Geografiska Annale r, vol. 17, Suppl., 1935, pp. 44-61

NEWLY DISCOVERED GRA VES IN TH E LOP-NOR DESERT .

W hen Svcn Hedinreturnedin.MarthI9J 4 10th<Lop-norrtg ion lhirthythree yea.rsha.d~ •incehelas t ,i>:itedthisforo/1stl!IOO!hiofonncr o.ctivities, (hoe,: piorationoJ,.hichb....a.lwaysoode<plyfascina todhim . lnFcbruoty

19, Sher=h•edne .,.. of thcctian.:c<tcooncoftbelowcrTarim,ane>.:nt prwicted bytiimd uringp nevious,is ito.on dthenpWlfled~ llytoin,-e,; t ip tethenew ri, ·crandits wandering tcrmind laJ<eLoi>-0or. Variouodittkult ieo. howe""r, esr>«:ia.\ly obstruction, from lhe provincia.l authoritieo. pcevented him lorsiJ<yNZ"!I to fulfillth e pi.an. When u 1.,. , h< go\ the opportu nity to utum and '1arted Im wo,k, ,e ,-er.:r of bisformcroativesorvan ts a! <>rlc,,I'2l liedaroundhi,ncagcrtoreent er tho,e r,i ce of their old much b<hw,d rru._,ter. Among theso there w .. a Loplik c:uled Oroek. now aged ,even1ytwo. who ,ipok< about a eemotery found by him >Oole I~ ---20 y= "!!0 out in thede5e<t to tbeooonth of Yu<lanjr hula~ and Kum darya., a hillcove,ed with ... tMUsandcoHinst.Th<Jocalityi n questionha dn '!Verbeenvuitedbyanyt,a,..,Jler, and hisdesaiption,thougbf:mt...tic,,ou nded veryin viting.Hadthointcrlocut0<bi;en an;-hodyehcweshouldlw:dlyhavcbelicv<, d th< talc ; theTurlcis,good ... they arein many rcsp« ts,bcingpa,..;onatella.r,;.Sow .. co nly doubt ed bisa~thathe

'""' ' able to tn.ce the pi=

::::'iU:. : ':,~~:~.:u~ hehad,hown a veryfi ne..,... ollocalit;- , ando.Jooplayedapro· mintntj>U"tin thefindin.gol\be rain,o f Lou-lan , SvcnHedin'• most important arch=logical dl,covcry,Md thu,h>. d cx­pc,ien«of~t rw>ain, .

Duringthe\womon ths, April and ll ay 1934, wbicbSv= Hc­din , pent on exploring tb< ________ _. Koncll,,. and Ku.mdarya with

Poulil< Ml oac of tho many i..i... Jorntod by can..,., liOfltC of the m<mbcrs ol iI1oo!lmaltllino • hise:<pcdltionwcn:d<tacbed

on vufou • WksalongtheD<W rivcr. The ~rcha:ologiclll work, wascntru,ted to me, and0rdekwa 1 imtructcdtotraccthcb urial·pb.ce andtak <in cth<rc

His fir, t attempt w a., un>Ucc<s&ful. He wa,s hardly to blame bccau"" the c,,untry to

the901lthofKnmdaryaisallbuteasyloinvmliptewithitspeU-rnellofyardangs,saod dunesaod.tanwiskmoonds. Butal50thcloUowincatternptsga..,anegativcrauJI . And nowhestartedtotellonc &toryaftertheotber,how thehillwithlhcgn.vcshaddisat>" pearedin a MWlyformedlakeor thattheplacewasooinfested wilhtlbU..(Devils)thathcdid notda..etotal< c thcnosponsibility of(:Ollductinganybodythere.l bf!gantodoubtthatthepJace r--. ais«odatallorthathehadever visitedit.ItwouJdtabtoolong tod-,,beaUthetime-wastini;­;mddisappointingoeat(hes,and I wuteptinWICCrtaintyW1til. withtheassistanceof,omcother Turkil , the p1aoe was at Wt actua.Uyfound.

From the head camp of the apedition on the left bank of Kumdaryaaboul !Olna .to the ::;.y~~:..~ Fie·•· Tlto< &ra>c&D":.!:i;I-"""' Kgn,claryatotb<

started on May 30th. I was fortunat e ctlOV(l:h to have Mr. G«>rg S&lerbom as my(:Otn­panion. ;md his assistance (n an-angin,g all pnctical mall cn """'as alwa)"' invaluable. On our journey 90uthwanb we reached a small hitherto unl<nownbnuxhoftheKurodarya, flowing towar~ SSE, which we lo1Jowed (the guides being ignonnt of any ,woe, it is Rfcm:dtointhelollowing as ThcSmallRivcr).Thcavcragcwidlhwuonly20m.,aod.thc vclocitroithccurrentwuinconsiderahlc.Butonitswindingcounelhroughthefbtclay andoand""""'"-itformswhole&yst"""ofsmaU\ates(Fig . 1lmrroundedbyrt>e<hand youngtamarislcs.andlhusKwudaryaisrobbedof a gooddealofitswate<.lnotherplaces .,,ddtm(S reach the banks. Just as in the cueoi Kumdarya lhis_,,,.tobeanewly nevived old rhw. Neither of theso, two riven has"" far got any freah vegetat.lonofToghruts (poplan). On tbc901lthem$ideofthcmain riverlh.,..,ateforestsofdeadTogbra.b;along ThcSmall River lh= are wry few dead trees lobe ocenbmdcsdeadtamarisbaod. dead.-:ls.Tbemostinterestingqualityofthisriverbruchiait&ditectlon•hlchsho'<ts lhatthepresentrow..-Tarimretainsatlinclination - ifvcry--.1< - tolu[!ltolhe90Ulh.

For~reasonsitbocameimpoMibletofollowit s ,,>11nefurtherthantoapoint abollt6Skm.tolhcsoulhof1hemalnrivcr,andthtff.ltflowiatadiatanceofonly8 km. fron, the easternmost lnr,ch oj the old, MW dried..,p Tarim. I 1051 light of it be­twe,:,n higb dune,o [n theSSE . Thc fe,o, Turki shepberd s ~ their~ amollf: lhe ree,:ladidnot furnishanyo::,ocurrentdclails as tothedmclionoflh e'°"""51parto lTh,e Smal1River,butlhetotallenglh wassaid tobe,ome1:oobu.whkb'"""1dtal< cthc-ter

FOLKE BERGMAN

down near old Kan koolnw (provided it do... not tum to the cast). During highwater time, in Augost--6eptembc:r, this maybe true-and then it istntficablc with canoes -hutinJIIIII! thewaterwa.!18ocm. bolowhighwaterlevd{Fig. I), andC0111dbardly have reached vrzy far beyond the.point where I turued back.

The iollotringdescription of the gra.ws dilcoverecl along thisri_. bnnch is only a prelimioaryone.Amoredetailedandocientifiettef.bnentca.>1begiveiaonlywb.enthe oollections, maps, plans and all the photographs haw -.ched Sweden. Thanh to Mr. S<'iderbom I can illutrate this paper with ,ome dnwings m,,de by him in the field.

Thecemetety~tforwa!llolDldtobesitllatedtotheeastofTheSmallRi_.,4 l::m.fromitswater,011:esmoothlyrOUDdcdhill,risin«"'"a....Udefinedlandmartahove theothenri5eflatdeoelt,tbelllOl>Otooyolwhichisbrokenonlybythc~t-sbapcd sawldanes,zm.higb,andafewscatteredhillor.bflthlivingtamariob. Tbcgroimd iscomplctel.yGOYen:dwithdrift.oand-weoouldDOtevcnlindat.ar.spottopitchthc tent on:. Asoneapproachestbehill,thetopofit!leffll9tobecoveredbyawholeforest of upright Toghrak tnmh but standingtooclOM togethertobedea.dtrfft. Tbey....,e

?'*"' ilyfoundtobllerectpostswiththetopssplmt1redbytheltto<l(l:"1DIU . Onthesur­laa:ollhehill.particularly,:nlhesk,pes , therewen:alotofmaage,curvod,bcavyplanks , and ~veryw,bere one ,tum.bled auoss withcrr,cl huma.D bonel, .:atttnd U.olatons, r .. maim of dismem~ mununic& and "'II • of thick wo¥m m&tffl&b. Scee <>f the mum-

~

ij ~ I = 0

= ~ 0

urn ···-····--····-· 0

D fllc. .. Woo<!n.nion11IU11.t>lr<>m•Ordu" 1_,.,,.,... .

miel lwl iong. darkhaii- andinac:di bly well~l&cts , <M1Dan a.lmo,i;1fair cotnplulor,. From Olbenail:w tly..toolcing m:ill pinned 011tofap&rtly Ff*n>odblal;k­ened 11cin. I lhallUVfffurJet the tub linwlupN ..ionoo tbe &.ceol a 6eminine 1DmnmyJ Onthedark&wi,,ghair.pwtedlnthoilDiddle,ohewore ayellowpoln todfel tca pwith redOOl'dl;hu ~wuhi«handnoble,berayetlli&htJy~uiflbewe«1onthe po!ritolfallin&:uleep ;lhe lwlatineaq!WM110Mt.Ddthinlipl,allgbtiypartod , and ohowin( o.glimpoeoftbetee thin &q,r.lett~....U.. . Rowl<infi:bad\hiJ ,Ladyol tha lmautable Smile, dl!lied t he roaring ~torm,i of the d....-t, bow often had lbe listened lo the whistlin,go:I thewiD.d in t i,qoColuamed Rallol t he o..dt, howk,,,c: WU ilsinooohc!closodbeo-l)"CS!orevertothedaaJina:andbnrninfrsunligh l?

ltwas«.oftndt be anowtroftheteUldotherques tiom l had""""'h-. Tbehillw,u,iscso l drifwand,probab ly accwulli&«:da,wndayanl:u,g. Itisslmply

a widdunatba l hasbecome1 b.tionary,andthellatld botill a~behteen the closMtandingposta. l tstop i,now7m.abovethe\evelof lhemm>Wldingground, its

utmsioailoaly 16m..byro,andiblon(eruillieoa.pprom.&tdyiuE-W. The western

utnmityof the bill ii bordered byapaliadieotthln, IIOI vuy~ht polea. Fnxn

eithero/.theloagt:rlidsolthehill,10meWhattotho-ofitl""*,thereprotn>dao oneofthe .twoudsofanotlwpaliaade

MQofthid<roundpott.witbthoir top1ooaleYd.Tbea:ntralpattolthla palitade is aod-buried. a- to the ti..11-po,uareke-pt togetberby horilmtalhanlil«<lby-ol.atrq ~ropes.lmmediatelytotheeutof theblgpali9adethelmopottartand

prettyc'-t~.almottallofthem ~ryhigh(onan•--«"'4-•Jm.)and of wlifarm thlc:meaa (&boat 25 cm.). AU of them are polybadric, with ;r-n surfaaa,"ll'hldlian. teuily-,,, if the sand ia mno...d from their buer. here it is also ..;.w. tha.tthey

ha~ °"""'bemp&imledml.Thc:""ls totbewestoftbebia:paliadeuemore im,gularastoheight , thicknfssand s.bape. Afn,oflhemha.veadiameter of11p1osocm.;tbetop,DKm.patt of10D>eof1hmiilthinner lha.ntbe

~· --~·~ t.......patt.lhcn,bcinc"a..-tolofbct a..~ n..- ia,..,..o,~--" betwcclltbctwoparts. AD011plo of o,i-,. '"--.-.u..u,_.,.,.,,i; thcmarepoinled«tapuiog.Anin• ~--tr, • old.o"""".tlloolldlioll>~) ten:otine:leatw,,aretbcoar -likemonu·

menbof whldi <o.a11y ltili•tand ia tbeiroriginalplaoea (MVeraloflhemtotallybvrledby tbeand), wberua tift.ecn haw beta lhrownoototheli,:letofthellill Tberearesampla with uagaatedly big oar -hladea fF"lfl. 4 C), and othen witlrl fflOr9 DOn:J:Wty propor·

t»Md 01111 (Fig. 4 D-E}. Bdow- the blaoel they 111ually have ao omamental belt ofhoruonuJliMt.whid:i-onoepaiotedi-ed . Thetypeildifferentlromtbeone

UMd by thl Loplw "' to-4y. TbeeuttrA pvt of tbe hW llalmolt flat with ontlUlfllo po11.. Thispoat It the only

uprigbt-wbi<:hha.sboruootalgroo...,.,abouttao.wide , catinat,..;ularintervall fF"lfl,48).0U.-.0!11imilartlnd.ha...,pn>ba blybcaiP'&c«ltben: ,m,ocfow«five are lyine:bdowtbetlope. OrdektoldmeU..t•bero be ..;.tecltheplaeetbe~belon,, ~wuekilldof,i.oa.,,mthlaflatpa.rtoftbehilL ib...U.and roof......,madeof pl&ob. The lat1er had beeomvend"ll'itb ox·hidesaodday . The iona"acbof the walls badbeePpaiutcdml.TheOoorbadbeeacovcnodbytbe...U.o f lG&Q)'o""'1andpier,ts

ofhideo..Diggillfl.,thea:ntreolitbefoundea>lfinwitba&mal,ecoq,ae.

NEWL\' DISCOVERED GRAVES IN THE LOP-NOR DESERT 49

Ofthis>l>oa.t,whichwupn,bablytbeffl(lltproralnentgr&veoftbepla,ot , nothinc i$DOWldtbattheKa.lteml.,stn,ng!.ydin,m!IOOlllldpw,b-a,eofwhichltilJ.baartnees oflimpkomama,tsUlredandblaclr.painting.Alotofox«ullslr9aboltattcnd.U'Olllld

thepla,ot.al>duamtDUllthe....tr.oe!Mftcloeely'"coUect..imuy...aUerobjects, thebttterputoflhfmdimillll.tivewhite1tonebeadl , bvtabolllne\arg11r-of-c:a,te.

Ordel<furtbertoldmetha.tthemore•w.lU&blm,i.,.bronte . ob)eCUfoundbyhim andhlscompanions.hadbeenc:aniedotf,tlui1-valuabl,emat"'-naway . Solrle of U.0..wbofonned tbepany hadtakmwonnclo&k1to me dlefflq- bono-dothl. L&teroa.tboplacahadbomralll&Ckedt.toobyb&ndllof1.-~untu,gTllrlrilfrnm Clw-khlik.-1 by thea.iaae Ambo.n, wbo ...... tobaff iDdulpcl ffl -k.lndol 1r1tiquaria.nintermta.Th&tthaetreuutt.bwitonh&ddonetbdrworkpnttytborouft;hly wu evident &om tbe fact thl.t -. when 1y1tematlcrJfy ..,...dilitc the hill . couJd find onlyoaegr&nt.t..>h,tely intact.

Hal:killow1t.deotriptionofthit " ntouchodgnve,calledD1,wbidi-..tobe typk:alofallthe-t.

It..,.. lomld imme<tia.Wytotheeut of the big palisade;""" mdollhecoffin. very nearthesmta<:e,tbeotherOlll!cov....ibyt.layerofdrilt-KD<l. . rm.clc,cp.1bccollin wu lying iathedirecti0DS.,0 ° W-N .,0° EMdoovmd byaa,.,.ploofo:,;.hidawitb 1hehairs1tiUn:mainiag.Thelidoonsisudofteuboudslt.ldaao991hecoffin.cu t tolol­

low ill oatlinc and bpi in place only by the bidet whld appam1tly had been appliod in &wet att.te.. The mtfio.(Fig. 5)-.as madeoftwo-.erymaasive pl,ulb , eachcarved wtofbaUaT oghn.ktruak;atbotbextremitleotheot.t..nlr~ of thctrunk lladboeu ldtiatact; t bcinsidesho,nadistlnctcooeavity.andtbeoiiu.dea~­inc-vuity . Theplank1icanagainste.i:botber,theendlltooching . tbmlonninga ..,,,ti<:ulac'!*'" bet-. them ; they are kept I~ by two IWfOII" v.nia.1. boards,

fittedlll!Ogn:>oYetlltthecndso f tbe planka.Althefintglancethlscollio -lYP"........,_bles aboat.lllereie,,l,,ow,ew,r,nobottom.Tbemet.lllfflDentsmaybt-UIFig.5 .

Tbehidethadpn:,Ud.fldthewoodmperlea lytb&titlooudqwt<,frnh,andDOta rn,i,,. of and had mleffld thec:offin, where t.mmnt11y wur.atir,goa ill b&ck. Toebet.d wu at tbo ....ta-a md,andavatbe lt.ce and tbe lett the wbolacorp11 wu_wrappedlnt. c:ov.ruao.t.loorblaaw:tofODC1ewhitewool . Near tbtbeadtheedgeo lt he-t.lowu tlocl.uplnto1lffllllM1.Sofulthu11otb«nopened.butUleconte11tsofotberlimilu OMI b&ve tonied o,it to cctWII of fllbs gAim ol wbeo.t or Ephedq ·twip.. Oatsidot the P1&11t.loudattheouwsldeoltberi,gbttb.i,gbamdoo...i.apedbt.lkttwufoolld....,..tly pl..aited of lltiH gr&11. it.I opemna doted ,ritb whit~ kit . Oa.1be bead theRwu a big

rCJmMI. .. p of white wool with five mllll feat~ pep i-ted or, tbe left side; ii wu tiedoo by-ol •strin&below tbo chm . (Fiji. 173 in Stu·, h111amcat Alil.giv01 aroodinip-....,..oftbeaspe,;to l themideof1similereoffin).Attllethrvat~were low:idpiecaoleanolsbeep.awltbcwbolefroatoltbebodywustmn>with~ of wbu. t and twip ol Epbedn. . Romtd t bl! hips bewwe a lolll-dotb, only 5 cm. wide, olthesau,emataialqtbemantlc;i t ha.dfringllt.tbotbetdoandwutiedin abot on topol tK"""'- pmis. Thefi!,et ...,...,dr=-diD.t.kiildofchirmyKIQC!IIOI"~

of OJC"hide with the hair remaining below the soles. They wen, tied with thick string, arou.ndtheankiM,andintbeJcnotsamallfMthen~insert,,d . Tbcse!lhoelbadlleVer 1-D. uxd, probably tbeyw= made u a.kind ofasepukhn.l !lboe. . Th• not ofth<! 11\UJ!l­

my was naked. Round tbe ri«bt WNt a white oord was tied, topt together on tlw, ln.,lde bya.rolllld.bcadofja.de (?),andlntl>ori( ht handreotcdatamariskt,,rig,5iao.long.Under tl>o b&ct, inside the mantle, a hu!lch of lour arrow., a.boot 70cm. long, WM found tied togethe<,andeachofthemwithtwotuftsot feathen,botwithoutaay,myw'-<l.lbey ...,.. apparenUy no proper arrow! hut only symbolicCIIIOL 1

Tho m=y, 170 cm in length,"""' very """1preserved.U1Ctptoothelrontofthetrunt. Theteoth~ootmuchwomlhowiJ!Jltha.t he must have dio:l vuy yowig. Wa.s th e ea.use ofhlsear\ydeathtohoconnoctedfriththehac­tur e onhislorehe&d?Thouprcseiononhisfa.cc wasthatol a 'lrildgrinlacea,iilhereallyhad eufferedaviolentdeath.Thohlactenedstin !tuck dosetot~broadcheot"hotles. Thkmg eyelashes mdthick ey,:hrow:s still rom&ioed, a.ndtheloogdark-brownhair .... tiedwith & Ndrtringat the b&ct.

Tiu,grav es D2andD3.....,pllllldored. The planks of these coffins wm: less lllaWve, and u mayho seen on Flg.5 tho end-\>oard.., an,

mllch hro&derthaninD1. Otherwitethecon­structionisacconliD(tothe8'Uneprindple,aad aauactpamlloitoFig . 173inlmu:rmortAsia. Aroundthesotwolldjaa,ntooffinsthehigh posh Jtand ckmtogether. Three of them.bad

l'lf.6. Bamboo-,1>. •/!- toheta.tmdol'mtopreventacddenbuthey ~rt.andinginveryehallowpltsinspiteof

their height, -t.•, m.. Near the cutem end of D 2 a mwl polybedrlc Nd -puD.tcd pole ~womtdepirallywithastring ofcamelwool.

Fivemoreooffimwen:fowidi1'ffilfhutallwithdilturbedoontents. Thebngitudiuldopesofthohillwcrecoveredallo"fl'byplanhandbo&rdsfrnm

no less tun some uo dajoi,ltcd ooffins of various sir.ea, and 75 posh lay proslla te . lt is nmarkable tha.t all the ooffins ue of the same constroctiol\. Though th e tre.eure­hunt ers bad nva&ed tenibly they cowd not poealbly be th e only cause of the do­

·c-pu.-.uir.,Pl.,C:,CV , l.H. ....

NEWLY DISCOVERED GRAVES IN THE LOP-NOR DESERT 51

struct:ion, theY<>Odoftheoeplank1 etc. being udried-up,sun-bleachedandsand­poli.ohed u tbt of the polits still otanding, ehowing that they had been e%pOMd for a considen.ble ti,ru,, Bec:,.uoe of the loo6e ma.teria.l forming the hill it cannot h.:o"" beenverylongbemretheevnacti.vewinderosionuncoveicd,orneoftheshallowly buriedcoffins,e,pccially011thelongitudinalsidesofthehil1,nearlypamllelasthey

:;:!~!~prevailing stronc-.rindsfromthe

And ammg all this uhriJ twentyfive dis­interndh111DOI1corpaesuclying,amostmacabre --Nordationcouldbe,eeubetweenthearrauge-mentofthehighpostoandthatofthecoffins fflsiJu.Insoveralcasosthorcwa.s,however, 1. thinpoleorpegstandingjutinfroo.to!011e orhothendsofa.wffiu,a.ndinhroinotanc...a ,t::J:'.ke FW.,i C) ""'5 pb.ced a.tone end

From the beginning the bWpost• may possibly h.:ove surroundodcertaingn.veabutasthe cemetery grew more crowded -=· ~· croachmentswerema.deintothea.reaofthe tirstconstructedgn.vu.Duriogan111rlystage thebigpalisadcmighthaveseparatedthemore oarist~tictpartfmmtherestofthebnrial­,ro,m,.

II -w

The mummies, partly oo startlingly well prcserved,havemostprobablynotbeensubject toanyk:indofpreoervatioubyart,forother eL!ily~blethings,too,ha.vedefiedde­structioninthe9IIJllemarvellousway.Theonly activeagenthalbeentheeidraordinaryaridP!f. 7.w-..."'!loc:ts<>l--. cfun.ateofthel..op,,de8frl.• /,.

On the surface, and nearly in all places where the spa,:!,, was put into the Mnd, macel­laneous objecb originating from derlroy,,d rvaves occun<d. They werc mostly ma.de of.,.ood,~l«instancesixtyoopllk:hra.i11rrOWsthehetterparlofwhich....,,..,d,:corated inthesamewaya.oa.lotofsmallerpegs, whicllwereal30found, withincuoedtria.ngles, prMently to hedesc:nbed. 11,n,o dillerent typuofobjects(FWS,,7-----ll)havenoknown parallelsfromearliercollod:iw,.a. Figs.8 1.a.w:lba.retn!lW!olhrosimilarhalves,kept togetherbystringsorwoolenthreadwounda.roundthem. Sic,;sampleswen:foundof thef,;,nnerk:ind,oneendofthemshaped u ahorse'shooforuacow-' 1 foot. Olthe

•:a.n,rut""'11 y-.Y ninldo"°""'latheLop-deoort. Bothin April <9>8ud•""la J""" 19l'flapor!oDoedatom>allaldowll.pou.

FOL KE BERGMAN

Jatterkiodjoar...-.,,,.U_,.,oolJected,tbeinsidcofthebaM,s~·ollowll,i.ouL 'Jkwoodeo objf!ClsooFig.7,ofwlllch oelflltl-loud.-""*ofpegs.So--'OOcm.

1ooo&.,.;lh1.,e,nidrtuta,_.tioouthebmAdcre.!butwit• 1.m,:,re tally circular lelCtion &t the poiflted -1 withi uc&e t . On the flat 1ideoftlu: broader end thtrsaretwo longitudinal gmovc,,, and , as 1. rule, behind these & rectu,gulatdtpres:sion . The sample in F ~ . 7 bw hich llcroolo.ed (piobablyuninteatioully )ll deconlcdwith •bunc.bol~~tlciwilhn,dwool.Othen,likel'(& ., a. areputlywoundwith1\.rinponly,but•fngmeota.rylf*Ul',en dispbya kq" fealhffl Oil the,:onve1<ti<le. Sinoetheyha•ebeto fOUDd in gra.._ allt1-tlueetypee-lproha.blyba~ e ierved intbe cult,tbou&bthtirfunctiollandlignific&Uonare1tilltob,,loundoul

Fngmeal5 of hie maat.lm « wn.Pf'UII• -..,--, moUlyplain, but JOIIIC of them decorated witb a DIii!* «lgiagol0011tnsting <:WOllf.Tenwoollcucapswerefouod,""'"'or.._poiD!ed,aod u & rule adorned with n,dor yellow <C'Of1b,ud fasta,,:dootl«Jcltside nn, .... 1 ofsmalllea.lheredpep..oondwithn!d......a. Besidestht above~ tionoome capshawo•k>ngitudinaollydividedskinof• _,..lfastenedroondthttop,i15.kullhanp,gd<non011thtfront olthtcap.'Ai.overyemnmoJ1w en,U..small.bub:isofCU>O-likesru.o with plaited ornaments•- fifteen ....,,..,mllflcted-which ooa,had containedvictuall.honlybronzeobjec:tsfouod- •child 's armJ,etofroundwirewiththlckenedeods,aod....,.<Offlldedirt-

i I ~::)2£;7:·=~::~::?~ anreprodua!dt,,getherwitba....ilJaeotolivory( l ). Tlw,small ~ object F'4', IOA mi@:ht haw._,,'-' ... pin for lulnling • mantle. Two idaitical r,amplei wne ....,d ol the object

, F',g.10B , lbaUMolwhich ll uncutain.F,g . 10Cilalhiafn&me,,ta,y pleoe,flat W><krnMth andwit hV-shap<d lincsontlle topald&.l'ip.

CD,, :::;::es=::·~~==~-~~-: lortbewh;thelatterlsma.dll!outof& tubular ~witb­

woaf::·!i.,-ineiMdlil'leiroundthebase • .., __ Tlw,bif;comb(Fig.6),coailsU,..of&ltemateiylhortaodkmg

A- t'/,,. b&mboopegs,nicel y polishedandiNcrtldin&pie,ccol ........ ,lllows • rather primitiftoonsttuctioo . The b{o&der upper pa,tolthr.lon«pqp=decorated wltllt~budo,eacbooemMieu poflwo«N11 oflillytriuglei, ooloandred, and with tM poiou direclcd agaillsl each other. Thio om&menl ouurs on many of the

•Aaopol-- ia n,p-a,1....t;.1--.P\JUllX.L.I' ..... • Compuoil>U. Pl. XXVl,L.C. 05 m>d Pl. XXJX, L. I'. '·"1- l.. l?.05

waJlwood,,n~Byplacingtherowsoftriangloo1.tdiflerti>tcfut.....,.lromeacl& other, 01"spin.lly,varia.tioosolthis~ttem havabHnobtUll!d. Whmtblltrian«Josue tfill'.lt,dintbo-dirticrion ,anothervaria tionorigina.t o, liket~inlr ~tAsia, PI.XXIV, LF,~a.; LQ.iii<>4 and LF.J.oI.

Aaother _.,t, t...i only short~ btdly viable ou the buli: ol tbo -plcca ol -· Cambs.,..,Olllllnl<llll.ylo,,:,;,d(nJ!'l.,,,.oflboino,1vU}'Ul{~and.ooan tncf..'lbe M1111Utl1.eaMwltbofferillpofhMW1b.al:r(alsoocc~iatheLop-oornciot1). It Ml very torop!U.i to "PP'* tbat tbe o;orob 1w: tbe ha.irhu-beuinfoathefertilityeult•('l1thkl>b~ry c:onwonly I.MOd&t.d -.ritb ii. cult of thcdlad) ,pvti• cabclyulhe..._tationoltbecombFig.6r-,nt,le. theodeath-patcmuaadotbonpattmi.witbtriangluK1 o;onttPoaua.,....l>ololfrrtilityon;nhistorie~u.ry I mns f<om Kann in tbo east tonortbemmegalitbk lomb1 , Ultbe 10col.JP~withthi1tbeorythetrianfllla.r pattern on the oti- woodm object• could be considered as an expnmion of the same ~ymbolism, ;, •· a life­~ power lor tbedead. Asaeenfromthedemption ofgn.ve D~ tbo ~=oimanyothorproohola fertility c1lit ie obviou&, ;- IUU the gain& of wheat and the Ephecn-~ 0 ~ to infonnati011 acquired byStein' tbel'ancui lllnda still"'°Ephedn.-t,rigs"' 1.substitutek,rtbea010unknownplantlrom10hiclitheir n • ..,,4 trr s-,... produc.ed, the: bolyba~ewhich pla.ywl tuehuimporta,,tmlealrelldyintbeeultofthe

aeiY0

CI ~~!:. .1~":r=net<d.;;~~dt:: ~-~~)ill

qua.lityolbang~mayhavelndua,dthc:ir eY1ploynu:nlWtb&pvuu.1. 1y,,ibolofvito.lity,i.o.llie-1"sp!ri,:tg.TheParsets1till ~tbewtwig,aswtdec:ayble.•

Bolideo t'- ..ull o~ IO!tle lvger onM .-.re also dl!covt:red: thJ'M bm,u, fi­lJUlfl Ol wood aad -«vlptwto (l'ir. 4A) ..-It.II lts1dil tin<:l bulnM iAtllrllf, diffl• e11it to cla,..i.ty. The k:mak firun, iii Fig, 9 t. ot o_..ty <lAhnl ti&e ud ,-ety much -tlw-woru. Tbeodwtwoarea.~ttlosmallerbut bl:tter~slxrwiJtltncoit ot .-ed pa;.nt;..,. Oae is;, %un: of 1. wOQ"JIIA simiw to Fi&".~. the othor thet of a man whlcbhuha.dapballol,andlDOJIIO\'f!l"iltheonlyone..;thaI91!1ycarv...tfa.o! . Astbe

x:..M<Jl~~::~ . ~Rr~o1:!r.'bollamlnllorillary~&lll.Ko . , ot~

'Tidll! ~ll•-"""'~YWJOOlllll1o:ll !ntbod ...npa<Dol~la-Gobland ln U..drio,parll<Jl1\l>oludtlloH!makyu.ltioa.-oido<ibyammolo,M"'-1-bl ""' •'"""'·

:1-;-"4:"1.~~r."' ·

FO LKE BER GMAN

faots of the m,we ~ an: flat , t heir leatmes ba.ve probably lwn painted. All three o1 them are ,-the, cmde but in a way natunlistic.

'Jhou«htbecircwmtancahen:gi,,.,llOevideoceolthis.itillhighlyp«>IM.hleth>.t the figura ba.ve stood in somcrda.timi to the coffins. Stein lwfo\lndsimilarODC!I when e2e&vating oa burial-grounds nearerl..oa. -laa. At the loot of gra.veL.Q . :z hr,

found a ']Ocm. hip wooden female figure withoiit. with a flat boe ud paintedwilhredochre. 1 lo t.heburial-plaoeL.T .1 andinpveL.S.5bedeteeted asimiluooe . mda fmlale figure of atone, ocly 10cm. high, iagra.veLS. 6.'

A B C D Fil:-10. Ol,jocblol.bono lA-.E) aD<li-,.(l)F . ' /.-

Tbeobjecblouodat , Ordcl<',iu,cropollloare,-t.llttplt.iaudinclude~ tha t CBI) be dated with eenaii;ity./uoota~letJaceofChiae,einOoe:t>cehubeen llldwit'.h(wilh.--vatioofor~tmypredec:es,orlrnayba.vemnoved)tbiscanetiry migbtdatefromatimeJ;,et,nt.heChioeseaxpamioaintheTllrim~which1tarted duriagthel&Sttwodecadelof lhellllllODdoeotutyB.C .Part icnlariyqUM"illt.heabsieoce ofnllrinthisburial-pl&oe,sit uated pnctkallyspeakincontheverySilkRoad.Thls ~tiwlcetunieitbcroonfirmstheabovechrooology oxit lh>ws tbew,yio,,-otaudaJd of Ibis people . Anyhow the gr.aves must ba.ve been constmctcd bdon! aboot noA.D. siacethocouutrybecame11Dinha.bita.b1eatthattlmeasa~ofth,,diying" up of lheKu m darya.

From similar graves nearer Lou-Ian Stein bas brought back skullswhkhonanthro­pomctricalCJWJlinationh>.vct.roed011ttobeloogtoth c H,,,,.olllf>i-J 1pecies,o.ndmost <>folltoresemblenowlivingpeopiesofHindukushandPamir.Eventhecolour<>fthc hairandthcfcaturesdcnotc&non-Ary;ulraa;thcyprobablyfo<mcd&lltratWJ1<>fin­feriorsocialrankintheTarimbasinwhicb &ttha.ttimeothenrisebadanAryanpopn­l;.tion.AsStclnh ... pointedont...,prohabJ.y~h.avcbcforeuthc;wtochtons<>fthe Lon-Ian lri:o«dcm, a. p,ople of half-nomadic shepherds, hunters and fisrun, reoembling thepresentl.opliksiDtheirwayoflivillg.

Thclrocpul<hralcustomsincludea.lotofprimitivc,o.nimisticfcatan..Besldcathe presenc• of Ephedra,-twigs thera are other Wngs, too, which suggest impulses from the west. Thaloin-cloths of the mmmnies •· ( .,~in the case of the men, oomewh&t broader ill. that of the women, may be suppooed to have oomething ill. common with thoo,e which wcn:, according to an immemorial, evidently Indo-Irania.n custom, still preV2ient~tthePanees,f&stenedroundthewaists<>fthc:Believ<n&ttheagc <>fabontMV enwbontheylorthefinttimcwereperntlttcdtotakcpartinantigious c:eremony,andwhichtheywerethennotallowedtola.yoff.

TIie shoasfound ill. the gra.vescall tomindthebwScythianboots,asfaras their sho.pccanbejndgcdfromthc..-pl,:tan,o<>fthcku<gha.na.tKul-Oha,a.ndthc pointedcaps,too,remindouea.littlc<>fthose<>fthaScythiarul,thOllghthalatter cvidentlyh&d DO plume dicc:mation.•

As may ha"""" in 'Minlls'Scythians and Gneb, Fig,. I2-L!, oevfflll AJ,ia.tic n<>ma.rul wurep<>Ultedcaps,often with flaps to tic below the chm.'

ToeChincoca.nnalatua.tth c inh&b:itall.boftheLon-lankin,,:domrn.tl,tto,nensivdy, fortbeseoftendidgreathanntotbeChinesosilktra.dewhichpasscdthroughLou-Jan onibloogwaytothcNcuEutandth c Roma.nEmpire.Inmostofth c cQeSthcycoopt­ratedwiththcoldmemy<>ftheChinese:theHuns.Intheyear77B.C.a.pllllishinge:l[­pedition was sent to Lon-Ian. Tb.c king was murdered, and the capita.I o~ the kin,gdom 11'Mremovcdfrom.thenorlhernoideoflop-nortothectwkhlikofto-dayandwas callcdShan-shan.Thenorthemsidecons.i11entlylostinimportance,andwhentheChi­neoe~thelater8an-dyna.oty,asemphasizedbyAlbertHcmna.nn,'aftera.nin­tem,gnum <>f fifty years reconquered the Tuim bum, they used the I011tevia.Cbarkh-­lik, Mw:lek and Ywg-p'an, andnotthesbort-cuttothanorlhoflop-nOl'andalong Knm <iary,,.. From Merdek to Ying-p'an the route moct probably follmred The Small River 11pto Kumda.rya. Asma.yba MW from themapthereio a.ruined watch-tower &bontr7hn. SSWof,O«lek' o nccn,polis,betweell.ToeSmallRiverandtheoldcoorse ofthelowerTarimriver.Onlyfragmmbofpottery,proximat&yoftheHan-dyna.sty, andadcgencratcdWIH'.;..coin...,..,fonndthere.Thismvcrmusthave..rvcdasa.n ontpost to th• fort<>fMerdek,erectedtoprotectthcro&dfromMerdektoYin,,:-p'an.

Moretowenmayexlst bothtotbenorthand,oothoftheooedi9covffld,thoq-hl had DOlthemeanstoloolrforany.

LateroowhentbeChinesefounditneoessaryto st atlon a militarygarri,onontbe northemsi<leoJLop-oor,theoldnameofl.oa-lanwurevivedforibnominatlon,and lhisisthel.ou-W>discoveredbyS-,Hedin .

Afterhwina:CO!llpletedthe e;o:QvatM>flfandotherS1;11VeySoftOrdek' s ~ weleftthisglo<ringbotpbceamdturuedourinteresttowardstbeotberudeoJThe S-11 River. There we di....:wmid tlu,ee minor burial-places pn,ctkalJy on the same latitude u thebigplace.

In the oouthenm,oat place tluw or klW" graves Wfft situated oo the edge of a Oat hillod:withdeadtamari*s,entin,lylUfTOGlldedbysanddunet.Theopenedooffinin

C a :]

LY 0 OJ K Q 0

Pie-"· n..-. ,.. ... 1:, .

grave EI wumade of half a boUc,w-1..,utToghrutnwk(F"111 . tl) . Aoemicircularb:>vd badd.-ieao:honeoftheopenerwh,amdtwolon,itudinalhoardsbadlotmedtbelid . O,, tbetopofthistherewualayeroJbrushwood.teptt~bytwistedrop,,soJtheame matorial . Am<>nl!:thisbnlsh-..oodwefoondtbeskullofaeheep.Thelourstoutlqs, insertedinthebottomoJthea,ffin,gaveitacmioma~.Onen,ally""*the im~thatlhismffulwasnetra"meanttobeputuuderground. Themummy"'u tbemostperiectly~ooeleva-saw.ltwuthatofamelderly, sta telygentleman with a small white beard,a typical dolkhocephalomwitha nam,wface. TbeJ'U"hed skinwasof a unifom1yellow-b,owucolouralloverthebody,neufyramablingdart su:abwn. He bad beendresoedin alollgcoat ol thin yeik,,rsilk-puu, fragmen ts of whicll remained wgetberwitbitsedgingoJbrig.b t red silk. Kow,d the ..ecklt bad a b:roaderedgingmadeupolaevenlpieoosofpattfflledehlnaebrocadewithboldly oonventionalizedanimal!lin-""rluUybnf:bta, Joan.Thefffl w«e putintolow bootsofthe...,,,.1tyleuth<JeingraveD1,butmoredegantandma<leofredleatber .

ThecoffiningraveE~wubalfdeottoyed.ltbadabobeencoveredwlthbruabwood, andcoowned. a skeleton(~)withfragmentsofwbit e andl'Msilk . Tbe

NEWLY DISCOVERED GRAVES tN THE LOP-NOR DESERT ~7

coat had """" a woollen one. and hadhadanarrowedgingofrcdbrocade , unfortw...tdy badly pruttvcd. The tro uaen ...,, e of plain cotton material. A. in the ea,;, of the mummy ingraveE1thenostril • oi:thi.u lrullwen,ohutby- • oftwosmaJhstoppenoofredsilk.

lnChim.thecustomofclooi,,glhenimapertnn: 1 0fthecorpsebyi.....ningspocially fonn ed objoct1ofjade WM devclopeddllrU18thellan-dynasty,j ade b,,mgu.oedto illlmonalisethebodyby~ventingit o putrefaction. Aoc:ordingto the vedicritualthe seven• pertun,softhe e<:>rpso:hadto

becoveredbyp;e-otgold. Similar r I ==·~=.:= L__J- I, primlt!venceii.• ___ ___ ....,

On top of the hilbck there was

anlmcnludrcleohfewlowp,l,1,1, rr-n n n r.:.'~~~=~ui:: ~ 1:1i,..a---==aar1 =~ ~ ==jqgofe,orthffl. ~.n . Thoooffla,p. N Cs.

Only~km.fromthiiiplac etbttei,,anothercemeterywithfourgn.v ea,allbadlypn,o,,rved . GraveC 1wa 1 thel:ufutablyrlche,toneofallgn.ve.sexaritlned. Thecoflin,halfa

hollowe<k,ut Toghrak trunk um. long, with onJ. end-boards and a lid of two long bo&rdo ~ witb brush""><Ki,.,.. split open. It conwoed a at<eleton of a woman dr......iin a longsilk ooo.t,the"'-redgeof whkhwaoadomedwith 1tripsoldark­browl:l, redandg.....n1Uterial Tb.eslce - reuhedbelow1hehandl,andoewn ontothcm'"""somepk,,:a,ofrcdpattemedoilkandotllera.atorialsofvariowo coloun.Severalllil&l.l objecuweredepc:,,it cd inthecoff:in,4. l ,l.tlironmirrn<..;tha n:dsilkcover,aspinDingwhlrlonit 1 peg,and , diminutivebagolleatherondoneof oilk.Framthewaistapairofironociss>rs....,...hangiog.Severalpalnolminiaturetrou­een atidshirtlofplalnsllk,suit aNelor a doll,-,,u,covemlballdel a bron..ebutton a.ndpicccsofChine9ebrocade,Row:idhernecklheworeacotdwith a fewsmallwhlte beadsandtwoofgiltglasl.

Fragments of a similar&-...,.., Sl""'1 frootgra ve Ci. GraveC~ohowsamoreelahon.tetypeolcoffin(F'i«.n).'E&eholthelourcornen

consisuofa1qW11Cpootirl.,,.hichtheboarollonningthesideoandthe endsa.Neirnertcd withteuons.Tbet.c.rdformiogthebottomi,,ratiagonaspecialcross-bubmreen the comer-paoto, and the lid i,,made olf'Wl?lonfhoards.Tbecorner-p,tbfonnr""'1 leg1.IScm.high,givingth o coffinth e ~of a bedstead . Itbadbecnlinedwith whitefelt.Onlyfragmenttofthelkeletonremaintdhl!Sldeorag:aol a wrappingmantle a.vl a littleydlowi!hbrowl>.silklwmtbeooo.t . A,mallpicceoflllllltlooloun,""-de, a bonehandleof a htlfe ,a treloiledbronze==tforthedrMs.humanhaira.nd on arrow:ohaftcomplet e the,epulcbraldeposlt .

>lll ,t. lil.-...Ar<l dvXlll,p.4 'A *' n,p<ae11toda,ooqnu, , -.,..Ea<><18 .

Thistypeofcoffinresemblesino.wo.yo.Greekcoffin(orma.ybeachest)fromOlbi.o.,• thou«h the mauulacture, of conne, is far inferior. Comer-pnsts fOl'tlWli leg,, uc to beloundontheonefr<>U10lbi:i.aswellasonotherG..-eekwooden$UCOpha,gl, but these ha.vethelidssha.pedlike ,. SM!dlebad:edroof.'

Abouta5m. tothenorthofgrav e Ca we fOUJ1dremainaof a smallhotmarttd by posts,l eu thaDim,lon,g,lyinc:iorows,oncehtt.vingformedthelowerpartofthewailt.

Theplanw....rectanguw, 6 by7.,m. When removing thesand11"Cucoveredfra&mentsolfourrouod woodenj~withha.ndh.s,reaemblingthetype reprodoced in Ionmnost Asia., Pl. XXIX, LH.or.

A.third boriaJ-place ia oituated abontIOtm.to the oorthofth e onej u tdeocrihed.Toe,e,..ere onlyfragment s leftof5--6cottinslyingonthe grouod,repneelltiogtwoorttueediffereirttypea, bothhollowed-outtrunksandofthetypereprodoced in Fig. Ia. Some piera of n,d •ilk, plain white

:!~on~ buocli ea of huwaa 4ir (offuiogs)

Finally, the single grav e A is situa.tednea:rthe oouthem bl.nkof Kum daryo. and aboutu km. tothewestofYardangbu.lak. Thecoffinha.dfallen ootof ayardar,g,andCODSist..d.Amplyof o.hollow Toghra.lttrunk.am.long.Theopenendshadboen cl<>Mdbycircularlidsfastenedbyconvergingsmall dowels.Alltnotholeswen:filledwithplogs.Theinside ofthe>coffin> 1'» lined 1riththickwoollmfe!t enveloping the mummified corpse of a man, r4'! em. in length. He .,....drew,dinalongverywellpre. servedcoatofyellowlilk,li""'1witha~cotton

~- 13. Doll of Mt • .,. .,, A. •/•. material. He wore high boob with felt ..:cl::t and llhoep,tin trousers 1rith thewooltomedinside. They

reachedalittlebelowthekneesandhad a strlngl"OIIDiugthroughstrapsroondthe waist. He wore no shirt. Onth e leftsideof!heba.ckoftheskullatuitofgreyba.lr wu twisted into a. knot behind theea:r. Theind 1orswen:mucl!wom,thelowermolars wereinisaing, >llldintheupperjawtherewerethirt een toethinall.Theskullseomed tob e dolichocephalic.

Near the left knee a tria,,,gularpioceoffdtw u placed,on onesideofwhichwere fastenedthebonesof a.lhee p'sfore!eg,a.ppi.=,tlyalittleburnt.Thefdtimitat es the flesh of the foreleg: theprovisionsofthede&dma.n.Avertebmof a fishw a. &!sofound.

NEWLY DISCOVERED GRAVES IN THE LOP-NOR DESERT 50

Immediatdybelowtherighthipandundortheroathelwl1,ll>O!ltiDtefflltiqobjcct: adollma.deoffdt,i7cm.high(Fig.i3).Itrepre!ll!lrtsnodoubt1,1'l'OmaO,i.•.a.fcminln.e rompanionfortheburicdrww. 1

LikethecoatsofpresentdayTurlristhisoneiscollarlcos,IM.vingthethro o.tbare.. Theoverla.ppingpartism..ietobc:fastenedwitharibboiiontheleft.side.Thehigh boots, bun... and with the l~higherinfrontthano.tthe ba.clr.h.aveavertical.seam(onbothsides)Illllillllfi'.lromtopto sole {Fig. 14), a.b!lolntdy differing from the seams of modem boots. The footispoiDted,andthe toe turned .u,htlynpwards; they=m.adetofiteitherfoot.

Theprimitivecoffin-typehaoaparallelinoneofthefour gn.vesfromtheHan-dynastyexcava.!ed-bymeini<pBatMira.n.

lf o.romparisouismadebetween•Ordek' t necropolistandthe otbermnallercemeterlsjustdescribed,itisremarkabletho.t the fonneris beautified withimpressiveWOO<Wlmonuments, ha.sanaltogetheruniformcoffin-type,thedeadpraciically naked under their wrapping-mantles, and the gnve deposits slww notrao:aofChineociDflueuce.

Theminorplacetih&venowoode:nmonuments,then: an: aeveral =· o:::: d:/!:ni!!~~y=.:nn!ii~ ""'-=---Chinese silk.. Particularly in thegnvescailedEtheuulh.att ~s- '1.-~~ boot. more decldedlydolichocepbalic than is thecaseat,Ordek's necropoliat. An anthropological dilferencemi&ht be: prooved by a.future examination ofthecollecteduulh..

Theseminorburial-p!acelaccordingtotheirehineoegoo,b,mnstbc:il.t.erthan100 B.C.,thtirtown...,,ad'l"-beingrontemporaneouswiththa.tof•Oni,,k'1necropoli9,, i.e.about330A.D.

Nodefinitet:rao::esofdwellingsitetcoonespondingtothegnvesconldbc:folllld-acept perh&p1 the buts mentioned ob>veinamnectionwithgraveeCandD. At least in the caseof10rdek'1necropolm·onewoulde%p11C!.tofinda 1imilargo.tmringofhuts,1,vll­lage,whichoughttohaveboeuoi.tua.tcdiD theneigbbourhoodalonglheSmallRiver. lfa.villagehu existed it lo ccrlainly by now completely buried by the sand. On the otherhandfragmentsofpott.eryandother<kl,ri,"'en:abundantonW1111ybarellll"­m<:e:!!betweenthedunesbothtothesouthandnorthof•Ordelr.' , necropoliMa. ilthe casenearlyeverywhen!intheLopdesert.to thewestofnewl.op-nor,relicswbir.hindi­cateamobilepopulation.

Thefintonetoobservethepre,enceofgra:nsinthel.op--desertwasEllsworthHwi-

~on in I ')OO,. But he ffllldc no excavation,. Through Aurd Stti n"s eneuive investi­gation1 in tb.is tt(i,on in t9r4 a gn,at many ocraeterin - bol.h ot thcautocbtonand the Ounc..popu.btioo -· havebce 11discov~and e:n ,mincd.yiddinglN.)Mt.:m:llcn t tutilel. The~~ tH """6' Wen-piinl 92S(and19.W)probablyexam incd -gn,. veoon 1b6nort.bern1ideo( Kum <hryo.•1delta,andlmyaelffow..ttb6abovemen ­tionedgn.,..,. at Min,:, i:, 1928. Wher.NilJIG.HlimeiM<!Pai:~Cbenl,:, 1930--3 1"'"'1, tlutitfamo111dublrot,:,tb&easttOdiatao.t a!:'Wl.op,Mr, tboysawaco,,pleo(~ unknown gn.v,is uow:d the d.tlt.a. of Kum <W)'a. h1 tM S111K ngio,> s,-en Hedin u,d PvkffCbenln 1934e1 cavattdtwamaas-«nvesltldtwoslngleor.M . tb&formtry!tlding &m(lgt lntttlllltinginu.crilll • hlchwillbcpubllshcd • ben tlleoolloctioosba.vtbocome ~ bit.'

But at IIOM ot tk omaDoratcd I<>ealitics have the g..,,ves bad ....:ban imp.~ tttcrio<. '-'<haw......,furfflo(highp<>Stsand<rthe-r,.wd,oq........,,-1.._uat•Ordek'1 necropoli,io.Sofu.int ~respcct. itisuniqne .

NEWLY DISCOVERED GRAVES IN THE LOP-NOR DESERT 61

Ul>deti&'sommAfffll9J4"'1'Wl8•..,...,bplikvidlWllll()rdek."""16rmer11130lr oedMvvlt\S ..... Hedlnltj&llltocbdf.blcltaglttUl11ppta,cl<ee1>&VN(flltadenl.oa-lLll.upp­lysGlnsom lllpapvtalti 6lmal ~ .. om K11mduya. (aecl,e Ta1im). Detot6nta av -blluockslldea11a~ailiilnbeolaivnlaal6r.o.dek1adaopolo.Det"8plenbtOfllUld• ttckt kullo,oom p<Yddooaveallelol<og av4mb.Osaotolp.roamtlr·formademooument {fie. ,,) , C:.nom en:mon amt genom plouid1inpr av obtt,ravudc lurkar har pavtllliol lidit >tor •bda. Kiotonl& beotl av 1tn.ftip, ovlllg<l,r, plr,akor (Fig, 3) i.a.-iai.nde mycl<el vUbe.-n,;lom uflli<r,inavepla i """"mantlar"""'l.11.blottiloniaml:laor.omalas&<llar ocll 1kor. TIU pffllvenlatiet Mn. korpr fi.11:ade&v otyvt grti. oymbolilb pilaf. IMeml.J oom fig. 1-3 (ttoli&Ofl &nvud& i kultea) . lwnm&t (fig. 6) ocb div . ..,.....l<ef av tN. ocb bea(fl@:.10)-toteaplrlo,.GfavakiobtW'bumlDprplravfruktb&rbetwolt,t.ex.­komocbkvlaw&veaotlftd4t3flln Eplledl&-bmke,.-a6vermnmlmla. Enpl..tllolt t.rul<ulptur-ltv.llrvlnatipffguru(ll@: . 9)0fltraftadel. Kloesiak&Rk'emlJoal<Daa.

P,\ vlltn, old&a av doa UU. llodum t,lr, Kumduya, oom mtljllg;gjottn bebyggo1" l .S... 6bal"'kter, aalrt.ffade o tr.. omlrnl pa"'1!t (B. C ocb E) oamt....,. Kum d&rya en enloolpv (A).Deaal-.fleraolib.l<iltfonner(fig . 11-12 ).U.a""llcaadefludempl .Oniobaolrropolo . Dedlld&von,b&riMrd&oidmdrtklio r . Somdeakirie.luarodeah&adeln cjber~edeMatn.k­terffi1'11..11i olatotav2oo-blot f.Kr.floeni,.lcrelidogrl.i>s fM d--.pvv,ocbde af rlmre ,.._..liffttoml<r.330..Kr .. df.lude l blevobeboeligt lill ll>ljdav Kumd&ryuuttotl:nlq • .o.debaelcropol , okullekuauvan.&ld"'Llldeomamop vfllta>,.....,dlffttnoemal pavaldckbaDalvenberoplenetnolot:JakellerOfltropolo8if k •killlladroolla.adelolk,oom "'ladepavama.

Ukaaade pavv uo IOrut lclad& tru Lop-oor omrldn framlOr ult pnom Amel Striu ul>dontlknlnpr1914,Montillovid&relr.o.deb..,1rropoburtikitrt.pomdn.U.Wput­om~avpvpl&t11<11meclotolpt.rHC:.Gravan,a,.ltminotouei,Ordekauelrropo lt. i,.o.nlaSb avdeu"'tot<-..belol.klwl.gealkoriuap,ikell.ou·ILll,oomkuvadea avldne­oerua77 f.Kr .Denlw"bild& tett ~icke-&rlol<t3"'udokil<lide'll...iddem>at:idelje,I &Nl<t beldl<&de Tarlm•buwlsea .