New York State Flower Growers~ INCORPORATED -^

W BULLETIN 119 Secretary, Harold B. Brookins, Orchard Park, N.Y. JULY 1955

Temperature Guide toChrysanthemum Varieties

Henry M. CatheyDepartment of Floriculture

Cornell University

Temperature was shown to alter the effectivenessof short days (9 hours) in flowering chrysanthemums(N. Y. S. F.G. Bui. #104, 112, 116). Three distincttemperature response groups were described:

1) Thermozero varieties formed buds at any temperature;

2) Thermopositive varieties, flowered at temperatures of 60 F or above;

3) Thermonegative varieties were prevented fromflowering above 60 F.

This study was conducted to determine the effect oftemperature (50, 60, 80°F) when the varieties floweredin spring, fall and winter.

The varieties were selected after consultation withMr. Cloy Miller at Yoder Brothers, Barberton, Ohio.The cuttings were obtained through the courtesy ofYoder Brothers. They were planted 4x6 inches onJuly 7, 1954; October 14, 1954; and January 15, 1955.The plants were grown at a minimum night temperatureof 60°F with long days. The growing points were removed from the plants after 15 days; long days werecontinued for thirty days. Short days (9 hours) werestarted respectively on August 23, 1954; December 1,1954; and March 1, 1955. With the January 15 planting cuttings were placed at 50 and 80 F as well as60°F minimum night temperature. Control of the nighttemperature was not possible after 80 days. The experiment was discontinued after 120 days.

The following dates were recorded: when shortdays were started, when the flowers first developedcolor on the outer florets, when the flowers were open(center florets separated). The sprays were graded,

Appreciation is expressed to F. F. Horton and staffin the culture and to Mrs. Sophia Wilkin in the collection of the data.

Permission to reprint is granted ifcredit is given New York State FlowerGrowers Bulletin Number.

using the CSWgrades. The number of leaves and flowers per spray and the type of spray were recorded.

Thermozero Varieties

The variety Shasta gave little response to temperature. Typically, the variety flowered in the minimumtime at 60°F with equal delay when grown at either 50or 80°F. Growth at low temperature did not appreciablydecrease the number of flowers on a spray or cause theformation of compounded sprays.

Thermopositive Varieties

The variety Encore was inhibited in flowering below 60°F. Low temperature (50°F) caused the formation of crown buds followed by crown buds. The centerflower bud often developed color but flowering wasgreatly retarded in comparison to the plants grown at60°F. The initiation of crown bud subtended by shortterminal sprays occurred at high temperature (80 F).Grown at 80°F, it flowered at almost the same timeas at 60°F.

Some varieties are delayed in flowering (N. Y. S.F. G. Bui. #112) if stock plants are grown below 60 F.These varieties flowered uniformly and exhibited nodelay when grownat 80°F. Delayed floweringandgreatvariation in the spray formations was produced on theseplants if grown at 60 F.

Thermonegative Varieties

The variety Revelation was inhibited in floweringby temperature above 60°F. Flower buds were formedin all temperatures (50-80°F) but continued high temperature caused the formation of crown buds followed

Con't on page 2.

In This Issue0 Temperature Guide to

Chrysanthemum Varieties

• New Seed Law Includes Flowers

0 Cathey's Work Honored

Temperature Guide--

by crown buds (N. Y. S. F. G. Bui. #116). The spraysformed at low temperature (50°F) were terminal, butflower development was retarded.

The use of this information in a chrysanthemumproduction program for flowering for specific datesshould include the consideration of these points:

1. Time of year at which growth, the formationand development of the flower is to occur. Certainvarieties gave more response to changes in the timeof year than others.

2. Different colored varieties with similar temperature response should be grown together.

-2-

3. Selected varieties can be grown with crops ofspecial temperature requirements. Examples are:thermozero varieties in carnation houses; early thermopositive varieties in temporarily unused rose benchspace during renewal of the plant.

4. Low temperature hastened the development offlowers once they were started. Varieties planted inlate fall, in cool climates, should react as thermozero.

5. Some varieties should not be included in anyschedule outside of natural season due to the unpredictable results obtained. They were: Heritage, Shamrock, Snowline, Smith's White, Meteore.

Thermozero Varieties (Temperature Insensitive)--Days to Flower

Flowering Spring Fall Winter

Variety Date Description 80 60 50 60 60

Azetec Oct. 28 Yellow single 80 67 73 61 62

Belray Nov. 24 White pompon 80 67 79 65 64

Bluechip Nov. 1 Pink pompon 70 67 84 61 62

Buckskin Oct. 25 Bronze single 70 63 76 59 64

Citation Oct. 15 Pink pompon 67 63 79 61 57

Golden Herald Oct. 25 Yellow decorative 70 67 81 63 59

Halo Nov. 1 Ivory white single 70 67 79 61 64

Ind. White Nov. 5 White standard 73 73 82 62 66

Ind. Yellow Nov. 5 Yellow standard 73 73 82 61 66

Ivanhoe Nov. 1 Bronze standard 80 80 94 65 71

Mary L. Hall Nov. 1 Yellow pompon 57 67 79 57 62

Mrs. DuPont Oct. 12 Coral buff. lg. dec. 63 63 79 57 57

Pink Chief Oct. 15 Lavender standard 70 67 79 59 57

Pinkette Oct. 25 Pink pompon 67 67 73 61 57

Prelude Oct. 24 Coral pink single 70 67 79 59 62

Reward Oct. 25 Pink single 67 63 67 59 57

Sauterne Oct. 30 Yellow single 80 67 84 61 62

Shasta Nov. 10 White anemone 85 80 85 67 73

Variety

Thermonegative Varieties (Low Temperature to Develop)--Days to Flower

FloweringDate Description 80

Minimum night temperature FSpring Fall Winter

60 50 60 60

Acclaim Dec. 5 White pompon C 81 D 83 83

Christmas Greeting Dec. 15 Crimson decorative A 102 B 97 87

Christmas Star Dec. 12 Scarle.t single A 92 C 89 87

Corsair Dec. 10 Large yellow A 92 C 90 85Cotillion Dec. 5 White pompon B 84 D 83 85

Debutante Dec. 10 Pink single A 102 B 89 85

Heirloom Dec. 20 White decorative A 81 D 97 90

Holiday Dec. 10 Crimson single A 84 B 89 83

Mahogany Viking Dec. 5 Bronze single A 92 c 90 89

Medallion Dec. 20 Pink pompon A 84 D 97 87

Merrymaker Dec. 20 Scarlet single C 92 D 92 83

Minstrel Dec. 13 Pink pompon A 92 B 97 87

Poinsettia Dec. 20 Scarlet single A 92 D 91 87

Riviera Dec. 15 Pink decorative A 84 D 100 101

Rosalind Dec. 20 Pink single C 84 D 81 90

Silver Smith Dec. 15 White decorative A 81 D 100 85Siren Dec. 25 Yellow decorative A 107 B 119 118Snow cap Dec. 15 White pompon C 84 D 100 85Snowcrest Dec. 15 White pompon A 81 C 119 85Vibrant Dec. 20 White decorative C 92 D 100 102

Yuleflame Dec. 25 Yellow decorative A 92 D 97 104

A - Crown bud followed by crown budB - Terminal spray, slow development of flowersC - Center flowers in spray developing slowly. Crown buds followed by crown buds lower down the stemD - Terminal spray, almost in flowerE - Delayed flowering

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Thermopositive Varieties--

VarietyFlowering

Date Description

-4-

80

Minimum night temperature FSpring Fall Winter

60 50 60 60

Royal BronzeRubicon

SarongSculptureSilver SheenSongsterSpellboundSunnysideSunupTaffetaThanks Pink

Thelma

ThyraWhite Popcorn

WhitetopWhite ValenciaWilson's White

Nov. 1 Bronze incurved 80 73Nov. 5 Bronze decorative 70 77Dec. 15 Crimson single 107 102Nov. 15 Ivory single 81 73Oct. 20 White incurved standard 63 63Oct. 25 White pompon 57 67Oct. 1 Pink decorative 57 63Nov. 25 Yellow pompon 92 EOct. 28 Yellow pompon 57 63Nov. 12 Pink decorative 84 80Nov. 23 Pink 107 102Nov. 20 Orange pompon 92 80Nov. 10 Pink pompon 84 80Oct. 25 White pompon 57 67Nov. 5 White decorative 80 77Nov. 28 White single 102 84Nov. 1 White incurved 80 73

C

C

A

D

84

A

107

A

102

C

A

A

A

A

C

C

102

61

65

100

69

53

55

53

83

59

71

83

78

71

61

65

78

63

66

73

85

76

62

62

5376

62

75

83

76

66

62

71

83

76

A - Crown bud followed by crown budB - Terminal spray, slow development of flowersC - Center flowers in spray developing slowly. Crown buds followed by crown buds lower downthe stemD - Terminal spray, almost in flowerE - Delayed flowering

New Seed LawIncludes Flowers

The control of quality of flower seeds will be of thesame magnitude as vegetable and farm seeds January1, 1956. This is the date the new law takes effect.

Important changes which will include flowers follow:

1. Future introduction of varieties cannot becalled hybrids unless they are the first generation ofa controlled cross. Well established varieties suchas Unwins hybrid dahlias, Pacific hybrid delphiniumand other mixed lots of open pollenated stock are nottrue hybrids, according to this definition. Names inpresent use will not be changed. Application of the lawis to future introductions.

2. Percentage germination and year of the test willbe required on all flower seed packages having belowstandard germination. No germination percentage isrequired on packages containing seeds of standard germination or above. This requirement on flower seedswill become effective as soon as proper testing technicsand germination standards can be established for thekind.

If you desire a copy of the new law, ask for it fromthe Department of Agriculture and Markets, Albany 1,New York.

***********

Cathey's Work HonoredH. Marc Cathey received the annual award of the

Society of American Florists for 1955. The award isfor outstanding research for the year, and was givenfor his work on the effect of "temperature on bud formation and flowering of chrysanthemums." This wasthe thesis problem which Mr. Cathey completed for hisdoctor's degree in June.

The award is made possible through contributionsto the Foundation for Floriculture by the 25 Club. Thisclub, as a part of the S. A. F., is supported by the contributions of $25 per year from each of its members.The money is used for financing research and for thisannual award to stimulate research in floriculture.

Last year it was won by Max Brunk and RobertHampton of Cornell for their work on marketing of cutflowers. The year previous, by Truman Fossum forhis work on the florist census. The award was alsopreviously won by the late Bill Blauvelt for his workon Parathionand by Kenneth Post and Charles FischerJr. for their work on low temperature storage.

Floyd Smith (U. S. D. A.) received it for developmentof the aerosol bomb. Conrad Olson, Yoder Brothers,was honored for the development of stunt-free mumsand Neil Stuart (U. S. D. A.) for work on heat treatmentof iris.

Your Editor,

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