Publications

New NM FS ScientificReports Published

NOAA Technical Report NMFS 4.Roppel, Alton Y. "Management ofnorthern fur seals on the PribilofIslands, Alaska, 1786-1981." April1984, iii + 26 p., 3 figs., 4 tables.

ABSTRACT

This paper includes infonnation aboutthe Pribilof Islands since their discovery byRussia in 1786 and the population ofnorthern fur seals, Callorhinus ursinus,that return there each summer to bearyoung and to breed. Russia exterminatedthe native population of sea otters,Enhydra tutris, here and nearly subjectedthe northern fur seal to the same fatebefore providing proper protection. Thenorthern fur seal was twice more exposedto extinction following the purchase ofAlaska and the Pribilof Islands by theUnited States in 1867. Excessive harvestingwas stopped as a result of strict manage­ment by the United States of the animals

Understandingthe Vibrios

"Vibrios in the Environment,"edited by Rita R. Colwell, has beenpublished by John Wiley & Sons,Inc., 605 Third Ave., New York, NY10158, in their Environmental Scienceand Technology series. Interest in theVibrionaceae has increased in the pastdecade considerably. Taxonomy ofthis family of bacteria has improvedand recognition of the pathogenicpotential of vibrios other than V.cho/erae has grown (i. e., V.parahaemo/yticus).

The book begins with an outline ofvibrios in the environment, followedby sections on epidemology andserology, pathogensis, moleculargenetic aspects of vibrios, methodsfor isolation, enumeration,characterization, and identification,and ecology of vibrios. An importantpart of the book for seafood pro-

46(4),1984

while on land and a treaty between Japan,Russia, Great Britain (for Canada), andthe United States that provided neededprotection at sea. In 1941, Japanabrogated this treaty which was replacedby a provisional agreement betweenCanada and the United States that pro­tected the fur seals in the eastern NorthPacific Ocean. Japan, the U.S.S.R.,Canada, and the United States again in­sured the survival of these animals withratification in 1957 of the "Interim Con­vention on the Conservation of NorthPacific Fur Seals," which is still in force.Under the auspices of this Convention, theUnited States launched an unprecedentedmanipulation of the resource through con­trolled removal during 1965-68 of over300,000 females considered surplus. Thebiological rationale for the reduction wasthat production of fewer pups would resultin a higher pregnancy rate and increasedsurvival, which would, in turn, produce asustained annual harvest of 55,000-60,000males and 10,000-30,000 females.

ducers is the final section, "Implica­tions for the Seafood Industry,"which includes chapters on preventionof food-borne disease caused byvibrios, sanitary precautions for theseafood packer in preventing suchdisease, factors affecting theadherence of V. cho/erae to blue crabshell, and the effects of storage onvibrio concentrations in shellfish.

In short, the research reported hereshows the widespread distribution ofpathogenic and nonpathogenic vibriosin the natural aquatic environment,and addresses the risks the vibriospose. The authors provide recent in­formation on identification, isolationand characterization, assessment ofdistribution and useful data onhuman exposue, toxin potency andmeasurement, and vibrio ecology.The volume also details the much im­proved taxonomy of the genera andspecies of the Vibrionaceae andreports on the increasing number of

Predicted results did not occur. Theherd reduction program instead coincidedwith the beginning of a decline in thenumber of males available for harvest.Suspected but unproven causes werechanges in the toll normally accounted forby predation, disease, adverse weather,and hookworms. Depletion of the animals'food supply for foreign fishing fleets andthe entanglement of fur seals in trawl web­bing and other debris discarded at seabecame a prime suspect in altering theaverage annual harvest of males on thePribilof Islands from 71,500 (1940-56) to40,000 (1957-59) to 36,000 (1960) to 82,000(1961) and to 27,347 (1972-81). Thus wasborn the concept of a research control areafor fur seals, which was agreed upon bymembers of the Convention in 1973 andinstituted by the United States on St.George Island beginning in 1974. All com­mercial harvesting of fur seals was stoppedon St. George Island and intensivebehavioral studies were begun on the nowunharvested population as it responds tothe moratorium and attempts to reach itsnatural ceiling. The results of these andother studies here and on St. Paul Islandare expected to eventually permit a com­parison between the dynamics ofunharvested and harvested populations,which should in turn permit more precisemanagement of fur seals as nations con­tinue to exploit the marine resources of theNorth Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea.

cases whereby V. cho/erae is im­plicated in human disease in widelydifferent geographical areas. Practicalapplications of research are presentedin sections on prevention of vibriotransmission and analytical methodsfor detection and monitoring. Thus,the book is an excellent source of dataon recent developments, seafoodquality control, and V. cho/erae iden­tification and monitoring. The634-page hardbound volume is in­dexed and is available from thepublisher for $45.00.

Sea Turtle History,Ecology, and Management

"Biology and Conservation of SeaTurtles," edited by Karen A. Bjorndaland published by the Smithsonian In­stitution Press, Washington, DC20560 in cooperation with the WorldWildlife Fund, Inc., constitutes the

91

NOAA Technical Report NMFS 5.Smith, Daniel E., and Jack W. Jossi."Net phytoplankton and zooplanktonin the New York Bight, January 1976to February 1978, with comments onthe effects of wind, Gulf Stream ed­dies, and slopes water intrusions."May 1984, iv + 41 p., 12 figs., 22app. tables.

ABSTRACT

Results are given of monthly netphytoplankton and zooplankton samplingfrom a 10 m depth in shelf, slope, andGulf Stream eddy water along a transectrunning southeastward from AmbroseLight, New York, in 1976, 1977, and early1978. Plankton abundance and tempera­ture at 10 m and sea surface salinity at eachstation are listed. The effects of at­mospheric forcing and Gulf Stream eddieson plankton distribution and abundanceare discussed. The frequency of Gulf

Proceedings of the World Conferenceon Sea Turtle Conservation held inWashington, D.C., in late 1979.

The contents are divided into fourparts: Sea turtle biology; status of seaturtle populations by area (historicalreview; Hawaii, Oceania, andAustralia; East and Southeast Asia;Indian Ocean; and Atlantic Ocean);conservation theory, techniques, andlaw; and a sea turtle conservationstrategy, action plan, and action proj­ects. The volume provides an excellentsummary of sea turtle biology,especially as applied to conservationproblems and solutions. Seven papersin the first section detail research onsea turtle reproduction and nestingstudies. Others report research onmigration, nutrition, growth, andhibernation.

The second section on populationstatus includes reports with data onsubsistence hunting in differentregions, and provides excellent sum­maries of data and research on seaturtle distribution and densities.Papers in part three discuss generalsea turtle conservation problems, con­servation theory and techniques, andlaws and enforcement, as well asdiscussing incidental capture, habitatdisruption and protection, and the

92

Stream eddy passage through theNewYork Bight corresponded with the fre­quency of tropical-subtropical netphytoplankton in the samples. GulfStream eddies injected tropical-subtropicalzooplankton onto the shelf and removedshelfwater and its entrained zooplankton.Wind-induced offshore Ekman transportcorresponded generally with the unusualtiming of two net phytoplankton maxima.Midsummer net phytoplankton maximawere recorded following the passage ofHurricane Belle (August 1976) and a coldfront (July 1977). Tropical-subtropicalzooplankton which had been injected ontothe outer shelf by Gulf Stream eddies weremoved to the inner shelf by a wind­induced current moving up the HudsonShelf Valley.

NOAA Technical Report NMFS 7.Turner, Jefferson T. "The feedingecology of some zooplankters that areimportant prey items of larval fish."July 1984,28 p.

questions of turtle culture and head­starting. Unindexed, the paperbound583-page volume provides a wealth ofinformation on sea turtles and isavailable from the publisher for$25.00.

Shellfish Cultureand Nutrition

The "Proceedings of the Second In­ternational Conference on Aqua­culture Nutrition: Biochemical andPhysiological Approaches to ShellfishNutrition," edited by Gary D. Pruder,Christopher J. Langdon, and DouglasE. Conklin, has been published by theWorld Mariculture Society, 178Pleasant Hall, Division of ContinuingEducation, Louisiana State Univer­sity, Baton Rouge, LA 70803.

Following a brief introduction,contributors review the relevance offish and insect nutrition to marine in­vertebrates. Also reviewed arebiochemical aspects of penaeid nutri­tion, crustacean bioenergetics, feedingmechanisms and digestive physiologyof decapod crustaceans, protein andamino acid nutrition of Penaeusjaponicus, a crustacean fatty acid

ABSTRACT

Diets of 76 species of fish larvae frommost oceans of the world were inventoriedon the basis of information in 40 publishedstudies. Although certain geographic, size­and taxon-specific patterns were apparent,certain zooplankton taxa appeared in thediets of larvae of a variety of fish species innumerous localities. Included were sixgenera of calanoid copepods (Acartia,Ca/anus, Centropages, Paraca/anus,Pseudoca/anus, Temora), three genera ofcyclopoid copepods (Corycaeus, Oithona,Oncaea) , harpacticoid copepods, copepodnauplii, tintinnids, cladocerans of thegenera Evadne and Podon, barnaclenauplii, gastropod larvae, pteropods of thegenus Limacina, and appendicularians.Literature on feeding habits of thesezooplankters reveals that most of thecopepods are omnivorous, feeding uponboth phytoplankton and other zooplank­ton. Some taxa, such as Ca/anus,Paraca/anus, Pseudoca/anus, and copepodnauplii appear to be primarily her-

metabolism, Artemia nutrition, zoo­plankton as a crustacean food source,and the role of micronutrients in thebiosynthesis of the crustacean ex­oskeleton.

In addition, the volume containsthe abstracts of posters presented atthe conference dealing with researchinto American lobster diet andgrowth, penaeid shrimp, Americanoyster, and other aspects of molluscanand crustacean nutrition. Finally, tworeports summarize the conference andreview future prospects in molluskand crustacean nutrition and itsresearch needs. The 444-page hard­bound volume is available from thepublisher for $35 (U.S.) and $40(foreign).

Canada's AtlanticFisheries Report

"The Future of the AtlanticFisheries" by Ernie Weeks and LeighMazzany has been published by theInstitute for Research on PublicPolicy (IRPP) in Montreal, Quebec,Canada, and is distributed byBrookfield Publishing Co., Old PostRoad, Brookfield, VT 05036.

Marine Fisheries Review

bivorous, while others, such as Acartia,Centropages, Temora, and cyclopoids ex­hibit broad omnivory or carnivory.Thenoncopepod zooplankters are primarilyfilter-feeders upon phytoplankton and/orbacterioplankton. Despite the importanceof zooplankters in larval fish food webs,specific knowledge of the feeding ecologyof many taxa is poor. Further, much pre­sent knowledge comes only fromlaboratory investigations that may not ac­curately portray feeding habits ofzooplankters in nature. Lack ofknowledge of the feeding ecology of manyabundant zooplankters, which are also im­portant in larval fish food webs, precludesrealistic understanding of pelagicecosystem dynamics.

NOAA Technical Report NMFS 8.Prince, Eric D. (convener and editor),and Lynn M. Poulos (editor). "Pro­ceedings of the international

Problems in the Atlantic Fisheriesresulted in special investigations bythe Canadian government and theIRPP by Weeks and Mazzany. Thisbook is the result of the latter andcontains a review of Canada's Atlan­tic fishery, an analysis of its prob­lems, and the authors' conclusionsand recommendations for govern­ment policy. The authors statecategorically that "economic viabilitymust be the overriding long-term ob­jective for the industry (which) mustbecome self-supporting." Amongtheir recommendations are that: 1) In­dustry, labor, and capital be reducedand brought into line with expectedresources and markets, 2) in the first1-2 years reduce the number offishermen by attrition and continua­tion of limited entry to the majorfisheries (and "more actively" reducefishermen and capital in the next 3-5years), 3) provide quasi-propertyrights through a systems of transfer­able quotas (which would be divisibleand saleable), introduce a self­funding scheme for vessel buy-back,and others. The volume presents, avery concise look at Canada's Atlanticfisheries, its problems, the authors'recommendations as well as those of

46(4),1984

workshop on age determination ofoceanic pelagic fishes: Tunas,billfishes, and sharks." December1983, 211 p. (27 papers, no abstract).

NOAA Technical Report NMFS 9.Chester, Alexander J. "Samplingstatistics in the Atlantic menhadenfishery." August 1984, 16 p.

ABSTRACT

Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyran­nus, the object of a major purse-seinefishery along the U.S. east coast, are land­ed at plants from northern Florida to cen­tral Maine. The National Marine FisheriesService has sampled these landings since1955 for length, weight, and age. Togetherwith records of landings at each plant, thesamples are used to estimate numbers offish landed at each age. This reportanalyzes its sampling design in terms of

the Canadian government's TaskForce on the Atlantic Fisheries, plus acomparative analysis of both. Thepaperbound II2-page booklet isavailable from the BrookfieldPublishing Company for $9.50.

The Tilapias andTheir Culture

The tilapias are a group offreshwater cichlids of Africa and theLevant which have been introducedand farmed in many parts of theworld. Some species make nests;others, the mouthbrooders, are widelyused in warmwater aquaculture pro­grams, and genetic research is ex­pected to enhance their production.

"Tilapiine Fishes of the GeneraSarotherodon, Oreochromis, andDanakilia" by Ethelwynn Trewavas,published by the British Museum(Natural History), Cromwell Road,London, England SW7 5BD, de­scribes 41 of the species that carry theeggs and embryos in the mouth of oneor both parents. One genus,Danakilia, is limited in size and rangeand not cultured. Sarotherodon (9

probability sampling theory. The design isclassified as two-stage cluster sampling, thefirst stage consisting 0 f purse-seine setsrandomly selected from the population ofall sets landed, and the second stage con­sisting of fish randomly selected from eachsampled set. Implicit assumptions of thisdesign are discussed with special attentionto current sampling procedures. Methodsare developed for estimating mean fishweight, numbers of fish landed, and agecomposition of the catch, with approx­imate 95 percent confidence intervals.Based on specific results from three ports(Port Monmouth, N.J.; Reedville, Va.;Beaufort, N .c.) for the 1979 fishingseason, recommendations are made forimproving sampling procedures to complymore exactly with assumptions of thesampling design. These recommendationsinclude adopting more formal methods forrandomizing set and fish selection, increas­ing the number of sets sampled, consider­ing the bias introduced by unequal setsizes, and developing methods to optimizethe use of funds and personnel.

species) and Oreochromis (31 species)are distinguished primarily by theirbreeding habits, biogeography, andstructural features, and several ofthem are very important to fish cul­turists. Tilapia, once used for most ofthe well-known species, is now re­stricted to those which make andguard nests.

While this authoritative and exten­sive review is primarily taxonomic,the author also provides well-writtenand thorough overviews of eachspecies' natural history and other datauseful to aquaculturists, such asecology, distribution (natural anddispersal by man), zoogeography,reproduction, and habitats. Data isalso provided on the species' foods,temperatures and salinity tolerances,and breeding and hybridization, aswell as on their growth, distinguishingcharacteristics, and, for some, generalphysiology, behavior, predators andparasites, etc. The volume is illus­trated with many fine drawings andphotographs.

The author, who retired in 1961from the Museum as curator offishes, has studied the cichlids (since1928) for over 50 years, and hervoluminous book will likely be of in-

93

terest and value to many of those in­volved in tilapia biology, fisheries,research, and culture. The 583-pagehardbound volume is available fromthe publisher for £50.

"The Biology and Culture ofTilapias," edited by R. S. V. Pullinand R. H. Lowe-McConnell, pub­lished by the International Center forLiving Aquatic Resources Manage­ment (ICLARM), MCC P.O. Box1501, Makati, Metro Manila, Philip­pines, as ICLARM Conference Pro­ceedings 7, constitutes the Pro­ceedings of the International Con­ference on the Biology and Culture ofTilapias held 2-5 September 1980 inBellagio, Italy.

Once limited mostly to Africa,tilapias have been widely distributed,primarily since the 1950's, to tropicaland subtropical areas, and their farm-

A Guide toWorld Fishes

Publication of the Second Editionof Joseph S. Nelson's "Fishes of theWorld" has been announced by JohnWiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Ave.,New York, NY 10158. This usefulreference for fisheries personnel andresearchers has been enlarged andconsiderably updated to reflectresearch accomplished during the lastdecade. An introductory chapteroutlines various aspects of systematicsand zoogeography, and a discussionof fish diversity and abundance in­cludes a table showing the numbers ofrecognized families, genera, and totalnumber of species and freshwatervarieties in the 50 orders of theworld's living fishes. The author alsoreviews the classification of lowerchordates.

Typical family descriptions consistof a common name and spelling ofthe taxonomic group, distributiondata, a line drawing illustrating mor­phological characteristics, a briefdescription of the group, biological,ecological, and systematic notes, sub­families, estimated number of genera

94

ing systems range from Asian ricefieldculture to experimental farms usingheated water from power plants. Thisvolume presents an excellent anduseful series of reviews by biologistsand fish culturists, as well as anoutline of future research needs. It isdivided into four sections: Biology,physiology, culture, and culture­related topics. Papers in the first partdiscuss tilapia taxonomy and specia­tion, ecology and distribution, tilapiasin fish communities, and provide anevolutionary perspective on tilapia lifehistories.

Part 2 reviews environmentalphysiology of tilapias, their reproduc­tive physiology and feeding, diges­tion, and growth (both qualitative andquantitative considerations). The ses­sion on culture presents reviews ofcage culture, diseases of tilapias, and

and species, plus recent references tomajor systematic studies. Included are452 illustrations, 45 updated distribu­tion maps, a checklist of extantclasses, orders, suborders, andfamilies, and an extensive bibliog­raphy. The 523-page hardboundvolume is a good up-to-date introduc­tion to the world's major fish groups,and is available from the publisher for$44.95.

Technology of Tropicaland Subtropical Fishes

Publication of the "Proceedings ofthe Eighth Annual Tropical and Sub­tropical Fisheries Conference of theAmericas," compiled by RanzellNickelson II, has been published bythe Sea Grant College Program,Texas A&M University, College Sta­tion, TX 77843. It consists of 25papers, edited by their respectiveauthors, on a wide variety of topics ofinterest to the fisheries industry andfishery technologists.

Terrance Leary describes the ac­tivities of the Gulf of Mexico FisheryManagement Council while Fred Pro-

pond culture of tilapias under con­trolled conditions. Other papers dis­cuss genetic markers in Sarotherodonand their use for sex and species iden­tification, tilapia hybridization, con­trol of tilapia reproduction, and pro­blems of mass production of hybridtilapia fry. The volume also includes astatement on research requirements,extensive references, and indexes togenera, species, and water bodies. The432-page volume is available fromICLARM for $13 (paper, surfacemail), $17.50 (cloth, surface mail),$25 (paper, airmail), or $29.50 (cloth,airmail).

"A Bibliography of ImportantTilapias (Pisces: Cichlidae) forAquaculture," by Peter Schoenen,was published in 1982 by the Interna­tional Center for Living AquaticResources Management (lCLARM),

chaska et al. review the world produc­tion trends and U.S. imports ofshrimp and spiny lobsters. HectorLupin addresses communicationproblems between fisheries institutesand the fisheries industry in LatinAmerica. Two articles outline ex­perimental gear for and on-boardhandling of deep-sea red crabs(Geryon sp.) in the Gulf of Mexico,while Charles Roithmayr reports onpurse-seine fishing for coastal pelagicfishes (thread herring, Spanish sar­dine, round scad, scaled sardine, andround herring) in the northern Gulf.

Other articles discuss salmonellae inoysters, clams, crabs, and mullet;TDT of Vibrio cholerae in shrimp;problems with adductor muscle para­sites, Sulcascaris sulcata, in calicoscallops in the southeastern U.S.;closed system shedding of blue crabs;measuring texture to evaluate fishfreshness; texture variation in cookedfish fillets, pasteurization methods forflaked fish by Melvin Waters; elec­tronic candling to detect bones inwhite fish fillets; menhaden use forsurimi production; texture analysis ofMacrobrachium tails; usingosmoregulation in Penaeid shrimps to

Marine Fisheries Review

MCC P.O. Box 1501, Makati, MetroManila, Philippines, as ICLARMBibliographies 3. While several otherbibliographies have been published onthe tilapias, this is the first to dealcomprehensively with culturedtilapias, and the author has sought tomake available all references on thesefishes for libraries, researchers, andbiologists. Species included in thisbibliography include: Oreochromismacrochir, O. aureus, 0. hornorum,O. mossambicus, O. niloticus,Sarotherodon ga/i/aeus, Ti/apia ren­da/Ii, and T. zilli. Each species is in­troduced with a "List of Synonyms,"followed by its bibliography, ar­ranged alphabetically by author, andending with a subject index and ageographic index for the species. The336-page paperbound volume is avail­able for $18.00 (airmail $32.50).

enhance flavors; and others. Thevolume is available from the publisherfor $10.

A Review of FishAggregating Devices

"Review of Experiences With andPresent Knowledge About Fish Ag­gregating Devices," by M. Bergstromhas been published as BOBP/WP/23by the FAO's Bay of Bengal Pro­gramme, Post Bag No. 1054, Madras600 018 India. To prepare it theauthor contacted many experts andhas thus provided a selective yet ex­cellent review of a wide range ofFAD's, their construction, placement,and how they are fished.

The author presents many ex­amples of artificial reef types andmaterials from auto tires to concrete,FRP, wood bundles, vessel hulls, andmuch more, as well as FAD's an­chored or drifting at the surface. Amore extensive section reviews tradi­tional, modern, and experimentalmid-water FAD's. Other sectionsreview site selection for anchoringmodern FAD's and harvesting

46(4),1984

"ICLARM Bibliographies 3, Sup­plement 1" by Peter Schoenen in­cludes additional referencesdiscovered since publication of theoriginal work, and coversOreochromis macrochir, O. aureus,O. hornorum, O. mossambicus, 0.ni/oticus, Sarotherodon ga/i/aeus,Ti/apia rendalli, and T. zilli. Thereferences are all those published onthose species as of the end of 1983.Reference numbers are consecutivefrom the first volume, and as before,subject and geographic indexes are in­cluded. The 191-page paperboundvolume is available from ICLARMand ISBS (price not listed).

"Applied Genetics of Tilapias" byGiora W. Wohlfarth and GideonHulata has also been published byICLARM as Studies and Reviews 6.The review was commissioned by

methods for the various devices.Finally, the author discusses such con­siderations as FAD maintenance,ownership and access rights, legalaspects, anchor design and size, cor­rosion, chafing, etc. The large for­mat, paperbound 57-page report isavailable from the BOBP (price notlisted).

Basic Marine Ecology"An Introduction to Marine

Ecology," by R. S. K. Barnes and R.N. Hughes, has been published byBlackwell Scientific Publications,Inc., The Downing House, 706Cowper Street, Palo Alto, CA 94301.Barnes is a Lecturer in AquaticEcology, University of Cambridge,and Hughes is Lecturer in Ecology,University College of North Wales,U.K.

The first 10 chapters review suchsubjects as the nature and globaldistribution of marine organisms,marine habitats and productivity,planktonic systems of surface(< 1,000 m) waters, benthos of con­tinental shelves and littoral sediments,

ICLARM to collate existing informa­tion on the applied genetics of tilapiasto assess the usefulness of previouswork and to suggest future researchdirections. The review also summa­rizes much of the information on thebiology and distribution of tilapiaswhich is useful in approaching geneticmanipulation. Discussed are varia­tions between species, interspecifichybridization, sex determination,variation within species, populationcontrol, use of electrophoreticmarkers, and future breeding researchneeds. The 26-page paperboundvolume is available from ICLARMfor $3.00 (surface) and $5.28(airmail). U.S. orders should be sentto the ICLARM Distributor, Interna­tional Scholarly Book Services, Inc.,P.O. Box 1632, Beaverton, OR97075, using the airmail price.

salt marshes and mangrove swamps,rocky shores and kelp forests, coralreefs, pelagic and benthic systems ofthe deep sea; fish and other nekton,life history patterns and natural selec­tion, and speciation and biogeog­raphy. Chapter 11 reviews the overallmarine ecosystem and Chapter 12discusses human uses of the sea forfood, waste disposal, and develop­ment.

Thus, the volume presents a broadlook at marine ecology and the func­tion of marine ecosystems, forstudents who already possess somebasic knowledge of general ecology.Well illustrated and indexed, the339-page paperbound volume is avail­able from the publisher for $23.50.

Studies of a LargeMarine Wetland Ecosystem

The Wadden Sea, the shallowcoastal area from the Netherlands toDenmark, is Europe's largestestuarine area (- 8,000 km 2) andmost important nursery for North Seafish and shrimp and hosts several

95

million migratory water birds. Itsmore than 30 barrier islands shelterwide tidal flats and salt marshes. Thearea also faces many conflictinghuman interests and demands. Thefishing fleet was halved between 1960and 1980, and the number offishermen was reduced even more.Shrimp, Crangon crangon, nowdominates the landings (-75percent).

An International Wadden SeaWorking Group was set up in 1965,with studies coordinated by theNature Management Department ofthe Agricultural University at Wagen­ingen, to collect baseline data uponwhich to base conservation andmanagement decisions for the area.Included were studies of 1) Geo­morphology (Dijkema et al., 1980),2) Hydrography (Postma, 1982),3) Marine Botany (Wolff, 1979),4) Marine Zoology (Dankers et a!.,1981), 5) Fishes and Fisheries(Dankers et a!., 1979), 6) Wadden SeaBirds (Smit and Wolff, 1980), 7)Marine Mammals (Reijnders andWolff, 1982), 8) Pollution (Essinkand Wolff, 1978), 9) Flora andVegetation (Dijkema and Wolff,

This s~ Is requlr-.j Dv' Thlt oIrct 0+ w~t 12, 1910,

s.ct10l'l :\.685, Tltr. 319. u.s. :::00.. sl"OWlnq ~lo. "8'la~t.

~ clrC\lIIl"t!OO" at f?'W ~ Fls,..,.I. ~I... publlCBtlon

IUIlbIt" )66-6}0. and _as flted 01'1 ; OC1'Oor 19".. "'- ~l.. Is

publls,,*, QUlIn..! y (far lssoes 5'l~1 Iy) .Im an ¥lnual

~t&crltJf'IOI'I orl(ll of ~.75 (50llj O'y t"- Suoerl"tetldeot ot

Cbc:......,.,'. U.S. r>C/'0'8m"*,,, Printing Of tic.. 'IIllISMI"Iqtor'1. ex:20'021. The CO'I(lIwt. ".,lllrtq MdrllS' at tr. otflOl ':If

publication Is: Sclerrtlflc Publications Office, F/~l. """S.

I'QAA. 16(1) Sltrd Poln.,. w~ "I.E•• Bin Cl'5700, SMt1'1 II , ..,. 9811".i.

r--e ~l.'" !!'IllIlllrog oSltr.S of tr. "Wt4douorten of ITle

publ fShlng~ Is: 'etlonel ..... In. Flsr..-l85 ServIOl. I-OAA.

Q,o.elrtmetrt of ~OI. 2001 1IliSCOlSIn A....... "'.W., 41!15hlngton. ex:2'013'5. T"Ie na. of T,,* t'Jbllsl'ler Is J~k ~lcll; "Ild ~

edlf\::lr ¥'r:I 1!8"UIIgI"9 editor' Is Willis "1:ltert; """Ir ""'fling

~dr85S IS: """5 5clemUlc PubllC8"tloos OHlce. 16(1) Sand Po')lnt

Wey "'.E•• 81n C15700. Seat'tte. ~ 98115. The o-n«" IS tr'le u.S.

~ of eo.--C8. '4tt1 S1'., "l.W., 'Ilesnll'lgto'l. a:: 20230:tl1&re ¥. no :xn:l~lden. '!Or"1'q&<JlN5. (yother So9ClJ'"lry

l\old..-.s. 1l'e puroose. functlCFI. al"ll no:'lDl""oflt ~tef\ls o~ ·tle

organization (aqel'lCyl ord the lIoCllI!'(lt st"t'u~ 'or Federal l"Core

ta>< purposes has nat Cf'Itlnq8(l durIng the or9Cl!ldlf'lg 12 1'()rrttls. l'>e

8l(1'en1' ¥'ld nature of -:Irculatlon Is M 1'0110>05: Total r'l1JlTOel" of

cooles (AI (a.......aqa numbllr" of cooles 01' 9tlCl Issue durlnQ "tle

or-::edlf'lg 12/101"11'tlsl _as 2501 ¥1CI the .,.;:1'tJo/Jl ,,~ ot cooles of

the slnqte Issue publ Ish., neerest to the fltlrog aate "M l)Ol.

!=lela circulatIon (8) is "ttnd1811 Oy t1'e u.S. r>OV'8f"Tll'l'8Ot Printing

OHlce. ,(MnI nq'T'l7l, a: 3)402. ard IC) the total I'IVII'ItW" printed

~or their sales (fIl!Ill suoscrlptlons ¥1CI II'l(! I v IdUl!l I ;ales) "es 750

fer bot"1 .""" aver-age nUtl'ltlllr" of copies 'Ma'l issue durlnQ ",e

pr-::edlng 121rO'lt"ls and the .rt'tJo/Jl nll!08r ;)f COOi81S Of 1''"18 single

issue published "e¥l!ISt 1'0 tl'le 1111"'9 da.,.. FrlMt diSlTlbUtlon

(01 OY 'lI!Ilt. carrier", or otl'l9r "I'I8&1"lS: ~l'I'Oles, CQ'll)11'llIIl'lt¥v. and

O'tter tree cooles (averaqe nUfllt::ll!lr" ?f copies eoac;:tl IsSue '1urlnQ '''eor-::edlnQ 12 "1O"I1""IS) "M 1151 ard ttoeX1"ual .,UI!tl8f' 0' COOl'fi of

troe single Issue PUOllsl\$j neor'lI5t to'''te tIling j~e "as 1151,

The ttrtal Jlsn-itluTlon (E: Sl"nl of .:: al"ll Ol (<lvorllQ8 nun()l!Jr .;,f

cooles ead\ Issue during the lYee.cJI,,'1 12 T()fl"""sl "<'as 2501 "nd

'''l8 o'JC1"tJo/Jl ,l.WIOtr ot cool. ot f1'lIl single Is'>L>e ;)uollshed 'l6d'e6t

to the filing dll1'. "as 2501. There '"9f"'9 <'I() copies not

dlstr'Oofted eX" re1'urne::t frO'll 1'1_ "Qe<"ltS (Fl. The total r;: 'iU"l

-:>f E 1M F) Is 8QtJo/Jl "0 the neT lYMS run <lavrl!lS Si"IOIIn In ,'8t'll

A: 2501 COOIM. I eartlly ttl&t t1'e stat&l9(l1"s ~e I)y 'T'e ~

",-e a:rrec1' and cOIlOleTe: (SI(Jledl JOCk ""d:or"l'lIC .... Puollsher".

96

1983), 10) Terrestrial and FreshwaterFauna (Smit et a!., 1981), and 11)Physical Planning and NatureManagement (Bruyns and Wolff,1983).

The invertebrates volume (No.4)presents reviews of the species ofzooplankton, zoobenthos, andnekton of the Wadden Sea and itsriver estuaries, and their relationshipswith their environment. Life historiesof such other important invertebratesas copepods, jellyfish, lugworms, bluemussel, cockle, shore crab, shrimp,etc., are also reviewed.

Of the 102 Wadden Sea fishes, 22are common, 26 are fairly common,16 are scarce, 12 are rare, and 22 areextremely rare. The fish and fisheriesvolume (No.5) reviews the speciespresent, data on their abundance andlong- and short-term populationchanges, and the region's fisheries. Itexplains the Sea's importance forjuvenile fishes and recommendsstudies of the effect of shrimping onfish recruitment, and on the role ofshellfish culture in the Sea'secosystem.

Of the 25 marine mammals re­corded in the Wadden Sea, only theharbor seal, gray seal, common orharbor porpoise, and bottlenosedolphin have been regular in­habitants, though the last two havevirtually disappeared. Authors of thisreport (No.7) consider pollution, par­ticularly PCB's to be the main threatto seals and recommend studies onjuvenile survival, the role of disturb­ance in reduced recruitment, and whythe harbor porpoise and bottlenosedolphin have virtually disappeared.Also presented is data on the statusand life histories of those four marinemammals.

Second largest of the reports,"Birds of the Wadden Sea," No.6presents extensive ecological data onthe area's waterfowl, their habitatselection and competition, in­vertebrate consumption, and threatsto them; almost 3.5 million birds maybe present in late summer congrega­tions.

Finally, Report No. 11, sums upthe political and administrativeorganizations in the region, the status

of planning and managementsystems, reviews conservation in thearea as well as exploitation and use ofthe area, international conventionspertinent to the area, and the majorareas of conflict between conservationand utilization interests. It furtherpresents a model for the region's pro­tection and management, and recom­mends a formalized Wadden SeaConvention and establishment of aprofessional management organiza­tion in the three nations to coordinateprotection and management of theregion.

The eleven initial reports, boundinto four volumes, are available at$85.00 from A. A. Balkema, 99 MainStreet, Salem NH 03079. The separatepaperbound reports are available atprices ranging from $4.75 (No.8,Pollution) to $28.00 (No.9, Flora andVegetation).

A Basic Guide tothe Study of Algae

"Algal Biology: A PhysiologicalApproach," by W. Marshall Darley,has been published by BlackwellScientific Publications, Inc., TheDowning House, 706 Cowper Street,Palo Alto, CA 94301, as volume 9 intheir Basic Microbiology Series. Theauthor is with the University ofGeorgia's Department of Botany, andhis book is intended as a supplementaltext for courses in phycology, aquaticecology, limnology, and marinebiology.

The volume provides a handy in­troduction to the field of algalphysiological ecology and emphasizesthe individual organism and how itfunctions in its environment. Theauthor gives an overview of thevarious classes of algae, relates con­cepts in algal physiological ecology,and reviews environmental factors af­fecting phytoplankton growth andpopulation dynamics. Also discussedare seaweeds; benthic algae; algae insnow, soil, and hot springs; humanand algal interactions; and symbioticassociations of algae. Indexed, the168-page paperbound book is avail­able from the publisher for $15.60.

Marine Fisheries Review