1Judgfe WiLFIF.Y Wide SOpcti"Wicb,c«d City I/il^e' A |

NEW-YORK DAILYTRIBUTE, SUNDAY. APRIL 21. 1907,

By HUlbm T. CUis.

LEBBEUS RNew Judge of the United

WILFLEY.States Court for Cnina.

SIKH POLICE, SHANGHAI.

How It Work* as a Brain Lubricantand Mental llluminant.

President Woodrbw Wilson, of Princeton Uni-versity, is .i conservative among the conserv-atives. He plainly disbelieves In the culturalvalue of teas, dinners, debates and other mod-ern Irritants, preferring the good old royal roadto knowledge used by most Americans! of thelast generation and many rurallsts of the pres-ent on.-, namely, chewing tobacco. The etherday President Wilson said thai the WesternSenator is a more useful servant of the people

than his Eastern colleague, because he chewsVirginia leaf. The .low, deliberate masticationof the quid gives the rhewer time for reflectionand the formation of opinions. "Ifyon live in

\u25a0iplace where you can .11 around a stove in acountry store and spit tobacco Juice Into a saw-dust box." said Dr. Wilson, "you are much more

TOBACCO CHEWING.

FIRST WIFE HEBOINE OF "AMELIA."Fielding produced his but work of fiction.

"Amelia." In 177»1. three years before his death.He was the:* actively engaged in his duties asmagistrate, bring chairman or" Quarter Sessions.in which he delivered a charge to a. grand jury

which to sti;'

considered by lawyers a node! ofits hind. The central figure of the work Is thoauthor's first wife. "While he greatly mournedher lon, he consoled himself soon after herdeath by marrying her serving maid, who sur-vived him nearly half a century. The new novel(iii!not attain the vogue of its predecessor, andis considered to be marked by a difference invirilityand to be Indicative of advancing; years.Yet it holds hlirii rank in Rngi f.«*tion. Thefollowing year Fielding again editetl ;< bi-weeklynewspaper, "The Cnvent Garden Journal." of aliterary character, for which he wrote under thename ol Sir Alexander Dniwcansir. Etut railinghealth and the strenuous duties of his it.Ticjalposition told on his strength A trip to Hathearly in 17.V1 proved of no avail. and by theadvice of his physicians he went to Portugalwith hi* wife and eldest daughter in June. Ofth:« trip his posthumous work, "The Journal ofa Voyage to Lisbon." gives a graphic account.with many touches in his best manner. The*voyage vvns a long and stormy one. Field-Ing's health did not rally, idhind th occurredat Lisbon on October S. IT."V| when he was in theforty-eighth year of hit age. He was burled inthe English cemetery facing the Church of theHe;.rt of Jesus, and the monument marking iibears on the front a long. Lathi inscription, andon the back the words, "L.i:get Britanniagremio nor. d.iri fovere natum."

While Fielding's farces, comedies and bur-lesques have vanished from the stajr«\ and hisessays are not even Inurned in the volumes of"The British Essayists,** his triad ot novels findnew readers with each niw generation and k--- phi.< name and fame alive, in that "republic ofletters" to which he refers in his masterpiece.It bids fait- to have even a wider celebrity, for acomic opera based upon the chief incidents iiiit has Just b*-en successfully produced in Lon-don, where he saw much of all sule^ of life.

There has been much speculation as to why hemade the hero of this work a foundling, and hi3latest biographer suggests that trif> then recentestablishment ofa foundling hospital in London,which Interested both the novelist and his com-panion and associate. Hogarth, reference towhose works appears in all Fielding* books,suggested the idea. At any rate, some of th^author'"- own boyhood experiences are believedto be depicted In the work, Just as the char-acter of Sophia Western, tho heroine, was me-gested by and drawn from the author's c\v:iwtf*.

likely to have opinions than ifyou live InNewYork."

Every thoughtful citizen must welcome thisilluminatinjr answer to that ancient question"quid pro .(tic.-.\u25a0•\u25a0 or "what's a quid for. any-how?" Ancient authorities declared that ther»was, somewhere and sometime, a tree of wis-dom, to eat tho fruit whereof was to open one'seyes to things unknown befor**. Who irou'.dhave supposed, though, that this tree of knowl-edge was the humble tobacco plant, whose fruitis neither food nor drink, but a mental illuml-nant? Th« older version of the Adam and Ev»story plainly need? revision in the lightof Pres-ident Wilson's discovery; It'was not an appletr»-.\ but a Havana wrapper plant that luredth<: luckless Kve. who doubtless was v/illln? totuke any kind of a wrapper, about that time.And when we retail the usual « ffeet of the flrstquid a man chews, the reason for Adam amiEve's tlipht frmn the Garden of Kden becomesclear. The effect of ehewtng the* quid must fatr*.been unusually severe upon Adam heoause h»had never touched tobacco until art;iinir.s man-hood; nor !\u25a0.•<,; his ancestors ased the weed. Ntwonder. th»-n. that he thought he aaw an angelwith a Oaming sword t Even to-day tobaccoheadaches make men see even stranger appari-tions. It illbecomes us moderns to decry thsuse of tobacco, for through it alone our ancevtors flrst "got wi.-e." went int-> p(>litfc-s and th*clothinp business, and finaltv in the •as. oftedtons aces developed the Western Senator

!and ... hi^h grade ta:ii:t !übricai:t. Virginia1 Pl'.'S-

llad all her de^centlants relisiously foUowejEve's example iv restricting xhe:r mouth di?tto> the nlrotinoca leaves "f the wisdom tree.woman suffrage would loss a^'» hay* becom*

Iuniversal. But alas! with the perversity eharac-| tertstir of th-^ y:<. Eve's daughters eariy savoiup rhcarbis tobacco and took ?o cliewins su:n.1 Whether this fatal step was i;:ken i:i the beliefI th.v the rubl«er tree was a!«>> :i vegetabte en-

cyclopzctlla and that *M wh>> ruboera u.ny readthe wisdom thereof historj sayetb not. itmayhave been that ih~ truth rrveaW ty chawingth<=- evil of nicotinoufi wisdom was too bitter f>rthe woMi-n; o^ perbar.s they Coßßd that truthdisclosed by chewing son coold fee xuon easilystretched. At ail events, tutti frutti and pepabwized rubber displaced Viruini-i leaf in femiriiufTHi»t:ths; and straightaway political sagacity anda few other kinds l>epra!t to disappear from theranks of the sex. hut the cause; of th>» disappear-ance may easily b? understood from PresidentWilson's theory.

The superior value of the quid, says thepresident, is due to tb/> slowness of its dlslr.te-gratlpn ar.tl liquefaction. The <iuid »hov.er hasttT.e to ch»-w and chew between seattow*Hence lie is more Ilfc?ly to t!;!nk sreat thoughts.Furthermore, when engaged iii a debate; tiwquid ehewer has the obvious advantage of belnsrable to postpone answers to hard questions amito think up a joke <>v tart rejoinder under t!h»cover of a, large and cumbersome moathfol >>ttot;tOl-o.

The sum ehewer has no such opportunity; zv.mseems t<> make the Jaws work at higher *x>wd.reducing the length of ir.tetraU between sen-tences and allowing an easy stop at any mo-ment. Rapidity is tiu;.s made tt> go hand inhand with vapidity, an may !«\u25a0 reserved in anyRtreetcar during shopping or matinee hour?. ,I:i- often Impossible t'» tell whether a woman isfi'npiy chewing or expresafass <'n opinion., -\u25a0•>

s!l?ht Is the difference between jaw and brainactivity.

Imagine the handicap this places uuon womenwho aspire to politics, The Westeru politiciananil other quid manipulators as we!l owe theirsnecesa in large measure tf> skill Indelaying re-plies t>> pertinent questions and requests. P.) Iof the Impregnable bulwark of Virginiaplu? theymaintain a st->tt srna'.illke si'.en»> and Itstori-r.es.s which the sun: ebewras* «amaa could r.>teven imitate, much less e.iua!. The long. dar!ibrown traces *<t nicotine discernible in nraeHmodern legislation simp!? cot:!d not be rivalledby any ladylike rumiration induced by dentingv piece of flavored elastic I'mi! woman siveaup her short-sishteil prejudice against the qui.l.her political aspirations mv..-t remain id!.dreams.

RAPD EXTENSION OF FEDERAL POWER.

script lon of the life of the road, especially .-it

the Inn*, was regarded aa a transcript of reality.

Tho second of these in time of productionwhich is placed In the lead as his greatest work,appeared in 1743 under the title "The Historyr.f Tom Jones, a Foundling.** How long si timethe author had been engaged upon it is un-known, but it was probably begun soon afterthe appearance of "Joseph Andrews," seven yearsbefore, although the author's attention musthave been diverted from it by otherToccupa-tlons and the death of his first wife, which oc-curred in 1743, and his remarriage in 171.". Hisown health was badly broken, and he tvus ngreat sufferer from gout. The loss of his wifeso seriously affected him that his friends fearedfor hi reason, but I'o was able after a Ume totake up his profession. In the stirring times of174j. when Charles Edward, "The Young I'f--tend.-v." sought the throne of Kluk CSeorge,Fielding started a weekly newspaper in the la-teresta of the government, called frThe True Pa-trio:," which was continued until the rebellionended, In 1747 he became founder and editorof "The Jacobite Journal." which ran «i year.Mr. Fielding th'-n, through the Influence oV hisfriend nnd patron. George Lyttleton. was madea Justice of th> peace for Westminster. Ha.soon gained distinction by the upright mannerin which he dispensed justice, In days when th»»"trading Justices," as they were called, gave dis-credit t'» t!:e bench, nnd ho did much to checkih<> spread of vice nnd crime, and Middlesexwas added to hi* district.

Hut till this did not k<.-*•»> Mn pen idle, and itwas In the tin-i flush of hb; magistracy that"Tom Jones" appeared n»id gained instant popu-larity. Th<- purpose of the author as •\u25a0• forthby himself was t<> "present hunutn nature Inthat n>.!ir.> plain and si:np:«» manner In which itIs found in the country, and afterward hash andragou it with all the hi«h French nnd Italianseasoning of affectation and vice which courtsand citlesi affurd." In Ms dedication to hispatron Lyttleton, he says his purpose has beento recommend goodness and Innocence, and topromote the cause of religion and virtue

Tills work is th.- longest vf Fielding's produc-tions, fillingover seven hundred pages of the'atest one volume edition, and it tlrst appearedIn six volumes. It i< divided by the author into< Ighteen books, containing from seven to fifteenchapters each, the contents covering no less thancixt.-.ti puses. The dedication, "To the Honor-able George Lyttelton, Ksq. One of the Lord'sCommissioners of the Treasury." la more In thenatur.- <.f a preface than a dedication, as theauthor Bays. In it h<- acknowledges his indebt-edness to his patrons, saying, "I partly owe t >

you HI existence during the greater part of th->time which 1 have employed In composing it.1

and, "Itis owing to you that the history appearswhat It now Is." In the first chapter of Book II

the author remarks: "My reader, then, is notto !)•• surprised if. in tho course of this work.

he shall thul some chapters very short andothers altogether aa long; some that containonly the time of a .Ingle daj^ and other* thatcomprise years; In a word. Ifmy history some-times seems to stand still, and sometimes tofly. For all of which I tall not look upon tin-self as accountable to any court ofcritical juris-diction whatever, for, us Iam In reality, thefounder of a new province of writing, so Iamat liberty to make what laws 1 please therein.""Tom Jones" is the cornerstone oh which reststhe lasting repute of Fielding as a novelist.

lesque of the popular plays of the day called"The Tragedy of Tragedies; or. The lAte andDeath of Tom Thumb the Great.''

SET UP AS A COUNTRY SQUIRE.It was nt the age of twenty-eight that Fleld-

Iing decided to give up the career <«f a manabout town and "range' himself, as the Frenchsay. sHe had been acquainted for several yearswith iiMiss Charlotte Crado< .whose home wasnot far from K:ist Stour, In Dorsetshire, wherelie had inherited a small estate from his mother,

ami in 17".r> they were married On his wife/lfortune of £1.500, Fielding set up as a countrysquire on his own estate, nnd n»do nnd limitedIn such reckless fashion that his means •erespeedily exhausted. He then took hi* wife nndchild to London, and decided to tnk«; up the lawIn earnest. Before completing his studies lieproduced two plays, <>ne of which was so ccath-i.|in Its Batlrc of officialdom that it led to th*passage of the art which instituted censorshipof plays in England In 17:;T th" future r.'>re!i«tresumed his law studies sit the Middle Temple,jttilthree yenr.s later tie was < ailed to th-- l>.irand began to practise law at the age <if thirty?three. He had meanwhile devoted considerabletime to newspaper writing",and it is supposedthat by it he supported his family, althoughsome writers think that his w\U' retained somopart of her fortune, and. In fait, it »»-e:!is doubUful if she .ii'l not live nt their country homewhile her husband prepared f<>r the bar.

it was In 17 >- that "Joseph Andrews'* ap-peared. The author was a great admirer of"Don Quixote." and paid his own work wasdesigned to l.c an imitation of the style andmanner of Cervantes. Bui others l>»*!i» ved it t>>'i.. Intended to ridicule the sonilmentallsm ofRii hard sort, who felt bo mucn hurt that henever was able to find anything to praise inI-'ieiilinK's work. Thackeray, who was v greatadmin of the novels of Fielding, whom hel>!tiis«-s in '.'Pendennts," wrott1 as follows In"Engltoh Humorists <if the Eighteenth Cent-ury*': "Fielding no doubt began to write thisnovel in ridicule or ••Pamela." for which workone can understand the henrty contempt andantipathy which such an athlete and boisterousgenius a* T'k'Minfj'f;must have entertained. Hecould not do otherwise than laugh at the puny.cockney bookseller, pouring oui endless vol-umes of sentimental twaddle nnd hold him up t<i

scorn :<s a mollcoddle and :« milksop. Hisgenius had Iwea nursed on sack posset and noton dishes of^ t'-a. His mUM had suns tho loudesjin tavern choruses, lia.l seen iii«- daylightgtreamitifr in over thousands of emptied bowlsand reeled home to chambers on th»- shouldersof the watchmen. Richard 1 goddess was at-tended by old maid! and dowagers and fed onmuffli and bohea, Milksop!1 roars HarryKleifilnp. clattering at the timid shop shutter}'.•Wretch! Monster! Mohock. shrieks the senti-mental author of 'Pamela, 1 and all the ladlesof his court cackle out an affrighted chorus."

But i' was not it-- take-off on the sentimental-ity of "Pamela" »\u25a0• much as tin- clever depiction<,f his own characters, especially Parson Adams,whose name appears in the title, that gaveFielding's Initial attempt In a new nVM almostinstant popularity. The vivid and realistic de-

CChSfSIgM, 15W7. by Joseph H. Bo* • -I

The gnwtest moral sensation at pre«eat agitating

the Far Ea«t is not being created by a missionary.

tout by an oflcrr of the United States government.

Judc« L- K. Wilfley. of the new circuit court for

Oiina. With the majority or foreigners resident in

port cities Ju<sr» Wilfley is to-day probably moreunpopular even than are th« rr,lssir>narie,s. and for

largely the same reason. What the missionarieshave been tryinp for renerations to accomplish Jn

th« way of clear.in* up the American Wgtatfoa

out t^fr*» and SBBVevhat moral conditions Judge

WSlfley ?ias SJtWgM almost overniph*.

The Bhanw of Steagtal is International ;in every

part of the otstnass world Shanghai is known as a

"wide open" city. A* on* recent expressed *:

"There if as public sasttawal here.- ihsiighal

•bout fulfils the de-ire of \u25a0milae/s ssMter:

Phtp me MM«kN» «\u25a0•*' of Suey.

Where the best 1* tike the »or» .ITbei* tb*rm ain't «i-> Ten CommasilmMf.

And a man <an m'-af a thirst.

But here come? th- rub: the Americans have bad

almost a monopoly of the business end of the riceof Shanghai. The Ramblers, panderere. dlvekeep-

*rs and htoni women were mostly********'",-"'.

Vrieriosn Coiwutate. British consul* in the EastfuTve had th- rirht. which they have {r;n-ra!.y «-erased 10 deport hadv ..»,*, \u0084< of the,r ownXiatiOßalit'-: American consuls nave not. 1- 01 :il'Vveir« then th- abandoned women of this chier

T^rTof the Orient have be*n claiming the protecjtlon of the Stars and Stripes. Th. result is that

iwwnere in decent rtrrle* In the East is theterm "Ain-ri-an lady" evrr employed, f*

"*\u25a0"

•OlTone sVmifiranre Ai ''/ r,nr r !f.r>*-«li of hi= daughter an a.n American pirl_\Vren first Icame to this city it needed a few

Bolr,te<3 nnd illuminating words from a *$?%&

In sumptuous equinaces.

OPEN AND SHAMELESS.SoVpe.n and shameless has been this corruption

of Shanghai society, ramifying tato the sseet ex-traordinary and unexpected places, that gradually

Drasen vice has crowd d virtue to the rear. and asa most eminent resident assures in-, the demj-*

on,. of Shanghai has held the centre of the so Ul*?""; 1have iton credible authority that fadingbusiness men. m.irried men with .-levant homes In

Bnaneh'i. have b<>.-n in the habit of dropping n orifMTaoonV to take i» with the "American girt*

A short tl-ne ago a prominent British noblemanfound after spSSin* An ninf in-the Americanoolonv Hint his watch had dtoappeared Sow.This particular watch bore autograph evidence thatIt wpsTn personal gift from King Edward, in recog-

rition of Mcl1 public- services, so every effort wasput fonh to ri-Jmer it-without publicity of cours,

-but In vain. Then- is absolute evident il.

It was taken to th« States by one of the score ct••American riri-

'who left on a single steamer \u25a0

few days a^cV. but nobody would bo eu, prised

tsnmiM it turn up In Saa rrancis-oof thi, son

I>esiiit.' ar. «H-i-aPionHl nus.;.i\. nti; tnis 50...

Virv^co^^t^ foreigner, here hare beenvery w.11

advent.wit i

disgrace andprior

respon-Avlfl. s a- disgrace and kg.l reapon-

•ttriltty bi.rne by America, so from thHrstandpoint tbm matter was quite satisfactory As

one vexed Unglishman said to mo. -Ren j. tn.sJudge Wilfley is making a deuce of a botlwj^the rest of v? He is doing a good tilingfor Aniet-

leg of course but tlilnk of the trouble that is

bound to come to Other nationalities if they haveto lrMidle tl.is thiiiß." Ina word, the nations were

faiw: willing to lA America bare the blame for«ll thfir misbehavior. . , ,.

DO™

Against Una Infamy missionaries rave for TW'protected :.ml labored In vain. Shanghai,

lionalother treaty ports in CblxuL. is an International*xtrßterritnri:.l \u25a0eßOenwnt. l^«oh resident iS underno lan oxr.pt that «'f liis own country a? admlti-tetrred by his consul. The *"«T tot* of Americanluxity has rause.l disreputable chata<frs evenof other n;.ttonaliti«s. to sevk the protection orthat n>g for their rvOdOlag.

SAD STATISTICS.| A f-w of the official figures from the settlement

records ills', be enlightening to this connection-and be it romt-mbered. these are not statistics ofthe native tttf, but of the foreign s«-ttlem»-nt!=. overwhich the I'hfnes." have no control whau-wr. Thounedifyinif six-ctacli' l:as moie than oneo Jiet-n pre-sented In S):Hii;,liai of "heathen" ofn.-lals vainlypleading with the representatives <if <*hristlan na-tlons to closr out •«• restrict certain forms of evil.notably opium resorts, gambling houses and broth-els, for the sake or tbfl thousands of '"!.!!i<.^.- Whoare bf-ing rulued I rein. Shanghai's foreign popu-lation is 14 ••>!. oi whom l.iw are Americano. Th*British dominate, although they are somewhat out-numbered by the Japanese. French. Portugueseand Germans com" next tn order of imj-ortanoe.

in licensed t-xislence within the settlement \u0084...at the time of the issuance of ih«- r«n.-ent municipal•.•tatistics 21,«<j0 opium houses and Klxips. pa\ing arevenue of Jf*/CK>—.,r one BWb tesorl for

"every

•core cf the C^.701) Chinese rosl<i<-i,ts wlio live hen)under the white man's law.

.THE PACE THAT KILLS.Vo census ran tell the worst of Shanghai*

Fh.ime. The .vji that sun.., -.-..--, the widespreadKamWing and drinking is tbe maintenance of Chi-nese BFeawa by white mcv. It is freely assertedthat nil the unmarried foreigners in the Bast fol-low this practice, or course, this 6»voep!ng state-ment is untrue. htkl the wholesale genera izaltonupon Mianphal's wirkedness Indulge^ In iv mis-sionaries here and by missionary authorities andsupporters at home is raor^ than uncharitable— lt'"

rr \-

many upright.••lean lived, honorable men of sj>otle«s character-tr.e rac-t that they sire in a minority doe* not Ins-tlfy their being fo indiscriminately libelled Th«gross and scandalous <-harg.-s which ignorAjit or•v"

disposed p.-rsons \u25a0 ak< rnncen missionaries•re not a whit worse than the general animadver-•lions <) some missionaries upon all foreigners en-paged in secular pursuits in the Orient-The best statement of the situation Is bad enough

Careful inquiry among conservative and Informedpersons elicits the opinion that probably the larger In-imi.fi of unmarried foreigners In Shanghai main-tak» native wonieu. Til* Eurasian Spring who•I' *!^ \u25a0 • A cf th^ se and more honorable unions•re ITof Th" tra S«- charaoteristies of this oJtvSI in V rre «rises a perptesJty for th° missionary.

Tnn -!'; T'"" Un° lllS hOme :i"'1 \u25a0»« "* smialZ™'

"who are known thu. loJ^ntio,, VJ' d » Anglo-Saxon con-r-ption of decency? Shail all the cepted tradi-tions of respectable nocJety be abandoned Tn orderto win the approval of these young men away from

neniit-e V. ''•-. '""sioMaru-s oadde ,n,n ,v,,.

iV*,\\.' is a tuU flx"ri between theclasses of white m'," in Asia, and so mutual«;r!Ucism is begotten. In the society which lias

rt°-ndintrt Fhans-ha. th mlMton.ry. whatever In.•Undinic at home or his personal oualitios liisifVLlir.'wIir.'w^Cr m>" ST'

ta-" Whether mate of

WHEY REFORM STRUCK SHANGHAI.On« farther explanatory point should b. notedbefore deacrihtne Judgw Wilfieys sensational re-ionns. Gambling has always been a Shanghai viceDuring "race week" In spring and fall Ithas h>MIrampant. All kinds of gamming"have !»»„ oSSand unashamed. There ls nothing in the^Ve^ernworld to which thia can be likened Foreign•en. foreign riffraff, Chinese itentl^n Chin*™\u25a0MTrair (not to mention women of any naUonaHtvimet in a gamblers- democracy about the table* of«ch«nc« »nd miachanee. Back of th^wontot the£fleecing scheme* were Americans. neM

I«*t spring an antl-r-arabllnsr crusade was skil.ftjUyoonducted. Robert E. l*+\,lh« Yom.^MenaOirisUaa Association secretary, beinr on« of th»\u25a0time worker* «.n It. Without Jrblnr into drtaUs itEenough to say that the leading Stiiens who comprise Municipal Council wo* subjected to au?hanarare that they outlawed all race week cambllna except tcuta* upon th* raw \rttfain «?eclcbbouM etouiuJs. This was anfor rerorra. end th» next step, the totallabolitionof raabUagr and licensed vice of sny sortfis In"V'lt*£2LM*aA Besu >. *» C^ncnal, tn. Sty

1whew~ev» rythln.fr roes." was acquainted with reformi

crthVh?Sr choleslc *Ujr

ENTER THE SQUARE JAW.Then cain« Jove with hi. thunderbolt*. Nobody

as* there, apparently, had paid any particular aNesßtiob to the creation by Congress last year of a\u25a0aw United States Circuit Court for China. So It*Staff was on the torn before the «i*ninc»no. ofthe. event -was At all understood. ThTjudce a£-fetated by the President was th* one man ab£&•«<»thfr* pre-emlnenUy qualified for W. t£k!Ma«_WUaey bad «on« with Governor Tan:to thePh . pptnes as District Attorney. H« had set theJcrel laachlnery In moUon there and had run outof the toiaad. a lot of vicious camp follower? bLrand little, who were exploiting the FUlpwoJ'anSfsMtan. end making trouble ceneraliyJud^SWaHsj to a quiet man. with a goodly (ranMasaaare Jaw and an even di.po.iuon: a man not\u25a0iv. r to deUvertag homilies from the V»enchor an-r-o-r. ing his intentions beforehand or explatalnzhi. actions afterward. He to the sort of man togjaai the United States escutcheon to^hangha?MMU ha* been more than a little tarnished intlraes past by Arnertcans. offloUJ and uno£lclaLThe ear after his arrival be calmly aaaoußoaat .at American lawyers who expected to practisela his court ssast pass txamlnatlon as to their\u25a0pror^trional cnalineaUons nnd preeeat eertlneate.of moral ehsraator. That would seem an in-•''')t rnoarti proccslwe warranted by praetleem th9United States, until can ha. beard d»-scrihedth* type \u25a0"--J&aJ*£?*m9. » -*<>r <\u25a0• mostjpartmfe%t Shaiu-bai. \u25a0"•\u25a0\u25a0•' •!\u25a0 hsdncs wore*. Eight?.'.: .*'.'•-Pißy <>• aisjshisilua. Ms of themTallM ajaeaflSMMSajr to attain aa average of CO

The Groat American Desert, with Its srrc^-

soir.e lar.ilir.arks of. whitened bones. Is shrink-ing: before the advance of the national plough-

share. Within a few years or ser-pm^oiis the

wastes of sand and alkali and sagebrush trillbe found only In books, for II federal govern-men) i* aiding II Western farmer to ••*.!water to the parched ground. when 3s>iBryc "The American Commonwealth" waj

written the reclamation servL-e was not evert

Creamed of by the moat optimistic of our coun-try's prophets. To-day the federal axwewalsnithrough this mighty sseney 13 buildin? slantdams to hoard up the freshets ami irrigation

systems to dole out the water to the farmer

when the skies are dry. Millions of acres havealready been reclaimed by private irrigation

projects, and millions more will be converteaas Ifby tragic when the great enterprises no*

under construction are completed.

The federal government Is caring for th»

health of Its citizens more solicitously than

many mothers care for that of their children.The Marine Hospital and Public Health Service

maintains an efficient corps of physicians at

home, who are ready to proceed to any point

where epidemics threaten the people. At all

times other skilled physicians of the service areto be found at every shipping port of the civil-

ized world, who examine the crew and contents

of vessels as they start for America, to ascertainifall Is wellon board. The least sign of diseaseIs detected, and if a clean bill of health to notgiven »ho cable flashes the intelligence of tne

danger to Washington and quarantine°eces*

are waiting to intercept the ship before she

reaches our shores.Tho national government's efforts to «escr»

peace abroad and at homo are so well \u25a0»•«

that comment is scarcely necessary. Asa mealator between Russia and Japan President B»°"J"velt "reminded" the whole world that »• *"Teral government of the United States wasj«\u25a0»

In evidence, and in later and less!taponsa*

troubles In South America he has used hto^«es»offices with happy effect. Under the HtSMW'^wise directions the federal government »newstriving to effect permanent peace Intne bj*j^trial world. With the Nobel peace s*"*"V?nucleus, the foundation for the promotion 0*\a

dustrial peace was formed at the re?' .e°;*suggestion, and itis the belief of many that »s»efforts of this organisation wul so far "]**;,.bringing about permanent amity between cap-

tal and labor. ._ ,„,These are only a few of the meat liuiliWf*

matters that the federal a»ve»na*eat is no* •£gayed upon \ftlsh tring It Into" <ilr«H-M^avagW re^aoa ao^ l>e jiHeen,

Bicentenary of Birthof Henry Field-

ing, Author of "Tom Jones."Few of the many to whom the phrase "the

eternal fitness of thlncrs" is most familiar know-its author. In full the quotation reads, "Canany man have a higher notion of the rule ofii<hj and the eternal fitness of things?" It ap-peared In •The History of Tom Jones." whoseauthor, termed by Thackeray "the manly, theEnglish Harry Fielding." was born just twohundred years ago to-morrow. Bo great a mas-ter of fiction as Sir Walter Scott called Field-Ing the father of the modern English novel,and In this opinion the world of critics has con-curred, and holds that of the multitude of bisliterary descendants few equal and none greatlysurpass bun. Of the works of bis pen, his plays

and essays with little exception have passed

into oblivion. That his four novels have beenread gene-ration after generation. despite theadvance of the world in all directions since themiddle of the eighteenth century, is proof posi-tive that something of the immortal quality inliterature Imbued them v.ith the spirit of on-dying youth and perennial freshness.

Henry Fielding was novelist, stage manager,editor, playwright, poet, lawyer, judge, and all-around good fellow. His career lasted onlyforty-seven rears, but in that time he soundedall the heights and depths of human nature,lived to ihe full in all tho experiences of life,and left to succeeding generations the privilegeof an everlasting debt of gratitude for the workof his brain and hand. He gave "the very ageand body of the time his form and pressure."Ono of the apiest comparisons made of thework of Fielding with that of his friend andcontemporary, Hogarth, is that if Fielding hadmade pictures he would have made them likeHogarth's, and that had Hogarth written bookshe would have written like Fielding.

A SCION OF THE NOBILITY.Fielding was descended from a younger branch

of the family of the earls of Denbigh, and hisfather^- Edmund Fielding, was a soldier whofought under Marlborough and rose to the rankof lieutenant general. A second cousin of thenovelist was that 'woman of Setters Lady MaryWort ley Montagu, who was somewhat hissenior. His sister. Sarah Fielding, also hadliterary talent and wrote the third novel ofEnglish manners, "David Simple," which ap-peared two years after her brother's initialwork of fiction. "The Adventures of Joseph An-drews and His Friend. Abraham Adams."This work was the direct outcome of the pre-vious venture in the field of letters of SamuelRichardson, the literary printer and booksellerwho was Induced by his experience in letterwriting for those unable to indite their ownwms? SL a«.f.o^Wrlte th vo»"«ne of letterswhich he entitled "Pamela; or. Virtue Reward-ttn~A1^.1* ?, .easfd JM740' and «\u25a0 sometimescalled the first English novel. Fielding wasamong those who recognized the quality In thiswork of sentimental absurdity In any retention•^K^VV1!?. part of the heroine for heradmirer, and set his pen. practised by the writ-ing of a score or more of plays, to work on aV*™ 6*: 1^111?

""«• hero the brother of Rich*w««V*her?i!ie'^But tho theme grew rapidlybeyond the bounds of a parody and developed

It.r- Ttn^- 8° that after th« first few chap-

l^hbfcaraa complete In itself, it soon sur-passed "Pamela" in popularity and laid th«foundation, of it.autno?a mSar? famev£A? TT*l£rrsUon5Uon tor h!s career as a novelist.Fielding had passed through a variety of ex-'SiSto^Uru?" 111 11,'"4him for the law.

&a^KS:iSgeuTs: wi.are

JUs8Syleacom^ sshLr^ernn^%wmen met with decided success save a bur-

lodge Wilfley nsa a court staff after his ownmind— Dr Prank Hincklcy, a Columbia graduate,.'is c!erk of court, J. Baspett as District Attorneyand O. R. Leonard .is marshal. Iv t!i»- collectionof evidence be ha* been largely dependent uponone member of the rnlssfbiiary body here, and atTien-Tsin expects another missionary to perform alike service.

All this has a relation to missions. to the boycott.to the American reputation generally and to th.-relations between China and America. The mrnn-»rin which Chinese have been treated by Americanahere as well as by the immigrant authorities Inthe States baa been si potent factor In Inflamingthem against America. From such arts ns thethrowing overboard of their Chinese boatman, in-stead of paying him. by three American sailors(this happened near the anchoracre of the I'nltedState* t;teßms<hip Quaru*. at Cliinklans. the night Iarrived there), to tli" wholesale, defrauding <>f thegovernment and native investors by railway con-cessionaires, '• • Chinese have come to rejfnrdAmericana with suspicion and hatred. By com-pelling Justice and good behavior on the part ofIns countrymen Judge Wilfley is certain to work avast change in the attitude "f the Chinese towardAmerica.

The American missionaries will,he among th.--first in feel this. With Insignificant exceptionsthey personally do only pood :• the Chinese; mostof them who have Mifiv-r.-«l death in China havedone -. lmeaupo of the misdeeds of others. More-over, when the missionary does not have '.•> explainaway the conduct <>f his fellow countrymen he willhave a better hearing for his m*>FsaK»-. That iswhy. at a time when many of hi.-- How citizensare* pullinj;wire* in Washington to hamper .lu'it;--Wllfley'*activity, the missionaries are, aa a body.haiUns his wor.c with enthusiasm .md welcomingblm r-s the most effective nnsalonar>' of them all.

FATHER OF THE NOVEL.

out <>• a possible W>. It is .-aid by those close toth<- judge that bad these men passed the exam-ination ail but on* of them would nave been

barred on the basis of character. leaat. oneof them is a renegade from the Philippines, anabad before felt Judge Wilfiey's hand.

CONSTERNATION AMONG CROOKS.Here was a sensation for Shanghai. The re-

jected men had been (loins business in this cityfor many years: their records were, presumably,

an op*-n book. so there is significance in the factthat Ihave been able to find nobody to question

the essential justice of the court's action. Natural-ly, the men cannot practise In the British court,

mi.! their "face" i-= cone utterly. This swift.nummary, ominous action pot Shanghai's tinder-world ;i£<>c What would this as yet uncompre-fcended judge do next?

Nobody had to trait long to discover. Basinshis action on the common law. Judge \Viln>y sum-moned before him eight proprietresses of the. Tr«.o<»tinfluential resorts. One escaped by pleading Span-ish citizenship, which In*District Attorney was un-::!•!\u25a0\u25a0 to disprove. Th« Spanish consul issued cer-tificate* for two "American RirK" but they wereIgnored by th» court, xnil he afterwards atiemptf-dt.. withdraw them. The girls pleaded guilty, thusleaving the Spanish consul 111 an unpleasant pre-dicament So each of the accused persons, exceptone. received a One of M.090, which was more elo-quent than many lecture. The Immediate resultwas to send port-hast, oat of Shanghai and out orChina, more than half a hundred "American girls,"who*'' reign in th. Knr East seems now to have1.,...,, forever broken. of c..:::: all this 1* revolu-tionary here. When supposedly respectable Brit-Isbers and Americana objected, the judge dryly re-marked thai America was willingto surrender thom »poly of this sort of trade «nd reputation.

Then a notorious character, n •'man higher up."fell int-« the toils on the charge of running a gam-

bling •\u25a0• n and house nt \u25a0grignation. l!« la now.-p. t: litiLT t&X month* In jail, with leisure to con-icmplai<> the advisability ••. l«-a\1n«; t"iinH. .\n-«,th<-r man, a hotelk«*f>er it,\u25a0! \u25a0< -wok

" was up be-fore tiie iidr.p upor. a rlvilcharge; he had rentedto a syndicate of Chinese certain gambling privi-lege .--• at the racetrack, when he knew full wellthai crumbling had been Interdicted by the Munici-pal Council. Hearing these facts, the judge, Inopen court, ordered a criminal information lodgedagainst the mar.. Sent he la spending \u25a0 year in

MORE TO COME.Be/or« this article is printed rertam other emi-

nent Shanghai rascals will have got their duesand the court will have moved on to Tien-Tain to

repeat the same procedure there, sad later to Han-kow and Canton.

Irregular intervals, when such visitations areleast expected, and if they find affairs at allinvolved he- promptly shuts their doors."

It is probable that Ambassador Bryce wouldhave become tired of the narrative by this thusand would have politely excused himself toproceed on his journey to Washington. When,

he reached the capital and had a little sparetime to look Into the subject he might have dis-covered that the New Yorker with whom hotalked had scarcely scratched the surface* ofthe subject. So great has the importance of thefederal government become to the citizen that

then is scarcely a moment of his daily life thatho is not either '•reminded" of It or under somesort of obligations to it for making his exist-ence more safe or comfortable. Ifhe sends hisboy to a military academy, the youngster 13taught the use of arms by a militaryofficer des-ignated by the War Department; if he is afarmer, he receives seeds to plant and pam-phlets to instruct him about his land, and ifheis an Investor ofmoney, the government protects

him against the schemes of wildcat promotersby- barring from the malls the advertising ofshady concerns. The anti-lottery laws passedby Congress and enforced vigorously by theSecret Service protect the citizen from one ofthe boldest and most profitable swindles thatflourished In the country when Mr. Bryce vis-

ited us before. Since that day the rural free de-livery service has sprung Into existence; thesmuggling of valuables from abroad and acrossthe Mexican and Canadian borders has beenmade almost a lost art by the arm of the fed-eral government, and the soldiers' homes, builtand maintained by the same paternal power,have cared for and are still caring for thou-sands of the heroes who saved the Union.

The protecting arm of the federal governmenthas been stretched out to save the forests.Millions of acres of timber land on the westerntier of states, that would otherwise have beenseized by ruthless mill owners and devastated,have been taken over by the government asforest reserves, and will be handled by theforestry bureau for the benefit of present andfuture generations. By thus saving the treesthe federal government has prevented the dry-Ins up of the rivers that have their sources inthe timbered sides of the mountains, and thou-sands upon thousands of harmless birds andanimal species that make their homes withinthe 'wooded shawls* h*v# U><*a saved Irora ulti-mata «i:!n.-.tlnn

Great Changes Noted SinceJames Bryce Wrote

"The AmericanCommonwealth."

{FromTh*Tribune Bureau !Washington. April iJO.»-"An American may

through a long life never be reminded of thefederal government except when he votes at the

Presidential and Congress elections, lodges acomplaint against the postoftioe or opens histrunk to the customs officer on the pier at NewYork from a tour of Europe."

Thus wrote James Bryce, the present BritishAmbassador, nearly twenty years ago in hisfamous study of our country. "The AmericanCommonwealth." When he stepped upon "thepier at New York" the other day, bearing cre-dentials as the most exalted diplomatic officialthat his Britannic Majesty could send to theAmerican commonwealth, Mr.Bryco entered intoquite another legal atmosphere.

'In the course

of the years that had Intervened between thedate of publication of his book and its author'selevation to the ambassadorship the powers ofthe municipal and state governments had dwin-dled perceptibly, and inmore than inverse ratiothe strength of the federal arm had grown."Where state and city laws had not actuallyshrunk they had become so overshadowed inimportance by the powers given the nationalgovernment as to look dwarfish in comparison.IfMr. Bryce had asked the first American

citizen he met after leaving the pier ifhe wereever "reminded of the federal government," thatcitizen would have probably replied offhand,"How could Iforget It unless Iwere blind ordeaf or both?" And then, if the ambassadorhad expressed a desire for more light on thesubject and had had the time at his disposal tolisten to the obliging citizen's recital, he mighthave beard a story something like this:"

was reminded of the federal governmentthe moment Iopened my eyes this morning andobserved that the eun was shining and thatthere was a brisk wind blowing up the bay.The Weather Bureau told me yesterday thatto-day would be dear, with fresh northwesterlywinds. Ifelt a littlechillyafter getting up, andwas asrain reminded or the federal government

\\ h< n Iturned on the stoam ai the radiator, forthe steam was made from coal, and th>< coal isbeing mined over In Pennsylvania by men whoare working under an agreement frith tli»operators brought .-» i».»-.it by the Intervention <tthe national government. When Iat^ mybreakfast si few minutes later Iwas once morereminded <>f the federal government hy the foodlni'l before in<\ f<»r under tin* national pure foodand dnitf arts all sorts of articles manufacturedfur liuiKii'j consumption must, pass inspectionby the Department of Agriculture and receiveIts stamp of approval. The postman, an rm-ploye of tiio federal government, brought meseveral Important letters before Ileft tlu> housefor my business in town, and <«n the way to thecity Ihad to ride on a railroad train that isUnder tho supervision of th<> same power. Afew months ago Imlfjht have riddeu to townon a puss, hut to-day had Idone so Iwouldhave laid myself liable to fine or imprisonmentor both, and would have subjected the railroadman from whom Ireceived it to the same pen-alties. Passes are prohibited by the RailroadRate law passed last, year by Congress. Ihadto cross the ferry getting into New York City,and was asrain forcibly reminded of the federalgovernment by the largo number of steam ves-sels that filled the river which are inspectedregularly by the national administration's ap-pointed officers. The ferryboat upon which Irode to the larger city passed within sight of acollection of magnificent buildings located onEllis Island. This reminded me of the federalgovernment, for the buildings constitute themost famous immigrant reception station in tho\u25a0world— where more than a million aliens arelanded every year to merge with the populationof this country. There was a gang of menworking upon an addition to the immigrant sta-tion, which served as another reminder of thofederal government, for these men were workingupon a government contract, and, under the•ight-hour law passed by Congress, are not al-lowed to labor longer than that length of timeeach day. As soon as Ireached my office inthe cityIfound a billcollector waitingfor me.•nd paid him with a check which reminded meonce more of the federal government, for thebank where my funds are deposited launder theclosest kind «af national scrutiny. The Con-troller of the Currency, who is a sort of watch-dog of national banks, sends his wamlnsrs

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