INTRODUCTION TO SPORTSSport(orsports) is all forms of usuallycompetitivephysical activity which,through casual or organised participation, aim to use, maintain or improve physical ability and skills while providingentertainmentto participants, and in some cases, spectators.[2]Hundreds of sports exist, from those requiring only two participants, through to those with hundreds of simultaneous participants, either inteamsor competing as individuals.Sport is generally recognised as activities which are based in physicalathleticismor physicaldexterity, with the largest major competitions such as theOlympic Gamesadmitting only sports meeting this definition,and other organisations such as theCouncil of Europeusing definitions precluding activities without a physical element from classification as sports.However, a number of competitive, but non-physical, activities claim recognition asmind sports. The International Olympic Committee (throughARISF) recognises bothchessandbridgeasbona fidesports, andSportAccord, the international sports federation association, recognises five non-physical sports,although limits the amount of mind games which can be admitted as sports. Sports are usually governed by a set ofrulesorcustoms, which serve to ensure fair competition, and allow consistent adjudication of the winner. Winning can be determined by physical events such as scoringgoalsor crossing a line first, or by the determination of judges who are scoring elements of the sporting performance, including objective or subjective measures such as technical performance or artistic impression.In organised sport, records of performance are often kept, and for popular sports, this information may be widely announced or reported insport news. In addition, sport is a major source of entertainment for non-participants, withspectator sport drawing large crowds to venues, and reaching wider audiences throughbroadcasting.

HISTORYThere are artifacts and structures that suggest that the Chineseengaged in sporting activities as early as 2000 BC.Gymnastics appears to have been a popular sport in China's ancient past. Monuments to the Pharaohs indicate that a number of sports, including swimming and fishing, were well-developed and regulated several thousands of years ago in ancient Egypt.Other Egyptian sports included javelin throwing, high jump, and wrestling. Ancient Persian sports such as the traditionalIranianmartial art ofZourkhanehhad a close connection to the warfare skills.Among other sports that originate in ancientPersiaarepoloandjousting.

Motorized sportshave appeared since the advent of the modern ageA wide range of sports were already established by the time ofAncient Greeceand the military culture and the development of sports in Greece influenced one another considerably. Sports became such a prominent part of their culture that the Greeks created the Olympic Games, which in ancient times were held every four years in a small village in thePeloponnesuscalledOlympia.[15]Sports have been increasingly organised and regulated from the time of the ancient Olympics up to the present century. Industrialisation has brought increased leisure time to the citizens of developed and developing countries, leading to more time for citizens to attend and follow spectator sports, greater participation in athletic activities, and increased accessibility. These trends continued with the advent of mass media and global communication. Professionalism became prevalent, further adding to the increase in sport's popularity, as sports fans began following the exploits of professional athletes through radio, television, and the internet all while enjoying the exercise and competition associated with amateur participation in sports.

VALUE AND IMPORTANCE OF SPORTSThe great virtue of sports teaches everybody to acquire the will to win. If anyone knows how to acquire any will, he will succeed in every aspect of life. Life is full of struggle that has been started since the creation of the world. However, a constant and prominent fight must help the fighter to overcome every difficulty against any obstacle. The willing power of a sportsman must be increased by winning of game. Comparatively, a week willed man resigns himself after one defeat. A week willed man in considered as member of cowards. But, a true sports man is considered as a member of cowards. But, a true sports man who is defeated must strengthen his nerve. He always remembers that failure is the pillar of success. So, great efforts with strong determination help him to win any game. The true sportsman is conscious about his team spirit that strengthens the willing power of team. Unity in action and genuine effort offer them victory. Moreover, unity in action inspires unity of purpose. The fabric of understanding amongst them fellows proceed to them in goal that very great lesson has been learnt from sports.Game of life which everybody is playing from dawn to dusk with sporting spirit is strengthening harmony of society. Without sports a good society can never be constructed by its members. Spirit of endurance and fellowship, willingness to scarify these various qualities which are of great value only can help us to rebuild an ideal society. Society as a whole depends on benefit of its members, who maintain the law and order of the same society. But sometimes anti-social elements hamper the normal life. If sports are penetrated into the deep-root of society then people will build their characters on that qualitative basis, not doing any shameful act. Anti-social culture will be stopped because there shall be no time for practice of it. However to build up a strong-sound and enthusiastic country sport is too essential to implement in every level of our society. Educationists may criticize about such implementation because such implementation may hamper the educational environment of country. But it is seen that more developed country environment of country. But it is seen that more developed country has its status in its sports, field, international level competition always signifies the theme.Participation in sports ensures not only good health but also fresh mind, freeness, freedom. A lazy book worms cannot succeed in life; of course he can succeed in educational field. Regular participation in sports provides energies. Now it is the matter of observance that free hand exercise and Yoga have taken place into the daily life of human. Physical fitness no doubt is important to every person whether he is a student or worker or intellectual.It is to be pointed out that in India the wave of sports has strengthened the young mentality.However, sociologists concede the importance of sports which may be gained in many ways, but everybody has to take part. Play ground can strong the plinth of society. International friendship-tie will surely be tight by the promotion of sports, as the mandate of various international competitions always utter. The very structure of society shall be strong. Pernicious and harmful works cannot be able to take suitable place to occur any baleful work.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF SPORTS AND GAMES

(i) To develop the organic systems of the bodyIt is recognized that our feelings, emotions, thoughts and achievements are influenced to a considerable extent by the physiological process of the body. The development of the organic vigor is dependent on a wide selection of activities and so conducted that the normal functions of the body are developed and improved.

(ii) To develop euro-muscular co-ordination or skillA good deal of physical activities helps the individuals and groups to develop certain skill, which gives satisfaction and happiness in a variety of ways during leisure times. Being physically illiterate many people do not know how to enjoy their leisure and become unhappy and maladjusted. Individual and group play activities enable people to give wholesome expression to their innate desires and interests,

(iii) To develop right attitude towards and physical activities in generalProgramme of physical education is based on sound psychological principles. It develops amongst the individuals wholesome attitudes towards play and physical activities and cultivates recreational and hobbies.

(iv) To develop a desirable social attitudes and conductBy giving emphasis on ethical values inherent in Playing games with and against others the desirable social attitudes and conduct can be developed through a programme of well organized physical activities. It gives opportunity for social contact, group living, and self adjustment with the group.

(v) Development of psychomotor skills

(vi) Development of understanding and appreciation of the techniques and strategies of sports

(vii) Preparation for leisure time(viii) Elimination of worries and anxieties through developing appropriate interests and habits of engaging in exercise and sports

(iv) Attainment of knowledge of proper health procedure as related to physical exercise.

(x) To develop correct health habitsA rational programme of physical activities can stimulate the participant to develop favorable attitudes and habits in physical, mental, moral, social and emotional health.

(xi) To serve as an out let for surplus energy, which if pent up, make the child tens, nervous and irritable.

(xii) To meet the challenge of growing indiscipline among the student community by instilling in the younger generation a sense of patriotism, self-reliance and discipline.

(xiii) To give adequate scope for bringing out the aptitudes and talents of the child.

(xiv) To promote the spirit of certain qualities like sports-man ship, team spirit, leadership, patience, self-restrain co-operation, sociability and those other qualities of character and citizenship.

DIFFERENT KINDS TO GAMESFollowing are the few most commonly known games. The brief explanation of each game with photos are on the coming pages. These are the few common games.1. Cricket2. Football3. Hockey4. Basketball5. Lawn Tennis6. Badminton7. Boxing1. CRICKET

Cricket is defined as "a bat and ball, team game played during the summer in the British Isles and in several countries influenced by the British, such as Australia, New Zealand, India, Pakistan, South Africa, and West Indian nations".Cricket is played between two teams of 11 players on a grassy field, in the center of which are twowickets- the equivalent of baseball's 'bases'. When a team is 'in', the other team attempts to get each of them 'out'. Then the team that was 'in' is 'all out', and takes its place in the 'out field'. The team that was in the out field in turn goes 'in' until they too are 'all out'. This process (aninnings) may be repeated once more (a match can last one day or take as many as five).The team with the highest number of 'runs' (points scored primarily by running between wickets after hitting the ball) wins the match, after which the players and spectators recover from the confusion over a beer in thepavilion, crickets equivalent of golf's nineteenth hole.Cricket afficionados will tell you that one subtle difference between their sport and baseball is that the ball can bounce before the batsman hits it. This bouncing is called a 'pitch', but the player bouncing it is not called a 'pitcher' like his baseball equivalent. He is the 'bowler', and must keep his arm straight when releasing the ball, which he aims at the batsman's wicket (or base). Thewicketconsists of three upright wooden sticks so placed that that the ball cannot pass between them. Wooden 'bails' lie in grooves on top of them. When hit by the ball the whole arrangement collapses, indicating the batsman is 'out'. At this point the next team member comes in to bat.The act of bouncing the ball on its way to the batsman allows the bowler to impart'movement' to the ball, with the intention of catching the batsman unaware. This movement, orspin, may cause the batsman to missjudge the flight of the ball, resulting him to mis-hit into the waiting hands of a player from the opposite team, or even to miss it all together. A collection of six balls ('deliveries') is called anover; one delivery in an over can be aimed at the batsman's head. This may cause the watching public to mutter 'that's just not cricket'. Which, of course, it is.According to the speed ('pace') and movement of a ball, the batsman has various options. He may drive it along the ground, lift it into air, or flick it to the side or behind himself. Alternatively, he may use the safety pads on his legs (or arms) to stop or deflect the ball. This is risky because it will invariably prompt the bowler and his team to shout 'Howwizzzahhtt!'. This means something like 'How does that look to you Umpire - is he out?' and is usually ignored by theumpire(referee) unless he judges that the ball would have continued on to hit the wicket. Then the batsman is given 'out' and the bowler's teammates smugly feel that their banshee scream was justified. If the batsman is out without having scored a run, this is a 'duck' and his embarrassment is compounded.On the edge of the field is theboundary. If a batsman hits the ball to this boundary he is awardedfourruns. If it does not bounce before doing so it issixruns (and stands a good chance of hitting a spectator).The field itself is divided into two halves, theonside and theoffside. 'On' is synonymous with 'Leg', and represents the side of the field to the left of the batsman as he faces the bowler or opposite wicket. Presuming of course he is righthanded; if not, everything I've just said is reversed.Fielders are placed at strategic positions (in order to both stop runs and to catch a batsman out if possible) and these positions have distinct names. For example, thelong offposition is near the boundary, far away from the batsman to his front and right, whilesilly mid-onrepresents a position of extreme danger, as the name might suggest, being as it is immediately to a batsman's left. Asquare legsays more about where one umpire stands rather than how he is standing, whilebackward pointordeep fine legsays nothing about any mental or physical ability at all.Indeed. It has been said that the amount you know about cricket is inversely proportional to a greater understanding of how to play. Worry not about the rules, teams or results but instead treat the whole experience as a strange and fascinating ceremonial ritual.

2. FOOTBALLFootball,any of a number of games in which two opposing teams attempt to score points by moving an inflated oval or round ball past a goal line or into a goal. Differing greatly in their rules, these includesoccer(association football) andrugby, in addition to the games covered in this article: American football, Canadian football, Gaelic football, and Australian football. In the United States, the wordfootballgenerally refers only to the American game; in other parts of the world it usually means soccer. Football, amateur and professional, is perhaps the most popular spectator sport in the United States, attracting a total attendance of over 40 million and watched by many more millions on television each year.Most of the modern forms of football are derived from ancient games, especiallyharpastonandharpastrum,played in Greece and Rome. These survive today in Tuscany and Florence under the namecalcio.Meanwhile a rugged, undisciplined type of football took root in the Middle Ages in England, where despite royal edicts banning the game from time to time, football remained popular until the early 19th cent. Different forms of the game soon developed at the various English public schools, including Rugby, Eton, and Harrow. Eventually, two main games emerged. One was primarily a kicking game, which later became association football, or soccer; the other (dating from 1823) was football as played at Rugby, in which carrying the ball and tackling were permitted.

3. HOCKEYHockey is a very popular, fun, fast and skilful team game. It is a stick and ball game with origins dating back thousands of years. It was traditionally played on grass, but is now increasingly played on synthetic surfaces.In a game of hockey, two teams of players compete against each other. There are up to 16 players in a team but only 11 (8 in junior hockey inc goalie) can be on the pitch at the same time. The remaining 5 players are the substitutes and they can be used throughout the game.The players use their hockey sticks to play the ball. They can hit the ball, push it, flick it, drag it, pass it and dribble it. This means moving it while keeping it in very close contact with their stick.The ball is quite small (about the same as a cricket ball) and it is usually white.The aim of the game is to score more goals than your opponents and to do that you have to get the ball past the other team's goalkeeper, who protects the goal, and logically, tries to keep the ball out!Player PositionsEvery team must have at least one goalkeeper (some teams have a substitute goalkeeper too). All of the other players are referred to as 'field players', and are dispersed over the field of play. The field players can be put into three general categories - attackers, defenders and midfielders. While no player (other than the goalkeeper) has an exclusively defined role, the attackers are generally on attack, the defenders are generally on defence, and the midfielders do a bit of both!Stick HandlingAn essential skill necessary for playing hockey is the ability to control, pass, push, stop and shoot the ball with your hockey stick. This is known as stick work, or stick handling. It is both beautiful and impressive to watch a player with good stick handling skills control the ball while sprinting the length of the pitch, or weave through the sticks and legs of defenders to create an open shot.It is important to know that the head of a hockey stick has a rounded side (the right side) and a flat side (the left side). It is only with the flat, left hand side of the stick that you are permitted to play the ball.ScoringScoring a goal in hockey is very interesting. There are 3 types of goal. They are known as a field goal, a penalty corner, and a penalty stroke.Field GoalsA field goal is a goal scored from open, continuous play. Field goals may only be taken from the shooting circle, a roughly semi-circular area in front of the opponents' goal. If a ball is hit from outside the 'shooting circle' and goes into the goal, it does not count as a score.Penalty CornersIf a defending team breaks certain Rules, the other team may be awarded a penalty corner. Often (but not always) penalty corners are awarded because a team breaks a Rule while defending in their shooting circle.To take a penalty corner, play is stopped to allow the teams to take their positions in attack and defence. One attacker stands with the ball on a designated spot on the back-line. (It's the line that marks the shorter boundary of the field of play and on which the goal is placed.) This player will play (hit, push or drag) the ball to other attackers, waiting to take a shot at goal. The other attackers usually wait at the top of the shooting circle to receive the ball. But in any case, all attackers have to be outside the shooting circle until the penalty corner begins.Duration of a MatchA regulation length hockey match lasts 70 minutes (40 mins for junior hockey)- which is broken into two halves of 35 minutes each ( 20 mins for junior hockey ). The team with the most goals at the end of the 70 minutes is the winner. It is also possible for a match to end in a draw (or a tie). But in some matches - like in a tournament such as the World Cup or Olympics, or in a championship game - you must have a winner. In those cases, a match which is tied at the end of regulation time, then goes into extra time (the first team to score in extra time wins), and if necessary, to a penalty stroke competition.

4. BASKETBALLBasketball,game played generally indoors by two opposing teams of five players each. Basketball was conceived in 1891 by Dr. JamesNaismith, a physical education instructor at the YMCA college in Springfield, Mass., as a way to condition outdoor athletes during the winter months. His original list of 13 rules has undergone a century of revision, leading to faster pacing and greater athleticism. Today basketball is one of the most popular American sports and one the rest of the world has adopted.At each end of the courtusually about 92 ft (28 m) long and 50 ft (15 m) wideis a bottomless basket made of white cord net and suspended from a metal ring, 18 in. (46 cm) in diameter, which is attached 10 ft (3.05 m) above the floor (usually hardwood) to a backboard made of fiberglass, wood, or other material. Players may throw, dribble (bounce), or shoot the basketball (an inflated ball usually made of leather or rubber) but may not run with it or kick it.Teams try to advance the ball and shoot it through one basket (the ball must enter from above) and to keep the opposition from scoring through the other. Each field goal, or basket, scores two points, or three points if shot from beyond a specified distance (21 ft/6 m in U.S. colleges, slightly longer in international and professional play). Teams must shoot the ball within a prescribed time limit (24 sec in professional and international games; 30 sec in women's collegiate play; 35 sec in men's collegiate play).Any player making illegal body contact with an opposing player is assessed a foul; the opposing team may be given possession of the ball, or an opposing player awarded free throws at the basket from the foul line. Each made foul shot is worth one point. Players who exceed the foul limit (usually five, but six in professional and international play) are disqualified from the game. International and collegiate basketball games have two 20-min halves, professionals play four 12-min quarters, and high schoolers play four 8-min quarters.

5. LAWN TENNISIn the last several years tennis has been growing, as both a participant and a spectator sport. Tennis has gained immense popularity as a participant sport because people have discovered that it not only is fun to play, but also provides good exercised in a short period of time. Today it is easier to have a rewarding career in tennis both as a player and as a teacher. More and more youngsters are choosing tennis over baseball, football, and other sports, a situation which means that there will be more and better players turning professional in the future. The sport of tennis has finally lost its "country club" image and is being enjoyed by an ever-increasing number of avid fans from all walks of life.There are four main types of surfaces which tennis is played today; rubber-based asphalt. cement synthetic clay products grass courtsThe most popular surface isrubber-based asphalt,commonly called by its trade name, such as Laykold. It is a medium fast surface; gives good, even bounce; and, because it requires very little maintenance, is favorite of city recreational facilities, schools and colleges. Some courts, primarily in California, are built fromcement.These are very fast and tend to promote the serve and volley game rather than the ground stroking game. Asphalt and cement courts are often referred to as "hard" courts."Soft" courts are made either fromsynthetic clay productsor fromred clay. In the United States, the most common "soft" court is made from the synthetic clay and it generally found at country clubs and tennis clubs. These courts are fast-drying and require specialized maintenance, including frequent wetting with a sprinkler system.There are still somegrass courtsleft in the United States, but they are becoming more and more rare, because maintenance is very difficult as much depends on the weather and the soil in which the grass is planted. Grass tennis courts are similar to a golf green

6. BADMINTONBadmintonis aracquet sportplayed by either two opposing players (singles) or two opposing pairs (doubles), who take positions on opposite halves of a rectangular court divided by a net. Players score points by striking ashuttle cockwith their racquet so that it passes over the net and lands in their opponents' half of the court. Each side may only strike the shuttlecock once before it passes over the net. A rally ends once the shuttlecock has struck the floor, or if a fault has been called by either the umpire or service judge or, in their absence, the offending player, at any time during the rally. The shuttlecock is a feathered or (mainly in noncompetitive matches) plastic projectile whose unique aerodynamic properties cause it to fly differently from the balls used in most racquet sports; in particular, the feathers create much higherdrag, causing the shuttlecock to decelerate more rapidly than a ball. Shuttlecocks have a much higher top speed, when compared to other racquet sports. Because shuttlecock flight is affected by wind, competitive badminton is played indoors. Badminton is also played outdoors as a casual recreational activity, often as a garden or beach game.Since 1992, badminton has been anOlympic sportwith fiveevents: men's and women's singles, men's and women's doubles, and mixed doubles, in which each pair consists of a man and a woman. At high levels of play, especially in singles, the sport demands excellent fitness: players require aerobic stamina, agility, explosive strength, speed and precision. It is also a technical sport, requiring goodmotor coordinationand the development of sophisticated racquet movements.

7. BOXINGBoxing is a combat game played throughout the world. The history of the combat sports game seems to be more interesting and the participation of people get increased day by day. It is a pre-historic game which founds its origin in ancient Greek period. Generally, boxing is played by two numbers of players where people fight, knocks each other on proper techniques.

The origin of boxing game was found to be in the ancient Greek period and then later by ancient Romans. It was found that during that period they had sports called pugilism which is also referred as boxing. This type of sports event was said to be more popular and most of the people shows their interest in developing the skill and knowledge in the field. Energetic, professional trainers were exercised to provide training and due to the interest of people, it was widely spread throughout the world. People who engaged in the sports play through by fighting each other with their fists and hands. Adequate training is required to the participants to play the successfully and technically.

To play the event, the boxer requires boxing equipments to protect him against damages and injuries. Different sorts of combat equipments are available and the customer should have to make use of it as per his requirement. Some of the equipments the players popularly used are gloves, headgear, shoes, punching bags, rings, mouthpiece, handwraps and even more. These gears will be highly helpful to the players because these instruments will protect them against damages at the time of fighting against one another. Large numbers of players shows their interest and learns the programs enthusiastically.

The participants are required to follow the instruction offered to the customers. The intro of boxing towards environment fetches more reputation and it is listed to be one of best Olympic game. More and more people are joining towards different sorts of mixed martial arts activities. Some of the mixed martial arts are judo, sanshou, Muay Thai and under this boxing is also said to be one of the popularly played game. Most of the people join, because it is said to be best self defense and also self disciple which is required for every players. The boxers are required to follow the instruction properly.