New World Experiments: England’s 17th Century Colonies Oseas Romero AP US History Stafford High School

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Breaking Away• Rapid social change in 17th century England

• English population is mobile • Different motives for immigration

• Religious versus economic • Personal: escaping bad marriages, jail sentences, or poverty

• Enclosure movement created a large groups of vagrants

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English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution • English Civil War, 1640—1649

• Stuart Monarchy vs. Parliament • Charles I beheaded • Oliver Cromwell made Lord Protector • Stuarts restored with Charles II, 1660

• Glorious Revolution, 1688• William and Mary Replace James II• Established that monarchs must rule alongside Parliament

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Stuart Monarchs

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Four Colonial Subcultures • Chesapeake • New England • Middle Colonies • Carolinas

• These four colonial subcultures will go on to be divided into three• New England • Middle Colonies • Southern Colonies

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Chesapeake• Richard Hakluyt • Colonies make great profit for investors • Free England from dependence on rival power for valuable

commodities • Anti-Catholicism prompted English people to challenge

Spain’s dominance in New World

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Chesapeake Colonies , 1640

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Virginia • Joint-stock companies provided financing • English stockholders in Virginia Company expected instant

profits• This did not happen

• Jamestown settled in 1607• Complete disaster, built near swamp • Director competition from the expansive Powhattan tribe• Colonist did not work for the common good

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Everything Out of Control • 1608-1609—John Smith arrives and imposes order• Harsh, but keeps the survivors alive

• 1609—London Company reorganizes colonial government • 1610—”Starving Time” ended by arrival of Lord De La Warr,

fresh settlers, and martial law

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Stinking Weed • 1610—John Rolfe introduced tobacco• Marries Pocahontas, changes her name to Rachel and dies shortly

after giving birth to a son • 1618—Reforms of Edwin Sandys• House of Burgesses instituted for Virginia self-government• Head right: 50-acre lot granted to each colonist who paid his own

transportation, or for each servant brought into the colony • Allowed development of huge estates

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Where are the Ladies?• Population increase prevented by imbalanced sex ratio• 3,570 colonists to Virginia, 1619–1622

• Men outnumbered women 6:1 after 1619 • Creates a vagabond culture in the colonies

• Men are willing to pick up everything and move on every couple of years

• Contagious disease killed settlers• 1618: Virginia population numbered 700• 1618–1622: 3,000 immigrated• 1622: Virginia population numbered 1,240• Indentured servants denied promised land• 1622—Powhattan attack killed 347 settlers 11

Corruption and Reform• Problems of colony blamed on greed and mismanagement of

London Company• 1624—King James I dissolved London Company • Virginia became a royal colony

• House of Burgesses continued to meet• Burgesses created County Courts

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Maryland: A Refuge for Catholics • Initiated by Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) as refuge for

English Catholics• 1632—Calvert’s son Cecilius (second Lord Baltimore) gained

charter to Maryland • Required toleration among Catholics and Protestants

• Wealthy Catholics unwilling to relocate in America• Common settlers demanded greater voice in Maryland

government• Protestants refused to tolerate Catholics and seized control in 1655

• Scattered riverfront settlements of poor tobacco planters

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New England • 1630-1640—16,000 immigrated • Settlers usually came as family units

• Area would be settled generally health

• Puritans’ view of their colony • A City on a Hill”

• Success as part of covenant with God• “Beacon of righteousness” to the world

• Church attendance required, but membership not automatic • Public confession and execution of criminals • Government by elected representatives responsible to God

• All adult male church members could vote • Ministers had nor formal role and were not allowed to hold office

• Town was center of Puritan Life 14

Limits of Religious Dissent• Laws and Liberties, 1648• Codified rights and responsibilities of all citizens• Engendered public trust in government • Kept magistrates from arbitrary rule

• Puritans did not tolerate religious dissent • Roger Williams would object

• Questioned validity of colony’s charter • Advocated toleration of religious beliefs • Expelled to Rhode Island in 1636

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Limits of Religious Dissent • Anne Hutchinson • Claimed that divine intervention came through the Holy Spirit

and not through good works • Implied that the Puritan ministers of the colonies were no better

than the Church of England • Questioned the views and leadership of the established Church • Contradicted the expressed views of male clergymen

• Women were not allowed to challenge the decisions of males during this time • Banished to Rhode Island in 1637

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New World Colonies: The Ultimate Experiment • COLONIAL STOCK PROSPECTUS – 2014• Project will be explained September 5th, 2014

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