New UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA QUANTITATIVE …psasir.upm.edu.my/12273/1/FPV_1987_2_A.pdf · 2013....
Transcript of New UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA QUANTITATIVE …psasir.upm.edu.my/12273/1/FPV_1987_2_A.pdf · 2013....
![Page 1: New UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA QUANTITATIVE …psasir.upm.edu.my/12273/1/FPV_1987_2_A.pdf · 2013. 5. 27. · 110 XII Allometric functions of the volume of lung with body weight, ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604d9fc55a11724aae2d359e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
QUANTITATIVE OBSERVATIONS ON THE PULMONARY ANATOMY OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL AND OTHER
GROUND-DWELLING BIRDS
M. K. VIDYADARAN
FPV 1987 2
![Page 2: New UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA QUANTITATIVE …psasir.upm.edu.my/12273/1/FPV_1987_2_A.pdf · 2013. 5. 27. · 110 XII Allometric functions of the volume of lung with body weight, ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604d9fc55a11724aae2d359e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
It is hereby certified that we have read this thesis entitled 'Quantitative Observations on the Pulmonary Anatomy of the Domestic Fowl and Other Ground-Dwelling Birds' by M.K. Vidyadaran, and in our opinion it is satisfactory in terms of scope, quality, and presentation as partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
AL AINUDDIN, Ph.D. Assoc. Professor/Dean of Graduate Studies
Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Chairman Board of Examiners)
A.1!l::.iJ::.1f:? G.M. HUG�!!�� D.t Sc. D.
Research Unit for Comparative Animal Respiration
University of Bristol, England (External Examiner)
... .f.� ... VYVYAN HOWARD, Ph.D. Department of Anatomy
University of Liverpool, Fngland (External Examiner)
![Page 3: New UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA QUANTITATIVE …psasir.upm.edu.my/12273/1/FPV_1987_2_A.pdf · 2013. 5. 27. · 110 XII Allometric functions of the volume of lung with body weight, ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604d9fc55a11724aae2d359e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
A.S. KING, Ph.D.
Professor of Veterinary Anatomy University of Liverpool
England ( Internal Examiner )
�'��>r ..,... - ".r...-....t __ '� -�/ I
• • • • • • 6' . .. . ... -.... __ ,. ..... . .... " ......... "
TENGKU AZt·tI TENGKU IBRAHIH, Ph.D. Associ�te Professor/Head,
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science
Universiti Pertanian Malaysia ( Internal Examiner )
�·KASSIM·BIN·HAMiD:·Ph:D:· Associate Professor
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Universiti Pertanian Halaysia
( Internal Examiner/Supervisor )
![Page 4: New UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA QUANTITATIVE …psasir.upm.edu.my/12273/1/FPV_1987_2_A.pdf · 2013. 5. 27. · 110 XII Allometric functions of the volume of lung with body weight, ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604d9fc55a11724aae2d359e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
This thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Pertanian l'-alaysia and was accepted as partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
\ � MAY 1987 Il3.te: . . . . . . • • • . . • • • • • .
• ZAINUDIDN, Ph.D. Associate Professor/Dean,
Graduate Studies.
![Page 5: New UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA QUANTITATIVE …psasir.upm.edu.my/12273/1/FPV_1987_2_A.pdf · 2013. 5. 27. · 110 XII Allometric functions of the volume of lung with body weight, ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604d9fc55a11724aae2d359e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
QUANTITATIVE OBSERVATIONS 00 THE PUIMONARY ANATOMY OF THE
lXMESTIC FCWL AND orHER GROUND-CWELLING BIRDS
by
M. K. Vidyadaran
A thesi s subm itted in pa rt ial fulf ilment of the requirements for the deg ree of Doctor of Phi losophy in the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Scien ce ,
University Pertan ian Malaysia .
February 1987
![Page 6: New UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA QUANTITATIVE …psasir.upm.edu.my/12273/1/FPV_1987_2_A.pdf · 2013. 5. 27. · 110 XII Allometric functions of the volume of lung with body weight, ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604d9fc55a11724aae2d359e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
This thesis is dedicated to my parents
Mr. M. P . K. Menon
and
Mrs. Lakshmi Menon
ii
![Page 7: New UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA QUANTITATIVE …psasir.upm.edu.my/12273/1/FPV_1987_2_A.pdf · 2013. 5. 27. · 110 XII Allometric functions of the volume of lung with body weight, ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604d9fc55a11724aae2d359e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Many people have helped me by a wide spectrum of
assistance in carrying out this project. In particular, I am
indebted to Professor A. S. King for advice, efforts and
encouragement and unfailing support at all stages, right
from introducing me to quantitative biology to supervision of
this thesis. I also wish to thank Dr. Kassim bin Hamid for
his advice and encouragement throughout the period of my work
at Universiti Pertanian Malaysia.
I would like to express my gratitute to Mr. P.
Ganesamurthi who provided able technical assistance at
Universiti Pertanian Malaysia. I am appreciative of the
valuable assistance, carrnents and advice by Mrs. D. Z . King,
Dr. Lai Choo May, Mrs. J. Henry and Mr. Ho Ooi Kuan on
transmission electron microscopy. I am grateful to Dr. J.N.
Maina for his kindness and for the stimulating discussions on
many aspects of quantitative biology.
I also wish to thank Mr. G. Settle and Dr. R. J. Bansali
of University of Liverpool, Dr. N. T. James of University of
Sheffield, and Dr. Mak Tian Kwan of Universiti Pertanian
Malaysia, for valuable help on statistical analysis.
I am especially appreciative of the help provided by the
Department of Wildlife and National Parks for supplying Red
J ungle Fo.vls for the experirrent.
iii
![Page 8: New UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA QUANTITATIVE …psasir.upm.edu.my/12273/1/FPV_1987_2_A.pdf · 2013. 5. 27. · 110 XII Allometric functions of the volume of lung with body weight, ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604d9fc55a11724aae2d359e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The financial support for much of the work came from
Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, to which I am much grateful. I
am also grateful to CICHE and Association of Commonwealth
Universities for providing grants which enabled me to visit
the Departments of Veterinary Anatomy in Liverpool and Nairobi
for training and discussions on electron microscopy and
stereology.
To my wife, Shamala and my daughters, Shamini and
Sharmili, I am indebted for their love, forebearance and
support throughout the period of studies.
iv
![Page 9: New UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA QUANTITATIVE …psasir.upm.edu.my/12273/1/FPV_1987_2_A.pdf · 2013. 5. 27. · 110 XII Allometric functions of the volume of lung with body weight, ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604d9fc55a11724aae2d359e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
"I often say that when you can rreasure what you are
speaking about and express it in numbers you kno.v sanething
about it; but when you cannot express it in numbers your
kno.vledge is of a rreagre and unsatisfactory kind; it rray be
the beginning of kno.vledge, but you have scarcely, in your
thoughts, advanced to the stage of science".
Lord Kelvin, 1883 (cited by Dunnill, 1968 )
v
![Page 10: New UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA QUANTITATIVE …psasir.upm.edu.my/12273/1/FPV_1987_2_A.pdf · 2013. 5. 27. · 110 XII Allometric functions of the volume of lung with body weight, ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604d9fc55a11724aae2d359e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
TABLE CF CONI'ENI'S
Page
ACKtiIC»lL E1J3EMENrS. • • • • • . • • • • . • . . . . . • • . • • • . • • • • . . . . . • . • • . . iii
TABLE CF CONTENI'S. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
LI ST CF TABLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
LIST CF FIGURES . • • • • . . • • • • . . • . • . • • • • • • . • • • • • • . . • • • • • • . . • x���
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
ABSTRAcr • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . • • xvi i
INTROD�ION. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1
Lung-Air Sac System of Birds: General Aspects • • • • . • . • • 1
Morphogenesis • • • • • • . • • • • • • . • • • • . • • • . • • • • • 1
Structure of the Adult Lung . • • • . • • • • • • • • . • • • 3
Function of the Adult Lung • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • . . • • • • 9
LITERATURE REVIE:W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Stereological Studies of the Adult Avian Lung • • • • . • • • • 14
Domestic fowl (Gallus gallus var damesticus) • • • • • • • . 14
Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus) • • • • • • • 17
White-breasted Water-Hen (Amaurornis
phoenicurus ) • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • 18
Muscovy Duck (Cairina rnoschata) • • • . 18
Stereological Studies of the Juvenile a vian lung . . . . • • • • • . • . • • • . • . • • • • . • • . . . 19
OBJECTIVES. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 21
vi
![Page 11: New UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA QUANTITATIVE …psasir.upm.edu.my/12273/1/FPV_1987_2_A.pdf · 2013. 5. 27. · 110 XII Allometric functions of the volume of lung with body weight, ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604d9fc55a11724aae2d359e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Page
MATERIALS AND MEl'HODS . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 23
Animals . . • • . • . • • • • • . • • • • • . . . . . . • • • • • • . • . . . • • . • • • • • • • . • 23
Fixation of Lungs . • • • . • • • • • • . • • • . . .
Estimation of Lung Volume • • • • • • • • • •
Sampling Procedure • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .
Tissue Processing for Microscopy • • .
Lig ht Microscopy • • • • • • • • . . • • • • • • • •
Transmi ssion Electron Microscopy .
Scanning Electron Microscopy • . • • . . . . • .
Stereological Analysi s of Histological Sections and Electron Micrographs • . . • . • . •
Histological Sections • . • • •
Electron Micrographs . • •
Stereology • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Volume Density • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • . •
Surface Area and Surface Density . • • • • • •
26
26
28
30
30
31
31
33
33
34
41
42
43
Harmonic Mean Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Arithmetic Mean Thickness • • • • • . • • • • • • • . • • • • . . • • • . • • 49
Pubnonary Diffusing capacity . • • • • 50
Carcass Evaluation P rocedure . • 54
Statistical Analysi s . • . • • . . . . . 56
RESULT S . . • • • • . . • • • • . . • • . • • • . • . . . • • • • . . . • . • . . . • • . . . • • • . • . 58
Qualitative Observations . • 58
G ross morphology • • 58
(i ) Adult lung • . • • • • 58
(ii ) Juveni le lung . 58 vii
![Page 12: New UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA QUANTITATIVE …psasir.upm.edu.my/12273/1/FPV_1987_2_A.pdf · 2013. 5. 27. · 110 XII Allometric functions of the volume of lung with body weight, ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604d9fc55a11724aae2d359e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Page
H istological Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
( i ) Adult lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
( i i ) Juvenile lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Transm ission Electron Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
( i ) Adult lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
( ii ) Juvenile lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Scanning Electron Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Quantitative Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Body weight , lung volume , and lung volume per unit body weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Analysis of the relative volume and the absolute volume of the main components of the lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Volume per unit body weight of the main canponent of the lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Volume densities and the absolute volumes of the main components of the exchange area . . . . . . . . . 84
Volume per unit body weight of the main canponents of the exchange ti ssue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Analysis of the di stribution of ai r and blood in the lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Analysis of the surface areas and surface area per unit body we ight of the resistance barriers of the ai r-haemoglobin pathway of the lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Analysis of the surface area of the blood-gas barrier per unit volume of the exchange tissue ( St/Vx ) , and volume of capillary blood per unit surface area of the blood-gas ba rrier (Vc/St ) • • . • . • • • 96
Analysis of the absolute volume s of erythrocytes , erythrocyte nucleus , erythrocyte cytoplasm, and the percentage volume of pulmonary capillary haematocrit . . . • • • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • . 99
viii
![Page 13: New UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA QUANTITATIVE …psasir.upm.edu.my/12273/1/FPV_1987_2_A.pdf · 2013. 5. 27. · 110 XII Allometric functions of the volume of lung with body weight, ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604d9fc55a11724aae2d359e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Page
Analysis of the thickness of the blood-gas (ti ssue ) barrier and the plasma layer . . . . . • . • . • • • • • • 101
Analysis of the pulmonary diffusing capacit ies of the resi stance barr iers of the air-haemoglobin pathways • • . • . . . • . . • • • • • • • • • • • 104
Carcass Evaluat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III
DISCUSSION . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . . . • . . • . • . . . . . . . . • • • . . • • • . . . . • 113
Critique of the Methodology . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . • • . . • . • • • . • • 113
Errors due to sample size and interval . • • • . • . • • • • • • 113
Error s due to perfusion , fixation , osmolarity and tissue processing . . . . . • • • • . • • • • • • . • • 114
Error s due to estimat ion of lung volume by Scherle' s method . . • • . . • . • . . . • . • . • • • • • • • • • 117
Errors due to stereological method s . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 117
Error s to possible genetic impurity of the Red Jungle Fo.vl . . . . . • • . • • • . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • 121
Pulmonary Stereo1ogy of the Adult Female Dctne st ic Fo.vl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 123
Pulmonary Stereo1ogy of the Adult Female Red Jungle Fo.vl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Pulmonary Stereo1ogy of the Adult Female White-breasted Water-Hen . . . . . . . . . . • • • • . . • • . • • • • 148
Pulmonary Stereology of the Adult Female Muscovy Duck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Pulmonary Stereology of the Developing Lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
SUr.t>1ARy . • • • . • . . • • • • • • • . • • • • . . . • • • . . • . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • . • . 176
ix
![Page 14: New UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA QUANTITATIVE …psasir.upm.edu.my/12273/1/FPV_1987_2_A.pdf · 2013. 5. 27. · 110 XII Allometric functions of the volume of lung with body weight, ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604d9fc55a11724aae2d359e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
COOCLUSIONS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
BI BLI ()SRAPHY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
APPENDICES • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Page
18 1
197
211
![Page 15: New UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA QUANTITATIVE …psasir.upm.edu.my/12273/1/FPV_1987_2_A.pdf · 2013. 5. 27. · 110 XII Allometric functions of the volume of lung with body weight, ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604d9fc55a11724aae2d359e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
LI sr OF TABLES
Table
I Number of aniffi3.1s used for var ious
Page
investigations . . . • • • . . • • • • • • • . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 24
II Body weight and lung volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
III Relative and Absolute volumes of the ffi3. in components of the lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
IV Absolute volume per uni t body weight of the main components of the lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Va Relative and Absolute volumes of the ffi3. i n components of the exchange ti ssue of the lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Vb Absolute volume per uni t body weight of the ffi3.in components of the exchange tissue . . . . . . . . . 87
VIa Analysis of the volume di str ibution of the air in the lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
VIb Analysis of the volume distr ibution of the blood in the lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
VIc The relative proportions of the lung formed by air and blood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
VII The surface areas of the resistance barr ier s of the air-haemoglobin pathway of the lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . 95
VIlla Specific surface areas and surface to volume ratios of the resistance barr iers of the gas exchange tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
VIllb Absolute volume of the erythrocyte components: Pulmonary and Venous haernatocr its . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
IX Thickness of the blood-gas ( tissue ) barr ier and the plasma layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2
Xa Anatomical pulmonary diffusing capacities of the resi stance barr iers of the air-haemoglobin pathway for oxygen . . . . . . . . . . 10 5
xi
![Page 16: New UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA QUANTITATIVE …psasir.upm.edu.my/12273/1/FPV_1987_2_A.pdf · 2013. 5. 27. · 110 XII Allometric functions of the volume of lung with body weight, ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604d9fc55a11724aae2d359e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Xb �natomical pulmonary diffusing capacities of the resistance barriers of the air-haemoglobin pathway for oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7
XI Compa risons of pulmonary parameters of the domestic fowl and the Red Jungle Fowl . . . . . . . . . . 110
XII Allomet ric functions of the volume of lung with body weight , dressing percentage and carcass components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
xii
![Page 17: New UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA QUANTITATIVE …psasir.upm.edu.my/12273/1/FPV_1987_2_A.pdf · 2013. 5. 27. · 110 XII Allometric functions of the volume of lung with body weight, ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604d9fc55a11724aae2d359e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
LIST Of FIGURES
F igure
1 . Semidiagrarnmatic medial view of the
Page
right lung of Gallus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 . Medial view of the right lung of Gallus . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3 . Systematic stratif ied sampling procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4 . An electron micrograph superimposed w i th a quadratic lattice grid • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • . 35
5 . An electron micrograph superimposed w ith a random short line test grid • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • 37
6 . P rinciples used in estimating surface area and harmonic mean thickness of the resi stance barriers . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 39
7 . Scanning electron micrograph of the lung of the White-breasted Water-Hen (Arnaurorni s phoenicurus ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
8a . Scanning electron micrographs of the parabronchi of the lung . a . �dult domestic fowl , b. Adult Red Jungle Fowl . . . . . . . . . . . 70
8b. Scanning electron micrographs of the pa rabronchi of the lung . a . Muscovy Duck , b . Adult White-breasted Water-Hen • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 71
9 . Scanning electron micrograph of the exchange tissue of the lung of the White-breasted Water-Hen (Arnaurornis phoenicurus ) • • • . • • • 73
lOa . Scanning electron micrograph (Latex Cast ) of the air cap illaries of the exchange tissue of domestic fowl (Gallus gallus var domesticus ) . . . . . . 74
lOb. Scanning electron micrograph (Latex Cast ) of the blood capillaries of the exchange tissue of the danestic fowl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
lla . T ransmiss ion electron microg raphs of the exchange tissue of the Adult lung . a . Dome stic fowl , b. Red Jungle Fowl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
xiii
![Page 18: New UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA QUANTITATIVE …psasir.upm.edu.my/12273/1/FPV_1987_2_A.pdf · 2013. 5. 27. · 110 XII Allometric functions of the volume of lung with body weight, ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604d9fc55a11724aae2d359e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
llb. Transmi ssion electron micrographs of the exchange ti ssue of the adult lung . c.Muscovy Duck , d. White-breasted water-Hen • • • • • • • . • • • • • • . • 62
12a . Transmi ssion electron micrograph of the exchange tissue of the lung of the danestic fa.vl at day 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
12b. Transmission electron micrograph of the exchange ti ssue of the lung of the danestic fa.vl at day 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
12c. Transmission electron micrograph of the exchange ti ssue of the lung of the danestic fa.vl at day 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
xiv
![Page 19: New UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA QUANTITATIVE …psasir.upm.edu.my/12273/1/FPV_1987_2_A.pdf · 2013. 5. 27. · 110 XII Allometric functions of the volume of lung with body weight, ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604d9fc55a11724aae2d359e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Deo 2
LIsr CF ABBREVIATIONS
oxygen diffusing capacity erythrocytes
(conductance) of
DLo total anatomical pulmonary diffusing capacity 2 for oxygen
Drno oxygen diffusing capacity of the membrane for 2 oxygen
Dpo oxygen diffusing capacity of the plasma for 2 oxygen
Dto oxygen diffusing capacity of the blood-gas 2 (tissue) barrier for oxygen
Hc pulmonary capillary haematocrit
He venous haematocrit
r correlation coefficient
Sa surface area of the air capillary epithelium
Sc surface area of the blood capillary epithelium
s. d. standard deviation
Se surface area of the capillary erythrocytes
Sp surface area of the plasma layer
St surface area of the blood-gas (tissue) barrier
Va volume of the lumen of the air capillaries
Vb volume of the wall and lumen of the blood
vessels larger than capillaries
Vc volume of the lumen of the blood capillaries
Ve volume of the pulmonary capillary erythrocytes
Vee volume of the cytoplasm of the pulmonary capillary erythrocytes
Ven volume of the nucleus of the pulmonary capillary erythrocytes
AV
![Page 20: New UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA QUANTITATIVE …psasir.upm.edu.my/12273/1/FPV_1987_2_A.pdf · 2013. 5. 27. · 110 XII Allometric functions of the volume of lung with body weight, ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604d9fc55a11724aae2d359e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
VL volume of the fixed lung (left lung x 2 )
Vlb volume of the lumina of parabronchi and secondary bronchi ( including atria )
Vp volume of the wall and lumen of the prlinary bronchus
vt volume of the blood-gas (tissue) barrier
Vtn volume of the tissue not involved in gaseous exchange
Vx volume of the exchange tissue of the lung
W body weight
Ehp harmonic mean thickness of the plasma
Eht harmonic mean thickness of the blood-gas ( tissue ) barrier
Et arithmetic mean thickness of the blood-gas ( tissue ) barrier
Specific values are those standardized against body weight; for example, St/W means the specific surface area of the tissue barrier .
In the text and Tables , all lung values are totals for the left and right lungs together .
The anatomical terminology adopted in this thesis by the International Cammittee on Avian Nanenclature ( I.e. A . A . N. ) and published in Anatamica Avium (King, 1979 ) .
The taxonomic nomenclature follows Gruson, ( 1976 ) .
xvi
is that used Anatanical
the Nanina
![Page 21: New UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA QUANTITATIVE …psasir.upm.edu.my/12273/1/FPV_1987_2_A.pdf · 2013. 5. 27. · 110 XII Allometric functions of the volume of lung with body weight, ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604d9fc55a11724aae2d359e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
An abstract of the thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Pertanian Malaysia in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
QUANI'ITATIVE OBSERVATIONS ON THE PULMONARY ANATOOY
OF THE IXMEsrIC F'O'lL AND arHER GROUND-r:wELLI� BIRDS
by
M. K. Vidyadaran
June , 1986
Supervisor Associate Professor Dr . Kassim bin Hamid
Faculty Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Malaysia
Co-supervisor Professor Dr . A . S . King
Department Veterinary Anatomy, University of Liverpool , England
The pulmonary stereology of the adult domestic fowl
(Gallus gallus variant damesticus) , the Red Jungle Fowl
(Gallus gallus) , the Muscovy Duck ( Cairina rroschata) , the
Whi te-breasted Water-H� (Arraurornis phoenicurus), and the
juveniles of the domestic fowl and Red Jungle Fowl were
investigated. The lung of the dcxnestic fowl was canpared
wi th that of the Red Jungle Fowl at day 1, day 7, and day
30 .
A multistage sampling technique was used for pulmonary
stereology. Standard stereological procedures of I;X)int
counting, intersection counting , and measurement of intercept xvii
![Page 22: New UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA QUANTITATIVE …psasir.upm.edu.my/12273/1/FPV_1987_2_A.pdf · 2013. 5. 27. · 110 XII Allometric functions of the volume of lung with body weight, ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604d9fc55a11724aae2d359e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
length, were employed for estbnating volume density, surface
area, and harmonic mean thickness respectively. The anatomical
diffusing capacity was estbnated from Weibel's IIDdel.
The pulmonary stereological characteristics of the Red
Jungle Favl are broadly similar to those of the danestic favl,
but the Red Jungle Favl has a higher specific volume of the
lung and a thinner blood-gas (tissue) barrier, with a higher
specific diffusing capacity of the barrier for oxygen than the
danestic favl.
The lung of the White-breasted Water-Hen, a ground-
dwelling bird, has stereological characteristics similar to
sane flying birds (non-passerine), thus showing that not
all ground-dwelling birds have inferior pulmonary
stereological characteristics.
The danestic Muscovy Duck has pulmonary characteristics
which are broadly slinilar to those reported for other
Anseriformes, except for a greater thickness of the blood-gas
(tissue) barrier. T�e specific oxygen diffusing capacity of
the blood-gas (tissue) barrier was well below that of other
anseriforms and birds in general.
The juvenile of lJoth the danestic fowl and the Red
Jungle Favl has a thicker blood-gas (tissue) barrier than the
adult. In each age group examined, the blood-gas (tissue)
barrier was thicker in the danestic fowl than in the Red
Jungle Favl.
x-viii
![Page 23: New UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA QUANTITATIVE …psasir.upm.edu.my/12273/1/FPV_1987_2_A.pdf · 2013. 5. 27. · 110 XII Allometric functions of the volume of lung with body weight, ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604d9fc55a11724aae2d359e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
�t day 7 the pulmonary stereology of the domestic fowl
is vastly inferior to that of the Red Jungle Fowl. It is
suggested that lung develo�nt has not been adequate to meet
the rapid increase in body weight.
The pathophysiological effects of the stereological
values of same of the parameters are discussed. Surface to
volume and volume to volume relationships suggest a possible
greater total length of blood capillaries in the exchange
tissue of the domestic fowl than in the Red Jungle Fowl, with
the possibility of greater resistance to pulmonary blood flow.
Scanning electron microscopy showed that both the blood
and air capillaries were tortuous. The air capillaries
resembled irregular chambers connected by small tubes, while
the blood capillaries formed a network of tubes of uniform
diameter.
Carcass evaluation indicated that although muscle, bone,
etc. were highly correlated with volume of lung, body weight
is still the best carnparator.�
xu
![Page 24: New UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA QUANTITATIVE …psasir.upm.edu.my/12273/1/FPV_1987_2_A.pdf · 2013. 5. 27. · 110 XII Allometric functions of the volume of lung with body weight, ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604d9fc55a11724aae2d359e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Pertanian Malaysia sebagai sebahagian daripada keper1uan untuk Ijazah Doktor Falsafah
QUANI'ITATIVE OBSERVATIONS ON THE PUlMONARY ANATCMY
OF THE IXMEsrIC FCWL AND arHER GROUND-rwELLING BIRDS
Ketua penyelia
Fakulti
Penyelia
Department
by
M . K . Vidyadaran
June , 1986
Profesor Madya Dr. Kassirn bin Hamid
Kedoktoran Veterinar dan Sains Perternakan, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia , Malaysia
Profesor Dr . A. S . King
Veterinary Anatany, University of Liverpool , England
Stereologi pulmonari ayam peliharaan <Gallus gallus
variant danesticus), ayam hutan merah (Gallus gallus ) , itik
Muskovi (Cairina rroschata ) burung Uak-uak ( Amaurornis
phoenicurus ) dewasa , dan anak-anak ayam peliharaan dan ayam
hutan merah telah diselidiki. Perbandingan antara paru-paru
ayam peliharaan dengan ayam hutan merah pada urnur 1 , 7 dan 30
had dilakukan.
Teknik persampelan pelbagai lapisan telah digunakan
untuk stereologi pulmonari. Prosedur stereo1ogi yang biasa
untuk pengiraan-pengiraan titik , antara bahagian, dan ukuran
bagi jarak intersep, telah digunakan untuk anggaran
xx
![Page 25: New UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA QUANTITATIVE …psasir.upm.edu.my/12273/1/FPV_1987_2_A.pdf · 2013. 5. 27. · 110 XII Allometric functions of the volume of lung with body weight, ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060519/604d9fc55a11724aae2d359e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
ketwnpatan volum, luas pe rmukaan dan min harmonik ketebalan .
Keupayaan difusi anatom i adalah dianggarkan mengikut oontoh
Weibel .
Sifat-sifat stereologi pulmonari ayam hutan merah pada
keseluruhannya adalah sarna dengan ayam peliharaan , tetapi ayam
hutan merah mempunyai volum paru-paru spesifik yang lebih
tinggi dan rintangan darah gas yang lebih nipis , dengan
keupayaan difusi spes ifik oleh rintangan yang lebih tinggi
untuk oksigen daripada ayam peliharaan .
Paru-paru bu rung Uak-uak, yang amnya menetap di atas
tanah , mempunyai sifat stereologi yang sarna dengan setengah
burung yang terbang (bukan paserine) , rrenunjukkan bukan sernua
burung jenis di atas tanah mempunyai sifat stereologi
pulmonari yang bennutu rendah ( inferior).
I tik Muskovi peliharaan mempunyai sifat-sifat pulmonari
yang banyak persamaan dengan yang dilaporkan bagi Anseriforrres
yang lai n , kecuali ketebalan rintangan darah-gas ( tisu) .
Keupayaan difusi oksigen spesifik bagi rintangan darah-gas
( ti su) adalah rendah daripada jenis anseriforrres yang lain dan
burung-burung amnya .
Kedua-dua anak
mempunyai rintangan
yang dewasa . Di
rintangan darah-gas
ayam peliharaan dan ayam hutan merah
darah-gas ( tisu) lebih tebal daripada
dalam seln1l11pulan umur yang diperiksa ,
(ti su) adalah lebih tebal bagi ayam
peliharaan daripada ayam hutan merah .
xxi