New Technology JC/JCW/MC/NAS Version 5 Mar 2009Slide 1 Format of lecture The impact of 3G networks...
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Transcript of New Technology JC/JCW/MC/NAS Version 5 Mar 2009Slide 1 Format of lecture The impact of 3G networks...
New Technology
Version 5 Mar 2009 Slide 1JC/JCW/MC/NAS
Format of lecture
The impact of 3G networksIntroductionCurrent state
TechnologyApplicationsPlayers
Summary
New Technology
Version 5 Mar 2009 Slide 2JC/JCW/MC/NAS
Market Place
Two kinds of networking for majority of mobile devicesWide Area Network (WAN)
These are mobile phone technologiesGPRSUMTS
Personal Area Network (PAN)BluetoothInfraredProprietary technology
Local Area Network (LAN)Wi-Fi in some newer devices (thus Skype capable)
New Technology
Version 5 Mar 2009 Slide 3JC/JCW/MC/NAS
Personal Area Networks (PAN)
These are networks which are designed to operate within a small distance
Usually within 10 metres of each other
The speed varies from 100 Kbps to 2 Mbps
These speeds are Kilobits per second NOT Kilobytes
This is more than enough to transfer in-game information like bot position changes
This is more of a consideration is you were intending to move multimedia data in real-time
Remember to treat quoted speeds with caution, they rarely achieve these speeds in reality
New Technology
Version 5 Mar 2009 Slide 4JC/JCW/MC/NAS
Market Place
PANs operate in a license-free frequency band
Commonly referred to as the “Industrial Scientific and Medical” (ISM) band
Defined by the International Telecommunication union (ITU)
Any technology can use this frequency without gaining permission first
This frequency is available nearly globally and is free for non-commercial use
For common use for PANs the frequency is 2.4Ghz
There are other frequency bands available
Some of the problem is that all technologies use the same frequency giving interference
New Technology
Version 5 Mar 2009 Slide 5JC/JCW/MC/NAS
WAN Phone Technology
This is available on a national basis
Allows for communications via the Internet to other devices
Communications sent via the Internet can be unreliable
Communications are expensive (depending on company)
Latency in these communications is difficult to predict
Security when connecting to the public internet is a concern
IPV6 may deal with this, as IP security (IPSEC) is mandatory with this
New Technology
Version 5 Mar 2009 Slide 6JC/JCW/MC/NAS
Current Phone Technology
GSM phonesThe type that most people currently ownConnection speeds of 9.6 KbpsAlthough can be connected to the internet mostly these
devices are notDevices are intended for ‘voice’ communications with
limited data capabilities
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)New Generation devicesXDA II, N-Gage, Sony Erricson p910i , etc
New Technology
Version 5 Mar 2009 Slide 7JC/JCW/MC/NAS
Current Phone Technology
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)New Generation devices
XDA II uses GPRS
Attached to the Internet to allow global communications
Maximum throughput 171 Kbps (in theory)Reality depends on a lot of factors but is usually about 30 Kbps
(http://www.cs.helsinki.fi/u/gurtov/papers/icc01.pdf, 2002)
3G Technology (UMTS)This is the latest technology phone technology
New Technology
Version 5 Mar 2009 Slide 8JC/JCW/MC/NAS
3G Technology (UMTS)
This is the latest technology phone technology
Attached to the internet currently has the same issues as GPRS In the future each device should have it’s own IPv6 address and benefit from
this
Not widely available at the momentDoes not give complete coverage of the country
Maximum throughput which is advertised is 2MbpsReality at the moment is that maximum throughput offered is 384 Kbps
Actually use shows with the Vodafone 3G card throughput of 264 Kbps
(reviews.zdnet.co.uk/hardware/networking/0,39023965,39152563,00.htm, 2004)
New Technology
Version 5 Mar 2009 Slide 9JC/JCW/MC/NAS
3G
WCDMA or CDMA2000 instead of TDMAMulti-rate transmission – different speed for
different type of data -Better QoS3G is targeting the following data rate based
on micro-cells, macro-cells and pico-cellsMicro-cells - 144 kbits/sMacro-cells - 384 kbits/s Pico-cells -2048 kbits/s
New Technology
Version 5 Mar 2009 Slide 10JC/JCW/MC/NAS
PANs
Most common technology for PANs at the moment is Bluetooth
Alternative is Infrared, but this is being used less frequentlyDue to communication problems
Inflexibility in the way that people play
Player would have to be a certain distance apart and the devices can not be moved
Standard states 1 Metre apart, but this can change
Sunlight will interfere with the communications as the sun naturally gives off Infrared
Only 2 devices can easily communicate (leads to a security difference)
Many older PDAs use this technology
New Technology
Version 5 Mar 2009 Slide 11JC/JCW/MC/NAS
PANs - IR
Devices must be within the LOS to communicate
New Technology
Version 5 Mar 2009 Slide 12JC/JCW/MC/NAS
Bluetooth
What is Bluetooth?
A radio based communication using the ISM bandMaximum distance of 10 Metres
Throughput of 721 Kbps
Operates at 2.4 GHz, which is available license free globally
Intended as a replacement for cables
Low Power Usage
Cheap to build and install
New Technology
Version 5 Mar 2009 Slide 13JC/JCW/MC/NAS
Bluetooth
Allows Unicast and Multicast communications
Ability to be resistant to interference
Allows 7 simultaneous connections to a device1 master and 7 slavesMaster tells the slaves when they can transmitMaster also uses its clock to synchronise the communicating
slavesAll of the devices will form a Piconet
New Technology
Version 5 Mar 2009 Slide 14JC/JCW/MC/NAS
Bluetooth - Unicast & Multicast
Unicast each piece of information is sent to each individual so 3 people 3 packets sent
Multicast each piece of information is sent to all devices who register an interest so 3 people 1 packet sent
Very useful for multiplayer games
Person 1
Person 2 Person 3 Person 4
Person 1
Person 2 Person 3 Person 4
New Technology
Version 5 Mar 2009 Slide 15JC/JCW/MC/NAS
Bluetooth
Less susceptible to interference due to the frequency hopping nature of transmissions
The device will transmit on a frequency for a short time and then change to a new frequency
These changes take place at the rate of 1600 hops a second
Fre
quen
cy
Time
PacketPacket
Packet
Packet
Packet
Packet
Packet
Packet
New Technology
Version 5 Mar 2009 Slide 16JC/JCW/MC/NAS
Bluetooth
Bluetooth – Interference Due to the frequency changing regularly any interference
only affects a small part of the data This small part is then sent again
This feature of Bluetooth Will effect other technologies in the vicinity that are not using
frequency hopping
Time
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Version 5 Mar 2009 Slide 17JC/JCW/MC/NAS
Bluetooth
Bluetooth States Master
The node which initialise the communications The master node has complete control over the other nodes within the
PicoNet
Slave A node which is part of the Piconet and receives instructions from the
Master
Parked Device which agrees to change to a low power state. Master will reactivate this node when required
Standby Can receive signals from the master, but is not part of the Piconet
New Technology
Version 5 Mar 2009 Slide 18JC/JCW/MC/NAS
Bluetooth
Bluetooth Communicating A slave device can only communicate when informed by a
master The master will send a unique signal each slave This then allows the slave to communicate A slave can not communicate with another slave
It must be forwarded by the master
New Technology
Version 5 Mar 2009 Slide 19JC/JCW/MC/NAS
Bluetooth in the Future
Bluetooth although a good technology has never really reached its potential
The American market is an area where Bluetooth has not succeeded
The original developer of Bluetooth Erricson has dropped the technology
They cited “that it doesn’t believe it is commercially viable to develop the technology further ” (www.twuf.org/sponsor_news.asp#61, 2004)
Other technologies are emerging building on what Bluetooth offered
Near Field Communications (NFC) - www.nfc-forum.org – 424 Kbps
ZigBee - www.zigbee.org – 250 Kbps
802.15.3a - www.ieee802.org/15/pub/TG3.html - 480 Mbps !!!!!!!
New Technology
Version 5 Mar 2009 Slide 20JC/JCW/MC/NAS
New Devices - Example The Nintendo DS device uses IEEE 802.11
wireless standard based on Ethernet frames
In the past 802.11 was not used due to the power requirements
These have now been resolved, but they are still greater than other technologies
Transfer rate of either 1 or 2 Mbps
Allowing 16 players at any time to play with a maximum of 10m between players
With the use of a hub attached will allow players to communicate across the Internet
If developers support this function only 1 game cartridge is required per group of networked players
The game before beginning will be transferred to all members of that game
New Technology
Version 5 Mar 2009 Slide 21JC/JCW/MC/NAS
Comparison
(www.zigbee.org/about/faqs/index.asp, 2004)
New Technology
Version 5 Mar 2009 Slide 22JC/JCW/MC/NAS
Future communications
Fourth generation GSM (4G)Data rate 10Mbps or moreEntirely packet switched networksPicocellVoice and data in packet