Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science

Ministry of Environmental Protection

New particle formation in Central-eastern China: a comparative analysis of measurements from surface to mountain-top

Gao Jian1, Wang Tao1,2, Chai Fahe1, Wang Wenxing1,3

1, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Science2, Hongkong Poly Technic University3, Shandong University

Nucleation

� Initial step

� Growth process

� Precursors: Organic Vapors,

H2SO4

� Particle dynamic process

� Competition between source

and sinks

(Kulmala: Science, 2003)

SO2

NOx

VOC

NH3

OH

H2SO4, NH3 ，，，，VOC

emission

nucleation

Nano-particlesgrowth

Aiken particles ~100 nm

coagulation

Sulfate

Cloud

SO2 ���� SO42-

NOx ���� NO3-

VOC ����Organic Acid

CCN

Wash out in cloudH2O2, O3, O2

Acid Rain

evaporation

Gas-Particle

CCN

(Richter, Wittrock and Burrows IUP/IFE-UB)

Model Results

Total Number Concentration (cm-3)

CCN(0.2%) (cm-3)

Notice the scale!

(Trivitayanurak et al., 2008)

The observation sites

PBL

Jinan, urban 2006.5.10-5.21（（（（summer））））36.7 oN 107.0 oE, 70m asl

Mount Tai2007.3.22.-4.2436.3 oN 117.2 oE, 1548m asl

Upper-PBL-FT

Ji’nan

Mt Tai

Taicang

44.4 km49.6 km

Taicang

Taicang, ShanghaiMay 5~Jun. 2 2005

31.5 oN 121.1oE, 50m asl

Changping , BeijingJun. 20~Jul. 31 200540.3 oN 116.3 oE, 500m asl

MSP--WPS model 1000XP

�Experiments

Number size distribution

SHSHSHSH BJBJBJBJ

MTMTMTMTJNJNJNJN

summe

r

winter

Woo (2003)

Tuch et al. (1997)

Per. %Per. %Per. %Per. %

SH BJ JN MT

The Ration between number conc. of PM0.01 and PM10 The Ration between number conc. of PM0.01 and PM10 The Ration between number conc. of PM0.01 and PM10 The Ration between number conc. of PM0.01 and PM10

a a’ a’’ a’’’

JN SH BJ MT

粒径粒径粒径粒径

(nm)

� Diurnal Variation

Nucleation

1 nm1 nm 3 nm detectable Size3 nm detectable Size

Condensable

Vapors

Kulmala, Science, (2003, 2004); McMurry et al., JGR, (2005); Wu et al., ppt

Theories:

(1) Binary (H2SO4+H2O)

(2) Ternary (H2SO4+NH3+H2O)

(3) Ion-induced nucleation

(4) Organics

(5)….

Stable clusters

Condensation

Coagulation

New Particle Formation

CCNSubsequent growth

New particle formation process

New particle formation process

SH BJ

Site Days Short term

nucleation

New particle

formation

Times Frequency Times Frequency

JN, Urban 12 7 58.3% 0 0

SH, suburban 29 7 24.1% 5 18.5%

BJ, rural 31 6 19.4% 10 32.3%

Mt. Tai Regional 26 0 0 17 65.4%

�Frequency of the NPF process

Frequency of Regional Nucleation Events at Three Locations1

(Kulmala, 2004)

MT

65.4%

SH

18.5%

BJ

32.3%

(Wu et al., 2007) (Woo et al., 2003) (Stanier et al., 2004)

(Kulmala, 2004) (Kulmala, 2004)

�Frequency of the NPF process

2 times higher than NPF in Sierra Nevada（1500m）1 time higher than NPF in Colorado Rocky（2900m）2 times higher than NPF in Norway spruce（800m）3 times higher than NPF in Hohenpeissenberg mountain （980m)

3.7 times higher than NPF in Mount Norikura （3026m)

(Lunden et al., 2006; Boy et al., 2007; Held et al., 2004; Nishita et al., 2008)

The conc. of

potential CCN

Mt TaiYum et al., 2007Mt. Tai

(McNaughton et al., 2004)

ACE-Asia & TRACE-P

400Km, 200000Km2

Growth Rate (GR) =

Condensational growth

GR(SA)

Cv(SA)

Q(SA)

SO2

OH，，，，Global Change Research Program Atmospheric Chemistry

Model (ACM)

(Bahm et al., 2004)

site seasonGR

(nm h-1)CS(s-1)

C(cm-3)

Q(s-1cm-3)

New Delhi, Indian (suburban)

2002 Oct and Nov

11.6–16.0 0.05–0.0715.8E+7~24.6E+

70.9E+7~1.4E+7

Mount Norikura,Japan2001 Sep2002 Aug

2.6-3.1 0.006-0.002 2-3E+07 1E-4~5

Beijing Urban (urban) 2004-2005 0.1-11.2 spring 0.02 spring 5E+7 spring 1.5E+6

summer 0.025 summer 8E+7 summer 2.8E+6

Po Valley, Italy (urban) 2002-2005 Spring 5.8 0.017

Summer 7.3 0.012Pallas, Northern Finland 2002-2003 spring 2.7 spring 0.00083 spring 4.4E+7 spring 3.9E+4

summer 4.5 summer 0.00065 summer 7.3E+7 summer 6.0E+4

Varrio, Northern Finland (Rural)

2002-2003 spring 2.5 spring 0.00012 spring 4.2E+7 spring 0.5E+4

summer 3.1 summer 0.00115 summer 5.2E+7 summer 7.3E+4

Marseille (urban) 1–19 July 2002 1.1–8.1 0.0032–0.015 1.5E+7~11.1E+7 8.7E+4~1.3E+6

Athens (sub urban) 1–26 June 2003 2.3–11.8 0.0058–0.013 3.1E+7~16.2E+7 2.6E+5~1.6·E+6

SMEAR I Varrio (Rural) 1998–2002 0.8–10.6 0.00006–0.0036 1.1E+7~14.7E+7 1.9E+3~4.8E+5

SMEAR II Hyytiala (Forst) 1997–2001 1.3–5 0.0002–0.007 2.1E+7~8.2E+7 5.0E+3~6.9E+5

SMEAR II Hyytiala (Forst) 1996-2003 spring 2.1 spring 0.0025 spring 7.2E+4

summer 4.5 summer 0.0025 summer 1.54E+5

MT 2007-April spring 3.1 0.022±0.009 4.27E+07 1.00E+06

BJ 2005-July summer 4.5 0.026±0.010 6.15E+07 1.74E+06

SH 2005-May summer 6.01 0.042±0.018 8.23E+07 3.16E+06

�Growth Properties

site TimeGR(SA)

(nm h-1)

C(SA)

(cm-3)

Q(SA)

(s-1cm-3)

SA

(%)SO4

2-/PM2.5

(ug/m3/ug/m3)

Mt Tai

(upper PBL-FT) 2007-April 1.28 1.69E+07 3.64E+05 45.7% 37.4%

Beijing

(rural) 2005-July 1.48 2.06E+07 5.86E+05 24.7% 34.2%

Shanghai

(suburban)2005-May 2.71 3.69E+07 1.38E+06 45.6% 39.4%

�The contribution of H2SO4 to particle growth

LOGO

Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science

Ministry of Environmental Protection

New particle formation in Central-eastern China: a comparative analysis of measurements from surface to mountain-top

Gao Jian1, Wang Tao1,2, Chai Fahe1, Wang Wenxing1,3

1, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Science2, Hongkong Poly Technic University3, Shandong University