkus ds lacak esa fd x fo|kFkhZ Ukfd] izkklfud k vUmikksa dks lfefr esa fopkj ds fy ikdkj jkT laqDr jkVordf dsegklfpo dks izsfkr djrs gSaA

vuqPNsn 20 frac141frac12 bl cSBd dh vofk nks lIrkg ls dele dh gksrh gSA

vuqPNsn 20 frac142frac12 ij fopkj ds fy lfefr dh cSBdlaqDr jkVordf ds eq[ky vFkok vU lqfokktud LFkku ijlEiUu gksrh gSA

Hkkx 6 amp blesa 23 ls 30 vuqPNsn gSaAvuqPNsn 23 ds vfHkle dk izHkko mu micakksa ij ugha

iM+sxk] tks jkT fofk vkSj vUrjjkZVordfh fofk esa efgykvksa dhlekurk ds fy bl vfHkle ds micakksa ls vfkd miksxh gSA

vuqPNsn 29 ds vfrfjDr vfHkle esa gLrkkj dsmicak rFkk vfHkle ds vUrxZr djus okys fooknksa dks lekIrdjus ds fy eLFkrk dk micak Hkh fdk xk gSA

fudkZr dgk tk ldrk gS fd brus dkuwu cukus ds ipkrHkh Dk efgyk dks mldk vfkdkj fey jgk gS s dkuwu rks flQZQkbyksa esa ncdj gh jg xs gSaA Dksafd vkt fn efgyk lkDrgks ldrh gS rks flQZ lekt ds OfDrksa dh ekufldrk dkscnydj] tutkxdrk clt+kdjA blds fy efgykvksa dks fukZysus vkSj dkkZUou izfOslashk esa Loa dks kkfey djus dh vkodrkgSA Loa efgyk dks Hkh viuh ekufldrk cnyuh gksxhA

vkt tjr bl ckr dh gS fd fdl izdkj efgykvksa dhTknk ls Tknk lfOslash Hkkxhnkjh lqfufpr dh tkA blds fytjh gS fd mUgsa tkxd fdk tksA efgykvksa dks mudsvfkdkj] kfDrkiexcl vkSj dUgravekZOksa ds ckjs esa izfkkk fnk tksA mUgsafy[kuk] ilt+uk tgkiexcl vkod gks fl[kkk tkA efgykvksa dslegtkSrkoknh uhfr NksM+dj Loa dh jk dks egRo nsuk gksxkAmUgsa laxfBr gksdj iqk izkku ekufld OoLFkk dks cnyukgksxkA tc rd kfDr lEiUu oxZ vkxs vkdj efgykvksa dksizksRlkfgr ugha djsxk] efgyk ds fy fdrus Hkh vfkdkj o dkuwucuk fns tksa lc OFkZ gh jgsaxsA ekuokfkdkjksa ds dkuwuksa dks Hkhlgh rjg ls miksx gks ldsxk os dsoy dkuwu cudj gh ughajgsaxs oju~ fOslashkfUor Hkh gksaxsA

lanHkZ frac141frac12 kekZ] fkonUgravek frac142006frac12 ekuo vfkdkj] fofk lkfgR

izdkku frac14fokkh foHkkxfrac12] fofk vkSj Uk ea=ky Hkkjr ljdkjAfrac142frac12 tkskh] ds-lh- frac142010frac12 vUrjkZVordfh fofk vkSj ekuokfkdkj] frhlaLdjkA frac143frac12 tuZy vkWQ fkk QkWj MseksOslashslh M MoyiesUVfrac142005frac12] efgyk lkfDrdjk fokskkad Hkkxamp2-


jguamplgu dh n`fV ls cqUnsy[kaM esa izeq[kr nks oxZfeyrs gSa amp d oxZ lEiUu OfDrksa dk gS] ftlesa iqjkusfjklrnkj] ekyxqtkj vkfn ifjxfkr fds tkrs gSaA bUgsa oSHkods lkFk jgus dh vknr gSA budk kgjksa vkSj xkWaoksa nksuksa esa izHkkogSA nwljs oxZ esa lekt dk d cM+k oxZ gS tks vHkkoksa esa thrk gSAoSHko lEiUurk dsoy yacjnkjksa vkSj ekyxqtkjksa ds [kkrs esa gSAlkekU dkd lkyHkj frgkbZ pqdkrk jgrk gSA cqUnsyh tuampthouvfkdkakr d`fk ij vkkkfjr gSaA izkd`frd izdksiksa vkSj kuhfdlkuksa kjk fds tkus okys kkskk ds pyrs fuEu oxZ dtZ esaMwcrk tkrk gSA flt+okfnrk vkSj ckaacute vkMacjksa dh izkkurk gksrs gqHkh lkaLd`frd n`fV ls cqUnsy[kaM vRfkd lEiUu gS d vksjvusd ijaijks gkW ds tu lekt dks vknkksZa ls ckakrh gSa nwljhvksj ifjJe gh gkWa thou dk vkkkj gSA vfkdkak lekt HkkXoknhgSA bzZekunkjh vkSj fuBk ds vkkkj ij dVq FkkFkZ dks lgus dhvknr gS ijUrq vkuampcku fuHkkus esa cqUnsyhtu viuk loZLoUkSNkoj djus esa ihNs ugha gVrsA

lkekUr cqUnsy[kaM esa nks izdkj dh oskHkwkk izpfyr gSampd rks nSfud thou esa izqDr gksus okyh lkekU oskHkwkk vkSjnwljh fofHkUu laLdkjksa] RkSgkjksa] esys vkfn esa izqDr oskHkwkkAnSfud thou esa iqk izk kksrh] lywdk] pjksZVh] caMh frac14yV~Bk dhtkfdVfrac12 lkQk igurs gSa vkSj daks ij xeNk Mkyrs gSaA fokskmRloksa esa dlt+kbZ okyh tkfdV e[keyh iuSsa vkSj ixM+h igursgSaA fL=kWa lkekUr kksrh] iksydk rFkk foksk voljksa ij yWgxk]pksyh pqufjk] kkakjkS vkSj fiNkSjk igurh gSaA kksrh dks cqUnsy[kaMesa ijnfukWa dgrs gSaA vkHkwkkksa esa uFk] csanh] dkuksa esa gtkyk] gtqedh]xys esa Vdkj] galqyh] frnkukS] gkFkksa esa pwjk dduk] csypwM+h]ikVyk] caxjh] ckadsa] eqnjh] iSjksa eas yPNk VksM+y] ysa vkSj fcfNk



vkfn vfkd izpyu esa gSaAyksddfo xaxkkj us vkHkwkkks dk ifjp viuh Qkxksa esa bl

izdkj fnk gS amp^^tkrha uhj Hkju teuk dsa] nSdsa dktj ckadsAikWo iksl iStfuka iSjsa] kjru gksr NekdsAtkSu xSy gks iSyma dM+ xbZ] f[kap xs mrS lukdsAxaxkkj eksgu jkkk ds] ckansa cSBs ukds AA^^mRlo lkekftd izfrBk dks clt+kus esa lgkd gksrs gSaA

cqUnsyh lekt nks izdkj ds mRlo eukrk gSamp d rks OfDrxrthou ls lacafkr vkSj nwljs kkfeZd mRloA OfDrxr mRlotUe] fookg] rhFkkZVu] inksUufr vkSj vU kqHk dkksZa ls lacafkrgksrs gSa vkSj kkfeZd mRloksa ds vkkstu fofok RkSgkjksa dks lkewfgdrkSj ij eukus ls lacafkr gksrs gSaA gksyh] nhokyh] nkgjk] gtwyk]jkeuoeha] vDrh] fkojkf=] xkskksRlo vkfn vusd kkfeZd RkSgkjksaij viuh [kqkh dk lekthdjk fdk tkrk gSA mRloksa dkvkkstu tgkW d vksj izsjkk vkSj LQwfrZ iSnk djrk gS] ogha nwljhvksj LokLF foKku] Tksfrk vkSj vkReoknh n`fVdksk dksizLrqr djrk gSA bZoj HkfDr gh lc dVksa ls cpkus okyh gSamp

^ûbka Bhd ftUnxkuh dkS] cukS fiaM ikuh dkS Apksyk vkSj nwljkS ubkWa] ekuql dh lkuh dkStksxh] trh] rih] lUklh] dk jktk jkuh dkStc pk yS ySosa bZlqj] dk cl gS izkuh dkS AA^^laLdkj kqf) dh kkfeZd fOslashkvksa rFkk OfDr ds nSfgd]

ekufld vkSj ckSf)d ifjdkj ds fy fds tkus okys fofokvuqBku gS] ftuls og lekt iwkZ fodkl dj ldsA tUe lsysdj eRqiZUr kksM~k laLdkj cqUnsyh lekt vkksftr djrk gSAxHkkZkku] iqalou] lhearksUuu] tkrdeZ] ukedjk] dqvkaiwtu

yegvosueKeb[ meebmke=acirceflekeacirc DeefYeUcirceslevee - yeecente mJereghe

DeOUgraveee (efnvoer efJeYeeie) MeemekeacircerUgravee keacircuee SJeb JeeefCepUgravee ceneefJeAringeeueUgravee meeiej (ceOUgraveeOslasheosMe)

[ejbpevee efceszligee

yegvosueKeC[ keacirce efveceeampCe heewjeefCekeacirc Ugraveegie mes ceevee peelee nw FmeefueS yegvosueer mebmke=acircefle Yeejle keacircerOslasheeUcirceervelece mebmke=acircefle keacircner pee mekeacircleer nw~ mebmke=acircefle keacirce yeecente mJereghe jnve-menve JesMeYetltee GlmeJe mebmkeacircejregefIgraveUgraveeeB jerefle-efjJeepe JeCeeampszligece JUgraveeJemLee leLee keacircueeDeeW Deeefo mes DeefYeJUgraveeograveeacirc neslee nw peyeefkeacirc DeeYUgraveeblej mJeregheoMeampve Oeceamp Yeefograveeacirc osMeOslashesce leLee ieerle lelJe mes DeefYeJUgraveeefograveeacirc heelee nw~ yegvosueer meceepe ceW Oslasheeiewefleneefmekeacirc keacirceue mesDeye lekeacirc kesacirc meeceeefpekeacirc Deewj meebmke=acirceflekeacirc efJekeacirceme ceW Deeefoce peeefle Eacuteeje OslasheUcirceefuele menpe hetpee efJeefOeUgraveeeW FdegosJeeWDebOeefJeOtildeeemeeW keacirce efJeMeslte cenlJe nw~ yegvosueer peve-peerJeve ceW ceeveJelee hejeshekeacircej meefnltCeglee oUgraveee cecelee lUgraveeeieDeewj mebleeslte keacircer OslasheJe=efogravee keacirces OslashecegKelee Oslasheehle nw~


frac14fuOslashekfrac12] mikluh frac14vUuizkkufrac12] duNsnu frac14dkZNsnufrac12] eqaMufrac14pwM+kdeZfrac12] tusm frac14Kksiohrfrac12] fo|kjEHk] izRkorZu] fookg] okuizLFkvkSj e`Rq laLdkj vkfn cqUnsyh lekt esa izpfyr izeq[k laLdkjgSaA izRsd laLdkj xhr vkSj uR ds kjk lEiUu fdk tkrk gSAtUe laLdkj esa lfrk kjkuk] pvk plt+kuk xqjlh tykdj vkqHkokq dk fuokjk] eukSrh ls mRiUu yM+ds ds iSj esa csM+h MkyukvkSj dkSfM+ksa ds nke cspuk] fookg laLdkj esa nwYgk fudklh tusAringoa e`Rq laLdkj esa e`r kjhj dk czaacute jUkz QksM+uk frac14diky fOslashkfrac12fiaMnku] cjlh] Jk) vkfn dk viuk foksk egRo gSA lHkhlaLdkjksa ds vkkstu esa ukbZ] kksch] lthej] kkud vkSj iqjksfgr dksfofHkUu izdkj ds uasx fns tkrs gSaA

cqUnsyh lekt vusd flt+ks vkSj vakfooklksa ls laiDr gSAukjh ds izfr iwTHkko n`fVxr gksrk gSA fQj Hkh ifjokj esa ekrk]cfgu vkSj iRuh ds i rks Lusg ds ekus xs gSa] tcfd lkl] uun]HkkSth vkSj lkSr vkfn ds i bZkZ vkSj kkk ds ekus xs gSaA gkWaflt+ izpfyr gS fd HkkHkh nsoj dh vkkh iRuh gksrh gS] blfy nsojls HkkHkh dk fuksx fdUgh foke ifjfLFkfrksa esa gks ldrk gSA gflt+ vusd lakkksZa dks tUe nsrh gSA lqlaLd`r lekt esa HkkHkh ekWleku iwT gksrh gSA nsojampHkkHkh ds ifo= lacakksa dk lk gjnkSydh dFkk esa feyrk gSA cqUnsy[kaM esa d izpfyr flt+ gsampdUkds fookg ds ckn mlds ekrkampfirk vkSj cM+s cqtqxZ mlds kj dkikuh Hkh ugha ihrsA blh rjg ckyd dk tUe gksus ij cfy nsuk]cPps ds lw[kkxzLr gksus ij mldks cgsM+s ds isM+ ds uhps v)Zjkf=esa Luku djkuk] iapoju feBkbZ plt+kuk vkSj cPps ds iguus dsdiM+s nkxuk] utj yxus ij jkbZ] ukSu mrkjuk] cPps ds flj dsAringij ls lkrckj mRkkjdj] lkr yky [kM+h fepZ vkx esa Mkyukk ykSgs dk xeZ lsj mrkjdj ikuh esa Mkyuk] brokj] eaxy kcqkokj dks uk oL= kkjk u djuk vkfn vakfookl vkSj flt+kizpfyr gSaA kkfeZd fooklksa ds ewy esa HkkXokn vkSj deZoknizeq[k gSA vPNs deksZa ls gh euq tUe feyrk gS] vUFkk thopkSjklh yk[k ksfuksa esa HkVdrk gSA k=k djrs le xHkZorh L=hds vkWapy esa ghax ckWkuk] NksVs cPps ds fljgkus yksgs dh oLrqj[kuk] fookg esa kksfcu ls dUk dks lqgkx fnykuk] fexhZ ds jksxhdks twrk lqakkuk vkfn deZdkM cqUnsy[kaM esa izpfyr gSaA gkWdkuk OfDr] jhrk kV] yM+rh gqbZ fcfYykWa] dqRrs dk jksuk vkqHkekus tkrs gSaA bl rjg ds vak fookl vkSj flt+ksa ls ekuork dkguu rks gqvk gh gS] lkekftd acirckl Hkh gqvk gS] ysfdu orZeku esaqxhu viskkvksa ds vuqlkj yksxksa us oSKkfud thou i)fr vksjfooklksa dks viukk gSA

cqUnsyh lekt esa kkafr OoLFkk dke j[kus ds mn~ns lsokkZJe OoLFkk ykxw dh xbZA lekt esa czkatildek dk LFkku lclsAringWapk gSamp

^^cLrh] osn] risojh] iqjksfgr] ranqy] iku Ats ukS u u pkfg] rsy] fnoku] dìku AAkf=ksa dk dkZ jkk djuk gSamp^^ckjk cjl ykSa dwdj thoS] vkS rsjk ykSa ftsa flkjAcjl vBkjk N=h thoSa] vkxs thosa rks fkDdkj AAoSksa esa Okikjh] lsB] egktu vkfn izeq[k gSa ftudh datwl

izo`fRr izeq[k gSamp^^canj] tksxh] vfxuhty] lwth] lqvk] lqukjAts nl gksa u vkiusa] dwVh] dqVd] dykjAA^^lekt esa pkSFkk LFkku kwnz dk gS] tks lsok dk dkZ djrs gSaAcqUnsyh tuampthou ea fp=dyk] ewfrZdyk] uRdyk] laxhr

dyk vkSj lkfgR dyk vkfn dyksa izeq[k i ls izpfyr gSaAfofHkUu RkSgkjksa ij pkSd iwjus frac14vYiuk cukusfrac12 dk fokku gSARkSgkjksa ij lkafrk frac14LofLrdfrac12 oa nsohampnsorkvksa ds fp= cukukFkk ukxiapeh ij ukx ds fp= cukdj iwtuk] egkyeh esafeV~Vh ds gkFkh dh iwtk] xkskksRlo esa xkskth vkSj nkgjk esadkyh th dh izfrekvksa dh iwtk] nhokyh esa Xokfyu dh iwtkvUudwV dks xkscj ds xksckZu dh iwtk] nsomBuh dknkh ij NqbZls tehu ij lwZ] pUnzek] fokq ds pjk vkfn ds fp= cukdjiwtk djuk cqUnsyh tudh dykfizrk dk ifjpkd gSA

fudkZrcqUnsyh lekt esa izkxSfrgkfld dky ls vc rd dslkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frd fodkl esa vkfne tkfr kjk izpfyrlgt iwtk fofkksa] bVnsoksa] vakfooklksa vkSj jhfrfjoktksa dkfoksk egRo gsA cqUnsyksa dh mRifRr nzfoM+ksa ls ekuh tkrh gS]blfy cqUnsyh laLdfr esa nzfoM+ laLdfr dk ksx feyrk gSA vkZlaLd`fr us cqUnsyh laLd`fr dks dkQh gn rd fodflr fdk AorZeku cqUnsy[kaM esa kkfeZd izo`fRr dk acirckl gks jgk gS] tks xzkeksals vfkd uxjksa esa gsA mRloksa dh cgqyrk laLdfr ds mTToy ikdks izLrqr djrh gSA yksdthou esa mRlkg] ftthfokk oa fOslashkkhyrkdk lapkj djus esa lkewfgd mRloksa dh vge~ Hkwfedk gSA

lanHkZ frac141frac12 MkW- eksrhyky pkSjflk cqUnsyh yksdxhrksa dk lkaLdfrd

vuAfrac142frac12 MkW- jkeLoi JhokLro cqUnsyh yksd lkfgRAfrac143frac12 xkSjhkadj fosnh bZlqjh izdkkAfrac144frac12 xaxkkj Okl cqUnsyh dk Qkx lkfgRAfrac145frac12 MkW- cyHknz frokjh cqUnsyh yksddkO Hkkxamp3-frac146frac12 jkepjk gkjk ^^fe=^^ cqUnsy[kaM dh laLdfr vkSj

lkfgRA


izLrkouk iqjkur dky esa Hkkjrh nkZu ds vkkkj ij osn] osnkax] iqjkk

oa egkdkOksa esa ofkZr fofok vk[kuksa dh ppkZ dh xh gSAmiyCk lkfgR ij xkSj djs rks LiV gksrk gS fd oSfnd lkfgR esaefgykvkas dh nkk vkSj fnkk ds lanHkZ esa izpqj lkexzh miyCk gSAlaLdfr fodkl ds JsB dky oSfnd dky esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfrlq[kn jghA oSpkfjd] ikfjokfjd] kkfeZd Lora=rk ds bl nkSj esaefgykvksa dk leku vkSj izfrBk iqk ls de lekt esa ugha FkkAfkkk vkSj vkRe fodkl ds ekxZ efgykvksa ds fy [kqys FksAlkefktd izfrc)rk vkSj otZukiexcl dBksj ugha gksus ls vkRerqfV vkSjlexz fodkl ds ekxZ iqkksa ds leku gh efgykvksa ds fy [kqys FksAfkkk vkSj Kku ds ks= esa cjkcj dh lgHkkfxrk ls efgykvksa dk iwkZfodkl bl qx esa gqvkA os ekrRo vkSj ifRuRo ds fy viuk lEdfparu j[krh FkhA ekUrkW vkSj ijEijkW tfVy vkSj dBksj u gksusds dkjk ukjh fodkl ds ekxZ lqyHk vkSj lgt FksA

oSfnddky esa ifjokj dk ofjB lnL fL=ksa dks fkkkfnk djrk Fkk] fdUrq ^vkpkZvksa ^ dk mYys[k Hkh feyrk gSA bllsfl) gksrk gS fd ekrkampfirk viuh iqf=ksa dks muds lehi fkkkxzgk djus Hkstrs Fks] ijUrq L=h fkfkdkvksa dh la[k vfkd ughaFkhA blh rjg kj ls ckgj tkdj mPp fkkk xzgk djus dh izFkkHkh vfkd izpfyr u FkhA

oSfnd qx esa fL=ksa dk fookg iwkZ qok gksus ij gh gksrk FkkrFkk mUgsa viuh fp dk ifr pquus dh iwkZ Lora=rk FkhA osnksa esaokZu feyrs gSa fd ioksZa k foksk lkekftd mRloksa esa vkHkwkkksa lsvyadr fL=kiexcl vius izsfeksa dks eksgus ds fy tkrh FkhaA vFkoZosnesa izseh kjk izsfedkvksa dks fns tkus okys migkjksa ds okZu gSaaAvfkdkak xglw=ksa esa okw ds fy ûfXudk^^ kCn dk izksx fdkxk gSA vfkdkak Ok[kdkjksa ds vuqlkj ûfXudk^^ kCn ikiexclpvFkok N okZ dh vkq esa fookfgr okw ds fy izqDr gqvk gSA

oSfnd qx esa qod rFkk qofrksa dks vius ksX thoulkFkh dk pquko djus dh iwkZ Lora=rk FkhA _Xosn dky esa



Loaoj gksrs Fks] ckn esa g izFkk kf=ksa esa lokZfkd izpfyr jghAL=h dks ifr dk pquko djus dh Lora=rk egkdkOdky esa Hkh FkhAvfkdkak fookg ekrkampfirk kjk vkksftr fds tkus yxsA Lefrksaesa czatilde fookg dks gh loZJsB rFkk ifo= crykk gS ijUrq lkFkgh lkFk xkakoZ dks Hkh ekUrk nh gSA vUrtkZrh fookg dks lektesa lnSo ekUrk nh xbZA mPpoxZ dk iqk fuEuoxZ dh L=h lsfookg dj ldrk Fkk vkSj bl izdkj vUrtkZrh fookg ls mRiUuiq=ksa ds lkaifRrd vfkdkj ds fue dk mYys[k keZkkL=ksa esa fdkxk gSA

oSokfgd thou esa iRuh dks dqyampHkwkk ekudj oSfndifjokj esa mls JsB LFkku fnk xkA vkkfRed rFkk uSfrdkfDr ls ifjiwkZ ukjh dks fookfe= tSls _kh us ekUrk nh rFkkiRuh dks xg^ frac14tksnLrefrac12 laKk ls foHkwfkr fdkA thou esa iRuhdh bl furkUr vkodrk ds dkjk gh iRuh dh e`Rq gks tkusds ipkr~ nwljk fookg dk izkokku cuk] fdUrq kkfeZd ks= esafokok fL=ksa ds kkfeZd d`Rksa dks egRoghu djkj nsdj mldsfy nwljs fookg dk izkokku ugha j[kk xkA

_Xosn ifjokj esa iRuh ds i esa L=h jkuh dh rjg lEekfurFkh rFkk olqj dqy esa og kj ds cMs+ yksxkas ij jkT Hkh djus yxrhFkhA ifr ds thou ds izRsd igyw esa iRuh dk egRo FkkA viRuhdK dk vfkdkj ifr dks u FkkA blfy iframpiRuh nksuksa laqDri ls K lEiUu djrs FksA u dsoy laqDr] vfirq iFkd i lsHkh fL=kiexcl K djrh FkhaA izkphudky esa iRuh kjk fd tkus okysdbZ dkZ iqjksfgrksa kjk gksus yxsA ckS) dky ds vkrs rd ifjokjesa muds lkFk nqOZogkj gksus yxkA vr okqvksa us lksyg okZ dh vkqesa gh kj Rkxdj fHkkqkh gksuk Lohdkj fdkA 1500 bZlk iwoZ lsfL=ksa dks Kksa ls ckgj fudkyus dh izrfRr ls fgUnw ifjokj esafL=ksa dh fLFkfr esa vkiru dk izkjaHk gqvkA

fokok kCn dk izksx _Xosn esa vusd ckj gqvk gS fdUrqmldh lkekftd fLFkfr dk cksk ugha gksrkA d LFkku ij okZugS fd ^êr ds osx ls ftl izdkj i`Foh dkiexclius yxrh gS] mlh

MeesOeeLeea DeJeOekegacircer veeveeIee ceb[uee (ceOUgraveeOslasheosMe)

szligeerceleer jefMce Jeceeamp

Jewefokeacirc keacirceue ceW ceefnueeDeeW keacircer efoMee Deewj oMee Skeacirc DeOUgraveeUgraveeveOslashemlegle MeesOehe$e ceW Jewefokeacirc keacirceue ceW ceefnueeDeeW keacircer efoMee Deewj oMee keacirce DeOUgraveeUgraveeve efkeacircUgraveee ieUgraveee nw~

Jewefokeacirc Ugraveegie lekeacirc efeUgraveeeb mJeleb$elee keacirce GheUgraveeesie keacircj meceepe ceW Deeoj leLee mecceeve keacirce peerJeve JUgraveeleerle keacircjleerjneR efkeacircvleg Oeerjs-Oeerjs Gvekeacircer mJeleb$elee ueghle nesves ueieer Deewj meeceeefpekeacirc Oslasheeflee keacirce mlej Yeer nerve nesves ueiee~heefjCeecemJereghe GvnW DeceeveJeerUgravee JUgraveeJenej keacirce hee$e nesvee heIgrave[e meeceeefpekeacirc GlmeJeeW Deewj pevemeYeeDeeW ceWefeUgraveeeW keacircer GheefmLeefle meeceevUgravee yeele Leer Deewj meceepe ceW Fmekeacirce mJeeiele neslee Lee~ meebheefograveekeacirc DeefOekeacircej keacirceoeJee keacircjves kesacirc efueS efeUgraveeeW kesacirc vUgraveeeUgraveeeueUgravee lekeacirc ceW GheefmLele nesves kesacirc OslasheceeCe nQ~


izdkj ifr ls foNksg gksus frac14e`Rq gksusfrac12 ij L=h nq[kh vFkoknqOZogkj ds Hk ls dkiexclirh gSA^^ bl okZu ls bruk vuqeku voyx tkrk gS fd fokok L=h ds lkFk ifjokj esa nqOZogkj gksrk FkkrFkk ckn esa ml ij vusd fokhampfue ykn fns xs FksA keZ lw=ksaesa fokok keZ ij foLr`r izdkk Mkyk xk gSA

lkfgR esa iquHkwZ kCn feyrk gSA g kCn slh fokok L=hds fy izqDr gqvk gS ftlls iqufoZokg fdk gksA tks L=h viuhqokoLFkk esa ifr dks NksM+dj vU OfDr ds lkFk dqN lejgdj iqu ifr ds gkiexcl okil vkdj jgus yxrh Fkh] mlds iq=dks iquHkZo^ dgk tkrk Fkk vFkok slh L=h ds iq= dks Hkh iquHkZodgk tkrk Fkk ftlus vius vksX ifr dks Rkxdj nwljk fookgfdk gksA vFkoZosn esa mYysf[kr fokok fookg ls fl) gksrk gS fdoSfnd lekt esa fokok iqufoZokg izpfyr Fkk rFkk og fdlh HkhOfDr ls fookg dj ldrh Fkh fdUrq ^fuksx^^ izFkk dks iqufoZokgdh viskk lekt esa vfkd ekUrk nh xbZ FkhA keZkkL=dkjksa usifr dh e`Rq gks tkus ij vFkok e`Rq dh laHkkouk gksus ij ghiqufoZokg dh vuqefr nh FkhA

oSfnd lekt esa fokok iqufoZokg rFkk fuksx izFkk izpfyrgksus ds dkjk lrh izFkk dk og i ugha Fkk tks gesa ckn esa fn[kkbZnsrk gSA dqN oSfnd ea=ksa ds vkkkj ij foku g vuqeku voyxkrs gSa fd lrh izFkk vfLrRo esa Fkh] fdUrq s foojk fookniwkZgSaA MkW- vYrsdj ds vuqlkj vFkoZosn ds dqN vak nkkZrs gSa fdoSfnd qx esa vURsfV fOslashk ds le izpfyr vkSipkfjdrk lslrh izFkk ds vfLrRo dk cksk gksrk gSA

oSfnd lekt esa efgykvksa ds izfr kkjkk] ghu u Fkh] |fi_Xosn esa dqN okD fL=ksa ds fojksk esa dgs xs gSa] tSls fL=ksa dkefLrd vfuaf=r gksrk gS rFkk mlls fe=rk ugha djuh pkfgvkfnA fQj Hkh lkekU kkjkk vPNh Fkh] fdUrq czkatildek keZ esadeZdkM dh izkkurk gksrs gh efgykvksa dks nq[kksa dks vkxkj ekudjmlds izfr ghu fopkj ODr fd tkus yxsA egkHkkjr ds vuqieuq us Hkh ukjh ds izfr ghu Hkkouk ODr dh rFkk mUgsa dkeampOslashksk ds okhHkwr gh iqkksa dks dqqekxZ ij izoRr djus okyh dgk gSA

oSfndksRrj dky esa lkekftd OoLFkk Oslashek flt+oknhgksdj ijEijk fuca) gksrh xhA lekt esa iqkoknh OoLFkk dktksj clt+rk xkA Qyr efgykvksa ds Aringij caku khjsampkhjs dBksjregksrs xsA ftlesa mudh Lora= vfLrRo frjksfgr gksrk xkA ukjhOfDr ds LFkku ij oLrq dk i kkjk djrh xhA og iqk dsvfkdkj cksk dk fkdkj gksrs gq mldh vuqpjh ds i esa izqDrgksus yxhA iqk ijesoj vkSj ukjh mldh lsfodk ds i esaiqkoknh lekt esa Lohd`r gksus yxhA

izkxSfrgkfld dky ls efgykvksa dks viuh eskk dk izekknsuk iM+k gSA bu oSfnd dkyhu ukfjksa dks ^czg~eokfnuh dgktkrk FkkA ije fonqkh eS=sh us oSHko dk ifjgkl djrs gq lcdqN Rkx fnk FkkA s oSfnd dkyhu fL=kW x`gLFkh ls ijs Hkhviuk vfLrRo j[krh FkhaA^^thoa nfUr eUrs mojs nhkkZ euq izlhfrnhfkqujAokea fir`Hks k bna lesfjjse ifrHksa tu ifjotsA

bu vkkZ xzaFkksa ds vu ls g Kkr gksrk gS fd oSfnddky esa efgykvksa dks fkkk vfkdkj izkIr FkkA sls vuqdwy ifjoskds izHkkook gh okxkaHk`kh vkfn rstLoh fL=ksa dk vkRefookl

bruk izcy gqvk fd mUgksaus dgkamp^^vgeso okr bo izokjEXHk ekkk Hkqoukfu fookijksijks fnok ij suk i`fFkOSrkouh efgek la oHkwoA

vFkkZr eSa dkjk i ls leLr foo dh jpuk djrh gwWA eSa iFohvkSj vkdkk nksuksa ds ijs gwWA viuh efgek ls gh eSa slh gqbZ gwWA

bu yksdksa ds vfrfjDr vU yksdksa esa xHkZ kkjk djukvkSj ifjokj dh lsok djuk L=h ds izeq[k drZO crks xsA osnksaesa L=h ds drZO rks foLrkj ls crks xs ij iqk ds drZO]blds fok esa osn izk ekSu gSaA dsoy d yksd esa iqk dsdrZO crksa xs gSa] og gS ckgjh vkdzekksa ls L=h dh jkk djukAysfdu lkFk gh lkFk Loa vkdzek ds fy gj oDr izLrqr jgukamp^^bMs jUrs acircOs dkEs pUns Tksrsmiddotfnrs ljLofr efgfoJqfrA

brk rs vUs ukekfu nsosHks ek lqd`ra cwzkrAAbl yksd esa L=h dh rqyuk d iwjh lsuk ls dh xbZ gS vkSj

iqk ds fy vknkZ g ekuk xk gS fd igys rks og ml L=h lsukij izHkqRo LFkkfir djs tSlk d dqky lsukukd viuh lsuk ijj[krk gS vkSj mls lgksx ls ckg~ kfDrksa ijA bl izdkj usrRo vkSjvfkiR cuks j[kus dk vfkdkj loZnk iqkksa dks lkSaik xkA fL=kiexclifjfk ij jg dj laLdfr ds eghu miknkuksa dks lqjfkr j[krh jghaAfudkZ

oSfnd qx esa L=h dh nkk lEeqUur FkhA L=h dk lekt esaogh LFkku Fkk tks kjhj esa ukM+h dk gksrk gSA kjhj esa ukM+h dh rhozxfr k eUn eUn nksuksa gh xfrkW vLoLFkrk dh |ksrd gSA vrfpfdRlk kkL= ds vuqlkj kjhj esa ukM+h dk leHko es apyuk ghJsLdj ekuk tkrk gSA oSfnd lekt esa gh LFkfr ukjh dh FkhAijUrq mRrj oSfnd dky rd vkrsampvkrs fL=ksa dh nkk mruhvPNh ugha jg xbZ FkhA bl fok esa ih0oh0 dkks dk er gS fdamp ^^mRrj oSfnd dky esa fL=kW uhph n`fV ls ns[kh tkrh FkhaAmUgsa lEifRr esa dksbZ Hkkx ugha feyrk Fkk rFkk os vkfJr FkhAd ls vfkd iqk ds lkFk d L=h ds fookg dh izFkk dk mYys[kvFkoZ osn ls feyrk gSA gekjs lekt us tkckyk] kkskk] es=Sh]xkxhZ vkSj ekkoh dks gekjk vknkZ ugha cuus fnkA

bl izdkj g LiV gS fd oSfnd qx dh rqyuk esa mRrjoSfnd dky esa fL=ska dh fLFkfr esa fxjkoV vkuk izkjEHk gqvkALe`fr qx esa fL=ksa dh fLFkfr esa vkSj vUrj vkkA Le`fr qx esaefgykvksa dk lEeku dsoy ekrk ds i esa gksrk Fkk] u fd iRuhds i esaA fL=ksa dk ije drZO ifr dh lsok ekuk tkrk Fkk]pkgs og ifr fdlh Hkh rjg dk gksA fokokvksa ds iqufoZokg ij]dBksj fuksk yxk fn xA lrh gksuk loksZRre ekuk tkus yxkAlanHkZ

frac141frac12 _XosnA frac142frac12 MkW- l diwj Hkkjr esa iwuZtkxjk] i- 36-frac143frac12 egkHkkjrA frac144frac12 dkyhakdj HkVukxj Hkkjrh laLd`fr dkbfrgkl] i- 301- frac145frac12 dkyhakdj HkVukxj Hkkjrh laLdfr dkbfrgkl] i`-38- frac146frac12 oklqnsokjk vxzoky Hkkjrh laLd`frAfrac147frac12 nqxkZ lIrkrh ds rhuksa jgL ikBA frac148frac12 ih- oh- dkks fgLVordfhvkQ keZkkL=] Hkkx amp 1- frac149frac12 yadk dkMampjkepfjr ekul] 61ohapkSikbZA frac1410frac12 firk jkfr dkSekjs HkrkZ jkfr kSousA jkfUr Ufojsiq= u L=h Lokra=efo amp euqLe`framp43- frac1411frac12 jkkskjk edkyhu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] i- 79- frac1412frac12 jkkskjk edkyhuHkkjrh laLdfrA


dgrs gSa drZO vkSj vfkdkj d gh flDds ds nks igywgSa ij ckr tc efgykvksa ds lUnHkZ esa gks rks drZO rks flDds esalkeus gh fn[k tkrs gSa] vfkdkj dgha fn[kkbZ ugha iM+rsA

ekuo vfkdkjksa ds lkoZHkkSfed kkskkkampi= frac141948frac12 rFkkefgyk vfkdkjksa ds vUrjkZVordfh fcy frac141981frac12 dks cus brus cjlchrus ds ckn Hkh vglkl Dksa ugha gks ikrk fd ge efgyksa Hkhekuo gSa vkSj dqN vfkdkj gekjs Hkh gSa

gesa bUlku legtk tkrk rks Dk foxr nl okksZ esa gekjs nskesa N okZ rd mez dh rhl yk[k dUksa yqIr gksrha Dk lalkjesa vkus dk vkrqj d uUgh dUk ds Hkkoh gkFk ikiexclo] flj vkSjkM+ dks NksVsampNksVs VqdM+ksa esa dkVdj jDrjaftr gkFkksa ls muVqdM+ksa dks cVksjus okys] bUlkuksa ds [k+Sj[+okg sls fn[kkbZ iM+rsekuks dqN gqvk gh u gks dkuwu dh ukd rys dRy[kk+us [kksys]s dlkbZ] Dk gj xyh bl rjg feyrs

efgykvksa dks thou dk vfkdkj feyk gksrk rks Dk izfrfnukj ls ckgj fudyus okyh fdkksfjkiexcl clksa] vkWVks jsyxkfM+ksa] jsyosfVdV dkmUVjksa vkSj gkiexcl rd fd keZ LFkyksa rd esa vksM+kas dhdyqfkr fuxkgksa vkSj dqfRlr psVkvksa ds nak lg jgh gksrh slsvoljksa ij kkfUr o lqdwu ds Hkko kk Hkj esa jksk oa kksHk esa cnytkrs gSaA slk ohHkRl vuqHko] ekuksa gtkjksa fkukSus dhM+s d lkFk nsgij vkdj jsaxus yxs gksa vfkdkak qofrksa dh fnupkZ dk vax gSA

bl vkpjk ls vkufUnr gksus okys s ujamp HksfM+s ekSds dhrykk esa gj HkhM+ esa ekSt+wn jgrs gSaA ckgj ls uj Hkhrj ls HksfM+s]igpku esa ugha vkrs sA ekSdk ikrs gh s cgqfis uj dk vkojkgVk] HksfM+s cu tkrs gSaA vius dqdRksa dks vatke ns] fQj xqe gkstkrs gSa HkhM+ esa] bUlkfur dk pksxk iguA



bu nfjUnksa ds fys mez ekus ugha j[krhA fuHkZk izdjkgks k QksVks i=dkj izdjk] nksukas esa ukckfyxksa us gSokfur dhgnsa ikj dh gSaA bu ifjfLFkfrksa esa Dk miksx djsaxh efgykvkokxeu ds vfkdkj dk

fn vfHkOfDr dh LorU=rk dk vfkdkj gksrk rks Dkjkst+ampjkst+ dh bu kVukvksa dh vuns[kh djus dh lh[k feyrh izfrfOslashksa ODr Hkys gh u gksa] izfrfOslashksa gksrh rks gaSamp Hkhrj ghlghA vieku dk fok ihrh bu dUkvksa ls] dSls viskk j[ksa fdegdk iksaxh fdlh cfxk dks] viuh Lusfgy lqjfHk ls

lqjkk dk vfkdkj feyk gksrk rks Dk ifjtuksa ds chp Hkhvlqjfkr gksrha efgykvksa ds izfr 90 izfrkr fgalk ifjfpr vkSj43 izfrkr fgalk ikfjokfjd lnLksa kjk gksrh gSA++++ vc rks FkkWeljhvVlZ QkmUMsku dh fjiksZV us Hkkjr dks efgykvksa ds fysvQxkfuLrku] dkaxks rFkk ikfdLrku ds ipkr~ lalkj dk pkSFkklcls [krjukd nsk djkj fnk gSA

kkfCnd] ekufld o euksoSKkfud fgalk dks rks vfkdkakefgyksa igpku gh ugha ikrhaA vikCnksa dk izksx] viekfur djuk]misfkr djuk] fukZ u ysus nsuk] jpukRed dkksZa esa grksRlkfgrdjuk] ckgj fudyus ij vadqk yxkuk] pfj= ij kd djukbRkfn Hkh fgalk gh gSA blds kko fn[kkbZ Hkys gh u iMa+s ]ij gksrscgqr xgjsa gSaA s lhks vkRek ij vlj djrs gSaA vusd kjsyw efgyksabls viuh fufr ekudj kqVampkqV dj thus dks etcwj gSaA Aringiexclpsinksa ij cSBha efgykvksa dh fLFkfr Hkh blls fHkUu ugha gSA

LokLF dk vfkdkj feyk gksrk rks Dk izfrokZ yk[kksa efgykvksadh ekSr dk dkjk dqikskk oa iztuuamptfur tfVyrksa gksrh

lEifRr dk vfkdkj feyk gksrk rks Dk lalkj ds lEiwkZ

ceeveJe DeefOekeacircejeW keacircs JUgraveeJeneefjkeacirc hee keacirce UgraveeLeeLeamp ceefnueeDeeW kesacirc heefjOslashesUgravee ceW

meneUgraveekeacirc OslasheeOUgraveeehekeacirc MeemekeacircerUgravee keacircvUgraveee ceneefJeAringeeueUgravee yewletue (ceOUgraveeOslasheosMe)

[eceerveeeer Ucirceewyes

Oslashemlegle MeesOehe$e ceW ceeveJe DeefOekeacircejeW kesacirc UgraveeLeeLeamp keacirce DeOUgraveeUgraveeve ceefnueeDeeW kesacirc heefjOslashesUgravee ceW efkeacircUgraveee ieUgraveee nw~ meceepe vesDeheves efnleeW keacirces meeOeves nsleg ceefnueeDeeW kesacirc efueS pees Oslasheefleceeve mLeeefhele efkeacircS Gvekesacirc Devegreghe mJeUgraveeb keacirces eueves keacirce Skeacirc nerlejerkeacirce Lee Gmekesacirc heeme Deheves Jepeto Deewj Deheveer henUcirceeve keacirces efcee osvee- Deewj eer Ugraveener keacircjleer jner~ Gmemes keacircne ieUgraveeeveejer lUgraveeeie keacircer Oslasheeflecetefleamp nw Gmeves keacircYeer Deheves efueS mJehve veneR osKes~ veejer menveMeeruelee keacircer hejekeacircee nw Jen njpeguce menleer jner~ keacircne heefjJeej keacircer mesJee ner Gmekeacirce Oeceamp nw Deewj Jen ie=nmLeer keacircer Ucircekeaumlkeacircer ceW efove-jele efhemeleer jner~meceepe keacirces Gmekesacirc Oslasheefle mebJesoveMeerue yevevee ner nesiee Gmekeacirce KeesUgraveee mecceeve ueewevee ner nesiee DelUgraveeeUcirceejeW keacirces jeskeacircveener nesiee~ eer Ugraveeefo meerlee nw lees UcirceC[er Yeer nw~ oesnjs ceeheoC[eW Jeeues heeKeC[er DelUgraveeeUcirceejer ocevekeacircejer MeesltekeacircmJeeLeea mebJesovenerve meceepe kesacirc Oslasheefle Ugraveeefo ceve ceW veheacircjle keacirce ]penj Yej ieUgraveee lees keacircner mebhetCeamp me=efdeg keacirce DeefmlelJe ner KelejsceW ve heIgrave[ peeS Deewj Ugraveen lees Ugraveeeo efoueeves keacircer DeeJeMUgraveekeacirclee veneR efkeacirc ]penj eer Deewj hegreglte ceW heacirckeampacirc veneR keacircjlee~


dkZ dk nks frgkbZ fgLlk] vk dk nl izfrkr rFkk lEifRr dkd izfrkr fgLlk gh gksrk muds ikl iSlk dek Hkys gh ysa ijviuh bPNkuqlkj [kpZ djus dh bt+kt+r rks ek= nl izfrkrefgykvksa dks gh feyh gSA

slk yxrk gS fd efgyk vfkdkjksa ij dkuwu cu rks xsdkxt+ksa ij] ij s vfkdkj efgykvksa dks fns tkus gaS k ugha vkSjfn fns tkus Hkh gaS rks fdruh ek=k esa] blds fukZ dk vfkdkjiqkampizkku lekt ds ikl lqjfkr gSA

kj dh pkjnhokjh ls ckgj vkdj vius OfDrRo ds fodkloa jkVordf ds fodkl esa ksxnku dh vuqefr mls bl krZ ij feyhgS fd bldk udkjkRed izHkko mlds kjsyw nkfRoksa ij ugha iM+ukpkfgsA nksxqus nkfRoksa ds cksgt rys nch] nksuksa esa lUrqyu cSBkusds ruko ls =Lr] viuk LokLF [kksrh efgyk dh leLk dkslegtus okyk dksbZ ughaA ekuks lekt dguk pkgrk gks fd gekjhet+hZ ds cx+Sj ngyht+ ykakh gS rqeus] vc gekjs gqD+e dh ukQ+++jekuhdh lt+k Hkqxrus dks rSkj jgksA vius Q+tZ+ esa fdlh fjkr dh[+okfgk er j[kukA

lksp dks Hkh dgkiexcl LorU= jgus fnk efgykvksa dh] mls Hkhrks dSn djds j[kk gS] lekt usA fleksu n cqvk dgrh gS L=hiSnk ugha gksrh vfirq cu tkrh gSA^

lekt us vius fgrksa dks lkkus gsrq efgykvksa ds fys tksizfreku LFkkfir fds] muds vuqi Loa dks ltkyus dk d ghrjhdk Fkk muds iklamp vius ot+wn vkSj viuh igpku dks feVknsukamp vkSj L=h gh djrh jghA mlls dgk xk] ukjh Rkx dhizfrewfrZ gS]^ mlus dHkh vius fys LoIu ugha ns[ksA dgk ûkjhlgukhyrk dh ijkdkBk gS^] og gj tqYe lgrh jghA dgkîfjokj dh lsok gh mldk keZ gS^ og x`gLFkh dh pDdh es fnujkr filrh jghA iqk us ifjokj dh izfrBk dk Bsdk mls fnkvkSj vius fys gj jkg [kqyh j[khA

brus Aringiexclps izfrekuksa ls ckiexclkk fd buls t+jk Hkh ut+j gVs rksbl vkReXykfu ls xy tks fd og rks ukjh dgykus ds dkfcygh ughaA ukjh lhrk ugha rks ukjh ugha ijUrq uj jkok Hkh cus rcHkh uj dh inoh mlls dksbZ ugha Nhu ldrkA

fL=ksa dk viuh nsg ij Hkh dgkiexcl vfkdkj gS xgLFk thouds lEcUkksa esa vDlj L=h dh lgefr ekus ugha j[krhA efgyk dhnsg dks mldh bT+t+r ds lkFk tksM+us dh ekUrk mlds eukscy dksrksM+us dh lksph legth jkuhfr ds rgr gh cukbZ xbZ gSA

ftl efgyk ds lkFk nqdR gksrk gS lekt dgrk gS mldhbT++t+r pyh xbZZA kksj vkifRr gS eqgts bl oDrO lsA ftl eklweds lkFk fkukSuk dR gqvk mldh bT+t+r pyh xbZ] ftl vijkkhus nqdR fdk mldh bT+t+r Dksa ugha xbZ eS dguk pkgrh gwiexclfd vusd nqdfeZksa esa og rkdr ugha tks fdlh pfj=oku efgykdh bT++t+r ij vkiexclp yk ldsA eSa iwNrh gwiexcl fd ftlds lkFk nqdRgksrk gS og lEeku ds dkfcy Dksa ugha jg tkrh

eqEcbZ dh QksVks i=dkj ds ml tT+cs dks lyke ftlds dkjkmlus vkReXykfu esa tyus ds ctk khkz dkZ ij mifLFkr gksukpkgkA mldk g lkglh dne mu yksxksa ds eqiexclg ij djkjk rekpkgS tks legtrs gSa fd ukjh dh nsg ij vkOslashek djds vkdkk dh

rjQ mBrs mlds dneksa dks jksdk tk ldrk gSA trk fnk gS mlusfd nsg ds lkFk vkRecy ij vkkkr djus ds izkl esa dHkh lQyugha gks iksxk lektA nsg ij vkOslashek Hkys gh dj ys] mldh vksNhut+j gekjh vkRekvksa rd dHkh ugha igqiexclp iksxhA pksV [kkdj Hkhcrk fnk gS mlus fd ckgj ls ukt+qd gh lgh ij Hkhrj ls bLikrls cuh gS ukjh vkSj fn bLikr dh u gksrh rks Dk brus mRihM+ulgdj Hkh vkdkk ekius fudyh gksrh

thounkfuh ukjh dks vieku o mRihM+u ds fok ls Hkjdjve`re lekt dh dYiuk djuk cgqr cM+h ew[kZrk gSA ge tksnsrs gSa] gesa ogh feyrk gSA ukjh dk vieku dj] lEeku dSlsiksxk lekt lzksr gh lw[k xs] rks Lusg dh ckSNkjsa dSls gksaxh

eSa legt ugha ikrh fd tks ukjh ekiexcl cudj tUe nsrh gS]vius jDr ls cus nwk ls ikyrh gSa] foink esa lkURouk nsrh gS]vkink esa ltky cudj [kM+h gks tkrh gS] loZLo UkSNkoj djrh gS]mlds lkFk bruk nqOZogkj djus dh xokgh dSls nsrh gS vUrjkZRekslk yxrk gS g iqk izkku lekt vRkpkj ds ckkksa ls ukjhlaosnuk ds lzksrksa dks lq[kkdj ekuork dh Hkwfe dks gh eLFkycukus ij rqyk gSA

lekt dks vc uhan ls tkxuk gh gksxkA ukjh Lusg gh mlsbUlku cuks j[krk gSA ukjh us eq[k eksM+k rks gj txg gSokfurgh ut+j u vks dghaA

L=h dh tkt+ ekiexclxkas dks uktkt+ djkj nsus okyk glekt lekurk oa LorU=rk dh mldh ekiexclx dks mldh LoPNanrkdk uke nsrk gSA Hkkjrh ukjh vkt Hkh uSfrd izfrekuksa dks loksZifjekurh gSA acircn esa Lusg dk vikj lkxj fys og gj kM+h Rkxdjus dks rRij gSA ekiexclx dsoy bruh gS fd vc L=h dh ifjHkkkkog [kqn fy[ksxh Dkasfd og tku pqdh gS fd og dksbZ oLrq ugha]thrk tkxrk bUlku gSA tqYe lguk mldh fufr ugha] thukmldk vfkdkj gSA

L=h ewyr eerkeh gSA Lusg gh mldk LoHkko gSA mldhizdfr ls mldk eq[k u eksM+k tksA mldh ihM+k dh fpUxkjh dksvRkpkj dh gok nsdj] uQjr dh vkx esa u cnyk tks DksafdfpUxkjh fn vkx cuh rks dkSu cpsxk vkSj dkSu tysxk] vktdguk eqfdy gSA

lekt dks mlds izfr laosnukhy cuuk gh gksxk] mldk[kksk lEeku ykSVkuk gh gksxk] vRkpkjksa dks jksduk gh gksxkA uHkwysa fd L=h fn lhrk gS rks pMh Hkh gSA nksgjs ekinMksa okys]ik[kMh] vRkpkjh] neudkjh] kkskd] LokFkhZ] laosnughu lektds izfr fn eu esa uQjr dk t+gj Hkj xk rks dgha lEiwkZ lfVdk vfLrRo gh [krjsa esa u iM+ tks vkSj g rks kn fnykus dhvkodrk ugha fd ^t+gj L=h vkSj iqk esa QdZ ugha djrkA

lanHkZ frac141frac12 n lsdsM lsDl] fleksu n cqokAfrac142frac12 FkkWel jhvVlZ QkmUMsku fjiksVZA


Deshdoot run Najarana supplement for women Inthe column Kalchakra there is brief account of thecontribution of great women in various fields In thissupplement there are also other articles on laws plans andprogramme for women educational opportunities differentprofessional courses social problems They help women intheir daily life Deshdoot also published articles onsuperstitions and bad traditions For example article on Dakintradition It is related to those women who are condemnedfor their wicked eye yet there is no scientific reason thesewomen are boycotted by society This tradition is mainly inadivasi tribes

In this way both news papers work to empower womenat local levelStudy of feed back of sample units

To study the role of above news papers in empowermentof women Feedback of sample units was gathered andanalyzed Survey and questionnaire were used to gatherfacts Survey sample is shown in table No2

Table No 2 Survey SampleSNo Woman Numbers1 High School girls 102 College girls 103 Primary teachers 104 Secondary teachers 105 College teachers 106 Officers 107 Ladies in different occupation 108 Class IV workers 109 Office workers 1010 House wives 10

Total 100With the help of questionnaire and interviews

information about the use and utility of the news paper wascollected and analyzed It is presented in suitable titles asfollowing(1) Means useful for empowerment

Feed back for the question related to the use of meansof communication is given in table No 3

Above table mentions TV as a most popular mean ofinformation Newspaper is at second preference Five womenwho are working as teacher and officers use computer to getknowledge whereas 10 women attended public speech(2) Regularity and time speared for reading newspaper

There were YesNo type answers for the question relatedto regularity and time given for reading newspaper Table No4 presents the information related to the question

Above table mentions that 49 school girls and collegegirls give half an hours teachers give more time ie 1 hour and2 hours only one officer stated that sometimes she can givetwo hours women in other occupations like advocate beautyparlors shops also some time cam give one hour house wivesworks at home so they can give sufficient time for readingnewspaper but class IV workers less prefer newspaper (3) Usefulness of NewsQaper for Empowennent

There were four questions directly related to theusefulness of newspaper for empowerment of women Tablegiven below presents significant picture

Sr

No

Unit Options

Television Newspapers Computer Public

Speech

1 High school girls 07 02 - 01

2 College girls 06 03 - 01

3 Primary teachers 02 05 01 02

4 High school teachers 04 04 01 01

5 College teachers 03 04 01 02

6 Office workers 05 04 01 --

7 Officers 04 04 01 01

8 Class IV workers 08 08 - --

9 Women in other

occupation

05 04 - 01

10 House wives 05 04 - 01

Total 49 36 05 10

Table No 3 Means useful for empowerment of women

Sr

No

Unit Regularity Time speared

Yes No 12hour 1hours 2hours More

1 High School girls 04 06 04 -- -- --

2 College girls 05 05 04 01 -- --

3 Primary teachers 06 04 05 04 01 --

4 Secondary teachers 06 04 04 05 01 --

5 College teachers 08 02 04 03 02 01

6 Officer workers 03 07 03 -- -- --

7 Officers 09 01 07 01 -- --

8 Women in other

occupations

07 03 05 02 -- --

9 Class IV workers 01 09 01 -- -- --

10 House wives 05 05 07 03 --- --

Total 54 46 44 19 04 01

Table No 4 Regularity and time spared for reading newspaper

S

N

Unit Newspaper helps

for empowerment

Newspaper

helps to create

awareness

Yes No Dont

know

Yes No

1 High school girls 10 -- -- 10 --

2 College girls 10 -- -- 10 --

3 Primary teachers 10 -- -- 10 --

4 High school teachers 10 -- -- 10 --

5 College teachers 9 -- 1 9 1

6 Office workers 8 -- 2 9 1

7 Officers 8 -- 2 9 1

8 Other occupation 7 -- 3 8 2

10 House wives 9 -- 1 9 1

Total 82 -- 18 85 15

Table No 5 Usefulness of Newspaper for Empowerment



























































































































































































































































lkfgRA































































































































































































































































































































lkfgRA





































































News Paper and Women : A Ground Level...

Documents

Transcript of News Paper and Women : A Ground Level...