Publications

New NMFS ScientificReports Published

The publications listed below may beobtained from either the Superinten­dent of Documents, U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, Washington, DC20402; from the Publications ServicesBranch (E/AIl3), National Environ­ment Satellite, Data, and InformationService, NOAA, U.S. Department ofCommerce, 3300 Whitehaven St.,Washington, DC 20235; or from theNational Technical Information Ser­vice, U.S. Department of Commerce,Springfield, VA 22151. Writing to theagency prior to ordering is advised todetermine availability and price, whereappropriate (prices may change andprepayment is required).

NOAA Technical Report NMFSSSRF-773. Sedberry, George R. "Food

Toward an Understandingof Salmon Smoltification

Salmon, long North America's mostvaluable fishery, have the potential foreven greater productivity via aquacul­ture. Hatchery-reared fish have grownin importance, but the smolts must befully prepared for downstream migra­tion and saltwater survival.

Several annual workshops on sal­monid smoltification culminated in1981 in a formal symposium, the pro­ceedings of which were published in aSpecial Issue, 28(1-2), of Aquaculture:"Salmonid Smoltification," the Pro­ceedings of a Symposium Sponsored bythe Pacific Sea Grant Advisory Programand the California Sea Grant CollegeProgram. Guest editors for the issuewere H. A. Bern of the University ofCalifornia, Berkeley, Department ofZoology, and Conrad V. W. Mahnken of

46(1)

habits and trophic relationships of acommunity offishes on the outer con­tinental shelf." September 1983, iv +56 p., 34 figs., 10 tables.

ABSTRACTThe demersal fish community of the

Outer Continental Shelf in the Middle At­lantic Bight consists of resident species(Lophius americanus. Citharichthys arctif­rons, Paralichthys oblongus) , seasonalspecies with boreal affinities (Rajaerinacea. Urophycis chuss. Merlucciusbilinearis. Macrozoarces americanus), andseasonal species with warm-temperateaffinities (Urophycis regia, Stenotomuschrysops). Although most dominant demer­sal fishes of the Outer Continental Shelffeed primarily on dense, stable macroben­thic invertebrate communities, some feedon fishes, cephalopods, and planktonic in­vertebrates. In addition to seasonal changesin prey species preference, food habits

the NMFS Northwest and AlaskaFisheries Center's Manchester (Wash.)Laboratory.

In this Special Issue, prominent re­searchers present their work on topicsimportant to salmonid development andenhancement. Included are papers onmorphological indices of devel­opmental progress in the coho parr­smolt, an ultrastructural study ofchanges in the endocrine organs ofcoho salmon during normal and ab­normal smoltification, thyroid andsteroid hormones for control of sal­monid growth and smoltification, fac­tors in the surge in thyroid activity insalmon during smoltification, inter­renal function and smoltification, andosmoregulatory changes accompany­ing smoltification in the coho salmon.

Also discussed is stunting and parr­reversion during coho smoltification,photoperiod control of coho smoltifica-

change considerably with fish size. Mostpredator species share many prey species.Overlap in diet among predators varies sea­sonally, with overlap relationships changingas species and size-class composition of thepredators changes. Intraspecific diet overlapbetween size classes is low, but higher in­terspecific overlap occurs between speciesof similar size. Dietary overlap is lowest inthe spring, when planktonic and nektonicorganisms are consumed by most size clas­ses of dominant predators. Although manyimportant prey species are consumed byseveral predators, some are selectively con­sumed by only a few predators, so there isnever complete dietary overlap between twospecies.

NOAA Technical Report NMFSSSRF-777. Love, Milton S., and MikeMoser. "A checklist of parasites ofCalifornia, Oregon, and Washingtonmarine and estuarine fishes." De­cember 1983,576 p.

ABSTRACTThis report is a summary of the published

records of parasites found from the marineand estuarine fishes of California, Oregon,and Washington. Coverage has not beenlimited to the western United States: It alsoincludes parasite reports from throughouteach fish's range. Included is a host-parasitelist and parasite-host cross-index.

tion, circannual rhythms and photo­period regulation of growth and smolt­ing in Atlantic salmon, precocioussexual maturation and smoltification inmale Atlantic salmon, stress and rear­ing of salmonids, an assessment ofsize/time requirements for ColumbiaRiver hatchery coho salmon releases,criteria for parr-smolt transformation injuvenile chinook salmon, criteria foradaptation of salmonids to high salinityseawater, and more.

The papers are both well written andedited and the volume is a handy refer­ence source for those interested in gain­ing a better understanding of smoltifica­tion and its management in enhancingsalmonid survival. Copies of the 270­page Special Issue are available forUS$62.00 (DF1.155.00) and prepaidorders should be sent to Elsevier Sci­ence Publishers, P.O. Box 330, 1000AH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

41

NOAA Technical Report NMFSSSRF-778. Braham, Howard W., BruceD. Krogman, and Geoffrey M. Carroll."Bowhead and white whale migra­tion, distribution, and abundance inthe Bering, Chukchi, and BeaufortSeas, 1975-78." January 1984, 39 p.

ABSTRACT

From September 1975 to September 1977we conducted field research on bowhead,Balaena mysticetus, and white, Delphinap­terus leucas, whales in the U.S. Bering,Chukchi, and Beaufort Seas. The objectiveswere to determine the general distributionand migration of these whales in spring andautumn and to estimate abundance. We alsosurveyed the literature beginning in June1975 through March 1978 to augment ourempirical results.

Bowhead and white whales spend thewi nter months among the pack ice and openwater of the central and western Bering Sea.They migrate into the eastern Chukchi Seaand across the southern and central BeaufortSea from April through June. Their routetakes them along the west side of the north­ern Bering Sea through Bering Strait, alongthe northwest coast of Alaska between PointHope and Point Barrow, generally within 50km of shore (closer to Point Barrow than off

Chemistry, Biochemistry,and Fish Utilization

"Chemistry & Biochemistry ofMarine Food Products," edited byRoy E. Martin, George J. Flick, ChiekoE. Hebard, and Donn R. Ward, is a newreference published by Avi PublishingCompany, 250 Post Road East, PO.Box 831, Westport, CT 06881. Martinis Director of Science and Technology,National Fisheries Institute, Washing­ton, D.C.; Flick and Hebard are withthe Virginia Polytechnic Institute andState University (VPl&SU), Blacks­burg, Va.; and Ward is with theVPI&SU at Hampton, Va.

Broad in scope, the volume containsmuch information useful to those con­cerned with the utilization of ourmarine fisheries. It provides excellentreviews of important aspects of seafoodtechnology and by-product utilization,along with recent advances in marineproduct preservation.

42

Point Hope and Cape Lisburne), andoffshore in the Beaufort Sea generally towithin 60 km of the coast (exceptions arepointed out in the text).

Virtually all bowhead migration appearsto follow this pattern; however, whitewhales oay be divided into groups (orstocks) of varying sizes, some occurring inBristol Bay, Norton Sound, KotzebueSound, and along the northwest coast of

South, Central AmericanFishery Reports Available

Chilean Fisheries

Chile has become the preeminentLatin American fishing country. Thecountry's 1982 fisheries catch surpassed4.0 million metric tons (t), a 20 percentincrease over the 3.3 million t taken in1981. The increased catch, however, hasnot been reflected in increased profits forChilean companies.

Most of the catch is reduced to fish

In bringi ng together currently knowndata on the chemistry and biochemistryof marine food products, the book is anexpansion of a symposium held in 1979during the American Chemical Socie­ty's meeting in Washington, D.C. It isstructured to emphasize the importanceof those sciences to the complexities offisheries technology and to provide adeeper understanding of those changesoccurring in this resource. The editorsalso present material and referencestranslated from foreign sources that hadnot appeared elsewhere in the U. S. sci­entific literature.

The volume begins with a review oflipid oxidation in fish muscle micro­somes. Chapter 2, by John Spinelli andJohn Dassow, is on the modificationand potential uses of fish proteins in thefood industry. Also reviewed are recentadvances in the chemistry of iced fishspoilage, histamine formation in fish,identification of fish species by isoelec­tric focusing, properties of fish oils by

Alaska during summer. The largest compo­nent of the white whale population migratesinto the Canadian Beaufort Sea in spring atroughly the same time as the bowheads.Autumn migration results were not ob­tained, generally, for either species.

The 1978 minimum estimate of thebowhead whale population was 1,800-2,900individuals; for white whales in Alaskanwaters it was 9,000-16,000 individuals.

meal, but low prices for that productaffected company earnings in 1981 andearly 1982. The Government's exchangerate policy has also affected companyearnings. Chilean officials believe that,even with the recent growth of thefisheries catch, there are still extensiveunutilized resources that will enable theindustry to continue expanding for sev­eral years.

The U. S. Embassy in Santiago,Chile, has prepared a 26-page reportreviewing Chile's fishing industry. Itincludes information on the catch,processing, exports, fleet, vessel con-

Maurice E. Stansby, and steroids inmollusks and crustacea of the PacificNorthwest.

Also reviewed are carotenoid pig­ments in seafood, TMAO in fish andshellfish, heavy metals in fishery prod­ucts, seafood irradiation by Joseph J.Licciardello and Louis J. Ronsivall i,enzymatic ammonia production in icedpenaeid shrimp, effects of processingon clam flavor volatiles, biochemicalevaluation of seafood, flavor compo­nents in fish and shellfish, effect of heatprocessing on color characteristics incrustacean blood, utilization of shell­fish waste for chitin and chitosan pro­duction, blueing discoloration ofDungeness crabmeat by Jerry K. Bab­bitt, vitamins and minerals in PacificNorthwest seafoods, enzyme modifica­tions of fishery by-products, and pre­servation of seafood with modified at­mospheres.

With growi ng opportunities to catch,culture, and utilize U.S. seafoods, the

Marine Fisheries Review

struction, market for U. S. exporters andinvestors, and Chilean developmentprograms. A copy can be purchased for$5.00 by ordering report number ITA­83-02-002 from the National TechnicalInformation Service (NTIS), Spring­field, VA 22161.

Venezuelan Fisheries

Venezuelan fishermen caught about193,000 t offish and shellfish in 1981, a 2percent increase over the 190,000 t takenin 1980. The tuna industry expanded butthere was a sharp decline in the sardinefishery. Shrimp fishermen near LakeMaracaibo reported continuing prob­lems with industrial pollution andsewage.

Venezuela, in recent years, has be­come one of the major Latin Americanmarkets for U.S. fishery products. How­ever, Venezuela's deepening economicdifficulties and increased competitionfrom Andean Pact partners Ecuador andPeru have forced the government to im­plement restrictive new trade practiceswhich will affect imports from theUnited States.

volume should be a very useful refer­ence for those dealing with fisheriestechnology and utilization. The in­dexed 474-page hardbound volume has23 chapters, each with many refer­ences, and is available from the pUb­lisher for $45.00 in the United Statesand $49.50 elsewhere.

Progress in FishCulture Is Reported

"Recent Advances in Aquacul­ture," edited by James F. Muir andRonald J. Roberts and published byWestview Press, 5500 Central Avenue,Boulder, CO 80301 (and Croom Helm)presents six long reviews on topics ofconsiderable interest to aquaculturists.Muir is a Lecturer in the Institute ofAquaculture at the University of Stirl­ing, and Roberts is Director of the Insti­tute.

46(1 )

The U. S. Embassy in Caracas hasprepared a 15-page report reviewing1981-82 fishery developments. The re­port describes the tuna, sardine, andshrimp fisheries, the role of the fishingindustry in the national economy, gov­ernment policy, international relations,import restrictions, and opportunitiesfor U.S. businessmen. A copy can bepurchased for $5.00 by ordering ITA­83-03-006 from NTIS.

Mexican Fisheries

The U.S. Fisheries Attache for LatinAmerica stationed at the U. S. Embassyin Mexico City has prepared a 9-pagereview of the Mexican fishing industry.The report includes information onMexican fishery policies, catch, tuna,shrimp, fish meal, sport fishing, jointventures, fleet, consumption, credit,budget, and processing. U.S. com­panies can order a copy for $5.00 byrequesting ITA-83-02-008 from NTIS.

Brazilian Fisheries

Brazil has one of the world's largestcoastlines and river systems, but has

In Chapter 1, Donald J. Macintosh,who has extensively studied mangroveecology at the University of Malaysia,explains the significance of mangrovesto both fisheries and aquaculture anddescribes the distribution and ecologyof mangrove swamps, their productiv­ity and energy flow, and mangrove pondculture practices for finfish, prawns,crabs, moll usks, and seaweeds.

Another lengthy chapter by J. F.Wickins relates opportunities for farm­ing crustaceans in western temperateregions, beginning with a brief reviewof the demand for crustaceans and theirbiology. Culture options (i.e., prawns,lobsters, crayfish, etc.) are discussed,as is the reuse of water in controlledenvironment cultures.

The biology and culture ofsnakeheads, a species popular in theorient, is presented by Kok Leong Weewhile Kim Jauncey reviews carp nutri­tion. The snakehead has higher proteinand lower fat content than carp or

only begun to exploit its fishery poten­tial.

The U. S. Embassy in Brazilia hasprepared a 33-page report on the nation'sfishing industry. The report includes 21statistical tables and information ontrade, tuna, sardines, lobster, whales,leasing foreign vessels, and fisheries de­velopment. U. S. companies can obtain acopy by ordering ITA-83-02-007 for$5.00 from NTIS.

Ecuadorean Fisheries

Ecuadorean fishery exports increasedin 1981, making fishery products thecountry's most important nonpetroleumexport commodity. Almost all of the in­crease was due to the continued growthof the country's pond shrimp industry.

The U.S. Embassy in Quito has pre­pared a 19-page report on the Ecuado­rean fishing industry. It includes 16 sta­tistical tables and information onshrimp, shrimp culture, tuna, cannedproducts, fish meal, economic develop­ment, and research. U.S. companies canobtain a copy by ordering ITA-83-0l­003 for $5.00 from NTIS.

tilapia, and Wee reviews their systema­tics, nutritional attributes, economicsof their culture, their ecological re­quirements and air breathing charac­teristics, life history, fecundity, growthrate, etc. He then discusses snakeheadculture and diseases and suggests sev­eral areas for future research in diseasecontrol, breeding, genetic selection andhybridization, and culture technology.

Another long chapter by John D.Balarin and Rene D. Haller is devotedto the intensive culture of tilapia intanks, raceways, and cages. Discussedis the suitability of tilapia for intensiveculture and intensive fry production,along with nutrition and feeding in in­tensive culture. Then, the authors givean economic evaluation and futureprospects of tilapia culture.

Finally, James F. Muir provides athorough review of recirculated watersystems in aquaculture, discussingoperating conditions, overall systemdesign, oxygen supply, nitrogen re-

43

moval, solids removal, sterilization,chemical oxidation processes, pH con­trol, energy use in recycled systems,system operation and control, hus­bandry and production management,and economics of recycling systems.

Each chapter discusses practical ad­vances made by the authors and in­cludes many fairly recent (up to about1981) references. The book will likelybe of interest to practicing fish cul­turists as well as students and scientists.Indexed, the 453-page hardbound vol­ume costs $49.75 or £27.50.

Bacterial and ViralDiseases of Fishes

Expanding interest in fish diseasestudies culminated in a 1981 sym­posium of the Society for General Mi­crobiology in Edinburgh, Scotland, andthe result of that is "Microbial Dis­eases of Fish," edited by R. J. Robertsand published as the Society's SpecialPublication No.9 by Academic PressInc. (London) Ltd., 24-28 Oval Road,London, England NWI 7DX.

The volume contains 12 well-writtenreviews: A. E. Ellis explains the differ­ence between the immune mechanismsof fish and higher vertebrates, M. J.Manning et al. review developmentalaspects of immunity and tolerance infish, and P. D. Ward discusses the de­velopment of bacterial vaccines forfish. Ken Wolf then reviews newly dis­covered viruses and viral diseases offishes between 1977 and 1981 and B. J.Hill reports on infectious pancreaticnecrosis virus and its virulence.

Additionally, C. Agius reviews virusdiseases of warm water fish, A. L.Munro details the pathogenesis ofbacterial diseases of fishes, and C.Michel reports on progress towardfurunculosis vaccination. Finally, thepathogenicity of Vibrio anguillarum isexamined by M. T. Horne while D. J.Alderman discusses fungal diseasesof aquatic animals, A. H. McVicarpresents an extensi ve review oflchthyophonus infections of fish, andA. D. Pickering and L. G. Willoughbyreview Saprolegnia infections of sal­monids.

In sum, the volume represents a use-

44

ful and fairly recent synthesis of infor­mation on microbial fish pathogens.The 305-page hardbound book is in­dexed, and each chapter is well docu­mented with references. It is availablefrom the publisher for £21.80 or$40.50.

"Bacterial and Viral Diseases ofFish: Molecular Studies," edited byJorge H. Crosa of the School ofMedicine, Oregon Health SciencesUniversity, Portland, has been pub­lished as WSG-WO 83-1 by the Wash­ington Sea Grant Program, 3716 Brook­lyn Avenue, N.E., Seattle, WA 98105.

The six chapters in this small paper­bound volume present recent researchon important bacterial and viral dis­eases of salmonids, and work whichmight lead to eventual development ofsuccessful fish vaccines. The first paperprovides a detailed account of the majordiseases causing mortality among cul­tured salmonids and also deals with themethods for preventing and halting thespread of those diseases.

The next three chapters analyze thecausative agents of vibriosis and furun­culosis. Finally, the molecular study oftwo viral systems, infectious hema­topoietic necrosis (IHN) and infectiouspancreatic necrosis (IPN) viruses, arediscussed in the last two papers. Thesmall 86-page volume, unindexed, isavailable from the publisher for $5.00.

A Look at the NewEngland Fisheries

"Industry in Trouble," subtitled"The Federal Government and the NewEngland Fisheries," by Margaret E.Dewar, has been published by the Tem­ple University Press, Broad and OxfordStreets, Philadelphia, PA 19122. In it,the author, an Assistant Professor at theHubert H. Humphrey Institute of PublicAffairs, University of Minnesota, re­views the New England fishing industrysince World War II, its problems, andthe efforts to solve them. She thencompares her analysis with Govern­ment efforts to aid other U. S. industries(i.e., steel, shoes, merchant marine,shipbuilding, etc.).

Chapter by chapter the authorexplores the structure and problems ofthe New England fisheries, efforts at

aiding them, shortcomings of interven­tion, foreign fleets and questions offisheries control, fishery managementimplementation, and examinesshortcomings in public efforts to re­vitalize the fisheries.

The author gives her views of thefishing industry problems, how the fish­ing industry perceived them, the Fed­eral aid or programs to alleviate theproblems, and the effects of those pro­grams. Often, she says, the root causesof problems were not fully identified byeither the public or private sectors, andthus there were many problems in find­ing good solutions, and in implement­ing the programs. She predicts that thefishing industry will continue to faceproblems, seek government help, andthat the effecti veness of that aid wi IIagain depend on how well industry,Congress, and administrators learnfrom the past.

The author has provided an in-depthand relatively unbiased look at theNew England groundfish fishery andher primary recommendations are forbetter analysis of all aspects of thepercei ved problems of that fishery,along with analysis of the effects ofany proposed solutions or programs.The author also suggests some waysthat government aid could be moreeffective and addresses the questionabout when the government shouldstep into help an ail ing industry.While some may not agree with all ofthe author's beliefs or suggestions, thebook does present a thoughtful analy­sis which may be useful even beyondthe fishing industry. The 252-pagehardbound volume is indexed, pro­vides extensive notes and references,and is available from the publisherfor $29.95.

Pay Lake, Fish HaulerDirectory Published

A directory of pay lakes and live fishhaulers in selected states is now avail­able according to the National MarineFisheries Service. For a free copy, U. S.firms should write Jim Ayers, NationalMarine Fisheries Service, NOAA,Suite 200,11215 Hermitage Road, Lit­tle Rock, AR 72211, or telephone 501­378-5888.

Marine Fisheries Review 46( I )