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New NASA Views of Storms in Space Presented by Dr. Eric Christian LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR...
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Transcript of New NASA Views of Storms in Space Presented by Dr. Eric Christian LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR...
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New NASA Views of Storms in SpacePresented by Dr. Eric Christian
LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP
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January 19, 2011
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New NASA Views of Storms In SpaceThe Sun as a StarMagnetism and the SunSolar ActivityStorms in Space (Space Weather)Solar Science Now and in the Future
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The Sun as a Star
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Our Sun is a very ordinary star
Figure shows relative sizes and colors of some nearby stars.
Vega: 25 light years (ly)U. Andromedae: 44 lyGamma Cephei: 45 lySun: 93 million milesEpsilon Eridani: 10.5 lyGliese 581: 20 ly
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Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
Hotter
Stars spend most of their life on the Main Sequence.
On the main sequence, bigger stars are brighter and hotter.
There are fewer big stars, many more small stars.
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Poll Question:
Billions of years from now, the Sun will end up as:
A: A SupernovaB: A Black HoleC: A Red GiantD: A White DwarfE: A Neutron Star
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Why ordinary is goodLarge, bright stars don’t last very long.
Smaller stars are more stable.
Largest stars only stay on the main sequence for a few million years, the smallest can last a trillion.
Our Sun will be main sequence for about 10 billion years.
But smaller stars have a smaller “zone of habitability”, where planets can have liquid water. Therefore a smaller chance of worlds with life.
In the middle has long life and large zone of habitability.
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Life Cycles of Stars
The NASA websites “Starchild” and “Imagine the Universe” have posters and activities on the Life Cycles of Stars for elementary and high school respectively.
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/teachers/lifecycles/stars.html
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The Sun as a Star
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Any Questions?
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Plasma, Magnetism and The Sun
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Four Ordinary States of Matter
Solid: Keeps the same shapeLiquid: Fills up the bottom of the container, but keeps the same volumeGas: Fills up the container it’s inPlasma: An electrically-charged gas
Most of the Universe is PLASMA!
Including the Sun and all stars
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Two types of Magnets
Permanent Magnet: Iron, Nickel, and a few other elements that, when they solidify in a magnetic field or are otherwise magnetized, remain magnetized and generate their own magnetic field.
Electromagnet: Moving charged particles generate a magnetic field. In a coil of wire, each loop combines to make a stronger magnetic field.
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Think about Magnetic Objects in the Solar System:
Is the Sun a permanent magnet or an electromagnet?
How about the Earth?
How about Mars?
[Type your responses in the chat]
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The Sun is a magnetic star
The Sun is an electromagnet. Moving plasma causes electric currents in the Sun, which generate a magnetic field.
The Earth is also an electromagnet with the magnetic field generated by currents at the molten core-mantle boundary.
Mars has small, irregular magnetism (a permanent magnet).
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You can see the magnetic fieldof the Sun
Image from TRACE satellite of magnetic loops on the Sun
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Plasma, Magnetism and The Sun
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Any Questions?
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Solar Activity
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Magnetism is the cause of solar variability
Differential rotation (the Sun’s equator spins faster than the poles) “winds up” the solar magnetic field
Figures from TRACE website: trace.lmsal.com
I like to think of the Sun’s magnetic field as a ball of rubber bands.
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11 year (approximately) solar cycle
The Sun’s magnetic field flips polarity every 11 yearsThis is the major factor in the Sun’s variability.
11 year of solar images in X-rays (left) and magnetic field (right)
When the field flips, there are more sunspots and more solar activity. This part of the solar cycle is called Solar Maximum.
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11 year (approximately) solar cycle
11-year solar cycle is not constant in either duration or intensity.
Sunspots are an effect of solar activity and don’t exactly measure solar activity.
The number of sunspots is the longest running direct observation of solar activity.
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04/19/23 21
Chat: What is the Sun’s effect onGlobal Warming
There has been a lot of political hype about Global Warming, with some people claiming that all the recent warmth is due to changes in the Sun, and others saying that it’s all man-made.
What does the science say?
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Sunspots
Very bright, just look dark compared to rest of the Sun
Close up of Sunspot showing magnetic field strength (left) and visible light (right)
From HinodeSpacecraft(Japanese/US Mission)
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Sunspots
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Prominences and filaments
Prominences are bright loops off the edge of the Sun.
Filaments are dark ribbons on the face of the Sun.
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Prominences and filaments . . .
Are the same thing!Image from Solar Dynamics Observer
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Solar Activity
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Any Questions?
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Storms in Space(Space Weather)
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Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)
Big bubbles of plasma, particles and magnetic field, that break away from the Sun.
The hurricanes of space weather. CMEs can have effects all the way out to the edge of the solar system. Dangerous to Astronauts, satellites, and even to equipment down on Earth
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Solar Flares
Magnetic Field suddenly snaps.Particles are accelerated to almost the speed of light.
Dangerous to Astronauts and satellites.
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The Atmosphere of the Sun
The solar wind has blown a bubble in space that extends all the way beyond Pluto!
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Most recognized effect of Space Weather:Auroras
Interaction of the Sun’s magnetic field and the Earth’s magnetic field.
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Aurora from Space
Skylab
Other planets
Earth aurora from space.
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Space Weather is Important
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Storms in Space(Space Weather)
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Any Questions?
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Solar Science Now …And in the Future!
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STEREO (Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory)
stereo.gsfc.nasa.govFebruary 6th. The 360 degree Sun.
STEREO Orbits
Our first 3D images of the Sun
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Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)
The High-Definition Television of Solar Astronomy
Launched February, 2010
sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov
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NASA’s network of Space Weather Satellites
A fleet of spacecraft spread throughout the solar system.
Includes both weather stations (local conditions) and weather satellites (image large areas)
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Solar Probe PlusWill be launched in 2018
Our first mission to a star. Closest approach is only about 4 million miles from the Sun. The Earth is 93 million miles away and the Sun is 400,000 miles in radius.
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Sun Earth Daysunearthday.nasa.gov
A yearly event for NASA Education and Public Outreach. Every year there is a different topic, and website includes lesson plans and activities, podcasts, and much more. Join us this year for
“Ancient Mysteries, Future Discoveries”
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Sun Earth Day
Space Weather Viewerhttp://sunearthday.gsfc.nasa.gov/spaceweather/
Pointers to lesson planshttp://sunearthday.nasa.gov/2011/getinvolved/
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Solar Science Now …And in the Future!
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Any Questions?
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Thank you to the sponsor of tonight's Web Seminar:
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http://learningcenter.nsta.org
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http://www.elluminate.com
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National Science Teachers AssociationDr. Francis Q. Eberle, Executive Director
Zipporah Miller, Associate Executive Director Conferences and Programs
Al Byers, Assistant Executive Director e-Learning
LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP
NSTA Web SeminarsPaul Tingler, Director
Jeff Layman, Technical Coordinator